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1 How to Talk to Teens: A Developmental Approach Carolyn Bradner Jasik, MD Assistant Professor Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine UCSF Department of Pediatrics Assistant Medical Director for Informatics UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital – San Francisco @DrJasik DrJasik.blogspot.com Course Logistics "the young are heated by Nature as drunken men by wine" Aristotle What was she thinking?

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How   to  Talk   to  Teens:A  Developmental  Approach

Carolyn Bradner Jasik, MD

Assistant Professor

Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine

UCSF Department of Pediatrics

Assistant Medical Director for Informatics

UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital – San Francisco

@DrJasik DrJasik.blogspot.com

Course Logistics

"the young are heated by Nature as drunken men by wine" 

‐ Aristotle

What was she thinking?

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Did they not realize the consequences of what they 

were doing?

Why didn’t they just ask me first?

How can I get into that thick skull of his?

Objectives

• Describe trends in adolescent risk‐taking behavior and the impact on health.

• Review typical adolescent development.

• Highlight research on the developing brain, and the important role of risk taking in brain remodeling.

• Identify best practices on how to counsel and guide teens while still fostering resilience.

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Agenda

• Adolescent “Risk”‐Taking Behavior

• Typical Adolescent Development

• The Teen Brain

• Talking to Teens

Agenda

• Adolescent “Risk”‐Taking Behavior

• Typical Adolescent Development

• The Teen Brain

• Talking to Teens

What do we know about adolescent behavior?

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Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, 2013

Source: YRBS (2014)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013

Never or rarely wore a bicyclehelmet

Ever Drank Alcohol

Ever tried cigarettes

Ever had sexual intercourse

Did not use a condom at lastintercourse

Physical Fights

Ever used marijuana

Rode with a driver who had beendrinking alcohol

Never or rarely wore a seat belt

Did not use any method toprevent pregnancy

Obesity

Video Game Use

What are the health consequences and other impacts of this behavior?

Good news!

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (2014) Source: Child Trends (2014)

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Source: Child Trends (2014) Source: Child Trends (2014)

Source: Child Trends (2014)

What do we know about why adolescents engage in risk‐

taking behavior?

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• Risk‐taking behaviors are correlated, and there may be an element of exchange.

Example:  Eating Behavior

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Source: Jasik (2008)

How do teens think about engaging in risk behavior?

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What are the protective factors?

Biology + Genetics

Social Environ.

AllostaticLoad Personality

Risk Behavior

Adolescent Behavior(high risk, health-promoting)

Health Outcomes

Balance Between

Risk Factors and Protective

Factors

• Are we doing what we can to promote resilience?

Source: Child Trends (2014)

“Helicopter” Parenting

May stifle and prevent key steps in cognitive, social, and emotional development.

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It may actually be essential for building resilience, grit, and other life skills.

An Example

An Example

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Is this scenario normative, or concerning?

Conclusions

• Teens understand the consequences/risk of their behavior.

• BUT, they also perceive benefits to their behavior that may outweigh the risks … in their mind

• Perhaps engaging in “risky” behavior is a normal, and essential, step in adolescent development?

Agenda

• Adolescent “Risk”‐Taking Behavior

• Typical Adolescent Development

• The Teen Brain

• Talking to Teens

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Developmental “Tasks”

Source: Pediatrics in Review (2008)

Developmental “Tasks”

Source: Pediatrics in Review (2008)

Developmental “Tasks”

Source: Pediatrics in Review (2008)

Overview

• Early, 10‐14 years

• Middle, 15‐17 years

• Late, 18+

• Age in years ≠ developmental age

Source: UpToDate (2014)

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Physical Development

• Puberty – a topic for another day

• Onset in girls before boys

• Early development leads to more risk‐taking and bullying

• “Late Bloomers” at risk for bullying

Cognitive Development

• More advanced reasoning skills, including the ability to explore a range of possibilities inherent in a situation

• Think hypothetically (contrary‐fact situations)

• Use a logical thought process

Source: Pediatrics in Review (2013)

Cognitive Development (cont.)

• Ability to think abstractly – moving from concrete thinking to ability to imagine things not seen or experienced

• Facilitates complex social relationships, advanced mathematics

• Operational thinking  ‐ enables adolescents to think about what they are feeling and how others perceive them

Emotional/Psychological Development

Source:  Bright Futures (AAP, 2009)

• Simple messages• Engage parents• Supervised

independence• Live in the now

• Overly optimistic (vs. realistic) about their future health

• Can understand future consequences

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Social Development

Source:  Bright Futures (AAP, 2009)

• Want to be normal• Still connected to

parents – work it!• Can work peer

angle

• Challenging combo of peer influence and rejection of parents

• Can leverage individual relationships

• Understand actions now impact future

• High risk for depression –realize future is uncertain with chronic illness

Agenda

• Adolescent “Risk”‐Taking Behavior

• Typical Adolescent Development

• The Teen Brain

• Talking to Teens

Cognitive Development (recap)

Stage 4: Formal Operations (12+)

• The ability to think about abstract or hypothetical concepts.

• Can consider issues from someone else’s perspective.

• Can solve cognitive problems in a logical way.

