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JAPAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO
INDONESIA FOR 2004 INDIAN OCEAN
EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY RELIEF AND
REHABILITATION 2004 - 2006
By:
Nimas Larasati
016201300110
A Thesis presented to the
Faculty of Humanities
President University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations
Concentration of Diplomacy Studies
2017
i
PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET
The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis “Japan Official
Development Assistance to Indonesia for 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation 2004 - 2006”
that was submitted by Nimas Larasati majoring in International
Relations from the School of Humanities was assessed and approved
to have passed the Oral Examinations on
____________________________________
Hendra Manurung, SIP, MA
Chair – Panel of Examiners
__________________________________
Haris Rahmat Pratama, BA.IR, MA.
Examiner
____________________________________
Dr. Endi Haryono
Thesis Adviser
ii
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This thesis titled “Japan Official Development Assistance to
Indonesia for 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Emergency Relief
and Rehabilitation 2004 - 2006” prepared and submitted by Nimas
Larasati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the Faculty of Humanity
has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a
thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral
Defense.
Cikarang, Indonesia, 22 May 2017
__________________________________
Dr. Endi Haryono
iii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that this thesis, titled “Japan Official Development
Assistance to Indonesia for 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation 2004 - 2006” is, to the best of
my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been
submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a
degree.
Cikarang, Indonesia, 22 May 2017
__________________________________
Nimas Larasati
iv
ABSTRACT
Title: “Japan Official Development Assistance to Indonesia for 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation 2004 - 2006”
By: Nimas Larasati, 016201300110
Advisors: Dr. Endi Haryono and Haris Rahmat Pratama, BA.IR , MA.
In December 26 2004, a massive earthquake occurred in the west coast
of Sumatra, Indonesia with a moment magnitude of 8.9 – 9.0 richer scale.
With the casualties of the death and missing toll climbed to about 300.000,
the natural disaster remembered as one of the worst natural disaster occurred.
Aceh province, the closest area from the epicenter of the earthquake by held
tsunami aid and as the worst casualties with more than 100.000 people lost
their lives. 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami was recorded as the
worst natural disaster in terms of human fatalities in Indonesia history.
Natural disaster is a global concern, in response of 2004 IOET, international
community form of governments, NGOs, IOs and private sectors show their
concern by held tsunami aid and technical support that offered to assist the
disaster stricken country relief effort. With over US$ 14 billion humanitarian
aid mobilized in the financial terms, tsunami aid became the biggest single
aid that ever being mobilized. Japan as one of the biggest donor country in
the world also show their concern in response the disaster by providing
US$500 million humanitarian grant aid as part of their ODA. Considering the
long bilateral relation with Indonesia and Aceh as the area with worst
casualties, Japan allocate US$146 million the humanitarian grant aid to
Indonesia. Japan assistance to Indonesia after 2004 IOET divided into 3
stages which are short term for emergency reliefs, middle term for
rehabilitation and long term for reconstruction.
Keywords: Natural disaster, 2004 IOET, Japan ODA, Aceh, Tsunami Aid,
Humanitarian aid.
v
ABSTRAK
Judul: “Japan Official Development Assistance to Indonesia for 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation 2004 - 2006”
Oleh : Nimas Larasati, 016201300110
Pembimbing : Dr. Endi Haryono and Haris Rahmat Pratama, BA.IR , MA.
Pada tanggal 26 september 2004, sebuah gempa dengan intensitas 8.9 –
9,0 skala richter terjadi di pantai barat Sumatra, Indonesia. Bencana tersebut
memakan korban tewas hingga 300.000 orang dan tercatat seagai salah satu
bencana alam terhebat yang pernah terjadi. Provinsi Aceh yang menjadi
wilayah terdekat dari pusat gempa, menjadi area terparah dengan korban
meninggal mencapai 100.000 orang. Gempa and Tsunami di Samudra Hindia
tersebut menjadi bencana alam dengan korban terbanyak sepanjang sejarah
Indonesia. Gempa dan Tsunami ini menarik perhatian dari seluruh kalangan
masyarakat international, untuk menunjukkan kepedulian mereka,
masyarakat international menggalang bantuan yang akan di salurkan ke
negara yang membutuhkan yang dinamakan Bantuan dana tsunami. Dengan
total dana terkumpul US$ 14 milyar, bantuan dana tsunami ini menjadi salah
satu dana bantuan terbesar yang pernah diselenggarakan. Jepang sebagai
salah satu negara penyumbang dana terbesar juga menunjukkan kepedulian
mereka terhadap bencana yang melanda dengan menjanjikan bantuan hibah
kemanusiaan senilai US$500 juta sebagai bagian dari ODA mereka.
Mengingat hubungan bilateral yang panjang dengan Indonesia dan Aceh
sebagai daerah dengan korban terburuk, Jepang mengalokasikan US$ 146 juta
bantuan hibah kemanusiaan ke Indonesia. Bantuan Jepang ke Indonesia untuk
becana gempa dan tsunami terbagi dalam 3 tahap yaitu jangka pendek untuk
bantuan darurat, jangka menengah untuk rehabilitasi dan jangka panjang
untuk rekonstruksi. Selama ini Jepang merupakan negara penyumbang dana
bantuan terbesar untuk Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Bencana alam, Gempa dan Tsunami, Dana bantuan
kemanusiaan, Dana bantuan tsunami, Japan ODA.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirrabbil’alamin, all praises to the almighty God, the sources
of all that exists, the one who had created me in the first place. Without His
blessings and guidance, I would not have had the opportunity to study, be
surrounded by all of the amazing people who had supported me in completing this
thesis as the pinnacle of my study at this university – I would be nonexistence.
There are so many people have support me up to this point, but first of all,
let me express my gratitude to my family, especially for my parents Rahayu and
Wiyono who let me take bachelor degree in this far away land, being selfishly
against all of your expectation, but you still cared for me and supported me
emotionally and financially. Without your love and sacrifices none of this would be
possible. My awesome big sister and spouse, Niajeng Pramesti and Bintoro Hagus
Warseto, Thank you for all your support, your lesson and your help whenever I
need it. Then, for my little brother, Wisnu Adhi Wibowo, Thank you for always
make me felt at ease at home and my beloved two cousins, Hanna and Rama for
your lovely and lively smile and laugh. I would not be able to finish my bachelor
degree without all of your support.
I would like to extend my special gratitude to two of my thesis advisors, Mr.
Endi Haryono and Mr. Haris Rahmat Pratama, for all the guidance and advices
throughout this thesis writing and for giving me their time for consultation. Without
your guidance, I might still be lost, not knowing what to write or how to construct
this thesis. My gratitude also goes to all International Relations staff and lecturer
who are very generous to share their knowledge during my studies
I would also like to express my special gratitude to Lupita Citra Astari B.Sc,
for being my best friend in this university, though we only met in less than 4 years,
your support always be there whenever I need it. You always encourage me to finish
my thesis and listen to all my stories and complains. You, who in the far away
dream land, Japan, show me that nothing cannot stop the dream we dream. Hardship
and courage walk side by side. Embrace your challenges!
vii
I also would like to express my special thank you for PUNICO / President
University Nippon Community where I met abundant of precious friends whom I
cherished from my heart. Thank you for my wolf pack IT brothers – Achilles H.P,
Martin Sitorus, Christian Djounathan, Yesua Andrew and Yudhistira Gularso – who
always cherished me, support me in every possible ways and show me that nothing
can bring me down except my own mind. Without you guys, my university life
would not as colorful as is it. Thank you for my beloved seniors – Lia Marcello
and Devi M.Wahono – Who always encourage me to take one step ahead, always
support me and listen to my endless chit chat.
Much grateful also I express for you guys my matsuri-volunteering mate
“VANANA”, my roommate and my housemate, Deny Christy R, Andini
Yulindasari, Farah Fadira, Aniestri Allisya, Riestu Febrina, for your never ending
encouragement in challenging myself, your patient in listening my endless chit chat
and your support in every Japanese Festival we ever join. Best wishes for all of us!
Lastly, I would like to express my best gratitude to my beloved friends,
whom I shared IR majoring life in these 4 year university life, Safira Shabrina F,
SFitriany, Annisa Bella S, Melinda Hakiki, Natasha Rosemellyda and Andi
Rachman, for your never ending encouragement, your extraordinary support and
your ways of cherish me. Thank you for becoming the best friends I can asked for,
in the good and in the bad, in the up and in the down, you show me the meaning of
true friendship. Without you guys, I believed my thesis would not meet an end like
this. My prayer goes to all of your next step challenges!
In addition, bunch of thanks for all my friends in President University
especially batch 2013 who complete my university life. Thank you for giving me
memorable experience in this campus.
Cikarang, 22 May 2017
Nimas Larasati
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET ............................................... i
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER .................................... ii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .............................................................. iii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xi
LIST OF ACRONYMS ..................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1
I.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................ 1
I.2 Problem identification .................................................................................... 3
I.3 Statement of Problem ..................................................................................... 5
I.4 Research Objective ........................................................................................ 5
I.5 Significant of Study ....................................................................................... 6
I.6 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 6
I.7. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................... 11
I.7.1 Liberalism .............................................................................................. 13
1.7.2 Foreign Aid ........................................................................................... 16
I.7.2.1 Humanitarian Aid ............................................................................... 16
I.7.2.2 Development Aid................................................................................ 17
I.8 The Scope and Limitations of the Study ...................................................... 19
I.9 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 19
I.9.1 Research Instrument .............................................................................. 20
I.10 Chapter Outline .......................................................................................... 21
ix
CHAPTER II 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI AND
INDONESIA RESPONSE TOWARD THE DISASTER ................................ 23
II.1 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake & Tsunami : An Overview ....................... 23
II.1.1 Casualties of the disaster ...................................................................... 24
II.1.1.1 Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia .................................................. 24
II.1.1.2 Sri Lanka ........................................................................................... 30
II.1.1.3 Thailand............................................................................................. 31
II.2 Response toward the disaster ...................................................................... 32
II.3 Indonesia Government Respond toward the disaster .................................. 33
II.3.1 Aceh – Nias Recovery Foundation ...................................................... 35
II.3.1.1 Bappenas’s Master Plan .................................................................... 35
II.3.1.2 The Establishment of The Aceh – Nias Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Agency (BRR) ...................................................................... 39
II.3.1.3 The Peace Agreement between Government of Indonesia and Free
Aceh Movement (GAM) ................................................................................ 40
II.4 International Community’s respond toward the disaster ............................ 41
II.4.1 Tsunami Aid ......................................................................................... 42
II.5 Summary ..................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER III JAPAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO
INDONESIA ........................................................................................................ 45
III.1 Bilateral Relation of Japan and Indonesia ................................................. 45
III.2 Japan ODA as Economic Cooperation ...................................................... 49
III.2.1 Classification of Japan’s ODA ........................................................... 53
III.2.1.1 Japan ODA for Disaster Reliefs....................................................... 55
III.2.2 Japan ODA and Governmental Agency JICA .................................... 58
III.3. Japan ODA to Indonesia ........................................................................... 61
III.3.2 Japan ODA to Indonesia from 1960 – 2006 ....................................... 61
III.3.1 Priority Areas of Japan ODA to Indonesia ......................................... 63
III.3.3 Contribution of Japan ODA in individual Sectors .............................. 64
III.4. Summary .................................................................................................. 69
x
CHAPTER IV JAPAN SHORT AND MIDDLE TERM AID FOR ACEH
EMERGENCY RELIEF AND REHABILITATION 2004 - 2006 .................. 70
IV.1 Overview Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs: Liberalism Perspective .............. 70
IV.2 Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs Response toward 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Tsunami .......................................................................................... 74
IV.2.1 Multilateral Aid .................................................................................. 76
IV.2.2 Bilateral Grant Aid ............................................................................. 80
IV.2.2.1 Financial Resources ......................................................................... 81
IV.2.2.2 Assistance in Knowledge and Expertise .......................................... 82
IV.2.2.3 Assistance in Human Resources (Dispatch of Personnel) ............... 84
IV.3. Japan Disaster Reliefs Response toward Indonesia Post 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake Tsunami ............................................................................... 85
IV.3.1 Japan Short term Assistance for Aceh Emergency Relief From January
– December 2005 ........................................................................................... 89
IV.3.2 Japan Middle term Assistance for Aceh Rehabilitation Stage from
March 2005 – December 2006....................................................................... 96
IV.4 Challenges toward the aid delivery and implementation ........................ 105
IV. 5 Summary ................................................................................................ 107
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ......................................................................... 109
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 112
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................ 127
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Liberalism approach in explaining Japan ODA and the
implementation of Japan ODA to Indonesia…………………………………12
Figure 1.2 Japan ODA to Indonesia for 2004 IORT Emergency Relief,
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction…………………………………………...13
Figure 2.12004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami and the affected countries..…..24
Figure 2.2 Map distribution of earthquake intensity………………………....25
Figure 2.3 An abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli
intensity………………………………………………………………………26
Figure 2.4 The casualties detailed of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
Tsunami……………………………………………………………………....27
Figure 2.5 The epicenter of the earthquakes Aceh and Nias…………………29
Figure 2.6 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Efforts Stages and
Plan for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North
Sumatra Provinces……………………………………………………………38
Table 3.1 Japan Economic Cooperation and ODA…………………………..49
Table 3.2 Classification of Japan ODA………………………………………53
Table 3.3 Japan’s Humanitarian Assistance classification…………………..57
Table 3.4 Japan’s Emergency Disaster Relief Assistance schematic………..57
Table 3.5 Flow Chart of Dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief Team and
Emergency……………………………………………………………………60
Table 3.6 The total amount of Japan ODA to Indonesia from 1960 - 2006.....62
xii
Figure 4.1 Liberalism approach in explaining Japan ODA and the
implementation to Japan ODA to Indonesia………………………………….70
Table 4.2 Japan’s Humanitarian Assistance classification…………………...75
Figure 4.3 Table 4.3 Japan Contribution to International Organizations for
emergency humanitarian assistance 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
disaster………………………………………………………………………..77
Figure 4.4 Table 4.4 Japan contribution for Financial Resources…………....81
Figure 4.5 Japan Assistance toward Indonesia for disaster mitigation effort
timeline after 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami…………………………………..88
xiii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
2004 IOET 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami
ASEAN Associate South East Asia Nations
BAPPENAS Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional
BRR Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi Aceh dan Nias
CEP Community Empowerment Program
DAC Development of Assistance Community
GOI Government of Indonesia
GOJ Government of Japan
GOSL Government of Sri Lanka
ICG Intergovernmental Coordination Group
IO Intergovernmental Organization
IOTWS Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
JSDF Japan Self Defense Forces
JDR Japan Disaster Reliefs
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MDF Multi Donor Fund
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affair
NAD Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
NGO Non-Governmental Organizations
ODA Official Development Assistance
OEDC Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
UN United Nation
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1 Background of the Study
As one of the global issues that should be the concern of all the nations around
the world, natural disaster always caused serious damaged in many aspect in the
country. In order to stop the vicious circle of the disaster and achieve the sustainable
development in human livelihoods and socio economic development, cooperation
among nations are urgently needed.
Japan and Indonesia are that known as disaster prone country. Due to their
topographic features, various natural disaster such as earthquake, tsunami, volcano
eruption, flood and so forth always endanger the life of people in Japan and Indonesia.
Japan and Indonesia have both gone many various natural disaster that affecting their
economy, development stabilization.1 Both Indonesia and Japan have been tormented
by many similar natural disaster since both country are part of the Ring of Fire had
Asian monsoon, with exception in Japan also frequently struck by heavy snowfall and
typhoons.
In Indonesia itself volcano eruption, landslide, earthquake, drought, forest fire
and tsunami is occurred due to the country unique topographic features.2
Approximately 180.000 people dead during year 1999 until 2008 because of natural
disaster, followed by 8.5 million more suffered and caused financial damaged around
US$10 billion. In a year, Indonesia might got hit by likely 400 earthquake with power
above 4 Richer Scale.
1 Official Development Assistance from Japan to Indonesia. Outline of Japan’s ODA Activity in Indonesia in Individual Sector. Retrieved 18 October 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04g.htm 2 Indonesia Investments. (2016). Natural Disaster in Indonesia. Retrieved 18 October 2016 from http://www.indonesia-investments.com/business/risks/natural-disasters/item243
2
Now days, there are 17 out 129 volcano which is still active located in
Indonesia, one of them is Merapi mountain in central java. Not only that, the killer
tidal wave or commonly called as tsunami that occurred if the earthquake epicenter
was in sea’s underground has increase the victims of the disaster. In the last 400 year,
in Indonesia only there are around 100 tsunamis occurred and have caused dead
victims more than 340,000 people.3
Beside earthquake and tsunami, Indonesia also frequently struck by Asian
monsoons which indicated by excessively heavy rain that would cause flood disaster
in that area. In 2007, Asians monsoons occurred in Jakarta and cause flood that
resulting in 80 people lost their life with 5.18 trillion rupiah on financial damages. The
landslide that happened caused by the weak geographical structure that usually
happened in rainy reason also cause damaged in many sectors.
The similarities between them supported the bilateral relationship between
Japan and Indonesia that established since the signing of the Treaty of Peace between
Japan and Republic of Indonesia in April 1958.4 Until now days, Japan and Indonesia
have strong relation in many sector like economic, politic and as well as the socio
cultural. One of the strongest bilateral relationship between Japan and Indonesia are in
the economic partnership especially in the Official Development Assistance. Based on
the World Bank and DAC, Japan is major trading partner of Indonesia as well as one
of the largest donors of foreign aid to Indonesia and Indonesia is the largest recipient
of Japan ODA among the ASEAN countries, number 2 in the world after China. From
those facts, it cannot be denied how strong Japan influence in Indonesia.5
3 Official Development Assistance from Japan to Indonesia. Outline of Japan’s ODA Activity in Indonesia in Individual Sector. Retrieved 18 October 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04g.htm 4 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Jepang, Data Dasar. Retrieved 22 Oktober 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html 5 The World Bank. (2006). Development Assistance from Japan. Retrieved on 12 April 2017 from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/japan/brief/development-assistance-from-japan
3
Because of the topographic similarities and the strong bilateral relationship
between them, the two countries are working hand in hand in the disaster prevention.
Natural disaster risk reduction has strong connection in contribution toward the
achievement of Millennium Development Goals.6 Japan utilized its advance
technology and experiences to assist Indonesia’s effort in creating disaster resilient
nation. In order to build the disaster resilient nation, international cooperation are
needed especially in the terms of economic cooperation. Indonesia as recipient of one
of economic cooperation from Japan in the form of Official development assistance,
has received so many support from Japan such as financial aid, technical cooperation,
grass-root aid and disaster emergency support.
I.2 Problem identification
On December 26, 2004, a massive earthquake occurred with the epicenter in
the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock of the earthquake had a moment
magnitude of 8.9 – 9.0 with the maximum Mercalli Intensity Scale of IX, the detailed
specifications are considerable damaged especially in designed structure; great
damage in the substantial building with partial collapse as well as the building could
shifted off from its foundation.7 The earthquake was caused by the collided of the
Indian Plate and the Burma Plate then triggered massive tsunamis with height up to 15
meter in several place that devastate the coast of landmasses bordering the Indian
Ocean. The natural disaster casualties up to 280.000 people in 13 countries. Indonesia
was country with the hardest hit, followed by India, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The
disaster later called as 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and mention by National
Geographic news on January 7, 2005 as one of the deadliest Tsunami in the history.8
6 United Nation official website. Sustainable Development Goals: 17 Goals to transform our world. Retrieved November 18,2016 from http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ 7 US Geological Survey Science for Changing World. (2004). The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale year 1931. Retrieved January 16, 2017 from https://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/USGS%202014a%20Mercalli.pdf 8 National Geographic News. (2005). The Deadliest Tsunami in History?. Retrieved on December 4, 2016 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html
4
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake is not only affect the countries that being hit by
the disaster but it also affect the stability of the world. Natural Disaster is no longer
one or certain country problem but all the world countries problem. Because of the
worse casualties, a great deal of humanitarian aid was needed for the natural disaster
emergency. Governments, humanitarian organization and individuals from all around
the world get together and eager to offer aid and technical support toward the country
that suffer loss from the disaster. Japan as one of the biggest foreign aid donors also
participate in the humanitarian aid for 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake disaster. Japan
priority concern in offering Japan ODA for humanitarian aid cannot be separated with
Japan history as the country that prone to be stricken by natural disaster like earthquake
and tsunami. Learn from their own history, Japan truly understand the devastated
situation and the loss because of the natural disaster and how humanitarian aid is
needed to support the regions after the massive natural disaster. Toward the country
stricken by the Tsunami, Japan not only offering the financial assistance but also
knowledge and expertise assistance as well as human resource assistance.
On January 2005 based on the CNN news, Japan announced they would offer
US$500 million for grant aid for the tsunami stricken regions.9 Together with
Australia, India and US, Japan formed a coalition in order to coordinate the aid to
immediate assistance and however, in the Asian Tsunami Summit that was held in
Jakarta, January 6, 2005 by the world’s leaders to discussed about the devastated
natural disaster and the probability of the humanitarian aid that would be needed by
the countries in damage, the coalition transferred responsibilities to the United Nation.
Indonesia as one of the country with the worst damage from the 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake surely need the emergency aid as well as the reconstruction aid to
rehabilitate its region that suffered from the disaster. In the wake of the disaster,
Indonesia stabilization became one concern for Japan since Indonesia is Japan’s major
trading partner and the largest recipient of Japan ODA among the ASEAN countries
and number 2 in the world after China.
