Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale

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Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale

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Born

Sardar Jarnail Singh Khalsa12 February 1947Rode, Faridkot District, Punjab (BritishIndia)

Died6 June 1984 (aged 37)Akal Takht Complex, Amritsar, Punjab(India)

Nationality IndianEthnicity PunjabiOccupation Head ofDamdami TaksalReligion SikhismSpouse Bibi Pritam KaurChildren Ishar Singh and Inderjit Singh[1]

Parents Joginder Singh and Nihal Kaur

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (Punjabi:[dnl spe], born Jarnail Singh Brar[2] (Punjabi: )) (12 February1947 6 June 1984) was the leader of the Damdami Taksal, a Sikh religious group basedin India,[3] who supported implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.[4][5][6][7] In1981, Bhindranwale was arrested for his suspected involvement in the murder ofJagatNarain, the proprietor of the Hind Samachar Group. He surrendered to police and waslater released due to lack of evidence. Bhindranwale was also, however, kept on close
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watch by Indian police officials. Bhindranwale is more notable for his involvement inOperation Blue Starin which he and his supporters who believed in Bhindranwale'sobjectives, occupied theAkal Takht complex, including the Golden Temple, inAmritsar.[8][9]He was killed by the Indian Army, who had orders from IndianPrime MinisterIndiraGandhi to remove all armed militants inside the temple. Since his death, Bhindranwale

has remained a controversial figure in Indian history. While the Sikhs highest authorityAkal Takhtdescribe him a great martyr of the Sikh community, who made supremesacrifice for the sake of faith, many also view him as a misguided militantand extremistterrorist.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life 2 Rise to popularity 3 Role in the militancy 4 Sanctuary in the Golden Temple 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography

9 External links

[edit] Early life

Bhindranwale was born in the village of Rode, in the Faridkot District located in theregion ofMalwa (Punjab). The Grandson of Sardar Harnam Singh, His father, JoginderSingh, was a farmer and a local Sikh leader and his mother was Nihal kaur. [1]JarnailSingh was the seventh of seven brothers and one sister. He was brought up as a strictvegetarian.[10] In 1965, he was enrolled by his father at the Damdami Taksal, a religiousschool, nearMoga, Punjab, then headed by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa.[1] After a one yearcourse in Sikh studies he returned to farming again. He continued his studies underKartar Singh, who was the new head of the Taksal. He quickly became the favouritestudent of Kartar Singh.[11] Kartar Singh was fatally injured in a car accident andnominated Bhindranwale as his successor, in preference to his son Amrik Singh. Amrik

Singh later became close associate of Bhindranwale.[12]

He married Pritam Kaur, daughter of Sucha Singh ofBilaspur.[1] His wife bore him twosons, Ishar and Inderjit Singh, in 1971 and 1975, respectively.[1] Pritam Kaur died of heartailment at age 60, on 15 September 2007 in Jalandhar. [13]

[edit] Rise to popularity
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In Punjab, Bhindranwale went from village to village as a missionary and asked people tolive according to the rules and tenets ofSikhism. He preached to disaffected young Sikhs,encouraging them to return to the path ofKhalsaby giving up vices like drugs, alcoholand tobacco.[14]His focus on fighting for the Sikh cause made appealed to many youngSikhs. Due to his religious background as a preacher and head of the most prestigious

Sikh school of learning (Damdami Taksal), his followers formally called himBhindranwale Mahapurkh, which meant "The Great Spritual Man from Bhindran".Bhindranwale became the new leader of theDamdami Taksal when Kartar Singh Khalsa,the successor to Gurbachan Singh Khalsa, who died in a road accident on 16 August1977, nominated Bhindranwale.[1] Bhindranwale was formally elected at abhogceremony at Mehta Chowk on 25 August 1977.[1]

