MAGAZINES 67

Common with the Kii folks, Admiral Toyodabaa the mettle in him. but he is free fromprejudice and broadminded enouR'h to listento other's advice."

The Oriental Economist (Tokyo). of whichMr. Tanzan Ishibashi is both president andeditor. contains a survey of the North ChinaDevlllorm/ent COn/vanu. This is a JapaneseGovernment enterprise, created by specialauthority of the Japanese Diet and foundedin November 1938. Its aim is, with Chineseco-operation. to exploit the transportationand communication as weH as mininR'. elec­tricity, and other industrial enterprises inNorth China. The journal remarks: "Theimmediate problem confrontin£ the r.ompanya the acauisition of capital within NorthChina. The policy of raisinR' funds jointlyby Japan and China has been adopted butthe co-operation from China in the existingenterprises has only been extended by Gov­ernment. To effect real Sino-JapnneSe co­operation. popular support of Chinese cap­ital is necessary. .. The associations havenot yet been or~anised into companies. Theiroperation is under military control for thetime being as a transitional measure."

In Javan and VladivoBtock in his Orienta,lAffairs, Mr. Woodhead discusses the problemof this important port as a place of transitfor war materials to the USSR. In claimingthat Japan has no ri£ht to obstruct suchshipments he cites the Portsmouth Treaty of1006, reaffil"wed at Peking in 1925, accordingto which Japan KUaranteed not to impede thefree naviltation throullh the Strait of LaPerouse (between the islands of Hokkaido andSakhalin) and Tartary Strait (between Sak­halin Bnd the mainland).

TIt~ E'iaht PointaThe China Weeklll Review. registered as an

American paper but known to be anOt5!'an of the ChunJ!'kinjl Government, analysesin critical vein in Its iSSue of Au~st 23 theEi~ht Points of the Roosevelt-Churchill At­lantic! d<>eJaration. To the British-Americanpromise not to seek any territorial or otheraggrandizement, the article says: "NeitherBritain nor France fou~ht for new territory

JAPANESEAs has been pointed out elsewhere in this

issue, practically all Japanese magazinesare in line with the present ideolo£yof Japan. Hence most of the importantarticles represent more or less the attitudeof the Japanese Government. We believe itis interesting to know what the Japanese pub­lic reads in its influential magazines.

The German-Soviet War and Japan

The German-Soviet war and its siJonlificaneefor Japan occupied much space amon£ recent

in World War 1. Yet Britain acquired morethan a million square miles of additional ter­ritory as a result of the Versailles Treaty.France also added somethinll' to her Empire."The article is skeptical as to the free accessto raw materials promised in Point 4, saying:"Such access will be allowed only with 'duerespect' for the 'existing obligations' of theBritish Empire and the United States. Theword 'interests' would have been more appro­priate than 'obJill'ations.' After the victoriouspowers have satisfied their own needs theother fellows will have their chance." As tothe point dealing with disarmament, the ar­ticle states: "It is noteworthy that theEighth Point of the Roosevelt-Churchill de­claration provides for the disarmament of thevanquished but not of the victors. This isquite a contrast with the provisions of theVersailles Treaty, wherein the victoriousAllies provided for the disarming of Germanybut also promised to disarm themselves." Theseverest criticism is reserved for the slo£anof self-~overnment in Point 3: "Why cannotthe principle he put into practice now-say, inIndia? The 350.000,000 people of India areforcibly deprived of their sovereiR'D ri~hts

and. far from havinll' chosen the form of J!'ov­ernment under which they are presently ob­liged to Uve! arc vigorously opposed to it.The British are in India by rill'ht of conauest?The Japanese are in Manchuria and China anJFrench Indo-China, not to sneak of Korea andFormosa by exactly the same riltht. And theGermans are in Scandinavia. the Low Coun­tries. France. east-ern EurOPe! and the Balkanswith similar justification. if justification itcan be called.

"What's sauce for the ~ose is sauce forthe ~ander. If the principle of self-determina­tion is £ood at all. it is ll'ood for universalapplication. The enslavement of hundreds ofmillions of oeople in British colonies and pOlI­

sessions SQuares ill with a declaration of re­soect tor the principle of self-£Qvernment. Itis this which has made mnny Americans ex­tremely skeptical of the £enuineness of Brit­ish war aims. It is this which constitutesone of the most powerful weapons in thearsenal of the Nazi propaltandists."-H.F.