9CNN International News. (2005, 3 January). Japan Raised Aid to $500 Million. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/01/01/japan.relief.pledge/index.html
5
In order to support Indonesia stabilization and development, Japan offered their
help thru Japan ODA for Indonesia’s reconstruction and rehabilitation after 2004
Indian Ocean Earthquake. Regardless of the underlying message of Japan in offering
the aid assistance thru their ODA toward Indonesia after 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake, the studied about how Japan, as one of the biggest aid donors to Indonesia
development support Indonesia after the gravely natural disaster in 2004 is interesting
to be analyze. Without judging the real underlying meaning of the aid, this
undergraduate thesis is aimed to explain the implementation of Japan ODA for Natural
Disaster Assistance to support the stabilization of stricken region by the tsunami.
I.3 Statement of Problem
Based on the background and the Problem identification explained, the author of this
thesis would like to understand the implementation of Japan Official Development
Assistance that was given to Indonesia Government of Indonesia for natural disaster
emergency relief stage and the rehabilitation stage in respond to 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Tsunami from 2004 - 2006.
How did Japan ODA support Indonesia for disaster emergency relief stage and
rehabilitation stage post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake 2004 – 2006 ?
I.4 Research Objective
1. To explain Japan ODA focused on the disaster reliefs for natural disaster
emergency assistance in liberalism perspective.
2. To describe and explain Japan ODA toward Indonesia for natural disaster
emergency assistance in respond to 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake 2004 –
2006.
6
I.5 Significant of Study
In the Millennium summit of 2000 that was held in the UN headquarters in
New York, the world leaders agree on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
that need to be reached by 2015.10 Those goals include ensuring environmental
sustainability and the developing global partnership for development. It cannot be deny
that aid is one of country instrument to increased resources transfer to support the
strategy of sustainable development.
With the rise of the awareness about the importance of the foreign aid related
to the strategy of sustainable development, foreign aid became one of the topic that
discussed in the international level. There are several studies that discussed about the
effectiveness of the aid and the underlying reason behind the foreign aid. While
gathering the important data for this thesis, the writer find that despite there are lots of
journal and reading related to the foreign aid coming from U.S nor Europe toward
middle east nor African country, there are less information about the foreign aid from
Japan toward ASEAN member state.
The writer would like to contribute in providing understanding for scholar that
interest in the affair concern of Japan ODA to Indonesia in the case of Natural Disaster
Assistance. The writer hopes that this thesis will enrich the understanding of Japan
ODA and bilateral relation between Indonesia and Japan.
I.6 Literature Review
In this section, the writer will provide the literature review that would be used
in this thesis. There will be 8 literature review consist of 4 books, 2 reports and 2
journals that will discussed the related topic of this thesis which is Japan ODA to
Indonesia for 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake emergency reliefs and reconstruction.
10 United Nation official website. Sustainable Development Goals : 17 Goals to transform our world. Retrieved November 18,2016 from http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
7
1.6.1 The Asian Tsunami, Aid and Reconstruction after disaster (2010)
by Sisira Jayasuriya and Peter McCawley.
Sisira Jayasuriya and Peter McCawley explained the world response
and aid delivery post largest natural disaster in Asia region which is Asian
Tsunami 2004. They aim to review the overall respond following the massive
disaster and considering the lesson for policy that might be drawn from the
experience. Following the disaster, a very large aid program involving
thousands of different organization formed, that also one of the largest single
aid effort that the international community ever join to deliver the assistance
toward natural disaster stricken country. A total around US$17 billion or more
aid collected to support the relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction to relief the
burden of the stricken tsunami country. The emergency relief effort can be
considered as major achievement due to the spontaneous respond from the
international and local community and the measures taken by national
governments to achieving the goal in providing help toward those country in
need. In regards of lesson learn from the disaster, there should be greater
priority of the local government and the International community need to
strengthen the local preparedness of disaster management.11
1.6.2 Disaster, Generosity and Recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami (2012)
by Prema-chandra Artukorala
Prema-chandra Athukorala address the nature and effectiveness of the
International humanitarian aid effort after the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster.
The emergency and relief assistance delivered in effective, quick and copiously
had helped to vert the second mortality from the exposure and starvation in the
tsunami stricken country. Foreign aid provided one of the most income in the
reconstruction phase but the limited absorptive capacity of the recipient
country as well as the high competition among aid organization hindered the
effective aid utilization. The total private dotation for the first time exceeded
11 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute
8
the total official aid pledge and it prove the important of NGOs actor in aid
delivery compared in the previous humanitarian crises.12
1.6.3 JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra: Bantuan terhadap
Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi Aceh (2006) by Japan International
Cooperation Agency.
JICA published a report related the involvement of Japan government
in emergency relief and reconstruction of Aceh after 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake and Tsunami disaster. JICA stated the assistance coming from
Japan government involving 3 main project which are “Short term
rehabilitation assistance” that conduct from January – December 2005 which
involving the dispatch of Japan medic team to the ground and main
infrastructure rehabilitation, “middle term reconstruction assistance” that
conduct from March 2005 – 2006 which are involving the rehabilitation and
reconstruction planning, increasing the public services and community
recovery, and the last project will be “long term assistance in Capacity Building
and institutional development of a Tsunami Early warning system and Disaster
management” that involving City & Spatial Plan of the Disaster Management
Aspects and Institutional Strengthening of Local Government and Community
Capacity Building in Disaster Prevention & Management13
1.6.4 Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation: Progress and
Challenges at the End of 2006 (2007) by Suahasil Nazara, and
Resosudarmo Budy P.
Suahasi Nazara and Budy P.Resosudarmo conduct a study to examine
the recovery and reconstruction experience of Indonesia and also including the
overview of Aceh before the disaster. After in Dec 2004 major tsunami
earthquake hit Aceh province and cause some 167.000 fatalities as well as
12 Artukorala, Prema-chandra. (2012). Disaster, Generosity and Recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami. Canberra: The Australian National University. 13 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra: Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia
9
destroy most of the island’s housing and infrastructure, a major reconstruction
programme was launched by the government with pledges from the
international donors to facilitate the reconstruction costs. The Indonesian
experiences highlight coordination problem between the many government
agencies, international donor and NGO to using the funds effectively. Lessons
and implications are drawn for the institutional development and policy
formulation to cope up with the natural disaster. The study not only relevance
with Indonesia only but also for many other developing country.14
1.6.5 Aceh dan Nias Setahun Setelah Tsunami. Upaya Pemulihan dan
Langkah ke Depan (2005) by Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi
(BRR) Aceh dan Nias.
BRR NAD and Nias as the official agency that given the authority by
Indonesia government to coordinated and join implemented the recovery
programs following the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami that
stricken Aceh and the 2005 Nias Simeulue earthquake. In their report after 1
years being appointed as the official agency they explained the progress of the
reconstruction such as housing rebuilt, restoration of public services,
restoration of people livelihood. It also explained about the reconstruction cost,
aid delivery and coordination challenges. To close the book report, they
describe about the next reconstruction priority for Aceh rehabilitation
program.15
1.6.6 The Reshaping of Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter
(ODA) (2004) by Kazuo Sunaga.
Kazuo Sunaga as part of the Japan Ministry of Foreign Affair describe
Japan Official Development Assistance and the factor influence the reshaping
policy. With 50 years of experience in ODA has created a number of
14 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. 15 BRR (2005). Aceh dan Nias Setahun Setelah Tsunami. Upaya Pemulihan dan Langkah ke Depan. BRR Aceh dan Nias.
10
regulations and practices that surely will give advantages to face the challenges
in the future. The writer explained about the overview of the ODA which are
contain of the Japan ODA charter, objective, basic policy priority issues and
priority regions. There also explained about the global and domestic changes
that influence the reshaping of Japan ODA as well as the four principle of ODA
Implementation and the formulation of ODA policy. Partnership and
decentralization should be regarded as the key to a renew dynamism for Japan’s
Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the years to come.16
1.6.7 Williams, Howard Roy (2009). Response to the 2004 Tsunami: An
International Perspective. Global Public Policy Institute
Howard Roy Williams (2009) explained about the respond to the 2004
Indian Ocean Earthquake in the international perspective. In order to give
detailed of the event, the actors and their roles need to be identifying. Those
actor are national government and their militaries, civil society organization,
foreign militaries, private enterprise and international NGOs played the key
roles in this part. With many actors involved in the fields, different background
and ability, the coordination issues became one of the problem on the ground.
Especially between humanitarian organization view and the military view. The
nature of the relationship between the military and civil society is increasingly
under scrutiny. With several differences in their behavior and views in issues
like the information and intelligence, security in the field, leadership and etc
became the challenges in the tsunami responds. Establishing and maintaining
effective relationships among organizational structures, military and
humanitarian, from different countries, with differing institutional and national
histories is clearly a challenge. Successfully meeting this challenge turns in
significant measure upon creating opportunities for joint training through
exercises such as Viking 08. The military does not, however, function in a
vacuum. A starting point, therefore, is recognition of the importance of the
16 Sunaga,Kazuo (2004). The Reshaping of Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter (ODA).
FASID Discussion Paper on Development Assistance No.3. Tokyo : Japan.
11
military and civilian worlds accepting the need to move towards greater
understanding of each others frame of reference.17
I.7. Theoretical Framework
To accommodate the purpose of this research in understanding how japan assist
Indonesia for the natural disaster relief post incident 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake,
the author would like to utilized the liberalism theory to understand the ideas and
perception of Japan ODA that later will influence their japan ODA implementation to
Indonesia. The author would also using the concept of foreign aid, humanitarian aid
and development aid to explain the action that was taken by Japan government in the
implementation of their project to support Indonesia. The writer also would like to use
the systemic analysis which is a level of analysis to examine the behaviors of the state
looking at the international system which is the caused and the state behaviors is the
effect.18 In systemic analysis, changes in the international system would also effecting
in the state behavior, the state’s power within the system is the main variable in the
international system.
Firstly, the liberalism theory act as the umbrella of the whole analysis would
explain how perceived the ideas of the concept that later will construct the
implementation of Japan ODA in assisting Indonesia for emergency relief and
reconstruction post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake. The ideas and the perception of
the country will help us to understand the implementation of Japan ODA to Indonesia
as explained in the figure 1.1 below.
17 Williams, Howard Roy. (2009). Response to the 2004 Tsunami: An International Perspective. Global Public Policy Institute 18 Newmann, Bill. A Brief Introduction to Theories on International Relations and Foreign Policy. http://www.people.vcu.edu/~wnewmann/468theory.htm
12
As illustrated in the figure above, the liberalism approach would be utilized to
explain the root of Japan ODA that would the implementation of Japan ODA to
Indonesia. Liberalism approach is suitable to explain the root of Japan ODA and the
decision making process and the implementation. For the further explanation about
the detail implementation of Japan ODA toward Indonesia can be seen on the figure
1.2 below.
Systemic Analysis
Liberalism Approach
Japan ODA Disaster Relief
Explain
Japan ODA to Indonesia for Emergency
relief, Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction post 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami e.g
Humanitarian aid and development aid
Construct
Figure 1.1 Liberalism approach in explaining Japan ODA and the implementation
of Japan ODA to Indonesia.
13
Figure 1.2 Japan ODA to Indonesia for 2004 IORT Emergency Relief, Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction.19
As explained in the figure above, the implementation of the Japan ODA to
assist Indonesia post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake divided into 2 forms which are
phase emergency relief using Humanitarian Aid and reconstruction using development
aid. Following the figure, the author would like to use the concept of humanitarian aid
and development aid to support the explanation of Japan ODA assist for emergency
relief and reconstruction Indonesia post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake disaster.
I.7.1 Liberalism
The basic concept of liberalism is liberty and equality. In political
philosophy, Liberalism is explained as an idea that belief in the goodness of
human race and the progress.20 The basic concept of Liberalism could be track
back in 17th century with the main philosopher John Lock stated
“Saw a great potential for human progress in modern civil society and
capitalist economy.”21
19 Program Goal and overview Japan’s Oda. (2015). JICA Annual Report 2015 20 Liberalism, n. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved on March 10, 2016 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/liberalism 21 Hara, Abubakar Eby (2014). The Development of International Relations Theory in the 20th Century. In Sani, M.A.M & Zengeni, K.T. International Relations (2014). Malaysia Sdn Bhd: Pearson
Japan ODA to Indonesia for 2004
2004 IOET Emergency Relief and
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Loan Aid Humanitarian
Assistance
Technical
Cooperation
Grants Aid
Aid
1st Phase : Humanitarian
Aid for Emergency Relief
2nd Phase : Development
aid for Rehabilitation
and reconstruction
14
Another renown philosopher, Kant, In his book To Perpetual Peace
explained the way by form a guideline that can be applied by nation to create
a peace program. In this program, cooperation between states and the shared
goal and benefits to secure freedom is required.22 The highlights of the
liberalist perspective is in the distinctive conception of inter-state power.23
International cooperation is one of an essential factor that can support
the states to achieve the peace in the world. Liberalism belief that mutual
benefit can be arose out from the cooperation since states are not always
preoccupied with relative gains. The mutual belief and cooperation between
states would later increase the interdependence among state. There is one core
assumption shared by liberal theories which is state behavior influences by
interdependence among states preferences. Moravcsik in his book explained
“the nature of the international system and the pattern of
interdependence among state preferences shapes state behavior.”24
One of Liberalism branch of thought, Liberal institutionalist, believed
that the cooperation itself can and should be organized and formalized in
institutions, in this case institution play the role as rule establisher. The rule
would govern the behavior of the states in the specific area such as the rule and
regulation for humanitarian aid and human right issues.25 Based on the
explanation of Shiraev and Zubok, international institution play a key role in
the international cooperation that later would increase the interdependence
among state including in the economic and cultural exchange that would reduce
the chances of conflict occurred.
22 Marguerite, La Caze. (2007). At the Intersection: Kant, Derrida, and the Relation Between Ethics and Politics. Political Theory. 35 (6): 782.doi:10.1177/0090591707307324 23 Keohane, Robert O & Nye, Joseph S. (1977). Power and Interdependence. World Politics in Transition. Boston 24 Reus-smit, Christian and Snidal, Duncan. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of International Relation. New York: Oxford University Presses 25 Burchill, S;Linklater A. (2005). Theories of International Relations 3rd ed. London: Palgrave. Retrieved on March 17 2017 from http://edc.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Liberalism_-_Scott_Burchill.pdf
15
There are 3 main agendas in liberalism based them which are: (1) The
accentuate of mutual belief and international cooperation. (2) The
implementation of international organization and nongovernmental actors in
shaping state preferences and policy choice. (3) The rejection of power politics
as the only possible outcome of international relations. 26
Another branch of Liberalism perspective, Liberal Internationalism,
identified states as the key actor in the international cooperation and in order
to pursuit the liberal objectives which are liberty and equality, an intervention
conduct by a liberal state in the form of an humanitarian intervention is needed.
The contemporary liberal Internationalism‘s foundations were laid in liberals
proposing a peaceful world order’s preconditions in the 18th and 19th century.
Humanitarian intervention itself can be classified in to 2 forms which are
military invasion and humanitarian aid. Another idea introduced by liberal
Internationalism is the advocacy of democracy and free trade. Liberal always
believed that domestic political order’s legitimacy was contingent in support
the rule of law and the state's respect for the human rights of its citizens.
Promote the human right is one of the concept of liberalism. 27
Later on, humanitarian aid would be explained in the foreign aid section
as humanitarian aid is part of the foreign aid. According to the liberal
perspective, foreign aid is the moral responsibility of developed country toward
developing countries. Foreign aid distribution form a symbiotic of mutualism
between those countries as well as distributing the development that
implemented in line with the spirit of humanity in various human right charter.
From the explanation above, the writer belief that liberalism is the suitable
perspective in explaining the foreign aid and in this case explained Japan ODA
to Indonesia post tsunami disaster.
26 Shiraev, Eric B., and Vladislav M. Zubok. (2014). International Relations. New York, NY:Oxford University Press. 27 Burchill, S;Linklater A. (2005). Theories of International Relations 3rd ed. London: Palgrave. Retrieved on March 17 2017 from http://edc.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Liberalism_-_Scott_Burchill.pdf
16
1.7.2 Foreign Aid
Foreign aid defined as international transfer of capital, services or
goods from a certain country or international organization for the benefit of the
recipient country. The form of the aid can be variety from the military,
economic or humanitarian emergency that was given in respond of natural
disaster. Steven Radelet explained that in delivering foreign aid, there are a
standard definition that cited from Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) that
define foreign aid as financial flows. Commodities or technical assistance
which is designed to promote economic development and welfare as their
objective. 28 Based on Hattori in his book Re-conceptualizing Foreign Aid,
describe foreign aid as a ‘form of giving’. He identifies two conditions on
which a new conceptualization of foreign aid is developed. The first refers to
foreign aid as a consequence of material inequality.29 And the second refers to
foreign aid as unreciprocated giving which makes the wide ranging policy
objectives attached to foreign aid.
Aid divided in to 2 which are humanitarian aid and development aid.
I.7.2.1 Humanitarian Aid
Sometimes, there are some confusion between humanitarian aid
and development aid since both of them classified as foreign aid.
Humanitarian aid defined as the assistance for humanitarian purpose
given in response to humanitarian crises such as man-made disaster and
natural disaster. The assistance given in the terms of material and
logistic to people for the short term support until the long term
assistance arrived from the government and other institutions. 30 The
aid given to the homeless, refugees, natural disaster’s victims, war’s
victims and famines with the main purposed is to save lives, alleviate
28 Radelet, Steven (2006). A Primer on Foreign Aid. Center for global development. July 2006 29 Hattori, T. (2002). Reconceptualizing Foreign Aid. Review of International Political Economy, 8(4). 1243-1255. 30 DGCS-NGO Working Group. Guidelines for humanitarian aid Good Humanitarian Donorship Initiative Humanitarian Donorship Principles and Good Practice (2012-2015)
17
suffering, respecting human dignity, and reduce the suffering of the
victims.
In delivering the humanitarian aid, the donor should following
the humanitarian principle that grounded in the international
humanitarian law which are humanity, neutrality, impartiality and
independence.31 Humanity define as whenever it is found, human
suffering should be addressed with particular attention to the most
vulnerable. Neutrality define as the aid given should not favoring any
side especially in the armed conflict or other dispute. Impartiality define
as the providing of the humanitarian aid solely on the basis of needs
without discrimination. And lastly independence define as the
autonomy objectives from military, political, economic or other
objectives. 32
I.7.2.2 Development Aid
Development aid sometimes also called as Official
Development Assistance (ODA), development assistance, foreign aid,
international aid and technical assistance. Development aid defined as
the flow of financial to support the economic, political development,
social and environmental given by governments or agencies.33 The
basic concept that differentiate humanitarian aid with development aid
is that humanitarian aid is short term response while development aid
is in the long term assistance.
World Health Organization also expressed its ide about the
relation between donor country and recipient country that the
partnership should exist more than a traditional situation where the
31 PCIGlobal. Humanitarian Aid. Retrieved on January 30, 2017 from https://www.pciglobal.org/humanitarian-aid/ 32 European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operation. Humanitarian Principles. Retrieved on February 3, 2017 from http://ec.europa.eu/echo/who/humanitarian-aid-and-civil-protection/humanitarian-principles_en 33 Concept. Development Aid. Retrieved on January 11, 2017 from http://www.concepts.org/index.php?title=Developmental_aid
18
relationship would be dominated in one side only.34 The development
aid provided by developed country as one of their contribution to the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG) like reduce the poverty and
etc. The development aid can be given into 2 ways which are bilateral
aid which is given directly to the country or in multilateral aid which is
the aid given to the international organization by the donor country that
later by the IOs like World Bank, Asia Development Bank or United
Nation Agencies and later it would distribute among the developing
country. 35
Around 80% of the development aid given by government as
part of their official development assistance (ODA) and the remains
20% coming from private organization like NGOs, foundations and
other agencies.
Even though different, humanitarian aid and development aid
has strong connection with each other. Emerged in 1990s there are a
concept that linking relief, rehabilitation and development (LDDR).
The concept is to identify the funding gap between humanitarian aid/
assistance, reliefs and development activities. The concept is already
part of the international agenda since decades ago. Otto and
Weingärtner stated,
“basic premise of LRRD is the need to link and create
synergies between short-term relief measures, with longer
term development programmes. It reflects the belief that
humanitarian need, poverty and state fragility are inter-
related and often occur concurrently.” 36
34 Concept. Development Aid. Retrieved on January 11, 2017 from http://www.concepts.org/index.php?title=Developmental_aid 35 New World Encyclopedia. Development aid. Retrieved on January 11, 2017 from http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Development_aid 36 Otto, R. and Weingärtner, L. (2013). Linking relief and development: More than old solutions for old problems?. IOB Study. Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
19
After explaining about what is liberalism, foreign aid, humanitarian aid and
development aid, it is important to understand how the theory and the concept correlate
each other in explaining about how Japan aid assist Indonesia for emergency relief and
reconstruction post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake.
I.8 The Scope and Limitations of the Study
This thesis’s analysis part of this thesis focused on the Japan ODA to Indonesia
for natural disaster response with the timeline of the bilateral assistance was started
after 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake until the end of 2006 when the middle term of
Japan ODA was ended. The level of the analysis of this thesis would be on the
systemic level with the context of Japan – Indonesia bilateral relation related to the
economic cooperation in the form of ODA to Indonesia.