Bhindranwale participated in some behind-the-scenes political work. In 1979, whenBhindranwale put up forty candidates in the SGPC elections for a total of 140 seats, hewon only four of the seats.[15] A year later, Bhindranwale campaigned actively forCongress in three constituencies' during the general elections.[16] Due to his lack of

success in election politics, he later claimed he did not personally seek any politicaloffice. According to a 1984 Time Magazine article, Bhindranwale's popularity reachedsuch a peak that he overthrew the authority of theShiromani Akali Dal, a Punjab-basedSikhpolitical party.[17] In any event, Bhindranwale did wield a great deal of power, andthe political factions within Punjab could not commit any major action withoutconsidering Bhindranwale's reaction.[18]

Bhindranwale was widely perceived to be a supporter of the creation of a Sikh majoritystate ofKhalistan. In a BBC interview, he stated that if the government agreed to thecreation of such a state, he would not refuse. Other quotes attributed to Bhindranwale onKhalistan include "we are not in favour of Khalistan nor are we against it". Responding to

the formation of Khalistan he is quoted as saying, "I don't oppose it nor do I support it.We are silent. However, one thing is definite that if this time the Queen of India doesgive it to us, we shall certainly take it. We won't reject it. We shall not repeat the mistakeof 1947. As yet, we do not ask for it. It is Indira Gandhi's business and not mine, norLongowal's, nor of any other of our leaders. It is Indira's business. Indira should tell uswhether she wants to keep us in Hindostan or not. We like to live together, we like to livein India."[19] To which he added, "if the Indian Government invaded the Darbar Sahibcomplex, the foundation for an independent Sikh state will have been laid."[20] The BBCreported that he was daring law enforcement to react to his actions of fortifying theGolden Temple in order to bolster support.[21]

[edit] Role in the militancyOn 13 April 1978, a group ofAmritdhari Sikhs ofAkhand Kirtani Jatha went to protestagainstNirankaris. The confrontation led to the murder of thirteen of demonstrators. Thekilling of the protesters disturbed many Sikhs. The Nirankari leader, Gurbachan Singhwas even escorted to the safety of his home in Delhi by the Punjab police. When acriminal case was filed against him, the Baba had his case transferred to neighboringHaryana state, where he was acquitted the following year. The Punjab government Chief
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MinisterPrakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[22]Among Sikhs therewas a great frustration at this perceived sacrilege and the legal immunity of theperpetrators. This gave rise to new organizational expressions of Sikh aspirations outsidethe Akali party. It also created an unfortunate sentiment amongst some that if thegovernment and judiciary would not prosecute perceived enemies of Sikhism, taking

extrajudical measures could be justified.[23]

The chief proponents of this attitude were theBabbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha,whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the DamdamiTaksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day ofthe outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state;and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

When the Nirankari Baba who was allegedly responsible for the thirteen deaths inAmritsar was himself shot to death on 24 April 1980, Bhindranwale openly celebrated thedevelopment, which put him under suspicion. TheFIRnamed nearly twenty peopleinvolved in the murder, most of whom had ties to Bhindranwale.[24]A member of the

Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination threeyears later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.

Lala Jagat Narain, the editor of a widely circulated paper in which he had campaignedagainst Punjabi being adopted as a medium of instruction in Hindu schools, urged Hindusof Punjab to reply to government census that Hindi and not Punjabi was their mothertongue and decried the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. He had also been present at the clashbetween the Nirankaris and the Akhand Kirtani Jatha.[25] Jarnail Singh had often spokenagainst him, so when the well-known editor was found killed on 9 September 1981, onceagain, his involvement was suspected. Two days after the assassination, police issuedwarrants for the arrest of Bhindranwale. A police search in Chando Kalan, a Haryana

village, failed to produce an arrest. Upon seeing this, Bhidranwale publicly announcedthat he would surrender on 20 September.[26] On 20 September 1981, Bhindranwalesurrendered to the police at a function held in a Gurudwara Gurdarshan Parkash.[27] Overthe next twenty-five days while Bhindranwale was held in custody, sporadic fightserupted in areas where Bhindranwale's accomplices had gathered. Bhindranwale wasreleased on bail on 15 October as India's Home Minister,Giani Zail Singh announced inthe Parliament that there was no evidence against Bhindrawale.[28] He left the Ferozepurjail a hero.[29]

[edit] Sanctuary in the Golden Temple
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Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal, a prominent Sikh politician, and Sant Bhindranwaleworked together for the implementation ofAnandpur Sahib Resolution

The law and order situation started to deteriorate. While the Akalis pressed on with theirtwo-pronged strategy of negotiations and massive campaigns of civil disobediencedirected at the Central Government, others were not so enamoured of nonviolence.