MAGAZINESarticles published in Japanese mapzines. Adetailed article was published on the SovietUnion and another on Germany. Mr. T.Shilremori writes about the USSR in SovietRussia of Todall in a very critical vein in themall'azine Gendai. From October 1940 untilJune of this year he staved in Russia asprivate secretary to the Japanese Ambassa­dor. and he is at present considered one ofthe best Japanese experts on Russia. Hehas a favorable opinion only of the £reattechnical development of' Russia and herstronll' national unity. His remark is interest-

68 THE XXth CENTURY

inlZ' that in the Russia of Stalin there is hard­ly anythinlZ' more to be seen of the principlesof Marxism. In Soviet Russia there is astronger tendency toward "bourgeois" stand­ards of life than in any other country. Thepeasants are least sympathetic toward Bol­shevism. They have, for instance, to handover their elZ'lZ'S to the State at 20 kopeckseach. and then to buy them back at 80 ko­pccks. In the cities one sees richly uniform­ed officers of thc Red Army side by side withmiserably dressed laborers. There are spe­cial cheap shopping facilities for "privilegedclasses." i.e. certain categories of workers,members of the OGPU. etc. WorkinlZ' hourshave been increased by one hour since June26. 1940; it is forbidden to chanlZ'e one's placeof work; and beinlZ' late three times is punish­ed with deportation and forced labor. Officialswith an income of 20,000 rubles live in four­room apartments and lately can even afforda car, while a larlZ'e part of the populationhas to lZ'O without shoes and stockinlZ's Mr.Shi£~emori thinks. however. that Stalin sawin this deviation from the principles of Leninhis only means to achieve the urlZ'ently need­~d increase in industrial production. Mr.ShilZ'emori thinks that the war did not comeunexpectedly to Russia. althoulZ'h she tded toavoid it as lone: as possible. He mentions asharp speech against Germany made by Sta­lin on May 6 on the occasion of the graduationceremonies of the Red Academy of War. WhenMinister of War Timoshenko, following thespeech. called for a toast to the "peace­POlicy" of Stalin. the latter is supposed tohave corrected him with the words: "To thewar-policy of Stalin."

1'he article on Germany. My Visit to theAz-is rowers, is written by Lieutenant­General Yamashita in the ma~azine Kaizo.He had spent some time in Germany and Italyas leader of a Japanese military dele~ation

and had left Berlin just a few days beforethe outbreak of the German-Soviet war. Hewas impressed by the personality of the Fueh­rer and his understandin~ of Japan. Headmires the attitude of the German soldiersin the occupied territories. whose behavior isnot that of conquerors, and who let it beseen that this war does not mean a revengefor the defeat of 1918 but rather somethingfar hig-her. Lieut.-General Yamashita callsthe actions of Hitler and his soldiers the birthof a new spirit. He is eoually enthusiastic'about the German economic sYstem and itsachievements, and the whole-hearted co­operation of the entire German people. Hecloses with the remal'k that since the GreatWar he has visited Germany every ten yearsor so and distinctly felt the g:rowth of thenation's strength. He had always been of theopinion that a people like the Germans wouldnever perish. The author has recently beenappointed to the Supreme War Council.

Interestin2' OPlDlOns on developments inEUl'ope in relation to the present war arevoiced in an article by Mr. Y. Kuboi, ThsFutu1'e of the New European Order in Gen­chi Hokoku. Mr. Kuboi is a very well.known member of the Japanese Parliament.Together with the former Forei2'n MinisterMatsuoka he visited Germany and has onlyrecently returned from Europe. He was sur­lH'ised to hear from Prof. Schmitt of theBerlin University in the beg:inning- of Maythat Russia could no 10nlZ'er be considered asa great political sphere in the planned neworder of the world because she lacked the ne­cessary qualities of leadership. Kuboi be­lieves that Russia did not want the war tocome so soon, because she wished the capitalis­tic states first to exhaust one another beforehittin2' out herself. A possible BolshevistGovernment beyond the Urals would be of noimportance if only because it would havescarcely forty million people behind it. Theplan for a new order in Europe has under­2'one a great chanlZ'e through the German­Soviet war. The leadinlZ' country is the Reich.It will undertake the responsibility for thedefense, the foreign policy, and the economicsof the other countries included in the order.In the Greater East Asiatic sphere Japll,n willassume a corresponding' role. War as be­tween the former states will end with thepresent war. Warlike actions between the2'reat spheres of influence will be made prac­tically impossible by the tremendous distances,for the American and the Euro-Africanspheres are separated by the Atlantic, andthe American and the Great.er Asiatic spheresby the Pacific.

Japan and h.er Southern. ProblemThe magazine Nippon HlIoron contains an

article on the influence of the German-Sovietwar on the southward expansion of Japan,The New International Situation and theSouthern Problem by the well-known writerMr. T. Taira. He reviews the Japanesesouthern problem from its be~nninF;s in theGreat War to the present shape ~iven it bythe defeats of Holland and France. Mr. Tairais of the opinion that the southern problemcan only be solved in connection with the otherproblems of the world. The lZ'reat importanceof this problem for Japan lies above all in itsclose connection with the China conflict; forthe South offers the absolu.tely necessary sourceof raw materials and the markets for theplanned economic bloc Japan-China-Manchu­kuo. America has cut off Japan's suppliesof raw materials and now wants to preventher from obtaining raw materials in thesouthern Pacific, so that Japan must takemeasures to help herself. Japan mustalso begin to think of obtaining a firmeconomic position in the southern Pacificin order to meet the sharp competition to

MAGAZINES 69

be expected after the war from Americanindustry. at present bein~ built up so tre­mendously for the purpose of armaments.Considerin~ the southern problem as a ques­tion of life and death. Mr. Taira closes withthe observation that Japanese policy bashitherto always swun~ between the northernand the southern problems. Today, however,it should be directed not only towards thenorth and south but also towards the eastand west.