I.9 Research Methodology
The methods that used in this thesis to analyze the data will be the descriptive
and the analytical methods. The main objective of the descriptive research by Kothari
is described as the state of affairs as it exist at the present, while analytical research
requires the researcher to process the available data and information, analyze these and
make a critical evaluation of the material that being discussed.37 In this thesis, the
report data related to the Japan foreign policy and ODA charter as well as the report
of the ODA humanitarian aid to Indonesia will be the valuable information that support
the content of the thesis.
The approach that applied in the thesis to answer the question and the problem
will be the qualitative approach instead of quantitative approach since the quantitative
approach will be more suitable to analyze the statistical data. So the qualitative
approach is considered to be more suitable for the available data of this thesis. The
writer of this thesis aim to understand and analyze the data information, policies that
applied in the issues that being discussed, the relation between Japan and Indonesia
37 Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (Second Revised
Edition).New Delhi: New Age International Ltd. P. 2-3.
20
government related to the ODA and the factor and the interest in giving the
humanitarian aid or the natural disaster assistance.
For examining, analyzing the data with the purpose is discovering the
underlying meaning as well as the pattern of the relationship between countries does
not involves the statistical models of data. From the explanation above, the writer
thought that quantitative technique of data analyze is relevant in order to achieve the
objective of this thesis which are to understand how Japan ODA assist Indonesia on
the natural disaster emergency assistance from year 2004 – 2006 and the reason behind
that.
I.9.1 Research Instrument
Internet: Using Internet, the writer could find any valuable information as fast as
possible to support the data for this thesis, it can be in the form of e-book or e-journal.
To gather the official data and report the writer used the official website of Japan
Embassy for Indonesia, Japan International Cooperation Agency and also Japan
Official Development Assistance to Indonesia. There are also other website to find the
data such as libgen.com, Jstore and JICA library to find e-book and e-journal that hard
to be found.
Journals and Reports: There are several journals and reports that been used in
this thesis, some of them being explained in the literature reviews by the writer but
actually there are some more journal and reports such as journal to understand the
relation between foreign aid and international cooperation, BRR progress report on
Aceh reconstruction and rehabilitation and many more.
Official Documents: Not only using journals, reports and books, the writer also
used the official documents to support the data research. The official document like
Japan Blue Book from 2004 – 2006, JICA annual report from 2004 -2006, Japan ODA
Charter, Japan Humanitarian and Development aid policy and etc are highly required
in this thesis research to provide high quality data that can be trusted.
21
I.10 Chapter Outline
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Chapter I of this thesis consist of the background of the problem, problem
identification, statement of the problem, research objective, significant of the study,
theoretical framework, literature reviews, research methodology, definition of terms
and the structural of the thesis.
CHAPTER II: 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI, AND
INDONESIA RESPONSE TOWARD THE DISASTER
In order to follow up the objective that mention in the chapter I, Chapter II will
focusing in explaining the problem which are 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and its
correlation with Indonesia as well as Indonesia’s action in responding the disaster since
Indonesia had been the worst victim of the disaster. It will also explain about the
international community actions in responding the disaster. In general, this chapter
will provide the background of the problem that later on will influence Japan responds
as the biggest foreign aid donor to Indonesia, in assisting the natural emergency
assistance to Indonesia as well as Indonesia action in responding the disaster.
CHAPTER III: JAPAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AND
JAPAN – INDONESIA BILATERAL RELATION
After providing the background of the natural disaster case, Chapter III will focused
on bilateral relationship between Japan and Indonesia in the economic cooperation in
the form of ODA. This chapter will consist of the brief explanation of Japan Indonesia
bilateral relationship, Japan ODA and the classification, Japan Oda for Disaster
response, Japan governmental agency JICA well as Japan ODA to Indonesia in more
detailed explanation.
22
CHAPTER IV: JAPAN SHORT AND MIDDLE TERM AID FOR ACEH
EMERGENCY RELIEF AND REHABILITATION YEAR 2004 - 2006
Finally, After the background of the case and the element in the Japan ODA to
Indonesia being explained in the chapter II and III, this chapter will focused in integrate
these elements and explaining the implementation of Japan ODA toward Indonesia for
natural disaster assistance year 2004 – 2006 according to the theoretical framework
and timeline that being explained previously in chapter I.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION
The last chapter will consist of the conclusion from the analysis that have been made
in the chapter IV in order to answer the research question that stated in the chapter I.
23
CHAPTER II
2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI AND
INDONESIA RESPONSE TOWARD THE DISASTER
II.1 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake & Tsunami : An Overview
One of the biggest earthquake happened on the 26th December 2004 at 07:58:53
local time with moment magnitude of 8.9 – 9.0 richer scale. The earthquake ruptured
in the Indo – Australian Plate, about 1300 km of the fault boundary under southeastern
place. The result of the earthquake the seabed lifted around 5 meters from the original
place. The earthquake’s fault line was oriented in a north short orientation or in the
west part of northern Sumatra and the energy pulse occurred after the massive
earthquake sent the tsunami in east – west direction with speed up to 800 km an hours
in direction to Sumatra coast and across the open seas in the Bay of Bengal.
The Tsunami strike out most part of Aceh and Nias in Indonesia, a part of
Thailand, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh, Myanmar, even Somalia’s coast in East
Africa.38 All of the country strike out by the earthquake and tsunami are the country
with limited understanding of tsunami and did not have any experience in dealing with
disaster in those scale and that caused the great casualties in these country. The disaster
later called as 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and mention by National Geographic
news on January 7, 2005 as one of the deadliest Tsunami in the history.39 The
earthquake also stated as the fifth largest earthquake for a century as well as the largest
since the one occurred in the Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1964 with moment
magnitude of 9.2 – 9.4 Richer scale.
38 BAPPENAS, Republic Indonesia. (2005). Mater Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatra. Jakarta: April 2005. 39 National Geographic News.(2005). The Deadliest Tsunami in History?. Retrieved on December 4, 2016 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/1227_041226_tsunami.html
24
Figure 2.1 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami and the affected countries.
Sources Moosa. 2006.40
II.1.1 Casualties of the disaster
The massive earthquake resulting in to the devastated tsunami that hit
in to 12 countries which located on the coast of Indian Ocean, and causing
extensive damage toward the city’s infrastructure as well as the casualties of the
death and missing toll climbed to about 300.000.41 The 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake with the epicenter about 300 km off the west coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia recorded with the maximum Mercalli Intensity Scale of IX occurred.
40 Moosa, Fathmath Shaushan. (2014). Visiting researcher program FY 2014B - Tsunami Early Warning System in Japan. Asian Disaster Reduction Center 41 Katahira & Engineers International. (2005). The Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Support Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas in North Sumatra Inception Report. Japan International Cooperation Agency.
25
Figure 2.2 MAP distribution of earthquake intensity. Sources: Fehr, Irene; et al.42
The figure above show the earthquake intensity based on the Mercalli
Intensity scale. The Earthquake magnitude intensity from 1 and the worse place
reach sale 9 where it felt by people who lived nearest to the epicenter of the
earthquake. From the figure 2.1 and 2.2, its shows that Aceh Province, Indonesia
is the city closest with the epicenter of the earthquake as well as the place with
highest intensity damage. The description of the damage based on the Mercalli
Intensity scale would be explained in the table below.
42 Fehr, Irene; et al. (2006). Managing Tsunami Risk in the Aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake & Tsunami. Risk Management Solutions: Europe.
26
Intensity Shaking Description/ Damage
I Not Felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions
II Weak Felto nly by a few persons at rest,especially on upper floors of
buildings
III Weak Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors
of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake.
IV Light Light Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At
night, some awakened. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
V Moderate Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows
broken. Unstable objects overturned.
VI Strong Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved.
Damage slight
VII Very Strong Very strong Damage negligible in buildings of good design and
construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures;
considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures;
VIII Severe Severe Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable
damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse.
Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory
stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned
IX Violent Violent Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-
designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in
substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations
X Extreme Extreme Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most
masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails
bent
Figure 2.3 an abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli intensity.
Sources USGS year 2004.43
43 US Geological Survey Science for Changing World. (2004). The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale year 1931. Retrieved January 16, 2017 from https://nnsa.energy.gov/sites/default/files/nnsa/inlinefiles/USGS%202014a%20Mercalli.pdf
27
The description of the modified Mercalli Intensity can be seen in the
figure 2.3 that explained the ground shaking definition as well as the damage
that might occurred. Aceh as the closest city from the earthquake epicenter,
received the worst damage followed by Sri Lanka and other country in Indian
Ocean that can be seen from the table below.
Figure 2.4 The casualties detailed of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami.
Source: Athukorala.44
Refer to the table below, the total official death toll of the disaster was
over 226 thousand including unaccounted people, with Aceh province of
Indonesia accounted for more than 70% of the total death toll. 2.4 million
people were displaced with Sri Lanka accounted more than 45% of the total
number. This disaster recorded in the history of Indonesia, Sri Lanka and
Thailand as the worst natural disaster ever in terms of death toll and displaces
people.
44 Artukorala, Prema-chandra. (2012). Disaster, Generosity and Recovery : Indian Ocean Tsunami. Canberra : The Australian National University.
Areas affected Deaths Displaced People
Indonesia 14 out of 21 districts in Aceh 165.708 532,898
Sri Lanka 1720km of coast line; 300m to 3 km
inland
35,399 1,010,306
India 2200 km of coast line; 300m to 3 km
inland
16,389 654,512
Thailand 6 provinces on the west coast 8,345 67,007
Somalia Puntland region worst hit, 650 km
coast line
298 105,083
Maldives 20 tolls 102 27,214
Malaysia Some parts of the western coast line
of the states of Penang and Kedah
80 5083
Myanmar 23 villages 71 15,700
Total 226,392 2,426,803
28
II.1.1.1 Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia
Indonesia, a country that located in the ring of fire which
consists of oceanic trenches and volcanic arcs are a natural disaster
prone country. With the basin between Indo Australian and Eurasian
plates make Indonesia is part of zone that frequent with earthquake and
volcanic eruptions.
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami was recorded as
the worst natural disaster in terms of human fatalities in Indonesia
history. The massive earthquake tremor with 8.9 – 9.0 richer scale and
occurred beneath the seabed around 300 km off the west of Sumatra
around 08.00 am local time felt by most people in Aceh and North
Sumatra as well as nearby part of Indonesia.
Shortly after the massive earthquake, followed by a giant
tsunami with speed around 800km per hour strike the northern and
western parts of Aceh, North Sumatra, Nias and Simeulu. 20 metre high
waves strike the province capital city Banda Aceh, up to 12 metre high
waves hit Meulaboh, Calang and Lamno in Western aceh, some other
wave up to 10 metre reported hit some other places.
Later, another major earthquake occurred on March 28, 2005
with 8.7 Richer scale and epicenter in Nias north struck the western part
of Sumatra. Over 800 people died and more than 6300 people injured
because of the disaster and 70% of the building in the capital city of
Gunung Sitoli was collapsed.45
45 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. (2007). Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
29
Figure 2.5 The epicenter of the earthquakes Aceh and Nias. Sources
Carayannis.46
Figure 2.5 above shown the epicenter of the earthquakes that
occurred both in Aceh and Nias. The official death toll reported in Aceh
ad Nias by BRR 2005 was close to 167 000 and more than 500.000
people displaces. In the official report also recorded the widespread
destruction including the destroyed of over than 110,000 houses, 3000
kilometres of roads, 14 seaports, 11 airports and air trips, 120 arterial
bridges, 2000 school building and eight hospitals.47 The economic
damage of Aceh were around 4,452 million US$.48
46 Carayannis, George Pararas. (2005). Great Earthquake and Tsunami of 28 March 2005 in Sumatra, Indonesia. Retrieved on April 9, 2017 from http://www.drgeorgepc.com/Tsunami2005ndonesia.html 47 BRR (2005). Aceh dan Nias Setahun Setelah Tsunami. Upaya Pemulihan dan Langkah ke Depan. BRR Aceh dan Nias. 48 Artukorala, Prema-chandra. (2012). Disaster, Generosity and Recovery: Indian Ocean Tsunami. Canberra: The Australian National University.
30
II.1.1.2 Sri Lanka
Beside Aceh Province, Sri Lanka is the second country with the
worse casualties from the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami
after Aceh province Indonesia. The earthquake occurred at 6.59 am Sri
Lanka time and the first tsunami wave hit the country at 8.35 am.
During those time, more than 35.000 people were dead, this number
includes the 5644 people who remained classified as missing, more than
21.000 people injured and more than a hundred thousand people have
been displaced.49
Sri Lanka is one of country that prone to experienced natural
disaster like floods, landslides and occasional cyclone however the
country has never experienced tsunami disaster or other natural disaster
with that massive scale. The massive damage from the disaster can be
seen from the destroyed of thousand houses, building, railways, bridges,
communication networks as well as country infrastructure and the
capital assets.
In the official report also recorded the widespread destruction
including the destroyed of over than 110,000 houses, 3000 kilometres
of roads, 14 seaports, 11 airports and air trips, 120 arterial bridges, 2000
school building and eight hospitals50
In the report by GOSL in year 2006 also recorded the
widespread destruction including the destroyed of more than 89.000
houses, 183 schools has damaged / destroyed, 200.000 schoolchildren
affected, 120 Health facilities damaged, there are also damaged in the
tourism infrastructure such as the 53 out from 242 destroyed and 210
49 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute 50 GOSL. (2006). Post Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction, Joint Report of the Government of Sri Lanka and Development Partners, December 2006
31
small enterprises related damaged.51 The value lost of the country assets
is up to US$900 million.52
II.1.1.3 Thailand
The Tsunami which occurred after 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake hit six of southern provinces of Thailand is the worst natural
disaster that ever experienced in terms of human tragedy for Thailand.
Over 8000 people lost their lives and thousand more injured and 4806
houses destroyed or damaged. Other building, roads, bridges and other
infrastructures also got affected by the massive earthquake.
The largest economic loses for Indonesia and Sri Lanka caused
by the damaged of physical infrastructure and property while for
Thailand, the biggest sources of the loses coming from the productive
sectors mainly in the tourism sectors. Most of affected areas were the
tourism destination that’s why a large number of foreign tourist were
found among the dead and injured since the Tsunami hit some of
Thailand’s most popular beach tourism resorts. The total damages
assessed of the country is around US$508 million.53
Most of the countries that strike out by the earthquake and tsunami are poor
and developing country with little understanding of the disaster. The unpreparedness
for the disaster was one of the main reason of the great deal of the casualties. The
Pacific Tsunami Monitoring Centre (PTMC) in Honolulu, Hawaii issues a
communique indicate of a possibility of tsunami that would affecting countries in the
Indian Ocean, however this information was not delivered to the country in the Indian
Ocean regions since PTMC officials did not have their contacts in the address book.
However, even thought the information was success to be delivered to the countries in
the Indian Ocean, the effectiveness of the disaster management still being questionable
51 GOSL. (2006). Post Tsunami Recovery and Reconstruction, Joint Report of the Government of Sri Lanka and Development Partners, December 2006 52 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute 53 Ibid.
32
since unlike the pacific ocean, In Indian Ocean, tsunami has been a very rare
occurrence and the tsunami-related calamities understanding has been a minor
importance compare to other natural disaster that usually occurred like earthquake or
flood.54
II.2 Response toward the disaster
In responding the disaster that strike out the countries in Indian Ocean, the
process of provide the tsunami relief assistance through distinct phase which various
communities and government level gave different contribution in the different phase
during and following the disaster. These phases are:
1. The first response phase are the immediate response toward the disaster or in
the local level. In this phase, numerous local community group and local
enterprise that largely out of sight of national agencies and invisible to the
international community take their action immediately. They are the fastest one
to prove the first aid to the place that strike by the disaster. Most places that
devastated by the tsunami, their infrastructure like road and bridge were
damaged or destroyed so some help might did not arriving for at least 24 hours
and other places might also take 4 to 5 days after the disaster.55
2. The second respond phase are where the tsunami assistance come from the
national level. The national level of tsunami assistance in Sri Lanka and
Thailand come faster than in Indonesia since Government of Indonesia has
difficulties with the bad telecommunication and road system that severely
damaged by the tsunami. It took some days until the government and national
emergency system can comprehend the scope of the disaster.56
3. The third respond phase are in the international level where the tsunami aid
assistance coming from the concern of international community, other
countries and UN agencies. Usually, it take time until the international response
54 Artukorala, Prema-chandra. (2012). Disaster, Generosity and Recovery : Indian Ocean Tsunami. Canberra: The Australian National University. 55 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute 56 Ibid.
33
to disaster arrive in the poor countries destination since there are several factor
that might lead to the delay to the disaster response. 57
II.3 Indonesia Government Respond toward the disaster
Indonesia, as one of the country with the worse casualties caused by the 2004
Indian ocean Earthquake has done several strategies in order to response the disaster
that struck one of its province. The Government of Indonesia has made the following
mitigation effort in response to the massive disaster.
1. Declaring the Earthquake and Tsunami that struck Aceh and North Nias as a
National Disaster.
On December 27, 2004, Indonesian President issued a President Decree
No 112 year 2004 which declaring the disaster that happened on December 24,
2004 as a natural disaster and issued 12 directives to United Indonesia Cabinet
NAD Governor and Nias Regent to immediately and comprehensively conduct
an emergency act in handling the after effect of the natural disaster.58 As a
follow up, the president also issued an Instruction Number 1 year 2005
regarding the emergency Response and Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Planning in the post – Earthquake and Tsunami disaster in NAD and Nias.59
2. Mobilizing all its resources (National and Regional) for the emergency efforts.
Under president decree No 1 year 2005, Government of Indonesia woul
mobilizing all resources for the emergency efforts.60 Until the establishment of
the special coordinating unit for Aceh, The Deputy Governor of NAD was the
57 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute 58 Presiden Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. (2004). Keputusan President Republik Indonesia Nomor 112 Tahun 2004, tentang Penetaptan Bencana Alam Gempa Bumi dan Gelombang Tsunami di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatra Utara Sebagai Bencana Nasional dan Hari Berkabung Nasional 59 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia. 60 Presiden Republik Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. (2005). Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2005 tentang Kegiatan Tanggap Darurat dan Perencanaan serta Persiapan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Pasca Bencana Alam Gempa Bumi dan Gelombang Tsunami di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatra Utara.
34
one in charge of the coordination and controlling the mitigation efforts and
emergency handling effort post-disaster. Later when the special coordinating
unit for Aceh established, its directly chaired by the vice president of Indonesia
and the coordinating minister for people’s welfare as the executive chairperson
and the deputy governor of NAD as the implementer in the province level.61
On January 18, 2005, to strengthen the Satkorlak PBP in NAD
considering the wide impact of the disaster, the central government issues a
Decree number 3 year 2005 regarding the assigning of the coordinating
minister for people’s welfare as Chairperson of Special Satkorlak, the Army
Deputy Chief of Staff as Vice Chairperson I and NAD Deputy Governor as
Vice Chairperson II, to specially coordinate the recovery of governmental
functions.
The focused of the emergency response are: (1) Evacuation and burial
of the victim dead bodies to ensure there will be no diseases outbreak. (2)
Handling the refugees. (3) Providing the emergency aid. (4) Providing the
healthcare, sanitation and water supply. (4) Cleaning up the city. (5)
Preparation of the temporary dwelling. The support from the international
communities are highly appreciated since it accelerated the emergency
response by providing rescue team, medical team and transportation (ships and
helicopters) facilities.62
3. Recovering the local government function that damaged after the disaster.
Since many of the local government staff also became the victim of the
earthquake and tsunami disaster, in order to ensure the continuity of the local
government services, a team with 156 members dispatched to assist the local
government in 20 kabupaten/kota and province by The Ministry of Home
Affairs. That teams coordinated directly under the NAD Deputy Governor as
61 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia. 62 Ibid.
35
the person in charge for local government administration function’s recovery
program.
Coordinated through posko / Command post, the emergency response
activities are comprising : a) PBP National Posko Bakornas at the Vice
President’s Office b) Special Main Posko Satkorlak in Banda Aceh, Logistic
Supporting Posko in Medan, Batam and Sabang; c) Special Satlak Posko
(Satlaksus) in three areas, namely: Satlaksus I in Lhokseumawe, Satlaksus II
in Banda Aceh, and Satlaksus III in Meulaboh.63
II.3.1 Aceh – Nias Recovery Foundation
In order to succeed the mitigation effort after the disaster, government
of Indonesia has 3 foundation in the recovery of Aceh and Nias. The 3 recovery
foundation of Aceh and Nias post 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami are the
BAPENAS Master Plan, The establishment of BRR and The peace agreement
between Government of Indonesia and GAM.
II.3.1.1 Bappenas’s Master Plan
Under the Presidential Instruction Number 1 year 2005
regarding Emergency Relief Effort and the Planning and Preparation of
the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for the Regions and People of
Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and Nias Islands, North Sumatra, in the
Aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami, issued on 2 March 2005.64
The Ministry of National Development Planning / BAPPENAS
preparing a Master Plan for the mitigation effort post disaster in Aceh
and Nias.
63 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia. 64 Presiden Republik Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. (2005). Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 2005 tentang Kegiatan Tanggap Darurat dan Perencanaan serta Persiapan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Pasca Bencana Alam Gempa Bumi dan Gelombang Tsunami di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Provinsi Sumatra Utara.