Communists known as Naxalites, armed Sikh groups the Babbar Khalsa and DalKhalsa (International), criminal gangs and the police clashed, and sometimes workedhand in hand. A covert government group known as the Third Agency was also engagedin dividing and destabilizing the Sikh movement through the use of undercover officers,paid informants and agents provocateurs.[30]Bhindranwale himself always wore a pistolbelt and encouraged his followers to be armed.[31]

In July 1982, Sant Longowal invited Sant Jarnail Singh Bindranwale to take up residenceat the Golden Temple compound. He called the tough-minded Sant our stave to beat thegovernment. [32]Bhindranwale subsequently took shelter with a large group of his armedfollowers, in the Guru Nanak Niwas (Guest house), in the precincts of the Golden

Temple.

[10]

In late July 1983, finding an increasing number of his followers arrested day by day,Bhindranwale left his base in Chowk Mehta to start a peaceful campaign for their releasefrom the Golden Temple complex. From there, he joined his campaign to the Akalicampaign for their political, economic, cultural, and religious demands.[33] In the chaos ofPunjab, Bhindranwale developed a reputation as a man of principle who could settlepeople's problems about land, property or any other matter without needless formality ordelay. The judgement would be accepted by both parties and carried out. This added tohis popularity.[34]

On 15 December 1983, finding himself in danger of being arrested for threats he hadmade against some nationalist organizations, Sant Jarnail Singh and his entourage movedto the holy Akal Takhat over the objections of Giani Kirpal Singh, the head priest of theplace. Bhindranwale used his political connection with Gurcharan Singh Tohra, presidentof the Gurdwara committee and the man responsible for keeping the peace in the GoldenTemple complex, to overrule the head priest.[35] He fortified the temple with lightmachine-guns and sophisticated self-loading rifles were brought in. [24]Mark Tully andSatish Jacob wrote, "All terrorists were known by name to the shopkeepers and the
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householders who live in the narrow alleys surrounding the Golden Temple. ...ThePunjab police must have known who they were also, but they made no attempt to arrestthem. By this time Bhindranwale and his men were above the law."[36]

[edit] Legacy

Cynthia Keppley Mahmood wrote inFighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With SikhMilitants that Bhindranwale never learned English but mastered Punjabi. He was adept attelevision, radio and press interviews.[37] Keppley further stated that "those who knew himpersonally uniformly report his general likability and ready humour as well his dedicationto Sikhism".[37]The author further states that "Largely responsible for launching Sikhmilitancy, he is valorized by militants and demonised by enemies and the accounts fromthe two divergent sources seem to refer to two completely different persons." [37]

Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was praised by manySikhsas a martyr of our times,[38]

but by others he was considered a militant.[3] Though journalist Khushwant Singh

believed himself to be on Bhindranwale's hit list (although there is not any evidence SantBhindranwale kept a hitlist, let alone really knew who Khushwant Singh was[39]), heallowed that the Sikh preacher-become-activist genuinely made no distinction betweenhigher and lower castes, and that he had a restored thousands of drunken or doped Sikhmen, innured to porno films, to their families,[40] and that Operation Blue Starhad giventhe movement forKhalistanits first martyr in Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.[41] In2003, at a function arranged by theShiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee,Joginder Singh Vedanti, formerjathedarof the Akal Takht made a formal declarationthat Bhindranwale was a "martyr" and awarded his son, Ishar Singh, a robe of honor.[42]

Harbans Singh's The Encyclopedia of Sikhism describes Bhindranwale as "a phenomenalfigure of modern Sikhism."[43]