Thailand is a sub-division of Japan's sou­thern problem. It is discussed in KO'I'on byMr. Y. Miyabara's Modern Thailand. Thai­land. he writes. is the only independent statein the southern part of the Far East andbeloD~s to the Greater East Asiatic sphere.The rice crops of Thailand are of ~reatest

importance to tbe future economic bloc Japan­China·Manchukuo. Thailand possesses manyother raw materials indispensable to thiseconomic bloc, as for instance rubber, tin,teakwood, etc. There are also possibilitiesfor the ~rowin~ of cotton. etc. Hence Japanmust promote the development of Thailand.Thai economics are entirely in the bands offorei~ners. members -of the white race as wellas Chinese and Annamites. Takin~ taxes asan example, Miyahara demonstrates theneJ\'li~ible Thai capital. The greater part ofthe national income ~oes abroad, a circum­stance disadvantageous to cul~ral and eco­nomic pro~ss. The revolution of 1932,whlch was to effect chan~es in this situation.110 far has not shown the desired results.There is also a deep-rooted suspicion ofJapan. Japanese culture is hardly known inThAiland. while o~he.. nations have ..1­ready ~ained a firm footin~ throu~h thefoundin~ of missions and the establishmentof schools. hospitals. etc. Since tbe revolu­tion and the current economic and politicalreform Thailand has been lookin~ to Japan.which went throu~h a similar developmentand now has much to offer to Thailand espe­cially in the scientific and technical spheres.Japanese cultural propaganda should bear inmind that 95% of the Thai are Buddhists. forthis is probably one of the most importantpoints of contact with Buddhist Jap;tn. Theauthor is a member of the Bureau for Econo­mic Research of the South Manchurian Rail­way.

Ja:pan's LeadersTwo interestinll: articles are devoted to men

at the helm of Japan's ship of state. Thefirst one is by Mr. K. Sumimoto. The TasksFaci7l11 the Thi"d Kono1/e Cabinet, inJikyol..-u Joho. He observes that the foreignllolicy fixed in a meeting of the ImperialCouncil would. of course. remain the same inspite of a change in ministers. In the pre­sent situation the opinion of the navy plays

an important role, and it is taken into ac­count by ll:ivin~ the post of Forei~n Ministerto Admiral Toyoda. The ideolo~ical leader­ship of Hiranuma in the new cabinet has beengreatly stren~thened by his appointment asMinister without portfolio. The inclusion ofseven members of the armed forces and nota single member of the former political par­ties is significant for the new "war cabinet."The policy of the new Government remainsbasically unchanged. Its main tasks are thecreation of a highly armed military nation,the early settlement of the China conflict, theorganization of a Greater East Asiatic sphere,and the preparation and execution of mea­sures called for by the international situation.Important conditions for the solving of itstasks by the new Government are a stricterinner alignment toward war, especially infinancial and economic circles, and a firm na­tional unification of the people. The fasterexecution of the plans of the former and thepresent cabinet require the strengthening ofthe political power of the Government. Untilnow its task in many cases is confined to thesimple ratification of the decisions of thedifferent ministries.

The other article on Japanese statesmen.published in Jenchi Holcoku. deals with Ad­miral Toyoda, the Foreign Minister, and iswritten by Mr. J. Matsubara, Fore1:gnMinister T01loda. According to him. thepowerful Japanese navy has in no way beenweakened by the China conflict. It is there­fore not without si~nificance that at the pre­sent moment an Admiral has taken over thetiller of Japanese foreign policy, who wasfurthermore until recently Vice-Minister ofthe Navy. Prime Minister Konoye has learntto appreciate the new Foreign Minister as aclear-thinking and prudent man, and lastApril had called him into his Government asMinister of Economics. Toyoda made thesacrifice of doffing his beloved uniform. HeQuickly ~ot into his stride in his new officeand worked with great success. His strongcharacter was esteemed as well as his habit,in cases which did not seem Quite clear tohim. of at firs.t observing- carefully and thenacting with determination, after havingthoroughly studied the matter in question.He is attributed with a decisive influence inthe reor~anization of the Government. Mr.Matsubara ends his article with the observa­tion that the Tripartite Pact continues to formthe basis of Japanese foreign policy and thatthe latter has also not changed in relation tothe solving' of the China conflict. But hebelieves that the Pacific of today cannot becompared with the Pacific of former days,and that Japan's destiny, irrespective of theresult of the German-Soviet war. lies in thePacific. and that this would undoubtedly soonbe proved by Toyoda's foreign policy.~S.M.