36
From March 2005, BAPPENAS conducted intensive
consultation to find a more effective coordination between local
government and NGOs as well as a more decentralized approach to the
disaster mitigation effort with local community, political leader of the
affected are, NGOs and aid donor. Data and information that gathered
are related to the physical, economic, social, cultural, religious,
demographic, institutional and territorial aspect in the disaster affected
area. The result of the consultation was compile into a guide book
called blueprint or officially named as “Master Plan for The
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of
The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias,
Province of North Sumatera". Released under President Regulation
(Perpres) No 34 year 2005 in April 2005, the master plan is comprised
into 129 pages and the detailed version of sectoral information of the
master plan is comprised into 12 books.65
The Master plan main book for the rehabilitation and
reconstruction of Aceh and Nias Island serve several guidelines such as
1. To create understanding and commitment between the central
government, province, local communities, business community,
universities and academia, NGOs, donor agencies and international
communities for the future reconstruction of Aceh and Nias.
2. Prepare an action plan post-earthquake and tsunami that can be
implemented immediately by the related parties for the rehabilitation
and reconstruction of Aceh and Nias.
3. To coordinate and integrate plan of various sectors based on the
timelines, locations, funding sources and the parties in charge.
65 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia.
37
4. To distribute the data and the information to the local, national and
international communities related to the disaster, disaster aftermath
damage and loss assessment.
5. Through dialogue and public consultation, promote the participation
and involvement of the civil society in the plans and efforts for Aceh
and Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.
6. To design a system and mechanism for the mobilization of the funds
which are efficient, effective, transparent, participatory and
accountable manner based on good governance principles.66
Despite the master plan was produced over the consultation
with many sector, many local communities and NGOs react negatively
since the felt that their aspiration have not been reflected properly. The
new head of BRR, Dr Kuntoro also agree that the master plan still
lacked several things since many aspect had not been adequately
properly. He also stated that BRR will not follow the plan letter to letter
but more into use it as a reference document in a flexible way (Kompas,
3 May 2005). For the best result for local rehabilitation and
reconstruction, the central government committed to make sure
involving the local people in the decision making process to minimize
the disagreement between two sides.67
In the master plan of BAPPENAS, Government of Indonesia
would following the disaster mitigation efforts stage that made
systematically, comprehensively, efficiently of the resources use and
effectively in providing aid to the victim. The mitigation efforts divided
into 2 stages which are emergency response and Recovery. Each stages
has their own target focused and detailed duration. In response of the
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami 2004 until 2006, the
66 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia. 67 Jayasuriya,Sisira and McCawley,Peter. (2010). The Asian Tsunami. Aid and Reconstruction after disaster. Edward Elgar Publishing and The Asian Development Bank Institute
38
Emergency Response duration will be from January 2005 – March
2005, and the recovery response would be divided into 2 which are,
Rehabilitation stages will be from April 2005 – December 2006 and
Reconstruction stage will be from July 2006 – December 2009.68
Figure 2.6 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Efforts Stages and
Plan for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of NAD and Nias Islands North
Sumatra Provinces. Source BAPPENAS. 69
68 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. (2007). Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. 69 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia.
39
II.3.1.2 The Establishment of The Aceh – Nias Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction Agency (BRR)
Government of Indonesia, in respond to the massive earthquake
and disaster that struck one of Indonesia’s province, Aceh established a
new body with considerable authority called as Badan Rekonstruksi and
Rehabilitasi (Agency for Aceh and Nias Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction or BRR) on April 2005.
BRR based in Banda Aceh, and have a branch office in Nias as
well as representative office in Jakarta. BRR comprises three main
bodies: the Executive Agency (Badan Pelaksana or Bapel), the high-
level Advisory Board (Badan Pengarah), and the Supervisory Board
(Badan Pengawas). The main function of BRR is to support the
coordination of the relief and reconstruction effort in 4 years mandate.70
The establishment of BRR helped to minimize the disagreement
between central government and local government related to the
decision making on the recovery and reconstruction of Aceh and Nias.
BRR is the one who coordinating with the various aid activist and
organization without being influence by inter ministry politics.
To maintain the transparency of the operation, an anti-
corruption unit was set up in BRR to work together with other
government organization, international organization and transparency
international. With this institutional structure, make BRR able to work
efficiently in coordinating its activities with the Global Consortium for
Tsunami Recovery, the Multi Donor Fund, and the UN Office of the
Recovery Coordination for Aceh and Nias.71
70 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. 71 Ibid.
40
II.3.1.3 The Peace Agreement between Government of Indonesia
and Free Aceh Movement (GAM)
In order to succeed the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Aceh
and Nias, a good collaboration between government and local people
was needed. An unexpected benefit of the disaster was the restored
peace in NAD with the signed of Helsinki Peace Accord between the
Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and Government of Indonesia.
After the massive disaster that hit Aceh and destroyed its
economic as well as the infrastructure there, both parties willing to
cease their military hostilities and began the negotiation. GAM and
Indonesian government official commenced talks was facilitated by
Marttin Ahtisaari, the former president of Finland in February 2005 and
later the official peace agreement was signed 6 months later which are
on August 15, 2005.72
Key points of the agreement base on the World Bank report on
2006a included the following part which are:
1. The government of Indonesia and GAM would cease all hostilities.
By the end of 2005, GoI will with withdraw its police forces and
no local military from NAD ad GAM would demobilize its troops
and surrender their weapon.
2. GAM members as well as political prisoner will be granted
amnesty from the Government.
3. Aceh based political party will be established and facilitated by the
government.
4. A new special law would govern Aceh and 70% of the revenue
from the Aceh natural resources would be entitled to it.
72 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
41
5. By established an Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM), EU and
ASEAN will be the one to over saw the disarmament process.
The restoration peace of Aceh is one essential part that supporting the
smooth implementation of the reconstruction program.73
II.4 International Community’s respond toward the disaster
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake is not only affect the countries that
being hit by the disaster but it also affect the stability of the world. Natural
Disaster is no longer one or certain country problem but it is the world countries
problem. Because of the worse casualties, a great deal of humanitarian aid was
needed for the natural disaster emergency. Even thought the country that hit
by the earthquake and tsunami was completely unprepared to face the disaster
of that scale, the relief effort for the disaster got almost immediately.
The first relief effort initially organized by the local communities and
the government after that followed by the international agencies and foreign
countries. They able to deliver the first emergency assistance such as feed,
clothe and shelter for the survivors as well as providing the medical attention
for those who got injured. They make sure to burried or cremated thousands of
loss lives to avoid any diseases outbreaks. The emergency relief was agreed to
be called success despite the confusion that followed the effort at that time. 74
However the emergency relief are not all they would need. They need
more assistance to rebuild the damaged areas. Governments, humanitarian
organization and individuals from all around the world get together and eager
to offer aid and technical support toward the country that suffer loss from the
disaster.
73 World Bank (2006a). GAM Reintegration Needs Assessment. Jakarta: The World Bank. 74 Artukorala, Prema-chandra. (2012). Disaster, Generosity and Recovery : Indian Ocean Tsunami. Canberra: The Australian National University.
42
II.4.1 Tsunami Aid
In respond to the massive earthquake and tsunami that occurred
on December 26, 2004, the emergency meeting was held in Jakarta on
January 6, 2005 represented by world governments. There are several
priorities for the governments and other to support the country that
struck by the disaster such as:
1. The countries will contribute fully the amount of humanitarian
aid requested by the UN Secretary General for the urgent
humanitarian aid. The deadline will be on the international
donors summit in Geneva on January 11, 2005 and the amounts
is US$ 977 million.
2. There will be double humanitarian pledge which the donor
governments should make in the UN donor’s meeting which are
to fund US$977 million for the tsunami appeal and also US$ 1.7
billion that requested for UN’s other consolidated appeals.
3. UN will be the leading role to coordinating the tsunami
Emergency Relief Assistance, that’s why the donor government
should support UN and in cooperation with the tsunami-affected
governments.75
There are still other priorities that have been stated in the
emergency summit but those there are the core point of the meeting.
Since the beginning, the international and national agencies had a
concern toward the reliable of the financial control for the tsunami aid
effort. Their main concern were focused on the corruption risk in the
aid program since several country that struck by the tsunami were
corruption-prone country like Indonesia.76
75 Oxfam Briefing Note.(2005).The Asian Tsunami: The challenge after the Jakarta summit. 76 Ibid.
43
Despite of that, the response toward the tsunami aid was
endeavor. The aid program involved thousands of national, regional and
international organization and became the largest single aid effort that
ever been held by the international community in joined for developing
countries according to Tsunami Evaluation Coalition report.77 With
over US$ 14 billion humanitarian aid mobilized in the financial terms,
the donor number’s countries and the humanitarian organization that
involved in the tsunami aid also exceed any previous natural disaster.78
II.5 Summary
Chapter II of this thesis explained about the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake
Tsunami and the causalities in 3 counties which are Aceh, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and
Thailand. In these country, the casualties caused by the disaster respond in 3 stages
which are local level response, government response and international response.
In responding the disaster, Indonesia as the country with the worse casualties
among others, prepare strategies to support the rehabilitation and reconstruction effort
of the province struck by the tsunami which is Aceh and Nias. The main recovery
foundation of Aceh and Nias divided into 3 main part which are the published of
Master Plan for the mitigation effort post disaster in Aceh and Nias as the reference of
the rehabilitation and reconstruction program, The establishment of The Aceh – Nias
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR) as the agency that managing the
coordination between various aid activist and organization without being influence by
inter ministry politics and the Peace agreement between the Free Aceh Movement and
Government of Indonesia as one of the essential part that supporting the smooth
implementation of the reconstruction program.
77 TEC is a multinational learning and accountability established on February 2005. The member of TEC included all member of Development Assistance committee as well as other major donor countries, all UN donor agencies, multilateral banks, European Commission and major International NGOs including Red Cross and Red Crescent movement. 78 Flint, Michael and Hugh, Goyder. (2006). Funding the Tsunami Response. London: Tsunami Evaluation Coalition. Retrieved on April 18, 2017 from http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/TEC_Funding_Report.pdf
44
In the international level of response, the international communities appointing
UN as the leader for the emergency assistance for disaster struck country. The aid
program called as tsunami aid held by the international communities involving of
many nationals, regional and international organization and became the largest single
aid effort that ever been held. Over US$ 14 billion humanitarian aid was mobilized in
the financial terms, the donor number’s countries and the humanitarian organization
that involved in the tsunami aid also exceed any previous natural disaster.
45
CHAPTER III
JAPAN OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO
INDONESIA
III.1 Bilateral Relation of Japan and Indonesia
The bilateral relationship between Japan and Indonesia officially established
since April 1958 with the signing of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and Republic
of Indonesia.79 Until now days, Japan and Indonesia have strong bilateral relation in
many sector like politic, socio cultural, economic as well as sharing historical relation.
The relation between Japan and Indonesia actually started on the colonial era during
the period of World War II when Japan occupied Dutch East Indies (Later became
Indonesia) for 3 and half year until the independent of Indonesia year 1945.8081 The
historical shared by both countries since the colonial era prove the important relation
of each country toward the other.
In the political bilateral relationship between two countries, the visiting of
state’s honorary guest often being held each year to exchange words, friendship and
intimate the bilateral relation between two countries.82 In the socio cultural bilateral
relations, the exchange of cultural diplomacy held by Japan Foundation often being
the main program as well as the given of scholarship by the Japan Embassy in the
education sector toward the people of Indonesia who wants to continue their education
in Japan University. The scholarship was given each year with the program of Jennesy,
79 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Jepang Data Dasar. Retrieved 22 Oktober 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html 80 Dutch East Indies, also called Netherlands East Indies, Dutch Nederlands Oost-Indië or Nederlandsch-Indië or Hindia Belanda, one of the overseas territories of the Netherlands until December 1949, now became Indonesia. Souces : Encyclopedia Britannica. (2010). Dutch East Indies. Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from https://global.britannica.com/place/Dutch-East-Indies 81 Colonial Period of Indonesia. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/colonial-history/item178? 82 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Jepang Data Dasar. Retrieved 22 Oktober 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html
46
Monbukagakusho and other private and public institution scholarship. The scholarship
are mostly for research student, teacher training and Japanese Studies.83
The relationship in the tourism and sister city sector also part of the Socio
cultural bilateral relationship between two countries. In the tourism sector, both
countries form a collaboration on the tourism sector to promote the tourism area of
each country and increase tourist visit on both country.84 The sister city project is a
developing program to increase the socio cultural bilateral relationship between two
countries and specifically on the cities as well to increase cities collaboration and
closeness feeling between two places. Right now there are at least 8 sister city/province
agreement under MoU which are Tokyo-Jakarta, Kyoto – Yogyakarta, Kochi –
Surabaya, Ichikawa – Medan, Bandung – Hamamatsu, Osaka Prefecture with East
Java, Yamagata Prefecture with Irian Jaya and Shika Town, Ishikawa with
Karawang.85
In the economic cooperation, the bilateral relationship between Indonesia
Japan the strongest one compared in other sector like political and socio cultural. Most
of the economic cooperation between Japan and Indonesia are in the form of Trade,
Infestation and Development Assistance. In 2007, Indonesia and Japan signed an
Agreement in the economic sector named as Japan Indonesia Economic Partnership
Agreement (JIEPA). The agreement was enter its force on July 1 when The Minister
for Foreign Affair of Japan and Minister of Trade of Republic of Indonesia met and
held the first meeting of Joint Committee of JIEPA to commemorate the 50 years
anniversary of establishment diplomatic relation between two countries.86
83 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Beasiswa Pemerintah Jepang (Mombukagakusho). Retrieved on April 19, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/sch.html 84 Suhada, Amirullah. (March 27, 2017). Indonesia – Japan Cooperation Improves, Ambassador Say. Tempo.co (national ed). Retrieved on April 15, 2017 from https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/27/056860061/Indonesia-Japan-Cooperation-Improves-Ambassador-Says 85 Konsultar Jenderal Republik Indonesia – Osaka,Jepang. (2016). Rencana kunjungan kerja Kepala BKPM ke Jepang. Profil Negara Jepang. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.indonesia-osaka.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Profil-Negara-Jepang.pdf 86 Japan Ministry of Foreign Affair. (2008). Joint Press Statement on the Occasion of the entry into force of the Agreement between Japan and the Republic of Indonesia for an Economic Partnership. http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/indonesia/joint0807.html
47
In the Trade sector, Japan is major trading partner of Indonesia for export and
import. In year 2007, Indonesia’s export to japan was valued US$ 23.6 billion (statistic
of GoI ) while in the import side Indonesia from Japan valued about US$ 6.5 billion.
The main commodities Japan imported from Indonesia are things like oil, liquefied
natural gas, coal, mining, textile products and etc. while Japanese exported
commodities to Indonesia are goods like machinery and parts, electronic parts,
transportations machinery and auto parts.87
In the investment sector, Japan acknowledging that there were some significant
increasing of the investment given to the Southeast Asia mainly in Indonesia.
Indonesia seen as the main supporter of the Southeast Asia area’s investment. In 2014,
the direct investment of Japan to Indonesia were US$2.750 million and in 2015 its
increase became US$2.877 million.88 Based on JETRO (Japan External Trade
Organization) report, there are at least 1000 Japan companies operated in Indonesia.
Those companies were employing around 32 thousand Indonesia’s people and make
Japan number 1 country that provide jobs in Indonesia.89
Most of the investment given by Japan corporations are in the small medium
enterprise and lately, the investment that coming is not from a new infestation rather
the expansion of Japan corporations. There are also pro and contra related to the
investment in Indonesia, the pros one are because Indonesia is a big market and have
abundant skillful labor as well as Indonesia is the most country in Asia that have the
highest hospitality toward Japan. The cons are because the unconducive of infestation
season, the law and security concern, and labor concern.90
87 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Jepang Data Dasar. Retrieved 22 Oktober 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html 88 Japan Ministry of Foreign Affair. Japan Indonesia Relation (Basic Data) http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/indonesia/data.html 89 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia – Jepang Data Dasar. Retrieved 22 Oktober 2016 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/birel_id.html 90 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Tokyo, Jepang. Profil Negara dan Kerja Sama. Retrieved on April 15, 2017 from http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx
48
The biggest economic cooperation bilateral relationship between Indonesia and
Japan are in the form of Economic Assistance or usually called as Official
Development Assistance. Based on The DAC of the OEDC, Official Development
Assistance or ODA are defined as the financial flows toward developing countries and
multilateral institution provided by official agencies, including states, local
government or their executive agencies.91 The flows should meet the requirement
which are the administration main objective is for economic development and welfare
of the developing countries and it is concessional in character and contains a grant
element of at least 25 per cent. ODA should be focused on the development assistance
and that’s including the humanitarian assistance such are economic assistance,
emergency relief and food aid. ODA can be in the form of bilateral relationship or
multilateral relationships.92
Japan is the largest donors of foreign aid to Indonesia together with US and
Australian and Indonesia is the largest recipient of Japan ODA among the ASEAN
countries, number 2 in the world after China .93 From those facts, it cannot be denied
how strong Japan influence in Indonesia economic development.
91 OEDC is an Intergovernmental Economic Organization consist of 35 member country that established on 1960. Most of its member are high income economies countries that regarded as developed countries. The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. The DAC of the OEDC or The Development Of Assistance Community of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Is a forum to discussed issues related to aid, development and poverty reduction in developing country. It describe itself as being the venue and voice of the world major donor countries. There are 30 members of DAC including Japan, Australia, US and UK. Sources DAC in Dates. The History of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee. Retrieved on April 17, 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/1896808.pdf 92 OEDC Better Policies for Better Life. Official Development Assistance – Definition and Coverage. Retrieved on 15 April 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm#Definition 93 The World Bank. (2006). Development Assistance from Japan. Retrieved on 12 April 2017 from http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/japan/brief/development-assistance-from-japan
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III.2 Japan ODA as Economic Cooperation
As have been explained above, ODA describe as the financial and technical
assistance that given by states, local government or official agencies toward the
developing countries in order to maintain economic development. ODA is one of the
form of Japan economic Cooperation. To support the socioeconomic development of
developing countries, various organization including governments, international
organization, Non-governmental Organization and private sector should carried
economic cooperation.94There are several other form of Japan Economic cooperation
beside ODA such as Flow of Other Financial Funds, Flow of Private Funds and NGO
Grants as explained in the table below.
Figure 3.1 Japan Economic Cooperation and ODA. Source JICA annual report 2005.95
94 DGCS-NGO Working Group. Guidelines for humanitarian aid Good Humanitarian Donorship Initiative Humanitarian Donorship Principles and Good Practice (2012-2015) 95 JICA Annual Report. (2005). Japan’s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2005/
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From the table above, Japan’s economic cooperation ODA divided into 3 kinds
which are Bilateral Grants, Bilateral Government Loans and Contribution to
International Organization. The schematic above was used in the JICA annual report
from 2005 – 2006. There are slightly changes about the ODA’s schematic since the
2016 JICA annual report, Japan ODA is classified into 2 kinds which are Bilateral Aid
and Multilateral Aid. Bilateral Aid classified into 4 forms which are Technical
Cooperation, Grants Aid, Loans Aid and others. While the contribution to IOs is part
of Multilateral Aids.96 After the end of the second world wars, between 1946 and 1953
Japan was recipient of ODA, until 1951, Japan received US economic assistance as
part of America’s occupation and country’s democratization. In 1954, Japan who its
economic condition has been rehabilitated began to establish ODA and obtained loans
from World Bank to provide the ODA to developing country. Japan experience on this
field gave a strong basis for the use of loans instead of grants as the essential tools to
deliver the aid for the developing country. The development of Japan ODA classified
into 4 stage of period which are:
1. 1954 – 1976 as the Development of Aid Program and Systems
Joining Colombo Plan in 1954 for Cooperative Economic and Social
Development in Asia and Pacific is the starter point where japan start
participate in provide ODA. Japan provided post war reparation and economic
cooperation for Asian county that once being occupied by Japan in World War
II was the first financial assistance provided by Japan. The sign of reparation
and economic agreements are with Asian countries like Vietnam, Burma,
Indonesia and Vietnam were the first financial aid. While major countries like
US, India, or China did not make any reparation claim to Japan. Then, Japan
began provide government based technical cooperation program a year later in
the form of trainees and expert dispatch.97
96 JICA Annual Report. (2016). Japan’s ODA. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2016/c8h0vm0000aj21oz-att/2016_05.pdf 97 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2005b). Japan’s Official Development Assistance – Accomplishments and Progress of 50 Years. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/progress1.html
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2. 1977 – 1992 as the Major expansion to become world’s largest donor
In 1967, Japan complete its reparation payment and the coverage of
Japan ODA’s grew throughout the world. With the rapid and significant level
of economic development of Japan, Japan believe themselves are in the
position to promote the economic cooperation for developing countries. In
1978, the country announced that they planning to double its ODA in three
years in the first Medium - Term Target of ODA.98
In 1983, Japan became the third largest donor country among the DAC
members and in 1986, they became the second largest. And in 1989, Japan
achieved their goal to be the top donor in the world. From 1991 to 2000, Japan
provided the world largest ODA in magnitude and dominate 20% of the total
ODA that was provided by the DAC members.99
3. 1992 – 2002 as the First Period of ODA Charter
In 1992, Japan cabinet approved ODA charter as the foundation of
Japan’s aid policy. In the charter, it is stated the basic philosophy, Principles
and Priority of the ODA. The charter have been applied 1992 until 2002 and
revised in 2003. Because of economic stagnation, the ODA policy has
undergone a transformation in the middle of 1990s. In 1997, Japan Government
decided not to set quantitative target for the assistance but rather emphasis on
the quality over quantity.100
98 Patrick,Hugh. (2008). Legacies of Change: The Transformative Role of Japan’s Official Development Assistance in its Economic Partnership with Southeast Asia. Discussion Paper Series APEC Study Center Columbia University https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f136/ac3e84d3f30eb3c632ba0cad95ee8f4cfae5.pdf 99 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2005b). Japan’s Official Development Assistance – Accomplishments and Progress of 50 Years. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/progress2.html 100 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2005). Japan’s Official Development Assistance – Accomplishments and Progress of 50 Years. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/progress3.html
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4. 2003 – present as the Second Period of ODA Charter after being revised101
Since the applied of the first ODA charter, world problem has changed
dramatically and in 2003 Japan decided to revise it ODA charter. Before,
Natural disaster were not included in the original charter and in 2003 ODA
charter “Natural Disaster” were placed on the agenda in line with global
development. Until now, the basic policies, principles, and issues priority that
stated in the 2003 ODA charter became the foundation of Japan ODA
implementation. 102
As stated above, the foundation of Aid policy in Japan, 2003 ODA charter was
applied. On the charter written the objective, basic policies, and priorities of the ODA.