Vir Sanghvi, one of India's leading political commentators said, "[Bhindranwale] remainsamartyrin the eyes of many Sikhs. Even today, rare is the Sikh politician who will dareto call him what he was: a fanatic and a murderer."[44] Bhindranwale is also criticised asbeing directly responsible for the instigation of Operation Blue Star after he intentionallyturned the Akal Takht into a fortress, but the question unanswered by the government ofIndia is why 38 other gurdwaras in Amritsar were also desecrated on the same day. [45]

According to Joyce Pettigrew, in her 1995 book, The Sikhs of the Punjab: UnheardVoices of State and Guerrilla Violence:

The army went into the Darbar Sahib not to eliminate a political figure or a politicalmovement but to suppress the culture of a people, to attack their heart, to strike a blow attheir spirit and self-confidence.

[edit] See also

1984 anti-Sikh riots
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-SS-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-SS-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-TST-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushwant_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-Sikh_Coalition-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takhthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_Sanghvihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takhthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-mil-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-SS-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-TST-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushwant_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-Sikh_Coalition-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue_Starhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takhthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir_Sanghvihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_Takhthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots


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[edit] References

1. ^ abcdefgSingh, Sandeep. "Saint Jarnail Singh Bhindrenwale (19471984)". Sikh-history.com. Retrieved 2007-03-18.2. ^ Singh, Sandeep. "Saint Jarnail Singh Bhindrenwale (19471984)". Sikh-

history.com. http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/bhindrenwale.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-183. ^ ab Lamba, Puneet Singh (2004-06-06). "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale:Five Myths". The Sikh Times. Retrieved 2007-06-25.4. ^ "Bhindranwale firm on Anandpur move". The Hindustan Times. 1983-09-05.5. ^ "Bhindranwale, not for Khalistan". The Hindustan Times. 1982-11-13.6. ^ "Sikhs not for secession: Bhindranwale". The Tribune. 1984-02-28.7. ^ Joshi, Chand (1985).Bhindranwale: Myth and Reality. New Delhi:Vikas Publishing House. p. 129. ISBN0706926943.8. ^ Kaur, Naunidhi (2004-06-03). "Flashbacks: Golden Temple attack".

BBC News. Retrieved 2007-03-28.9. ^ "India".Encyclopdia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-03.10. ^ ab Singh, Tavleen (2002-01-14). "An India Today-100 People WhoShaped India".India Today. Retrieved 2006-10-28.11. ^ Deol, Harnik (2000).Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case ofthe Punjab. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN041520108X.12. ^ Tully, p. 5413. ^ "Bhindranwale's widow dead".The Tribune. 2007-09-16. Retrieved2008-03-19.14. ^ Kashmeri, Zuhair; Brian McAndrew (2005). "Section 3". Soft target:the real story behind the Air India disaster. James Lorimer & Company. p. 40.

ISBN1550289047.15. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2005).A History of the Sikhs: Volume II: 18392004.New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 332. ISBN0195673093.16. ^ Tully, p. 177.17. ^ Lopez, Laura (June 1984). "India, Diamonds and the Smell of Death".Time (June 25, 1984).18. ^ Robin, Jeffrey (1994). What's Happening to India? (2nd ed.). NewYork: Holmes & Meier Publishing. pp. 146147. ISBN0841913501.19. ^ Sandhu (1999), p. LVI.20. ^ Sandhu (1999), p. LVII.21. ^ "Player 1984: Troops raid Golden Temple". BBC News. 1984-06-06.

Retrieved 2009-08-09.22. ^ Cynthia Keppley Mahmood, Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogueswith Sikh Militants, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996, pp. 5860; Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center,1988, p. 739.23. ^ Singh (1999), pp. 36566.
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24. ^ ab Sandhu, Ranbir S. (1997-05). "Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale Life,Mission, and Martyrdom" (PDF). Sikh Educational and Religious Foundation.Retrieved 2008-03-10.25. ^ Jalandhri, Surjeet (1984).Bhindranwale. Jalandhar: Punjab PocketBooks. p. 25.