Jean Piaget

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Brain Development

• Brain development: reason and emotion

– Starting in early adolescence, the brain goes through a rapid cycle of remodeling.

– Extremely vulnerable to traumatic injuries, psychological trauma, addiction.

– Matures and develops into mid‐20s.

Prefrontal Cortex

• Executive function

– Opens a window to risk‐taking behavior

– Fosters lack of vulnerability

Limbic System (Amygdala)

• Emotional Behaviors

– Less control over impulsivity

– Moody, emotional

Giedd et al. NIMH Study

• Made a movie of normal brain changes from ages 5 to 20 

• Use fMRI to measure brain function

• Grey matter thickens in childhood but then thins 

• Completes sooner in girls than in boys

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI)

• Neuroimaging measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

• Assumes cerebral blood flow and neuronal activation are linked

• When an area of the brain is in use, blood flow to that region also increases

• Used by Giedd et al. to map the adolescent brain

Source: Giedd (2004)

Synaptic Pruning

• Grey‐matter is due to 'synaptic pruning' 

– Eliminates unnecessary nerve cell connections

– The more environmental input there is to guide that pruning, the better

Example: Adolescent Addiction

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fMRI (cont.)

• More blood flow to reward centers during high risk (but pleasurable) stimuli suggest that adolescents may experience greater emotional satisfaction with risk‐taking behavior

• In other words, the benefits (at a neuronal level) outweigh the risks

Conclusions

• The adolescent brain undergoes rapid and prolonged development from 12‐25

• This process likely depends on key environmental inputs for expected change

• Key areas of cognitive and emotional functioning may be vulnerable during this time to insults/injury that could compromise later functioning

Agenda

• Adolescent “Risk”‐Taking Behavior

• Typical Adolescent Development

• The Teen Brain

• Talking to Teens

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How/can we intervene?

• Yes, but…

But …

Example:  Intervening in Obesity Requires a behavioral approach

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Source: Jasik (2014) Source: Woolford S and Jasik CB (2014)

Key Components of Successful Programs

• Establish a knowledge‐base

• Promote resiliance/youth development

• Understand/incorporate the socio‐ecological factors

• Long‐term interventions

• Focus on skills‐based learning

• Capitalize on peer education

• Empower parents to reinforce messages

Who should be talking to teens?

Peers, parents, teachers?

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Medical Providers?

Source: Jasik CB (2000)

Medical providers did not make the list!

Source: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2012)

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How should we talk to (and parent) teens?

(given what we know about their

Development)

1. Be Authentic

• Teens have a high B.S. detector.

• Don’t try to be cool, stay cool.

2. Lean In

• Teens need their parents more during these years.

• Make rules.

• Stay positive.

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3. Look for an opening

• When opportunity knocks, open the door.

• Let them know you are available.

4. Listen first, talk later

• Have a conversation.

• Try to understand how they are putting the risk:benefit together.

• Respect their opinion.

5. Be specific, keep it simple

• Remember that teens can be concrete.

6. Be nosey, but not intrusive

• Respect their privacy.

• Trust they will make the right choice.

• Know their friends.

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7. Lead by example

• Teens are always keeping score.  

• Do what you say, say what you do.

8. Be realistic

• Some risk‐taking is normative. 

• If we over‐protect, teens miss out on key developmental tasks that come from failures.

9. Be consistent

• Set clear expectations and stick by them.

• Get all parents on the same page.

10. Know warning signs

• extreme weight gain or loss

• sleep problems

• rapid, drastic changes in personality

• sudden change in friends

• skipping school continually

• falling grades

• talk or even jokes about suicide

• signs of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use

• run‐ins with the law

Source: KidsHealth.org (2014)

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Objectives

• Current trends in adolescent risk‐taking behavior and the impact on health.

• Review typical adolescent development.

• Highlight research on the developing brain, and the important role of risk taking in brain remodeling.

• Identify best practices on how to counsel and guide teens while still fostering resilience.

Key Take‐Home Points

• Adolescent development is hard‐wired, but also malleable.

• Knowledge is not power.

• Failure is not an option, it’s essential.

• Lean in, don’t disengage.

• Don’t be cool, just stay cool.

• When opportunity knocks, open the door.

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What was she thinking?

That the benefits outweigh the risks.

Did they not realize the consequences of what they 

were doing?

Yes, they just have a different risk:benefit balance.

Why didn’t they just ask me first?

If they did, that might be weird.  Adolescent are (and should be) 

peer‐driven.  The more important question is 

why didn’t you ask them first?

How can I get into that thick skull of his?

By understanding what’s happening in his brain and guiding him through the normative steps of development 

with structure, support, and patience.

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For More Information

• Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine

• American Academy of Pediatrics – Section on Adolescent Health

• YRBS/NCHS

• Kidshealth.org

• Adolescent Health Working Group

• Go Ask Alice!

• Maternal and Child Health

• Bright Futures/AAP

Acknowledgments

UCSF Division of Adolescent Health and Medicine– Charles Irwin, MD

– Elizabeth Ozer, PhD

– Bonnie Halpern‐Felsher, PhD

– Mark Rubinstein, MD

Discussion

Me, age 15