The objective of the ODA is contributing to the peace and development of the
international community, and thereby to help ensure Japan’s own security and
prosperity. In order to achieve the objective, the basic policies are applied strategically
which are (1) Perspective of “Human Security” (2) Utilization of Japan’s experience
and expertise (3) Supporting self-help efforts of developing countries. (4) Partnership
and collaboration with the international community (5) Assurance of fairness. In
accordance with the objective and the basic policies of the ODA, the distribution of
ODA also have their priorities which are (1) Addressing global issues including natural
disaster (2) Peace-Building (3) Sustainable growth (4) Poverty reduction.103
And the priority Regions are the developing country in Asia region that has
close relationship with Japan and has major impact toward Japan’s stability and
prosperity especially in ASEAN countries. Africa region also part of priority regions
of 2003 ODA Charter since in that region there are a large number of least developed
country that affected by conflict and development issues. Middle East are regions that
supply energy as well as peace and stability in the international community but has
101 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2005b). Japan’s Official Development Assistance – Accomplishments and Progress of 50 Years. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/contents.html 102 Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2005b). Japan’s Official Development Assistance – Accomplishments and Progress of 50 Years. Retrieved on March 25, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/progress4.html 103 Government of Japan. (2003). Japan’s ODA Assistance Charter revised. Retrieved on February 9, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/reform/revision0308.pdf
53
destabilizing factors including the conflict in the Middle East and island nations with
fragile economies are another regions that became ODA priorities. 104
III.2.1 Classification of Japan’s ODA
Japan’s economic cooperation ODA divided into 3 kinds which are
Bilateral Grants, Bilateral Government Loans and Contribution to International
Organization. For further explanation of ODA’s classification, the table below
show it.
Figure 3.2 Classification of Japan ODA. Sources JICA Annual Report 2005105
104 Government of Japan. (2003). Japan’s ODA Assistance Charter revised. Retrieved on February 9, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/reform/revision0308.pdf 105 JICA Annual Report. (2005). Japan’s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2005/
54
1. Bilateral Grants
In Bilateral Grants Aid, Japan ODA classified again into 2 forms which are
Technical cooperation and Grants aid with the following explanation are
below:
a. Technical Cooperation
In the technical cooperation form, ODA is given in the implementation
of Japan’s technology and experience to nurture the human resources
who will promote socioeconomic development in developing countries.
Technical cooperation form includes: (1) the implementation of
technical training for developing countries, (2) the dispatch of experts
and volunteers, (3) development studies to assist the development plans
(4) disaster relief for disaster victims and assistance with disaster
reconstruction plan. The Technical cooperation will improve and
support the technologies development in the developing countries. 106
b. Grants Aid
Grants Aid classified again into 2 forms which are Economic
Development aid and Aid to increase food production. In the grants aid
form, Japan will provides necessary funds to promote socioeconomic
development to the developing country however there are no obligation
for repayment. Grants aid was given to promote and improve the health
sector by building hospital, education sector by building school and
improving the living standard of the local people.107
2. Bilateral Government Loans
In the Government Loan aid form, Japan will support the efforts of
developing countries by provide the necessary capital for the development
under long terms and substantially lower interest rates than the commercial
rates. The primary form of Government Loan Aid are ODA Loans directly
to the government or government agency of recipient country and Private-
106 JICA Annual Report. (2005). Japan’s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2005/ 107 Ibid.
55
Sector Investment Finance which is the funds that provided to Japanese
companies or local companies operating in developing countries.
ODA loans are also known as “Yen loans” and since loan aid required full
repayment by the recipient, this will encourage the recipient to utilize and
allocate the funds as efficiently as possible.108
3. Subscription and contribution to International Organization.
Contribution to International Organization is part of the multilateral aid that
is an indirect methods of extending aid. The International Organization that
was being contributed including the various UN related bodies like UNDP,
UNFPA, UNICEF and also to the multilateral Development Banks like
World Bank, International Development Association and Asian
Development Bank.109
III.2.1.1 Japan ODA for Disaster Reliefs
In 2003 ODA Charter, Natural Disaster issues inserted as part
of global priority issues. Japan as prone disaster country has a long
experience in responding various type of disaster. Classified in Grants
Aid Technical cooperation form, Japan knowledge, know-how and
technology advanced are accumulated and open for ODA project
Disaster Reliefs.110 In the World Conference on Disaster Reduction
held in Kobe, Japan from January 18 - 22, 2005 Japan announced the
basic policies and the concrete action to cope with the natural disaster
response concerned in the international cooperation on disaster
reduction through ODA.
108 JICA Annual Report. (2005). Japan’s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2005/ 109 Ibid. 110 Otani, Junko. (2015). The Evolution of Japan's ODA Disaster Response, with Special Reference to Indonesia and the Philippines. Osaka University. Retrieved on January 10, 2017 from http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11094/57249/1/hs41_001.pdf
56
The Basic Policies for disaster reduction are (1) Raising the
Priority Attached to Disaster Reduction. (2) Perspective of Human
Security. (3) Gender Perspective. (4) Importance of Assistance
Regarding Software. (5) Mobilization of Japan's Experience, Expertise
and Technology. (6) Mobilization and Dissemination of Locally
Available and Suitable Technology . (7) Promoting Partnerships with
Various Stakeholders.111
With the basic policies that mention above, Japan classified the
implementation of the cooperation corresponding in each phase of
disaster which are:
1. Integration of disaster prevention into development policies
To minimize the damage caused by the natural disaster, the first
essential action should be done is the preparedness for possible
disaster. Japan will provide assistance in the policy
recommendation and training of expert for disaster prevention,
institution-building that incorporate the perspectives of disaster
prevention and human resources development in raise the
awareness of the local communities on disaster reduction and
introduce the culture disaster prevention.112
2. Effective assistance in the immediate aftermath of disaster.
In the Immediate aftermath of the disaster, Japan will provide the
rapid emergency assistance that following the schematic of
International emergency assistance to restore the basic human need,
economy and social infrastructures. 113
111 JICA. Emergency Disaster Relief. Retrieved on March 9, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/types_of_assistance/emergency.html 112 Ibid. 113 Ibid.
57
Figure 3.3 Japan’s Humanitarian Assistance classification. Sources: INGÉROSEC report
2015.114
Japan’s humanitarian assistance / emergency assistance
classified into 2 forms which are international emergency assistance
and assistance thought International organizations / NGOs. For the
detailed of the each assistance types can be seen in the table below.
Table 3.4 Japan’s Emergency Disaster Relief Assistance schematic.
Sources JICA.115
114 INGÉROSEC Corporation. (2015). Evaluation of Humanitarian Assistance in Case of Emergency. Third Party Evaluation Report 2014. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved on January 30, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/evaluation/FY2014/pdfs/emergency.pdf 115 JICA. Emergency Disaster Relief. Retrieved on March 9, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/types_of_assistance/emergency.html
58
Table above shown that each of Emerge Relief Assistance form
has their own specialties and each specialties carried by either Japan
MOFA or by Japan International Cooperation Agency.
In the Personnel assistance, Japan will provide appropriate
emergency assistance in the form of the dispatch of Japan Disaster
Relief Team that consist from Rescue Teams, Medical Teams, Expert
Teams and Self Defense Force Unit. In the Material emergency
assistance, Japan will provide the shortage basic human need goods that
caused by the disaster such as Food, Blanket, Water and etc. And in the
Financial Assistance, Japan will provide assistance in the form of
Emergency Grants Aid.
3. Cooperation that extend the reconstruction post disaster
In the last phase of disaster reduction, to mitigate the damage
from the future disaster, Japan will support the stricken countries in
terms of Technology and Systems, Expert and Consultation and
Financial Assistance for post disaster reconstruction. Japan will provide
the cooperation in economic and social infrastructure, building and
system that disaster resilient.116
III.2.2 Japan ODA and Governmental Agency JICA
Japan Official Governmental Agency that manage the coordination of
ODA is Japan International Cooperation Agency. With the Japanese name is独
立行政法人国際協力機構 (dokuritsu gyōseihōjin kokusai kyōryoku kikō) JICA
established in 1974, and play a major role in the implementation of ODA
bilateral grants aid in technical cooperation. JICA is Japan Independent
Administrative Institution under MOFA regulated by basic law on Reforming
Government ministries under the act of general rules for incorporated
administrative agencies law no 103 of 1999 modified on 2014.
116 Japan's Official Development Assistance White Paper. (2005). Initiative for Disaster Reduction through ODA Retrieved on January 23, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/white/2005/ODA2005/html/honpen/hp203060100.htm
59
On behalf of Japan MOFA, JICA undertakes studies / surveys and
provided the support in order to expedite the execution of the capital grant
assistant program. JICA has 56 Overseas Office, one of them in Indonesia, 6
Regional Support office and 19 Domestic Offices with more than 1.200 staff
members working in Japan and the overseas offices. To ensure the provided
cooperation is in line with the actual on site conditions, deepening the relation
with the ODA recipient government official became one of JICA strategies.117
JICA’s programs covering (1) Technical Cooperation on Training in
Japan, Dispatch of Experts, Provision of Equipment, Project-type Technical
Cooperation, Development Study. (2) Dispatch of Japan Overseas Cooperation
Volunteers (JOCV). (3) Training and Recruitment of Qualified Personnel for
Technical Cooperation. (4) Survey and Administration of Grant Aid Programs.
(5) Development Investment and Financing. (6) Support for Japanese
Emigrants. (7) Disaster Relief.118
As one of the program covered by JICA, below is the flow chart of
JICA and Japan Disaster Reliefs response.
117 JICA Annual Report. (2005). Japan’s ODA and an Overview of JICA Programs. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/annual/2005/pdf/134-135.PDF 118 Urban Grading. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Retrieved on March 3, 2017 from http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/resources/organizations/JICA.html
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Figure 3.5 Flow Chart of Dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief Team and Emergency.
Source MOFA119
When a large scale natural disaster occurred in one of the country, the
affected government or an international organization would request an
assistance from the Government of Japan thru their representative, the
embassy. Japan Embassy would deliver the request to the Minister of Foreign
Affairs (MOFA) and MOFA would examines the request’s details and consult
with the ministries and agencies concerned before decide in providing the
assistance. The response from the request will be followed by dispatching
Japan Disaster Reliefs Team or Provision of Emergency Relief Goods.120
119 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Humanitarian Assistance / Emergency Assistance. Retrieved on February 4, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/emergency/ 120 Ibid.
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III.3. Japan ODA to Indonesia
Economic bilateral relation between Indonesia and Japan started in 1954 with
the acceptance of trainees in several area sector such as industry, transportation,
communication, agriculture and health. Looking from the data, Indonesia development
cannot be separated from the Japanese assistance since Japan ODA has contribute and
support the development thru human capacity development, economic and social
infrastructure improvement and so on. The economic cooperation of Japan have been
provide to Indonesia continuously, both in good time and hard time. For example, on
1997 when the Asian economic crisis hit Indonesia, Japan assist Indonesia to overcome
the crisis by providing assistance in several forms such as special loan aid, credit
restructuring and policy support. Japan also provide assistance to Indonesia up to 640
million US$ for Indonesia reconstruction post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and
Tsunami.
Japan is the largest aid donor to Indonesia with the total assistance amounts is
more than 29.5 billion US dollar in 2007. And at the same time, Indonesia is the largest
recipient country of Japan ODA in ASEAN, number 2 after China in the world. This
indicate the importance of bilateral cooperation between two countries that have been
maintained for more than half a century.121
III.3.1 Japan ODA to Indonesia from 1960 – 2006
Indonesia started received Japan ODA was in 1954 in the term of post
war reparations and economic cooperation. In 1966, Indonesia started to get
the load aid or yen loan from japan. With the total amount of US$ 29.6 billion.
Japan ODA given to Indonesia classified into 3 forms which are Grants aid,
Technical Cooperation and Yen Loan. The distribution of the total amount are
shown in the table below.
121 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. The History of Official Development Assistance (ODA) from Japan to Indonesia. Retrieved on February 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_02.htm
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Figure 3.6 The total amount of Japan ODA to Indonesia from 1960 - 2006.
Source: Bantuan ODA Jepang di Indonesia.122
1. Yen Loan
Indonesia started to get Yen Loan since 1966 with the started amount
is US$22.43 million for Product Loan project. The amount was doubled
and increase year by year and in 2006 the total yen loan given to Indonesia
was US$24.7 billion. The yen loan was used to assist the long term project
like infrastructures development, road, government and energy supply
projects.123
2. Grants Aid
In 1968, Indonesia received Japan grants aid in the form of food aid with
the total amounts US$14.28 million, every year Indonesia became the
recipient of Japan grants aid except in 1974. In 2006, the total amount of
Grants aid received by Indonesia is US$1.9 billion. The Grants aid was
given for the project like Food aid, grass root, cultural grass root, global
122 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Realisasi Bantuan Jepang di Indonesia : Pinjaman Yen. Retrieved on February 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/id/odaprojects_loan.htm 123 Ibid.
Yen Loan
US$ 24.690,06
Grants Aid,
US$ 1.939,16
Technical Cooperation, US$ 2.907,49
In US$ million
Yen Loan Grand Aid Technical Cooperation
63
issues prevention, emergency disaster reliefs, Development of Indonesia
education and Communication issues.124
3. Technical Cooperation
The technical cooperation between Indonesia and Japan was started since
1954 when Indonesia became the recipient of Japan post war reparation
and economic cooperation with the acceptance of trainees in several area
sector such as industry, transportation, communication, agriculture and
health. In 2006, the total amount of US$2.9 billion the technical
cooperation was involving the dispatch of the expert and study team,
Acceptance of trainee, Provision of the equipment, Project Technical
Cooperation and Development Studies. Until 2006, the dispatch of the
expert was reach 10.611 people, Acceptance of the trainee was reach
32.686 people, the dispatched of study team was reach 536 team and
volunteer are 200 people.125
III.3.2 Priority Areas of Japan ODA to Indonesia
Based on the Japan ODA planning country sector, Japan put several
priority areas to distribute the ODA for the development of Indonesia. The ODA
distribution priorities for Indonesia divided into 3 priority section which are
Assistance to realize sustainable growth driven by private sector, Assistance to
create democratic and fair society and Assistance for Peace and Stability. 126
1. Assistance to Realize Sustainable Growth Driven by Private Sector
To support the economic development, an environment which promotes the
private-sector investment needs to be created in order to realize sustainable
economic growth. In this priorities areas, the assistance will be supported the
following issues such as (1) Building Economic Infrastructure. (2) Reforming
124 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Realisasi Bantuan Jepang di Indonesia : Bantuan Hibah. Retrieved on February 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/id/odaprojects_grant.htm 125 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Realisasi Bantuan Jepang di Indonesia : Kerjasama Teknik. Retrieved on February 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/id/odaprojects_techco.htm 126 Government of Japan. (2004). Country Assistance Program for the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/region/e_asia/indonesia.pdf
64
the Financial Sector (3) Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability. (4) Establishing a Legal
System Related to the Economy and Ensuring Appropriate Enforcement (5)
Fostering the Subsidiary Industry and SMEs.127
2. Assistance to Create a Democratic and Fair Society
In order to support a democratic and fair society, the assistance are supported
the following issues (1) Poverty Reduction. (2) Governance. (3) Environmental
Conservation and Disaster Prevention.128
3. Assistance for Peace and Stability
The peace and stability of a country will affecting the developing progress of
that country. To ensuring the sustainable growth, the peaceful resolution of
dispute and the eradication of terrorism is needed. Creating a democratic and fair
society would be an essential factor for the economic growth. Japan will give as
much assistance as possible to the priority areas of (i) ensuring public order
(strengthening measures against terrorism and piracy and strengthening of
maritime security system) while coordinating with other donor countries. And
(ii) peace-building and reconstruction.129
III.3.3 Contribution of Japan ODA in individual Sectors
The priorities of ODA’s distribution area have been explained above,
with US$ 29,6 billion of the contribution toward Indonesia development can
be considered influential. The total amount of Japan ODA divided into 3 form
of ODA which are Yen Loan, Grants aid and Technology Cooperation, below
is the contribution of Japan ODA toward Indonesia development divided into
7 individual sectors which are Energy Sector, Transportation Sector,
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Sector, Health and Sanitation Sector,
127 Government of Japan. (2004). Country Assistance Program for the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/region/e_asia/indonesia.pdf 128 Ibid. 129 Ibid.
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Information and Communication Sector, Governance Sector and Disaster
Prevention Sector.
1. Energy Sector
Energy supply is one of the issues in Indonesia development. The
demand of power energy always increase yearly since Indonesia is in the
process of developing their self. Iorder to cope with such a situation, the
Indonesian Government announced in May 2006 the “coal-burning power plant
development acceleration program” and is proceeding with concrete actions
which includes construction of power plants by IPP. In December 2007, the
Government of Indonesia hosted the 13th Conference of Parties of the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP13)” in Bali. The
Indonesian Government declared its strong commitment to combat climate
change. Promoting power supply that will contribute to the reduction of
greenhouse gasses is an important challenge for Indonesia as with other
countries.130
2. Transportation Sector
Transportation is the essential infrastructure in a city, not to mention in
the big city and metropolitan area. In specific area, where traffic congestion is
a serious problem like Jakarta, Japan contribute their-self thru ODA and assist
the construction of railways, highways and flyovers. For examples is Japan
provide assistance for Semanggi intersector construction, The Merak
Expressway, the Jagorawi Expressway and Jabodetabek Railway Networks.
For the newest transportation project assisted by Japan ODA is the
development of a new public transportation network in Jakarta called by
Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). Thru the MRT project, Japan aimed to
130 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japanese Assistance Supports Electric Power Supply. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04a.htm
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assist Indonesia using Japanese technology and experience and construct a
subways system that bot safe and comfortable.131
3. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Sector
Through loan aid, Japan has assist the development of irrigation
facilities of Indonesia. Until fiscal year 2007, with the loan amount reach 291.6
billion yen has assist 49 irrigation project of Indonesia. Thru this project,
around 370,000 hectare irrigated farmland has been developed. This assistance
targeted mainly in the java and Sumatra region with the starter project was in
1970 name the Brantas Delta irrigation rehabilitation project. Later followed
by the Ular River Flood control and irrigation improvement project in North
Sumatra Sumatra in 1971. There are also underway project such as “Water
Resources Existing Facilities Rehabilitation and Capacity Improvement
Project.” and “Decentralized Irrigation System Improvement Project in Eastern
Region of Indonesia”.132
4. Health and Sanitation Sector
One of the Millennium Development Goals is to improve the health of
pregnant women and reduce infant mortality rate. One of Japan contribution in
the health sector is since 1989, Japan assist Indonesia to raise pregnant woman
and infant’s health and sanitation quality in Central Java. Strengthen health
service and create the model district thru “family planning mother and child
health project” in 1994 that implemented by JICA.During the project, Japanese
handbook of maternal and child health caught the attention of an Indonesia
doctor who in charge of provincial health bureau, who once in japan under
JICA trainee. The handbook that was produced and distribute experimentally
was well received by the local people in central java and further spread to other
131 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japanese Assistance Supports the Improvement of Transportation and Distribution Networks in Indonesia. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04b.htm 132 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japanese Assistance enhances agricultural productivity through irrigation. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04c.htm
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place of Indonesia. Looking at how well received the handbook was, in 1998 –
2003 japan launched the maternal and child health handbook project with the
aims to improve the maternal and child health service thru the usage of the
handbook. Approximately, 2,220,000 handbook that have been modified to
meet the local culture and customs distributed through the Ministry of Health
to 26 Indonesia provinces out of 30.133
5. Information and Communication Sector
In regards of Indonesia unification and the democracy of Republic
Indonesia, the development of radio and TV broadcasting played an important
role. In radio broadcasting sector, since 1976, Japan provided a series of
assistance for the establishment of medium wave radio stations, renewal of old
facilities and the opening series establishment of FM radio stations. It also
assisted in training engineers. At present, Indonesia has 58 radio broadcasting
stations throughout the country with more than 90 percent of the whole
population having access to news and entertainment programs by radio.134
6. Governance Sector
Since 1998 when Indonesia in the process of democratization, Japan
provide assistance in the terms of administration, judicature and civil society.
In 2002, japan provided training to develop human capacity in each provincial
city with the program called as "program to improve the capabilities of local
administration",composed of two projects, namely "regional development
policy assistance" and "regional government administration training".