26. ^ Chowla, K.S. (2003-10-18). "Tributes to a peacemaker".The Tribune.Retrieved 2007-06-25.27. ^ Jalandhri, Surjeet (1984).Bhindranwale Sant. Jalandhar: Punjab PocketBooks. p. 53.28. ^ Tully, p. 69.29. ^ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World BookCenter, 1988, pp. 74244.30. ^ Gopal Singh, A History of the Sikh People, New Delhi, World BookCenter, 1988, pp. 75556; Zuhair Kashmiri and Brian McAndrew, Soft Target:How the Indian Intelligence Service Penetrated Canada, Toronto, James Lorimerand Company, 1989, pp. 93, 130; Singh (1999), p. 366-67, 373, 398.

31. ^ Singh (1999), pp. 38081, 38788.32. ^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 18392004, NewDelhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 337.33. ^ J.S. Grewal, The Sikhs of Punjab, The New Cambridge History ofIndia, Cambridge, 1998, p. 222.34. ^ Khushwant Singh, The Genesis, The Punjab Crisis: Challenge andResponse, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M. Mittal, 1985, p. 98; Lt. Gen. J.S.Aurora, If Khalistan Comes The Sikhs will be the Losers, Punjab The FatalMiscalculation: Perspectives on Unprincipled Politics, eds. Patwant Singh andHarji Malik, New Delhi, Patwant Singh, 1984, p. 140.35. ^ Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 18392004, NewDelhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 33940; Gopal Singh, A History of theSikh People, New Delhi, World Book Center, 1988, p. 753.36. ^ Tully, p. 94.37. ^ abc Keppley, Cynthia (1997).Fighting for Faith and Nation: DialoguesWith Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 77. ISBN0812215923.38. ^ "Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale". Shaheedi Immorality. Retrieved2007-03-27.39. ^ "Sant Jarnail Singh". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 2007-03-27.40. ^ Khushwant Singh, I Felt I Should Reaffirm My Identity as a Sikh, ThePunjab Crisis: Challenge and Response, Abida Samiuddin, ed., Delhi, K.M.Mittal, 1985, p. 320; Khushwant Singh, A History of the Sikhs, Volume II: 18392004, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 32930.41. ^ Singh (1999), p. 378.42. ^ "Takht accepts Bhindranwales death". The Tribune. 2003-06-06.Retrieved 2007-06-25.43. ^ Singh, Harbans, ed (1996). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Patiala, India:Punjabi University. Vol. 2, p. 352.ISBN817380530X.44. ^ Sandhu (1999), p. XL.
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45. ^ Marty, Martin E. (1995). The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago:University of Chicago Press. pp. 596597. ISBN0-226-50878-1.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale)


Born

Sardar Jarnail Singh Khalsa

12 February 1947Rode, Faridkot District, Punjab (BritishIndia)

Died

6 June 1984 (aged 37)Akal Takht Complex, Amritsar, Punjab(India)

Nationality IndianEthnicity PunjabiOccupation Head ofDamdami TaksalReligion SikhismSpouse Bibi Pritam KaurChildren Ishar Singh and Inderjit Singh[1]

Parents Joginder Singh and Nihal Kaur

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (Punjabi:[dnl spe], born Jarnail Singh Brar[2] (Punjabi: )) (12 February1947 6 June 1984) was the leader of the Damdami Taksal, a Sikh religious group basedin India,[3] who supported implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.[4][5][6][7] In
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1981, Bhindranwale was arrested for his suspected involvement in the murder ofJagatNarain, the proprietor of the Hind Samachar Group. He surrendered to police and waslater released due to lack of evidence. Bhindranwale was also, however, kept on closewatch by Indian police officials. Bhindranwale is more notable for his involvement inOperation Blue Starin which he and his supporters who believed in Bhindranwale's

objectives, occupied theAkal Takht complex, including the Golden Temple, inAmritsar.[8][9]He was killed by the Indian Army, who had orders from IndianPrime MinisterIndiraGandhi to remove all armed militants inside the temple. Since his death, Bhindranwalehas remained a controversial figure in Indian history. While the Sikhs highest authorityAkal Takhtdescribe him a great martyr of the Sikh community, who made supremesacrifice for the sake of faith, many also view him as a misguided militantand extremistterrorist.