These efforts of developing talented people are aimed to improve
teaching material and train leaders to strengthen the capability of the training
133 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japanese assistance promotes health of mother and child. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04d.htm 134 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japanese assistance supports broadcasting – contributing to national unification and democracy. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04e.htm
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centers of public servants in the provinces. During training, public servants
taking part have the opportunity to visit local health center to hear directly from
the medical staff and so on. In Indonesia, this often surprises many Indonesians
because it is rare for local government officials to hear directly from those
giving services to the local residents.135
7. Disaster Prevention Sector
Indonesia is a disaster prone country with many disaster might struck the
country such as earthquake, flood, tsunami, landslide and etc. One of Japan ODA
contribution toward Indonesia is in the disaster prevention sector. The disaster
prevention cooperation between Japan and Indonesia have been started since 1982
with the cooperation project for land erosion control. The land erosion control
cooperation project was conduct since 1982 to 2008 in Yogyakarta with 2 facilities
which are Volcano and Erosion Control Technology Center and Land Erosion
Control Technology Center. The aims from this disaster prevention cooperation is
to protect the resident live in Mt.Merapi from volcanic eruption, landslide,
mudflow and etc. Another cooperation project were made is for Tsunami early
warning system. After the massive Sumatra earthquake that struck Indonesia I
2004, in June 2005 Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Japan
Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro issued a join communication related to the
bilateral cooperation for mitigating damaged caused by natural disaster. A Joint
committee between Japan and Indonesia for disaster prevention was established
in order to prevent natural disaster in Indonesia and develop a system to mitigate
damage caused by natural disaster thru the strengthened cooperation between two
countries.136
135 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Japan's Assistance to Indonesia in the area of governance. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04f.htm 136 Official Development Assistance From Japan to Indonesia. Building a Natural Disaster – Resilient Nation – Cooperation on Disaster Prevention between Japan and Indonesia. Retrieved on March 10, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/oda/en/whatisoda_04g.htm
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III.4. Summary
Chapter III of this thesis explained about the bilateral relation between Japan
and Indonesia and Japan ODA to Indonesia. Established in 1958, the strong bilateral
relation between Indonesia Japan conducted into 3 main sector which are political,
economic and sociocultural. Economic cooperation is one of the strongest bilateral
relation between Indonesia and japan. One the economic cooperation forms is ODA
or Official Development Assistance describe as the financial and technical assistance
that given by states, local government or official agencies toward the developing
countries in order to maintain economic development.
Japan’s economic cooperation ODA divided into 3 kinds which are Bilateral
Grants, Bilateral Government Loans and Contribution to International Organization.
Bilateral grants is the financial and technology flow given without repayment. Bilateral
grants are classified again into 2 form which are technical cooperation and grants aids.
Disaster relief is part of the technical cooperation with the dispatch of Japan disaster
relief team, financial aids and material aids.
The ODA technical cooperation between Indonesia and Japan was started since
1954 when Indonesia became the recipient of Japan post war reparation and economic
cooperation with the acceptance of trainees in several area sector such as industry,
transportation, communication, agriculture and health. Classified into 3 priority
section Japan ODA was given to Indonesia in the following issues which are
Assistance to realize sustainable growth driven by private sector, Assistance to create
democratic and fair society and Assistance for Peace and Stability.
Indonesia received Japan is the largest ODA donor to Indonesia with the total
assistance amounts is more than 29.5 billion US dollar in 2007. And at the same time,
Indonesia is the largest recipient country of Japan ODA in ASEAN, number 2 after
China in the world. This indicate the importance of bilateral cooperation between two
countries that have been maintained for more than half a century. Japan Oda is highly
influence the development of Indonesia in many sectors.
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CHAPTER IV
JAPAN SHORT AND MIDDLE TERM AID FOR ACEH
EMERGENCY RELIEF AND REHABILITATION YEAR
2004 - 2006
IV.1 Overview Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs: Liberalism Perspective
Based on the structure that being explained in Chapter 1, Liberalism would
explained the Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs that later construct and influence the
implementation of Japan ODA to Indonesia for Emergency reliefs, Rehabilitation and
Reconstruction post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami.
Figure 4.1 Liberalism approach in explaining Japan ODA and the implementation of Japan
ODA to Indonesia.
Systemic Analysis
Liberalism Approach
Japan ODA Disaster Relief
Explain
Japan ODA to Indonesia for Emergency relief,
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction post 2004
Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami e.g
Humanitarian aid and development aid
Construct
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In the chapter 1, its being explained that the basic concept of liberalism is
liberty and equality. Liberal belief in the progress of humanity and that international
cooperation is important in achieve the liberalism goal. From the liberalism
perspective, international cooperation is one of the key that can spread the equality in
this world. In his book To Perpetual Peace, Kant explained that the way to achieve
peace world order is by forming guidelines to create a peace program to be applied by
nations. This program would require cooperation between states as well as the mutual
pursuit of secure freedom and shared benefits.137
From the cooperation, the mutual beliefs are possible since states are not
always preoccupied with the relative gains. The mutual belief and cooperation between
states would later increase the interdependence among state. Moravcsik in his book
explained about the nature of the international system and the pattern of
interdependence among state preferences shapes state behavior.138 The behavior of one
state is influences by other states and the condition in the international system. The
interdependence that form because of the cooperation among state can be reasoned by
the share mutual believed nor related to the states national interest.
In the terms of Japan Official Development Assistance, especially with the
implementation of Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs toward Indonesia post 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake, the liberalism perspective are the most international relation
perspective that suitable to explain the root of Japan ODA focusing in the disaster
relief and its implementations. Since in the liberalism perspective explained about the
importance of the international cooperation among states as well as the
interdependence that formed from the cooperation and mutual believed will influence
the states behavior. From the Japan representative statement, ODA overview and the
report we can analyze the implementation of ODA focusing in the disaster reliefs based
on the liberalism perspective.
137 Marguerite, La Caze. (2007). At the Intersection: Kant, Derrida, and the Relation Between Ethics and Politics. Political Theory. 35 (6): 782.doi:10.1177/0090591707307324 138 Reus-smit, Christian and Snidal, Duncan. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of International Relation. New York: Oxford University Presses
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As being explained in the chapter 3, Japan, in responding to the natural disaster
occurrence, has program in their ODA for disaster response called as disaster reliefs
which is based on the international guidance to offer their support in the form of
humanitarian aid and aimed to support the disaster relief efforts. Based on the Liberal
Internationalism perspective, addressing the international occurrence like massive
natural disaster in a certain country, states as the key actor in the international
cooperation in order to pursuit the liberal objectives, an intervention conduct by a
liberal state is needed.139 The intervention can be conduct in the form of Military
intervention and humanitarian intervention based on the rule and regulation that
applied in the international community.
Japan ODA strongly influenced by DAC of the OEDC or the Development Of
Assistance Community of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, which is a forum to discussed issues related to aid, development and
poverty reduction in developing countries.140 As explained by Liberal Institutionalist,
international cooperation should be organized and formalized in institutions that play
the role as rule establisher. The rule would govern the behavior of the states in the
specific area such as the rule and regulation for humanitarian aid and human right
issues.141
139 Burchill, S;Linklater A. (2005). Theories of International Relations 3rd ed. London: Palgrave. Retrieved on March 17 2017 from http://edc.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Liberalism_-_Scott_Burchill.pdf 140 OEDC is an Intergovernmental Economic Organization consist of 35 member country that established on 1960. Most of its member are high income economies countries that regarded as developed countries. The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. The DAC of the OEDC or The Development Of Assistance Community of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Is a forum to discussed issues related to aid, development and poverty reduction in developing countries. It describe itself as being the venue and voice of the world major donor countries. There are 30 members of DAC including Japan, Australia, US and UK. Sources DAC in Dates. The History of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee. Retrieved on April 17, 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/1896808.pdf 141 Burchill, S;Linklater A. (2005). Theories of International Relations 3rd ed. London: Palgrave. Retrieved on March 17 2017 from http://edc.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Liberalism_-_Scott_Burchill.pdf
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In the terms of ODA, DAC is the one who set the rule and regulation for ODA
such as the flows of ODA should meet the requirement which are the administration
main objective is for economic development and welfare of the developing countries
and it is concessional in character and contains a grant element of at least 25 per cent
and the objective for ODA should be focused on the development assistance and that’s
including the humanitarian assistance such are economic assistance, emergency relief
and food aid.142 As the member of DAC, Japan has the obligation to follow the rule set
by DAC like the guideline for humanitarian aid and the implementation of the
humanitarian aid.
Japan ODA for disaster response are strongly influence by DAC guideline for
Humanitarian aid. In providing disaster response, Japan followed DAC humanitarian
aid 4 key principles which are Humanity, Neutrality, Impartiality and Independence.143
Humanity in humanitarian aid is to bring assistance without discrimination to protect
life and health and to ensure respect for the human being. Neutrality means
humanitarian action may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in
controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature. This abstention is
limited solely by the requirement to denounce violations of humanitarian law.
Impartiality means humanitarian aid makes no discrimination as to nationality, race,
religious beliefs, class or political opinions and Its sole objective is to relieve the
suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the
most urgent cases of distress. And Independence means its very nature independent,
i.e. free from political, economic, military or other influence.144
142 OEDC Better Policies for Better Life Official Website. Official Development Assistance – Definition and Coverage. Retrieved on 15 April 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm#Definition 143 DAC in Dates. The History of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee. Retrieved on April 17, 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/1896808.pdf 144 DGCS-NGO Working Group. Guidelines for humanitarian aid Good Humanitarian Donorship Initiative Humanitarian Donorship Principles and Good Practice (2012-2015)
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The stages of Japan ODA disaster reliefs also followed up the guideline from
the DAC humanitarian which are emergency response, reconstruction and
rehabilitation stages. The provided material relief assistance and services are based on
the DAC humanitarian aid coded as 72010 are the provision of shelter, water,
sanitation and health services, supply of medicines and other non-food relief item for
the benefit of the affected people and to facilitate the return to normal lives and
livelihood. Disaster prevention and preparedness also describe by DAC under code
74010 as disaster risk reduction activities like developing knowledge and legal norms
for construction, early warning systems, emergency contingency stocks and
contingency planning including preparation for forced displacement.145
From the explanation above, the liberalism perspective can be used to analyze
Japan ODA for disaster reliefs in specific detailed based on the explanation of liberal
international and liberal institutional.
IV.2 Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs Response toward 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Tsunami
In responding the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, on December 27 2004,
Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and Minister for Foreign Affairs Nobutaka
Machimura sent message of sympathy expressing heartfelt condolences for many lost
lives and pray for a speedy alleviation and restoration from the calamity to the leader
of the countries stricken by the disaster which caused by the large scale earthquake off
the coast of Sumatra (Republic of Indonesia) and followed by massive Tsunamis.146
Stated on the press release January 1, 2005, PM Koizumi mention that Japan
would attend the Special ASEAN Leaders Meeting for the aftermath of the Earthquake
and Tsunami on 6 January in Indonesia. In the meeting Japan determinate to extend
the maximum possible assistance commensurate to demonstrate the solidarity as a
145 OECD Home. Humanitarian Assistance. Retrieved on March 4, 2017 from http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/humanitarian-assistance.html 146 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on December 27, 2004. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2004/12/1227-4.html
75
fellow Asian partner.147 Japan will extend their support for emergency assistance up
to US$500 million of grant money.148 Japan also will promote the cooperation within
countries and international organization related to the establishment of Tsunami early-
warning system for countries in Indian Ocean. In regards of human resources
contribution, Japan already dispatch Japan Disaster Relief Team to various areas.
Following the guideline from ODA charter 2003, the implementation of Japan
ODA basic policies applied in one the classification of corresponding of the disaster
which is the effective assistance in the immediate aftermath disaster. Japan will
provide the rapid emergency assistance that following the schematic of International
emergency assistance to restore the basic human need, economy and social
infrastructures based on the scheme below.149
Figure 4.2 Japan’s Humanitarian Assistance classification. Sources: INGÉROSEC report
2015.150
147 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 1, 2005. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_02e.html 148 CNN International News. (2005, 3 January). Japan Raised Aid to $500 Million. Retrieved December 4, 2016 from http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/01/01/japan.relief.pledge/index.html 149 Otani, Junko. (2015). The Evolution of Japan's ODA Disaster Response, with Special Reference to Indonesia and the Philippines. Osaka University. Retrieved on January 10, 2017 from http://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/11094/57249/1/hs41_001.pdf 150 INGÉROSEC Corporation. (2015). Evaluation of Humanitarian Assistance in Case of Emergency. Third Party Evaluation Report 2014. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved on January 30, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/evaluation/FY2014/pdfs/emergency.pdf
76
IV.2.1 Multilateral Aid
Based on the Japan’s Humanitarian Assistance classification above,
Japan would give assistance through International Organization/NGOs.
According to the Special ASEAN Leaders Meeting for the aftermath of the
Earthquake and Tsunami on 6 January in Indonesia, UN would be the one who
mobilized the international community to support national relief emergency
program in the affected countries.151 In order to increase the effectivity of the
relief emergency program, donor countries and IOs should support the UN
Emergency Relief Coordinator as the leader of international humanitarian
assistance, in cooperation with the tsunami-affected governments.
On January 11, 2005, Japan announced its emergency humanitarian
assistance with the amount of US$250 million out of US$500 million grant aid
that was pledged by Japan in Special ASEAN Leader’s Meeting for the
aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami on 6 January in Indonesia will be
contribute through international organization in response to UN Flash Appeal
and other request in response of the coast Sumatra earthquake.152 The detailed
related to the emergency humanitarian assistance announced by Mr. Shuzen
Tanigawa, Senior Minister for Ministerial Affair officially at the meeting of
ministerial level on humanitarian assistance to Tsunami Affected Communities
that was held in Geneva in January 11.153
151 Oxfam Briefing Note. (2005). The Asian Tsunami: The challenge after the Jakarta summit. 152 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.html 153 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Emergency Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_07e.html
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There are 15 International Organization whom Japan contribute its
emergency humanitarian assistance. Those 15 IOs are:
No International Organization Budget Allocation
1. UNICEF US$ 70 Million
2. UNWFP US$ 60 Million
3. IOM US$ 25 Million
4. UNDP US$ 24.5 Million
5. UNHCR US$ 15 Million
6. IFCR US$ 15 Million
7. WHO US$ 6 Million
8. ICRC US$ 6 Million
9. UNFPA US$ 5.5 Million
10. UNOCHA US$ 5 Million
11. FAO US$ 5 Million
12. UN Volunteer US$ 5 Million
13. ISDR US$ 4 Million
14. UN HABITAT US$ 3 Million
15. UNIFEM US$ 1 Million
Figure 4.3 Japan Contribution to International Organizations for emergency
humanitarian assistance 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake disaster. Source: MOFA.154
1. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) with the total amount was
US$70 million for health, nutrition, water and sanitation and child
protection. To help the children who suffered most from the disaster,
Japan will make effort of the implement “Japan’s Children Support
Plan for Tsunami Victims” that focused on children protection against
human trafficking and child survival against infectious diseases in
coordination with NGOs and other relevant organizations.
154 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.htm
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2. UN World Food Programmed (WPF) with the total amount was
US$60 million for food-assistance and logistical support which WFP
is operating in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and other disaster-
affected countries. The first part of Japan's assistance through WFP,
12,500 tons of rice, has arrived at the port of Medan, Indonesia, and
will be distributed to the affected people as early as next week.
3. International Organization for Migration (IOM) with the total amount
US$25 million for anti-trafficking measurement, provision of
temporary shelters, transportation and logistical support and
registration of disaster afflicted persons.
4. United Nation Development Programmed (UNDP) with the total
amount US$24.5 million for housing rehabilitation, restoration of
critical infrastructure and emergency livelihood rehabilitation.
5. Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
with the total amount US$15 million for provision of temporary
shelters; housing reconstruction and provision of non-food material.
6. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRC) with the total amount US$15 million for the distribution of
emergency aid supplies and services, measures medical supplies and
procedures, restoring family links and assistance to displaced families
including children.
7. World Health Organization (WHO) with the total amount US$6
million for communicable disease prevention and care, mainly would
be focused on the children in the affected areas.
8. International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) with the total
amount US$6 million for the distribution of aid supplies, measures
against communicable disease, medicine, medical supplies and
procedures and restoring family link.155
155 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.htm
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9. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) with the total amount
US$5.5 million for emergency obstetric care, provision of medicine
and medical equipment. Distribution of health kits and establishment
of temporary medical facilities.
10. United Nations Office of the coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(UNOCHA) with the total amount US$5 million for establishing
assistance coordination and support offices and information centers
and relief coordination activities.
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO) with
total amount US$5 million for emergency aid for resumption of
fishery and agriculture.
12. UN Volunteers (UNV) with the total amount was US$5 million for
dispatch of experts in various fields for emergency humanitarian aid
and rehabilitation and reconstruction process.
13. International Strategy for Disaster reduction (ISDR) US$4million for
the establishment of tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean
Region in cooperation with the UN Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
14. UN Human Settlements Programmed (UN-HABITAT) with the total
amount US$3 million for reconstruction of living infrastructure like
disaster-afflicted housing.
15. UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) with the total amount
US$1 million for assistance for Women’s leadership and livelihoods
in relief and reconstruction in tsunami – affected communities.156
With contributing into 15 IOs, Japan already fulfilled half of its pledges
humanitarian emergency assistance.
156 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.htm
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IV.2.2 Bilateral Grant Aid
Beside contributing the emergency humanitarian assistance though 15
IOs as mentioned above, Japan also contribute the humanitarian assistance
directly through the country stricken disaster. Based on the Japan Humanitarian
Assistance guidance mention in the ODA Charter 2003 revised, to support the
emergency relief program in the stricken country, Japan would classified its
assistance into 3 forms which are Financial Aid, Reliefs Supplies and Dispatch
of Personnel.157 As Japan pledged offered US$500 million grant aid to support
the emergency assistance like issued in the Special ASEAN Leader’s Meeting
for the aftermath of the Earthquake and Tsunami on 6 January in Indonesia,
half of the pledged money contributed through International Organization.158
The other half (US$250 million) would be allocated to the disaster-stricken
countries.159 The allocation of the grant aid would be differentiate based on the
JICA report about the casualties from the disaster.
Japan will provide the assistance in 3 forms which are financial
resources, knowledge and expertise and human resources. Japan also will
extend its possible maximum assistance for rehabilitation and reconstruction.
By January 6, Japan already provide the following emergency assistance to 4
countries that has major casualties from the disaster.
157 JICA. Emergency Disaster Relief. Retrieved on March 9, 2017 from https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/types_of_assistance/emergency.html 158 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.html 159 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean (Reallocation of Bilateral Financial Assistance). Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0113-3.html
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IV.2.2.1 Financial Resources
As mention above, Japan will contribute half of the pledged
emergency humanitarian grant aid which is US$250 million directly
toward the country with severe hit from the disaster. On January 19,
Japan already disbursed the bilateral grant aid as immediate assistance
non project with the detailed as US$146 million for Indonesia, US$80
million for Sri Lanka and US$20 million for Maldives.160 Beside the
direct financial grant aid, japan also provide emergency Assistance in
kind and Emergency Grant Aid.161
Assistance in Financial Resource Allocation
Indonesia Non Project US$ 146 Million
Sri Lanka Non Project US$ 80 Million
Maldives Non Project US$ 20 Million
Assistance in kinds / goods US$ 550.000
Emergency Grant Aid Indonesia US$ 1.5 Million
Emergency Grant Aid Sri Lanka US$ 1 Million
Emergency Grant Aid Maldives US$ 500.000
Figure 4.4 Japan contribution for Financial Resources. Source: MOFA162
For the Emergency Assistance in kinds, Japan allocate its grant
aid in the forms of supplies reliefs with the total amount was
US$550.000 distributed into 4 main countries which are Indonesia, Sri
160 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean (Reallocation of Bilateral Financial Assistance). Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0113-3.html 161 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Fact Sheet Japan’s Response to the Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami Disaster in the Indian Ocean Government of Japan. January 6, 2005. Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/assist0501.pdf 162 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean (Reallocation of Bilateral Financial Assistance). Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0113-3.html
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Lanka, Maldives and Thailand. The relief supplies distributed to
Indonesia arrived at Medan on Dec 30, 2004, the relief supplies
including tents, blankets, water purifiers, electric generator that
equivalent about 26 million yen.163
The relief supplies distributed in Sri Lanka arrived at Colombo
on Dec 29, 2004 including tents, sleeping mats, plastic sheets, electric
generators, water purifiers, blankets and portable water tank that
equivalent to about 14.7 million yen. In Maldives, the relief supplies
arrived at Male on Dec 31, 2004 including tents, blankets, electric
generator and plastic jerry can that equivalent to about 9.7 million yen.
While the relief supplies contributed to Thailand comes later than the
other and arrive at Phuket on January 1 and January 4, 2005 including
tents, blankets, water purifiers, electric generator and medicine that
equivalent to about 10 million yen.164
While in the Emergency Grant Aid, Japan provide $1.5 million
for Indonesia, $1 million to Sri Lanka and $500.000 for Maldives. And
the Food aid through WFP, Japan provide 2.400 tons of rice to Sri
Lanka.165
IV.2.2.2 Assistance in Knowledge and Expertise
In the providing assistance in knowledge and expertise, Japan
proposed a special session and promote the expeditious establishment
of a Tsunami early-warning mechanism In Indian Ocean countries in
163 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean (Reallocation of Bilateral Financial Assistance). Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0113-3.html 164 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Japan’s Emergency Assistance for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean As of 6 January, 2005 Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/assist0501.pdf 165 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Japan’s Emergency Assistance for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean As of 6 January, 2005 Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/assist0501.pdf
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UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction.166 The conference
being held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan on 18-22 January 2005 in response
of the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake. On the conference, adopted
what it is called as Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015:
Building the resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster. HFA
is a 10 year plan to support and promote a strategic and systematic
approach to reducing vulnerabilities and risk hazards it underscored
the need for and identified ways of building the resilience of nations
and communities to disasters.167
In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake Tsunami, The
Intergovernmental Oceanographic of UNESCO (IOC - UNESCO)
received a mandate from the international community to form an
Intergovernmental Coordination Group (ICG) to coordinate the
implementation of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation
System (IOTWS). 168 28 countries in Indian Ocean region including
Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and Australia put their concern in
collaborating on the tsunami early warning system and the procedures
that could save lives.
Since the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation
System need years to be fully implemented, from April 2005 until
March 2013, an Interim Advisory Service is in place from until
Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTSP) could be fully
established. The role of the interim international warning system are
to issue information bulletins concerning risk in the Indian Ocean
Region. The Interim Advisory Service was provided through Japan
166 United Nation International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2005). World Conference on Disaster Reduction. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005 – 2015. Retrieved on April 24, 2017 from http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf 167 Ibid. 168 Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center. What Is The ICG IOWTS. Retrieved on June 3, 2017 from http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/ indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/icg-iotws/58/what-is-the-icg-iotws
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Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Pacific Ocean Tsunami Early
Warning System (PTWC).169 India, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia
began operating their national system in 2008.170
On October 2011, RTSPs began to be the main sources of
tsunami advisories for Indian Ocean, and the parallel operate of
PTWA and JMA continued until March 2013 and the decision to cease
the Interim Advisory Service was made by ICG during the 9th session
meeting on 27-30 November 2012 in Jakarta, Indonesia.171
IV.2.2.3 Assistance in Human Resources (Dispatch of Personnel)
In the assistance in human resources, Japan carry out disaster
reliefs operation using Ground, Maritime and Air Self Defense Force
to transport the gods, medical and epidemic control activities. Japan
transport airplane left Japan on January 6, 2005.172
Another forms of the human resources assistance is the dispatch
of personnel to the country stricken by disaster. A survey team with
21 member composed of JICA official dispatched to Indonesia,
Thailand and Malaysia. Japan also dispatch Disaster Relief Medical
Team comprising 22 persons to Indonesia, 2 team consist of 22
member and 23 member to Sri Lanka, a team comprising of 10
member to Maldives and a team comprising of 22 person to Thailand.
169 National Geographic News. (2005). Indian Ocean’s Tsunami Early Warning System Taking Shape.
Retrieved on June 3, 2017 from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1223_051223_tsunami_warning.html 170 UNESCO. Crisis and Transition Responses. Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System: An Intergovernmental Endeavor. Retrieved on June 3, 2017 from http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/tsunami-warning-system/ 171 Indian Ocean Tsunami Information Center. What Is The ICG IOWTS. Retrieved on June 3, 2017 from http://iotic.ioc-unesco.org/ indian-ocean-tsunami-warning-system/icg-iotws/58/what-is-the-icg-iotws 172 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Fact Sheet Japan’s Response to the Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami Disaster in the Indian Ocean Government of Japan, January 6, 2005. Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/assist0501.pdf
85
The member of the Disaster Relief Medical Team including JICA and
MOFA officials, doctor, nurse and pharmacist.
Beside the survey team and medical team, Japan also dispatch
search and rescue team to Thailand. The Maritime Self Defense Force
units called as Destroyers “Kirisima” and “Takanami” and supply
vessel “HAMANA” with shipboard operate around the coast of
Phuket, Thailand. To assisting Thailand in the Emergency Assistance,
Japan also dispatch a rescue team consist of 49 persons from officials
of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency, National Police
Agency, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and staff members of the
Japan Coast Guard and JICA and a fire department helicopter team
consist of 32 person and an expert team for disaster victim
identification (DVI), comprising 4 persons from Police Agency and
JICA to Phuket, Thailand.173
IV.3. Japan Disaster Reliefs Response toward Indonesia Post 2004 Indian Ocean
Earthquake Tsunami
On December 27, 2004 at 10 am (Japan time) a massive earthquake that killed
more than 4000 people occurred in the coast of Aceh, Indonesia. Government of
Indonesia dispatch vice president Muhammad Yusuf Kalla to the devastated area to
check the damaged caused by the disaster as well as to deliver the emergency goods.
Since the damage was greater than expected, The Government of Indonesia has
requested emergency assistance in kinds to Japan. Taking account of the seriousness
of the disaster’s damaged and from a humanitarian point of view as well as in light of
the friendly relations between Japan and Indonesia, on December 27, Government of
Japan decided to extend emergency assistance in kinds up to 26 million yen to
173 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Japan’s Emergency Assistance for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean As of 6 January, 2005 Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/assist0501.pdf
86
government of Indonesia.174 Beside delivering the requested assistance, Japan also
dispatch coordination team consist of 2 people to improve the effectiveness of the
assistance delivery and to considering the next assistance in need to Aceh.175
With the casualties increasing. GOI doing his best to deliver the emergency
assistance under the direction of VP Jusuf Kalla as the chief of the national disaster
mitigation. Looking at the casualties, GOI asked assistance from the international
community and asked GOJ for medical emergency assistance.176 In response the
assistance request, GOJ dispatch several team of their apan Japan Disaster Relief
Medical Team to Indonesia.
As Japan pledged offered US$500 million grant aid to support the emergency
assistance like issued in the Special ASEAN Leader’s Meeting for the aftermath of the
Earthquake and Tsunami on 6 January in Indonesia, half of the pledged money
contributed through International Organization.177 The other half (US$250 million)
would be allocated directly to the disaster-stricken countries.178 From the US$250
million non-project grant assistance, US$146 million was allocated to GOI considering
Indonesia was the country with the most damaged. The exchanged note was sign
174 Ministry of Foreign Affair. Press Release Dec 27, 2004. Emergency Aid to Indonesia for Earthquake/Tsunami Disaster. Retrieved on April 19, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2004/12/1227-5.html 175 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release Dec 27, 2004. Bantuan Darurat Pemerintah Jepang bagi Para Korban Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news04_46.html 176 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release Dec 29, 2004. Pengiriman Tim Medis Darurat
Jepang bagi Korban Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami di Perairan Pulau Sumatera dan Samudra Hindia. Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news04_48.html 177 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through International Organizations for the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121.html 178 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 13, 2005. Japan's Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean (Reallocation of Bilateral Financial Assistance) Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0113-3.html
87
between Mr. Yutaka Iimura, Japanese Ambassador to Indonesia, and Mr. Sudjadnan
Parnohadiningrat, Secretary General, Department of Foreign Affairs.179
To conduct liaison, coordination and other activities of assistance, GOJ decided
to established ad hoc office of the Japanese Embassy in Banda Aceh, Indonesia that
started the operation on January 27, 2005. The establishment of ad hoc office is
intended to supervise the implementation of Japan’s assistance and make sure the
assistance is effective and smooth and also to support the coordination to the
emergency quarter of GOI in Banda Aceh, other country and international
organization.180 Since January 25 2005, GOJ have sent a survey team consist of 8
member from MOFA and JICA staff for 1 week do conduct the survey related to the
effect of disaster and to determine the rehabilitation and reconstruction planning
assistance and more detailed project need for disaster stricken area in Aceh in more
accurate data. It is estimated that disaster management will shift from the emergency
phase to the period of rehabilitation and reconstruction on a regular basis.181
179 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Jan 17, 2005. Non-project Grant Assistance in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 19, 2017 http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0117-3.html 180 Ministry of Foreign Affair. Press Release Jan 27, 2005. Ad hoc Office of the Japanese Embassy in
Banda Aceh, Indonesia to Start Operations. Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0127.html 181 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 28, 2005. Kegiatan Tim Medis Darurat Jepang Ketiga dan Bantuan untuk Rehabilitasi Bagi Korban Gempa Bumi yang Berpusat di Perairan Sumatera dan Tsunami di Samudera Hindia. Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_12.html
88
Following the timeline scheme set by Ministry of National Development
Planning / BAPPENAS for disaster impact mitigation efforts in the chapter II, from
2004 until 2006, Japan divided their assistance to Indonesia based on the timeline
below. Japan classified their assistance into 2 which are short term assistance and
middle term.182
Figure 4.5 Japan Assistance toward Indonesia for disaster mitigation effort after 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake Tsunami 2004 – 2006. 183
182 BAPPENAS. (2005). Master Plan for The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of the Regions and Communities of The Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam and The Island of Nias, Province of North Sumatera. Government of Indonesia. 183 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia
Stage:
EMERGENCY RELIEFS
Stage:
REHABILITATION
Short Term Assistance
(Dec 2004 – Dec 2005)
Target: Emergency relief
& Humanitarian Aid
ACTION :
- Assistance Thru IOs
- Dispatch of JDR
- Financial Assistance
- Material Assistance
- Basic Infrastructure
Rehabilitation
- Assistance thru NGOs /
Grass-roots Assistance
Middle Term Assistance
(Mar 2005 – Dec 2006)
Target: Rehabilitation
ACTION :
- Assisting Rehabilitation &
Reconstruction Plan
- Social & Public Service
Improvement
- Rebuilding Communities
- Local Economic
Reconstruction
- Strengthening
Governance to implement
the Special Autonomy
89
IV.3.1 Japan Short term Assistance for Aceh Emergency Relief From
January – December 2005
Based on the table above about Japan Assistance toward Indonesia for
disaster mitigation effort timeline. Japan Short term assistance for Aceh would
be from January through December. Actually the emergency assistance already
given immediately after the disaster occurred in the, but it is officially started
on January 2005. Short term assistance focused on the humanitarian rescue and
aid. Japan Actions on the short term are Assistance thru IOs/NGOs, Dispatch
of JDR, Financial Assistance, Material Assistance and Basic Infrastructure
rehabilitation.
1. Assistance through IOs
US$250 million of Japan humanitarian pledged grant money assistance
was contributed toward 15 International Organizations. Japan’s contribution
from those 15 IOs would also be contributes to humanitarian assistance in Aceh for
example Japan contributed US$60 million to WFP for food assistance and
12.500 tons of rice arrive in Indonesia.184
2. Assistance through NGOs / Grass root Assistance
- GOJ in collaboration with Japan Platform (JPF) an emergency
humanitarian assistance organization and dispatch an advance team
to Aceh and implement emergency assistance in kind, after assessing
the situation in the disaster-afflicted areas.185 GOJ also delivered the
assistance from Japan NGO “Peace Winds Japan” with the total
184 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on January 21, 2005. Japan's Assistance through the World Food Programme (WFP) in Response to the Disaster Caused by the Major Earthquake off the Coast of Sumatra and the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean. Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/1/0121-2.html 185 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on December 27, 2004. Earthquake
Disaster off the Coast of Sumatra (Activities by the Japanese NGO). Retrieved on April 20, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2004/12/1227-2.html
90
worth around US$120.000 in the forms of provision water supply,
food, cooking oil and etc.186
- In collaboration with Muhammadiyah Youth / Pemuda
Muhammadiyah, Japan support the assistance for Mobile Clinic in
NAD worth as US$343.439. The mobile clinic would focused in
delivering medical treatment to the remote areas and in the outskirts
of major cities where the access to the appropriate medical services
is limited. The area proposed were in Banda Aceh City and 7
districts namely Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, West Aceh, Nagan Raya,
Pidie, Bireuen and North Aceh.
- In collaboration with National Private Radio Broadcasting
Association of Indonesia (PRSSNI) Suara Aceh, Japan support the
assistance for Radio Station in Aceh equivalent to US$ 19,058. The
Suara Aceh has distributed radio receivers to IDP camps and has
been providing information on the reunion of the separated family
members as well as on humanitarian assistance schedule and would
like to use to assistance from Japan in order to strengthen the
capacity of the radio station and expand the coverage area of the
radio broadcast.187
- In collaboration with Yayasan Umi Abasiah, Japan support the
grass-roots assistance project titled as The Project for supporting
education of Tsunami Disaster Prevention in the amount equivalent
with US$ 91,411 signed on December 25, 2005. In the project,
Japanese experts on disaster management will be invited to hold
lectures in the seminars to disseminate proper knowledge of tsunami
186 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release Dec 27, 2004. Bantuan Darurat Pemerintah Jepang bagi Para Korban Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami di Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news04_46.html 187 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release February 2, 2005. Japanese Assistance to Indonesia on Aftermath of Earthquake and Tsunami (Mobile Clinic Assistance in the Tsunami Affected Area and Radio Station Support for Reuniting Families). Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_17e.html
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among people in Aceh, and to share with them the accumulation of
Japan’s experiences of Tsunami and disaster prevention measures.
There will be 85 poles constructed as a historial record of the
disaster for the future ages in Banda Aceh and each poles will have
different height as shows the height of the water level at the
respective site.188
-
3. Assistance in kinds / Material Assistance
In response to the earthquake and tsunami disaster in NAD, Japan has
delivered it’s assistance in kinds with the total amount equivalent 31 million
Yen or US$300.000 delivered into 2 phase which are December 30, 2004 and
on March 28, 2005 for Nias Island earthquake.
The first Assistance delivered on December 30, 2004 equivalent with
26 million yen or US$250.000 is given to the GOI in the form of; 100 units of
gensets, 28 tents, 3,000 blankets, 300 bed mattresses, 20 water purifiers, 3 tanks
of water (3,000 liters), 300 jerry cans.189 The second assistance delivered on
March 28, 2005 equivalent with 15 million yen or US$150.000 is given to GOI
in the form of 50 tents, 1000 blankets, 20 electricity generators and 300
sleeping mats.190
4. Emergency Grant Aid
For the Emergency financial grant aid, GOJ provided assistance with
the total amount US$147.5 million that divided into 2 terms.
- The first grant aid was given on December 28, 2004 equivalent with
US$ 1.5 million for the provision of emergency food and medical
188 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release December 22, 2005. Japan Supports Education for Tsunami Disaster Prevention in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_57e.html 189 Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. Press Release Statement on April 6, 2005. Japan's Assistance for
the Earthquake Disaster off the Coast of Sumatra (Dispatch of the Second Japan Disaster Relief Medical Team). Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2005/4/0406-2.html 190 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release March 29,2005. Bantuan Darurat Jepang Menanggapi Terjadinya Gempa Bumi di Perairan Pulau Sumatera. Retrieved on April 14, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_27.html
92
equipment. The Diplomatic Note concerning this matter was
exchanged on December 27, 2004.191
- The second grant aid was given after the statement made by Prime
Minister Junichiro Koizumi on January 6, 2005 at the Tsunami
Summit. The Non Project grant aid equivalent of US$ 146 million was
for emergency relief and Aceh’s reconstruction and the Diplomatic
Note concerning this matter was exchanged on 17 January 2005.192
5. Dispatch of Japan Disaster Relief Team
- Medical team assistance.
Japan dispatch its emergency medical assistance for Sumatra
earthquake and tsunami in 3 teams each team will stay in the disaster
stricken area for around 2 weeks and then then next team will
arrived. With total 64 medical members such as doctors, nurses,
pharmautical and etc and they already treat more than 2758 patients.
The team supported by medical technology worth with total amount
26 million yen. The first medical team dispatch on 30 December.193
The second medical team dispatch on January 7, 2005 and the third
dispatch on January 18, 2005.194195
191 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release February 1, 2005. Japanese Assistance to Indonesia on Aftermath of Earthquake and Tsunami (Food and Non-Food Item assistance from Local Administrations and Private Companies). Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_16e.html 192 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 17, 2005. Japan's 14.6 Billion Yen Grant Aid to RI. Retrieved on Marc 17 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_08.html 193 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 194 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 7, 2005. Pengiriman Tim Medis Bantuan Darurat Jepang ke Indonesia - Pasca Gempa Bumi Besar Lepas Pantai Sumatera dan Tsunami di Lautan Hindia. Retrieved on February 5, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_03.html 195 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 28, 2005. Pengiriman Tim Medis Darurat Jepang Ketiga Bagi Korban Gempa Bumi yang Berpusat di Perairan Sumatera dan Tsunami di Samudera Hindia. Retrieved on February 5, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_12.html
93
Japan also dispatch 2 expert team from Epidemic and Mental
division. The epidemic expert would conduct a survey in the refugee
camp and will working together with Indonesia Health Department
and WHO to prevent any disease outbreak because of the bad
sanitation in the disaster area. And mental health service team from
Japan would assist GOI on the technique in handling the victims
suffered with mental disorders such as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
/ PTSD.196
As for the emergency medical assistance for the Nias earthquake
occurred in March 28, 2005, japan dispatch 2 team with total 28
medical members have treat more than 1953 patients and supported
by medical technology that worth 15 million yen. The first medical
team arrive on the location at March 30. 197
- Self Defense team assistance.
Since January 10, Japan already dispatch their Japan Self Defense
Force to support the relief operation and to carry out epidemic
prevention in the disaster stricken area when the epidemic expert
medical team dispatched to Aceh.198 On January 10, by Plane code as
C-130 owned by JSDF, Japan assistance in kind being carried to Aceh
through Medan199. From 1 to 3 February 2005, General Hajime
Massaki from Defense Agency of Japan scheduled to visit Jakarta and
196 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 28, 2005. Pengiriman Tim Medis Darurat Jepang Ketiga Bagi Korban Gempa Bumi yang Berpusat di Perairan Sumatera dan Tsunami di Samudera Hindia. Retrieved on February 5, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_12.html 197 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 198 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release Februari 1, 2005. Bantuan Jepang kepada Indonesia Pasca Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami di NAD & SUMUT(Bantuan Pangan dan Barang di Natura dari Pemerintah Daerah dan Perusahaan Swasta Jepang). Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_16.html 199 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release Januari 10, 2005. Pesawat Pasukan Bela Diri Udara Jepang Mengangkut Barang-barang Bantuan untuk Korban Tsunami di Aceh. Retrieved on april 20, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_06.html
94
Banda Aceh and to make inspection of JSDF that assign to support the
disaster emergency relief in Banda Aceh, Indonesia.200
6. Basic Infrastructure Rehabilitation
- Air Traffic Control (ATC) and airport derivative system
In the basic structure rehabilitation Air Traffic Control and airport
derivative system , in collaboration with the Ministry of
Transportation, Japan assist GOI in the in the form of expertise and
the equipment supply approximately 1 million yen on January 2005.
Through Training of trainers, Japan provide the communication
equipment and technology transfer by Japanese expert to improve
technical capabilities in order to rehabilitate ATC’s Banda Aceh and
Meulaboh airport that was damaged because of the earthquake.201
- Land title document recovery.
In cooperation with the National Land Agency / BPN and National
Archives of the Republic of Indonesia / ANRI, Japan support project
by giving assistance in the equipment supply approximately 200
million yen from February 2005 through May 2005. The restoration
of the entire land is scheduled to be completed by the end of January
2006. Japan delivered the expert in the field and introduce the
specialized techniques in document recovery and provision of the
equipment for storage in cold temperatures, freezing-drying
processes, and process Digital scanning, in order to recover various
documents related to land rights (as many as 6,565 land documents
covering 42,966 parcels of land in Banda Aceh) that were dirty and
damaged by the tsunami in Banda Aceh.202
200 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release January 31, 2005. Chairman of the Joint Staff Council of the Self-Defence Forces, Defence Agency of Japan, Visits Indonesia. Retrieved on April 28, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_15e.html 201 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 202 Ibid.
95
The commemoration ceremony is held in the National Archives of
Indonesia, Jakarta. During the ceremony, His Excellency Yutaka
Iimura, Ambassador of Japan in Indonesia, Mr. Taufik Effendi, State
Minister for Administrative Reform, Mr. Dhoko Utomo, the Director
General of National Archives of Indonesia and Mr. Joyo Winoto, the
Head of National Land Agency get together and symbolically press
the button of freeze dry vacuum chamber, which is utilized for the
restoration process.203
- Sewage facilities Recovery
Under the development study “Urgent Rehabilitation &
Reconstruction Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas of
North Sumatra” Japan in collaboration with the Dinas Kesehatan and
City Hygiene and Gardening Agency, Banda Aceh assist in the
rehabilitation of sewage facilities that was damaged by the disaster.
The total assistance approximately 100 million yen and the
implementation the implementation of rehabilitation covering an
area of 5000 ㎡ in the Kampung Jawa area, and the implementation
of public health education to the local community. After the
rehabilitation, the facility will be handed over to the Banda Aceh
Provincial Government on December 20, 2005. After that, the
facility will be able to process approximately 50 m3 of gross water
per day which can serve approximately 100,000 residents.204
203 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. Press Release November 23, 2004. Starting Final Process Banda Aceh Land Title Document Restoration. Retrieved on April 21, 2017 from http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news05_54e.html 204 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia
96
- Assistance in the West Coast Rehabilitation of North Sumatra Design
and planning.