Contents

[hide]

1 Early life 2 Rise to popularity 3 Role in the militancy 4 Sanctuary in the Golden Temple 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography

9 External links

[edit] Early life

Bhindranwale was born in the village of Rode, in the Faridkot District located in theregion ofMalwa (Punjab). The Grandson of Sardar Harnam Singh, His father, JoginderSingh, was a farmer and a local Sikh leader and his mother was Nihal kaur. [1]JarnailSingh was the seventh of seven brothers and one sister. He was brought up as a strictvegetarian.[10] In 1965, he was enrolled by his father at the Damdami Taksal, a religiousschool, nearMoga, Punjab, then headed by Gurbachan Singh Khalsa.[1] After a one yearcourse in Sikh studies he returned to farming again. He continued his studies under

Kartar Singh, who was the new head of the Taksal. He quickly became the favouritestudent of Kartar Singh.[11] Kartar Singh was fatally injured in a car accident andnominated Bhindranwale as his successor, in preference to his son Amrik Singh. AmrikSingh later became close associate of Bhindranwale.[12]

He married Pritam Kaur, daughter of Sucha Singh ofBilaspur.[1] His wife bore him twosons, Ishar and Inderjit Singh, in 1971 and 1975, respectively.[1] Pritam Kaur died of heartailment at age 60, on 15 September 2007 in Jalandhar. [13]
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[edit] Rise to popularity

In Punjab, Bhindranwale went from village to village as a missionary and asked people tolive according to the rules and tenets ofSikhism. He preached to disaffected young Sikhs,encouraging them to return to the path ofKhalsaby giving up vices like drugs, alcohol

and tobacco.[14]His focus on fighting for the Sikh cause made appealed to many youngSikhs. Due to his religious background as a preacher and head of the most prestigiousSikh school of learning (Damdami Taksal), his followers formally called himBhindranwale Mahapurkh, which meant "The Great Spritual Man from Bhindran".Bhindranwale became the new leader of theDamdami Taksal when Kartar Singh Khalsa,the successor to Gurbachan Singh Khalsa, who died in a road accident on 16 August1977, nominated Bhindranwale.[1] Bhindranwale was formally elected at abhogceremony at Mehta Chowk on 25 August 1977.[1]

Bhindranwale participated in some behind-the-scenes political work. In 1979, whenBhindranwale put up forty candidates in the SGPC elections for a total of 140 seats, he

won only four of the seats.[15] A year later, Bhindranwale campaigned actively forCongress in three constituencies' during the general elections.[16] Due to his lack ofsuccess in election politics, he later claimed he did not personally seek any politicaloffice. According to a 1984 Time Magazine article, Bhindranwale's popularity reachedsuch a peak that he overthrew the authority of theShiromani Akali Dal, a Punjab-basedSikhpolitical party.[17] In any event, Bhindranwale did wield a great deal of power, andthe political factions within Punjab could not commit any major action withoutconsidering Bhindranwale's reaction.[18]

Bhindranwale was widely perceived to be a supporter of the creation of a Sikh majoritystate ofKhalistan. In a BBC interview, he stated that if the government agreed to the

creation of such a state, he would not refuse. Other quotes attributed to Bhindranwale onKhalistan include "we are not in favour of Khalistan nor are we against it". Responding tothe formation of Khalistan he is quoted as saying, "I don't oppose it nor do I support it.We are silent. However, one thing is definite that if this time the Queen of India doesgive it to us, we shall certainly take it. We won't reject it. We shall not repeat the mistakeof 1947. As yet, we do not ask for it. It is Indira Gandhi's business and not mine, norLongowal's, nor of any other of our leaders. It is Indira's business. Indira should tell uswhether she wants to keep us in Hindostan or not. We like to live together, we like to livein India."[19] To which he added, "if the Indian Government invaded the Darbar Sahibcomplex, the foundation for an independent Sikh state will have been laid."[20] The BBCreported that he was daring law enforcement to react to his actions of fortifying the