Under the Urgent development study, "Urgent Rehabilitation &
Reconstruction Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas of
North Sumatra, Japan giving assistance in the basic data collection,
planning and technical consultation assistance for the implementing
agency for the rehabilitation of 250km road between Banda Aceh -
Meulaboh, while the detailed design will only cover a 122 km road
between Calang - Meulaboh, in preparation for the bidding process
that will Supported by Japan Government non-project grant aid. With
total assistance approximately 37 million yen and will start in March
– July 2005.205
IV.3.2 Japan Middle term Assistance for Aceh Rehabilitation Stage from
March 2005 – December 2006
1. Assisting Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Plan
- Assistance to Rehabilitation "Blueprint" Planning by Syah Kuala
University
In collaboration with Syah Kuala University Banda Aceh, Japan
assisting by using the local consultant services with worth
approximately 3.45 million Yen in March 2005. By the field
surveys and collecting opinion from various community members
in order to integrate the views of local people in the Rehabilitation
Blueprint & Reconstruction of Aceh "led by BAPPENAS. The
recommendations are divided into 11 issues, in accordance with the
number of working groups (POKJA) led by BAPPENAS.206
205 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 206 Ibid.
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- Aceh Youth Conference “Vision towards Aceh’s Development”
On March 11- 13, 2005, Japan give assistance to the
conference initiated by Aceh Youth by provide local consultant
service that worth 2.3 million yen. This conference is held in order
to integrate the views of local people toward BAPPENAS
Blueprint of Aceh Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, this
conferences attended by approximately 150 student and local NGO
representatives.207
- Urgent Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Project Plan for Banda
Aceh
Under the development study of Urgent Rehabilitation &
Reconstruction Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas of
North Sumatra, Japan give assistance in the cities and roads
planning, water supply and sewage systems, municipal sanitation,
roads and traffic, health and media care, education, disaster
protection, basing reconstruction planning Banda Aceh and the
geographic Information System. The assistance start in March 2005
until March 2006 with the total assistance approximately 521
million yen.208
- Assistance for Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Agency (BRR)
Aceh BRR was appointed as the represented of GOI in the Aceh
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Aid Coordinator. The main
function of BRR is to support the coordination of the relief and
reconstruction effort in 4 years mandate.209 Japan support BRR by
appointed a senior Japanese consultant as one form of technical
207 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia. 208 Ibid. 209 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
98
assistance to BRR Deputy for Planning & Program in Banda Aceh,
in particular to assist planning and oversight activities. 210
2. Social & Public Service Improvement
Assisting the human resources development for the improvement of
essential basic services such as education, health and medical care in the
focused of this program. This program emphasized on the education
improvement.
- Basic Education Assistance.
The form of Japan assistance in this project in the Technical
Cooperation Project “Regional Education Development &
Improvement Project (REDIP)” from April – October 2005 with
approximately assistance 27 million yen. Through rehabilitation of
the damaged classrooms, provision of teaching materials and etc,
Japan assisting to create good teaching learning condition. Through
training of the educational stakeholder (principals, teachers and
parents, Japan could accelerated assistance in the reconstruction of
education provision and reconstruction assistance of the
educational community. The targets of this assistance are 13
schools from 7 sub districts in Aceh Besar.
- Capacity Building of Government Institutions in Relation to
Trauma211
In this program, Japan provide the seminar assistance twice
with budget approximately 1 million yen. The first one is seminar
for Trauma Handling Personnel / logistic support seminar where
the objective of this seminar is to introduce Japan experience in
dealing with trauma cause by the disaster. This seminar was held
in April 2005 for Employees within the Ministry of Health and
210 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia. 211 Ibid.
99
Ministry of National Education. The second one are Training for
Trauma in August 2005. This training is given to the staff of the
Health Department & Provincial Health Office of Aceh,
psychiatrist from various NGOs and subsequently as well as to
Puskesmas officers in Aceh.212
3. Rebuilding Communities / Community Empowerment Program
Japan assist Aceh rebuilding communities through the program of
Community Empowerment Program. Community Empowerment Program
(CEP) in collaboration with 12 local/national NGOs with total budget 110
million yen in 12 projects from March 2005 thru March 2006. 213 CEP is
community based and integrated for the reconstruction of fishermen and
farmers village and focused in the coastal areas in Banda Aceh, Aceh
Besar, Pidie, Bireun, Meulaboh and Nias. In rebuilding the community this
program would combine social and cultural aspect. The main components
of this program are the assistance in the framework of encouraging tsunami
victims, including refugees to gain employment to earning a living.214
- Assistance in providing employment
In collaboration with Acehnese NGO YADESA, Jakarta NGO
Yayasan Nurani Dunia that partnering with Yayasan Komunitas
Participatif Aceh, Local NGO from Medan PKBI that partnering
with local NGO from Nias BPWN and Achenese NGO Yayasan
Citra Desa Indonesia, Japan support in the form of this assistance
in provision of the equipment and material such as boats, nets and
212 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia. 213 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and Provincial Government of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam. (2006). The Study of The Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Support Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas In North Sumatra. Volume II. Nippon KOEI., LTD, Yachiyo Engineering Co.,LTD and Pasco Corporation. 214 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia.
100
drying machine215. Provide facilitation to training and developing
skill to manage business in fishery, salted fist processing, livestock,
agriculture, home industry and trading. There are also assistance
for institutional development for microfinance. As well as support
for institutional development for microfinance. All of these
activities are implemented to restore community employment
opportunities.216
- Assistance for Post Trauma Syndrome Disease (PTSD)
In collaboration with Jakarta NGO Yayasan Nandra Dian
Nusantara (YNDN) that partnering with MUI Aceh and Acehnese
NGO Yayasan Anak Bangsa (YAB), this assistance focused on the
healing PTSD / trauma with the combination of psychological,
social and religious approaches and human resources development
through various cultural activities and radio program.217 The
priority of this project is given to children and adolescents. There
will be provision of technical training to the community leaders
above three approaches & income generation activities.
- Reconstruction of water / sanitation facilities and public health
education.
In collaboration with Acehnese NGO Yayasan PUGAR and
Indonesia NGO Yayasan Dian Desa that partnering with LSM
Forum from aceh, this assistance consists of reconstruction of
water / sanitation facilities, educational activities for communities
215 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and Provincial Government of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam. (2006). The Study of The Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Support Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas In North Sumatra. Volume II. Nippon KOEI., LTD, Yachiyo Engineering Co.,LTD and Pasco Corporation. 216 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 217 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and Provincial Government of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam. (2006). The Study of The Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Support Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas In North Sumatra. Volume II. Nippon KOEI., LTD, Yachiyo Engineering Co.,LTD and Pasco Corporation.
101
concerning maintenance of water / sanitation facilities and public
health, and community-led forest planting programs218.
- Community capacity building in planning and implementation of
reconstruction and enhancement of cooperation among community
members
In collaboration with Jakarta NGO Yayasan Pulih that
partnering with Sanggar Cuez and RTA Aceh as well as Acehnese
Ngo Yayasan Sinar Desa Indonesia (YASINDO) This assistance in
given with the objective to enhance the cooperation among
community by participatory approaches for planning and
implementing rural development project and approaches to
improve community collective and cooperative activities as well as
to increase the role of women in community development219
4. Local Economic Reconstruction
This program focused on the revitalization on local-led economic
industry and later in the long term reconstruction, it focused will shift to
the promotion of agriculture and fishery industry which is part of the local
economic reconstruction.
- Promotion of Small Medium Enterprises (ie local and traditional
industries)
i. Brick-making training
Japan assist the brick-making training with domestic training and
budget allocation approximately 2.6 million yen conducted on June 15
– 30, 2005 in cooperation with Aceh provincial Government Intended
for disaster victims. The training was held in Banda Aceh by Ceramics
Center (Ministry of Industry). This training aims to increase the level
218 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and Provincial Government of Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam. (2006). The Study of The Urgent Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Support Program for Aceh Province and Affected Areas In North Sumatra. Volume II. Nippon KOEI., LTD, Yachiyo Engineering Co.,LTD and Pasco Corporation. 219 Ibid.
102
of brick production, especially with the demand for large bricks for
housing development, as well as to expand employment. A total of 40
people participated in the training held in Doy Village, Ulle Kareng
Sub-district, Banda Aceh.220
ii. Metal welding and processing training
Japan collaborate with the Center for Metals and Machinery Ministry
of Industry in conducting domestic training on July 4 – 23, 2005 with
the budget allocation less than 3.5 million yen. The provided training
on metal welding and processing techniques required for reconstruction
, Especially related to the manufacture and repair of ships, automobiles,
agricultural machinery, and other plant equipment, targeting disaster
victims in the hall in Aceh Besar District.221
iii. Garment and embroidery training
In collaboration with Textile Center (Ministry of Industry) Japan
provided assistance with budget allocation approximately 3.6 million
yen conduct the domestic training in 14 – 28 September 2005. The
training conducted on shirts manufacturing and embroidered Islamic
nuances targeting disaster victims in the Aceh Besar District and Pidie
District.222
iv. Patchouli oil training
In collaboration with The Center for Chemical and Packaging
(Ministry of Industry) will conduct domestic training with budget
allocation approximately 1.55 million yen on the production and
quality control technology of patchouli oil is part of Aceh's traditional
220 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia 221 Ibid. 222 Ibid.
103
industry and has already begun to be exported to Japan in the Gayo
Lues district and Aceh Barat. 223
5. Strengthening Governance to implement the Special Autonomy
This program conducted on January 2006 aimed to rebuild local
government in handling the problem of human resources lacking due to
tsunami and also to strengthen the capacity of local government at the
provincial, district and sub-district levels in implementing special
autonomy.
- Training for Sub district leader (Camats)
In collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs and Training
and Training Center of Aceh Province, Japan assist GOI in training
for sub district leader (Camats) conducted on June 13 until July 22,
2005. With budget allocation 10 million Yen, Japan assistance were
given in the form of domestic training in the framework of technical
cooperation project “Human Resource Development for Local
Governance”. With total participation of 229 out of 241 sub district
in Aceh has participated in the training on local administration and
community. 224
- Training for Local Government Employees
With budget allocation 5.3 million yen, Japan assist Aceh in
special training participatory local social development in
collaboration with Hasanudin University for the staff of Syah Kuala
University in the hope that, as trainers, Disseminate the method to
policymakers & government officials at the local level.225
223 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia. 224 Ibid. 225 Ibid.
104
- Assistance to the Direct Elections of Regional Heads / Pilkada
Japan give assistance in the form of technical cooperation
project training in Japan and training in the country with budget
allocation approcimately 15 million yen and conducted on July –
September 2005. This assistance aimed in the capacity building of
the Independent Election Commission (KIP) in Aceh and in district
levels, as well as civil education. As a preliminary assistance, JICA
has facilitated by sent several KIP members to Padang for a
comparative study of the elections in Bukit Tinggi, West Sumatra.226
6. Others
- Professional Capacity Building on Legal Affairs concerning Post-
Tsunami Legal Disputes.
Japan assistance on this program divided into 2 forms which are
seminar and training.
(i) Seminar on Dispute Resolution Selection / PPS
In order to support the capacity building of Legal
professionals in resolving post-tsunami legal disputes, JICA
facilitates the implementation of PPS seminars by utilizing
JICA-Net (teleconference) which is expected to be followed
by Sharia Court judges, officials of the National Land Agency,
local lawyers, legal NGOs and Academics. The Domestic
training held on December 2005 – March 2006 227
226 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia. 227 Ibid.
105
(ii) Judicial Training (Training in Japan, Dec. 2005)
Japan assistance given in the form of Training in Japan
on December 2005 by the head of the NAD Syariah Court in
order to improve the understanding of the use of PPS methods
in resolving legal disputes in court.228
IV.4 Challenges toward the aid delivery and implementation
There are several challenges that faced by Japan in delivering their aid toward
Aceh post 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The main challenges would be the poor
coordination between each agencies and the managing the high expectation had by the
local people toward the rehabilitation and recovery stages.
a. Coordination Issues
Coordination issues are not the issues felt only by Japan in delivering
their ODA but rather almost every donor agencies. The large number of donor
agencies can cause confusion in carrying out activities. With nearly 500
organizations involved in the recovery program, including multilateral and
bilateral agencies, national and international NGOs, private companies and
associations, as well as civil society groups,does it is inevitable that there are
different approaches, standards and styles- different. Co-ordination issues
have caused gaps, duplication, inefficiencies and uncertainties. This can lead
to an unconformity between the needs and the recovery program.
BRR as the representative of GOI in Aceh in managing the coordination
in the aid implementation was the only hope to increase the good coordination
among agencies and local people, however BRR coordination with local
government itself was rather weak. Initially, local governments expected that
the BRR would help them implement local priorities. However, seeing that
local governments lacked comprehensive rehabilitation plans, the BRR
devised its own plan and spent considerable time in 2005 establishing offices
and learning about local problems. This approach did not work very well.
228 Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006). JICA in Aceh. Gempa / Tsunami Sumatra : Bantuan terhadap Rehabilitasi & Rekonstruksi ACEH. Jakarta. JICA Indonesia.
106
Local governments felt that they already had sufficient knowledge about local
concerns and were furious over what they regarded as a late start by the BRR.
The weak coordination between the BRR and Local government lead to the
slow implementation of the aid.229
With many agencies involved in the field, coordination issues somehow
something unavoidable, but it can be minimize to the point it will not be a
hindrance in the aid delivery. 230
b. Managing Expectations
The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation plan created by BAPPENAS
was so ambitious that its created high expectation of Aceh people. During the
emergency relief stage, the local witness itself the arrival of large scale
support from government and non-government organization. The emergency
relief stage was carry out mote sustained and intensive than the recovery
stage. The recovery stage has lower intensity and many delay and was seen
by many people as reflecting the inactivity on the part of the BRR
The weak coordination between BRR and the central, provincial and
district governments in the formation of work unit implementation has
delayed the commencement of planned projects. The approval process is slow
because BRRNias approval for a project must pass through BRR in Banda
Aceh, and then have to pass departments in Medan and Aceh. In some cases
this process takes up to 4 months. A ”slow starter” is the term used by several
observer to describe the first year BRR’s Operation.231
For the local people in Aceh and Nias, the disaster recovery rise their
expectations in the local level’s significant improvement. Development in
these area has log lagged behind than development in any other place in
229 BRR (2005). Aceh dan Nias Setahun Setelah Tsunami. Upaya Pemulihan dan Langkah ke Depan. BRR Aceh dan Nias. 230 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. 231 BRR (2005). Aceh dan Nias Setahun Setelah Tsunami. Upaya Pemulihan dan Langkah ke Depan. BRR Aceh dan Nias.
107
Indonesia because of Aceh have been undergo long socio-political conflict
and Nias as remoteness island separated from Sumatra. The establishment of
BRR in 2005 led excitement among local people.
Other than the inactivity of the BRR part, bad infrastructure became a
serious problem in deliver the aid and in the project implementation. The
damaged one lane roads slow down the movement of trucks carrying
construction material and heavy items. And with the high demand of
construction material for the rehabilitation and reconstruction stage, its lead
to the high inflation in the regions. 232
IV. 5 Summary
Chapter IV in this thesis explained about the overview of Japan ODA Disaster
Relief in the Liberalism perspective and the implementation of Japan ODA for the
short and middle term for Aceh as well as the challenges that been faced by Japan in
implementing their aid for emergency reliefs and rehabilitation of Aceh and Nias.
Based on the framework explained in the chapter 1, In the terms of Japan
Official Development Assistance, especially with the implementation of Japan ODA
Disaster Reliefs toward Indonesia post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, the liberalism
perspective is the most suitable International relation perspective to explain the root of
Japan ODA focusing in the disaster relief and its implementations. Since the liberalism
perspective explained about the importance of the international cooperation among
states as well as the interdependence that formed from the cooperation and mutual
believed that later will influence the states behavior. From the Japan representative
statement, ODA overview and the report and press released we can see the
implementation of ODA focusing in the disaster reliefs based on the liberalism
perspective.
232 Nazara, Suahasil and Budy P. Resosudarmo. 2007. Aceh-Nias Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation: Progress and Challenges at the End of 2006. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute.
108
Later, to answer the research question in the chapter 1, Japan support Indonesia
for disaster emergency relief into 3 stages, however with the timeline of this thesis
started in 2004 – 2006, There only 2 stages conducted in those timeline which are short
term and middle term. Short term assistance are start in January 2005 until December
2005 are focused on the emergency reliefs that given through multilateral aid and
bilateral grant aid that focusing on the financial resources and human resources such
as dispatch of medical team, Japan self defense force and survey team as well as basic
infrastructure rehabilitation to support the emergency relief effort in Aceh. While the
middle term assistance started in March 2005 until December 2006 focused on the
rehabilitation of the area and the people such as assisting in the rehabilitation and
reconstruction plan, improvement in social and public service, Rebuilding
Communities, local economic reconstruction and strengthening governance to
implement the special autonomy.
There are also several challenges face by GOJ in delivering and implementing
their aid such as the poor coordination and managing the expectation of the local
people of the rehabilitation and reconstruction stage.
109
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In supporting Indonesia for disaster emergency relief stage and rehabilitation
state post 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake year from 2004 – 2006, Japan give assistance
based on the timeline given by BAPPENAS Blue Print for Aceh rehabilitation and
reconstruction that later being adjust with Japan priority and disaster stricken area’s
condition. Japan timeline’s in responding the disaster from 2004 – 2006 divided into
2 stages which are short term assistance for emergency disaster relief and middle term
assistance for rehabilitation. Short term aid started on January 2005 until December
2005 with focused on the emergency relief and humanitarian aid that given through
contribution to International Organization, Grass-roots Assistance, Dispatch of Japan
Disaster Reliefs, Financial Assistance, Material Assistance and also Basic
Infrastructure Rehabilitation. And in middle term aid that focused on the rehabilitation
of the area and the community started on March 2005 until December 2006, Japan
provided assistance in rehabilitation and reconstruction plan, social and public service
improvement, Rebuilding Communities, Local economy reconstruction and
strengthening governance to implement the special autonomy.
2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami that occurred on 26th December
2004 at 07:58:53 local time (00:58:53 GMT) with a moment magnitude of 8.9 – 9.0
richer scale, has struck in the west coast of Sumatra Island and made Aceh, Indonesia
as the area with the worst casualties. In responding the disaster, Indonesia prepared
strategies to support the rehabilitation and reconstruction in the Aceh and Nias which
are the published of Master Plan for the mitigation effort post disaster in Aceh and
Nias, The establishment of The Aceh – Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Agency (BRR) and the Peace agreement between the Free Aceh Movement and
Government of Indonesia. In responding the massive disaster, international
community held and aid program to support the disaster stricken countries. Over US$
14 billion humanitarian aid was mobilized in the financial terms, the large donor
number’s countries and the humanitarian organization that involved in the tsunami aid
make Tsunami aid as the largest single aid effort that ever been held.
110
One of Japan ODA Grant aid form in responding the disaster called as Japan
ODA for Disaster Relief. The disaster relief assistance given by Japan is also called as
Japan’s humanitarian assistance. The assistance given into 2 ways which are assistance
through International Organizations or IOs and assistance in bilateral aid. Assistance
through IOs are where japan contribute their financial grant aid to IOs / NGOs like
UN, WHO, UNESCO, ISDR and etc while the bilateral aid given directly to the state.
The bilateral aid are given in the form of personnel assistance where Japan dispatch
their Japan Disaster Relief Team (JDR), material assistance where Japan provide
emergency relief in the form of goods and financial assistance in the form of
emergency grant aid.
In the terms of Japan Official Development Assistance, especially with the
implementation of Japan ODA Disaster Reliefs toward Indonesia post 2004 Indian
Ocean Earthquake, the liberalism perspective is the most suitable International relation
perspective to explain the root of Japan ODA focusing in the disaster relief and its
implementations. Since the liberalism perspective explained about the importance of
the international cooperation among states as well as the interdependence that formed
from the cooperation and mutual believed that later will influence the states behavior.
As being explained by Liberal Institutionalist, international cooperation should be
organized and formalized in institutions that play the role as rule establisher. The rule
would govern the behavior of the states in the specific area such as the rule and
regulation for humanitarian aid and human right issues. Based on that explanation, in
delivering their ODA, Japan ODA Disaster Relief Strongly influenced by DAC
Humanitarian Aid. DAC OECD or the Development Of Assistance Community of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which is a forum to
discussed issues related to aid, development and poverty reduction in developing
countries. DAC play the role as rule establisher in the terms of humanitarian aid
disaster response. As a member of DAC, Japan has the obligation to follow the rule
and regulation made by DAC in providing ODA Disaster response. From the Japan
representative statement, ODA overview and the report and press released we can see
the implementation of ODA focusing in the disaster reliefs can be explained using the
liberalism perspective.
111
In responding the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake, Japan pledged offering their
support up to US$500 million that would be contributed through International
Organizations and directly toward the country stricken by the disaster. US$250 million
of the pledged money contributed through IOs like UNICEF, UNWFP, UN Volunteer,
ISDR and etc. while the other US$250 would be contributed directly to the country in
the form of financial resources like emergency grant aid and assistance in kinds. Beside
that, Japan also provide assistance in knowledge and expertise and human resources
assistance.
Japan support Indonesia for disaster emergency relief from 2004 to 2006
divided into 2 stages which are short term and middle term. Short term assistance are
start in January 2005 until December 2005 are focused on the emergency reliefs that
given through multilateral aid and bilateral grant aid that focusing on the financial
resources and human resources such as dispatch of medical team, Japan self defense
force and survey team as well as basic infrastructure rehabilitation to support the
emergency relief effort in Aceh. While the middle term assistance started in March
2005 until December 2006 focused on the rehabilitation of the area and the people
such as assisting in the rehabilitation and reconstruction plan, improvement in social
and public service, Rebuilding Communities, local economic reconstruction and
strengthening governance to implement the special autonomy. There are also several
challenges face by GOJ in delivering and implementing their aid such as the poor
coordination and managing the expectation of the local people of the rehabilitation and
reconstruction stage.
112
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APPENDIX