Golden Temple in order to bolster support.[21]

[edit] Role in the militancy

On 13 April 1978, a group ofAmritdhari Sikhs ofAkhand Kirtani Jatha went to protestagainstNirankaris. The confrontation led to the murder of thirteen of demonstrators. Thekilling of the protesters disturbed many Sikhs. The Nirankari leader, Gurbachan Singh
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was even escorted to the safety of his home in Delhi by the Punjab police. When acriminal case was filed against him, the Baba had his case transferred to neighboringHaryana state, where he was acquitted the following year. The Punjab government ChiefMinisterPrakash Singh Badal decided not to appeal the decision.[22]Among Sikhs therewas a great frustration at this perceived sacrilege and the legal immunity of the

perpetrators. This gave rise to new organizational expressions of Sikh aspirations outsidethe Akali party. It also created an unfortunate sentiment amongst some that if thegovernment and judiciary would not prosecute perceived enemies of Sikhism, takingextrajudical measures could be justified.[23]The chief proponents of this attitude were theBabbar Khalsa founded by the widow, Bibi Amarjit Kaur of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha,whose husband Fauja Singh had been at the head of the march in Amritsar; the DamdamiTaksal led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale who had also been in Amritsar on the day ofthe outrage; the Dal Khalsa, formed with the object of demanding a sovereign Sikh state;and the All India Sikh Students Federation, which was banned by the government.

When the Nirankari Baba who was allegedly responsible for the thirteen deaths in

Amritsar was himself shot to death on 24 April 1980, Bhindranwale openly celebrated thedevelopment, which put him under suspicion. TheFIRnamed nearly twenty peopleinvolved in the murder, most of whom had ties to Bhindranwale.[24]A member of theAkhand Kirtani Jatha, Ranjit Singh, surrendered and admitted to the assassination threeyears later, and was sentenced to serve thirteen years at the Tihar Jail in Delhi.

Lala Jagat Narain, the editor of a widely circulated paper in which he had campaignedagainst Punjabi being adopted as a medium of instruction in Hindu schools, urged Hindusof Punjab to reply to government census that Hindi and not Punjabi was their mothertongue and decried the Anandpur Sahib Resolution. He had also been present at the clashbetween the Nirankaris and the Akhand Kirtani Jatha.[25] Jarnail Singh had often spoken

against him, so when the well-known editor was found killed on 9 September 1981, onceagain, his involvement was suspected. Two days after the assassination, police issuedwarrants for the arrest of Bhindranwale. A police search in Chando Kalan, a Haryanavillage, failed to produce an arrest. Upon seeing this, Bhidranwale publicly announcedthat he would surrender on 20 September.[26] On 20 September 1981, Bhindranwalesurrendered to the police at a function held in a Gurudwara Gurdarshan Parkash.[27] Overthe next twenty-five days while Bhindranwale was held in custody, sporadic fightserupted in areas where Bhindranwale's accomplices had gathered. Bhindranwale wasreleased on bail on 15 October as India's Home Minister,Giani Zail Singh announced inthe Parliament that there was no evidence against Bhindrawale.[28] He left the Ferozepurjail a hero.[29]

[edit] Sanctuary in the Golden Temple
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Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal, a prominent Sikh politician, and Sant Bhindranwaleworked together for the implementation ofAnandpur Sahib Resolution

The law and order situation started to deteriorate. While the Akalis pressed on with theirtwo-pronged strategy of negotiations and massive campaigns of civil disobediencedirected at the Central Government, others were not so enamoured of nonviolence.

Communists known as Naxalites, armed Sikh groups the Babbar Khalsa and DalKhalsa (International), criminal gangs and the police clashed, and sometimes workedhand in hand. A covert government group known as the Third Agency was also engagedin dividing and destabilizing the Sikh movement through the use of undercover officers,paid informants and agents provocateurs.[30]Bhindranwale himself always wore a pistolbelt and encouraged his followers to be armed.[31]

In July 1982, Sant Longowal invited Sant Jarnail Singh Bindranwale to take up residenceat the Golden Temple compound. He called the tough-minded Sant our stave to beat thegovernment. [32]Bhindranwale subsequently took shelter with a large group of his armedfollowers, in the Guru Nanak Niwas (Guest house), in the precincts of the Golden

Temple.

[10]

In late July 1983, finding an increasing number of his followers arrested day by day,Bhindranwale left his base in Chowk Mehta to start a peaceful campaign for their releasefrom the Golden Temple complex. From there, he joined his campaign to the Akalicampaign for their political, economic, cultural, and religious demands.[33] In the chaos ofPunjab, Bhindranwale developed a reputation as a man of principle who could settlepeople's problems about land, property or any other matter without needless formality ordelay. The judgement would be accepted by both parties and carried out. This added tohis popularity.[34]

On 15 December 1983, finding himself in danger of being arrested for threats he hadmade against some nationalist organizations, Sant Jarnail Singh and his entourage movedto the holy Akal Takhat over the objections of Giani Kirpal Singh, the head priest of theplace. Bhindranwale used his political connection with Gurcharan Singh Tohra, presidentof the Gurdwara committee and the man responsible for keeping the peace in the GoldenTemple complex, to overrule the head priest.[35] He fortified the temple with lightmachine-guns and sophisticated self-loading rifles were brought in. [24]Mark Tully andSatish Jacob wrote, "All terrorists were known by name to the shopkeepers and the
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householders who live in the narrow alleys surrounding the Golden Temple. ...ThePunjab police must have known who they were also, but they made no attempt to arrestthem. By this time Bhindranwale and his men were above the law."[36]

[edit] Legacy

Cynthia Keppley Mahmood wrote inFighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With SikhMilitants that Bhindranwale never learned English but mastered Punjabi. He was adept attelevision, radio and press interviews.[37] Keppley further stated that "those who knew himpersonally uniformly report his general likability and ready humour as well his dedicationto Sikhism".[37]The author further states that "Largely responsible for launching Sikhmilitancy, he is valorized by militants and demonised by enemies and the accounts fromthe two divergent sources seem to refer to two completely different persons." [37]

Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was praised by manySikhsas a martyr of our times,[38]

but by others he was considered a militant.[3] Though journalist Khushwant Singh

believed himself to be on Bhindranwale's hit list (although there is not any evidence SantBhindranwale kept a hitlist, let alone really knew who Khushwant Singh was[39]), heallowed that the Sikh preacher-become-activist genuinely made no distinction betweenhigher and lower castes, and that he had a restored thousands of drunken or doped Sikhmen, innured to porno films, to their families,[40] and that Operation Blue Starhad giventhe movement forKhalistanits first martyr in Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale.[41] In2003, at a function arranged by theShiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee,Joginder Singh Vedanti, formerjathedarof the Akal Takht made a formal declarationthat Bhindranwale was a "martyr" and awarded his son, Ishar Singh, a robe of honor.[42]

Harbans Singh's The Encyclopedia of Sikhism describes Bhindranwale as "a phenomenalfigure of modern Sikhism."[43]

Vir Sanghvi, one of India's leading political commentators said, "[Bhindranwale] remainsamartyrin the eyes of many Sikhs. Even today, rare is the Sikh politician who will dareto call him what he was: a fanatic and a murderer."[44] Bhindranwale is also criticised asbeing directly responsible for the instigation of Operation Blue Star after he intentionallyturned the Akal Takht into a fortress, but the question unanswered by the government ofIndia is why 38 other gurdwaras in Amritsar were also desecrated on the same day. [45]

According to Joyce Pettigrew, in her 1995 book, The Sikhs of the Punjab: UnheardVoices of State and Guerrilla Violence:

The army went into the Darbar Sahib not to eliminate a political figure or a politicalmovement but to suppress the culture of a people, to attack their heart, to strike a blow attheir spirit and self-confidence.

[edit] See also

1984 anti-Sikh riots
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/w/i

Documents

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale