Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S. I.Volume 68

edited byM. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J.

Institutum Historicum Societatis IesuBorgo S. Spirito, 4

00193 Roma

Christianity and Cultures Japan & China in Comparison

1543-1644

© 2009 Institutum Historicum Societatis IesuBorgo S. Spirito, 4

00193 Roma

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ISBN 978-88-7041-368-7

Front & back cover: Details taken from [Luís de Granada], Giya do pekadoru ぎやどぺかどる, vol. iiNagasaki, 1599 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 203, f. 3r)

Matteo Ricci, Jiaoyou lun 交友論, 1599 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 49, f. 2v-3r) &Tianzhu shiyi 天主實義 (ARSI, Jap.-Sin. I, 44, f. 12r)

Front endpaper: Joan Blaeu (ca.1596–1673), Asia noviter delineata, 1660 (ARSI, Fondo Cartine Geografiche)Back endpaper: Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594), Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione desumpta studio et

industria G. M. Iuniori, 1600 (Kirishitan Bunko, Sophia University, Tokyo 上智大学キリシタン文庫)Note: The original colours and resolution of some of these images have been modified.

Cover designs: M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S.J. and Fabrizio Selli

Printed in Italy: Tipografia Fa.Ro press (Roma)

Contents

Notes on contributors viiiList of abbreviations xiiIllustrations xvList of illustrations xxxiiiForeword xxxix

Introduction

Christianity and Cultures:Japan & China in Comparison, 1543-1644 1M.AntoniJ.Üçerler,S.J.

i. Christian Missionaries and their Encounter with Japan & China

1 The Jesuit Encounter with Buddhism in Ming China 19RonniePo-ChiaHsia

2 From Dainichi to Deus. The Early Missionaries’ Discovery and Understanding of Buddhism 45KishinoHisashi

Responses & Reflections 61NicolasStandaert,S.J.

ii. The Challenges of Religious Translation:Creating a Native East Asian Christian Literature

3 The Archaeology of Dreams: The ShengmenggeIts Translation and its Tranformation 67LiSher-shiueh

4 The Japanese Translations of the Jesuit Mission Press 83WilliamFarge,S.J.

Responses & Reflections 107ThierryMeynard,S.J.

Table of ContentsVI

iii. Living the New Faith i: Christian Liturgy & Rituals

5 The Adaptation of the Christian Liturgy & Sacramentsto Japanese Culture during the Christian Era in Japan 113IgnatiaKataokaRumiko

6 A Solution to the Rites Controversy proposed byAntonio Rubino, S.J. 127AsamiMasakazu

Responses & Reflections 143EugenioMenegon

iv. Japanese and Chinese Christians:Native Faith Communities & Organizations

7 Communities, Christendom, and the Unified Regimein Early Modern Japan 151KawamuraShinzŌ,S.J.

8 Trade, Literati, and Mission: The Catholic Social Networkin Late Ming Southern Fujian 169ZhangXianqing

Responses & Reflections 199GailKing

v. Living the New Faith ii:Christian Art & its Various Expressions

9 Artistic Exchanges between Macau and Japanin the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 207MoXiaoye

10 The Iconography of the Virgin Mary in Japan & its Transformation: Chinese Buddhist Sculpture & Maria Kannon 229WakakuwaMidori

Responses & Reflections 249ThomasM.Lucas,S.J.

Table of Contents VII

vi. The Politics of the Encounter: Japanese and ChineseAtt itudes towards Christianity & Christians

11 Th e Edo Shogunate’s View of Christianityin the Seventeenth Century 255YamamotoHirofumi

12 Europaeology? On the Diffi culty of Assemblinga Knowledge of Europe in China 269TimothyBrook

Responses & Refl ections 295QiYinping

vii. Macau at the Crossroads of Europe and East Asia

13 Th e Japanese Students in the College of Macau (1594-1606) 305JoãoPauloOliveiraeCosta

Responses & Refl ections 329PatrickProvost-Smith

Epilogue

Christianity and Cultures:Japan & China in Comparison, 1543-1644.Refl ections on a Signifi cant Th eme 337JohnW.Witek,S.J.

Select Bibliography 345Index 379

Notes on Contributors

M. Antoni J. Üçerler, S. J. is Research Fellow in East Asian history and Senior Tutor at Campion Hall, University of Oxford. He is co-editor of Ales-sandro Valignano. Uomo del Rinascimento. Ponte tra Oriente e Occidente (2008) and of the Laures Rare Book Database at Sophia University, Tokyo. His forth-coming book is The Samurai and the Sword. Reinventing Christianity in Early Modern Japan.

Asami Masakazu 浅見雅一 is Associate Professor of Japanese history at Keiō University in Tokyo. He is currently a Visiting Scholar at Harvard Uni-versity’s Yenching Institute. He has published widely on the history of Chris-tianity in Japan and China and edited a number of early modern primary sources in Spanish. He is also author of Kirishitan jidai no gūzō sūhai (2009).

Timothy Brook is Professor of Chinese history and Principal of St John’s College at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. His many books in the social and cultural history of Ming China include, The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China (1998), Chinese State in Ming Society (2005), Vermeer’s Hat (2008), and Death by a Thousand Cuts (2008).

William J. Farge, S. J. is Associate Professor of Japanese in the Depart-ment of Languages and Cultures at Loyola University of New Orleans, USA. His major areas of research include Christian history in Japan as well as Tokugawa literature and political history. He is author of The Japanese Trans-lations of the Jesuit Mission Press, 1590–1614 (2003).

Ronnie Po-chia Hsia 夏伯嘉 is Edwin Earle Sparks Professor of history in the Department of History and Religious Studies at Pennsylvania State University, USA. His research focuses on the history of early modern Europe and the encounter between Europe and Asia. His many books include The World of Catholic Renewal (1540–1770) (1999) and Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe (2007).

Notes on Contributors IX

Ignatia Kataoka Rumiko 片岡瑠美子 is Professor of comparative culture at Nagasaki Junshin Catholic University in the Faculty of Humanities. An his-torian of Christianity in early modern Japan, her publications include, A vida e a acção pastoral de D. Luís Cerqueira, S.J., bispo do Japão, 1598-1614 (1997) and Tōhoku ajia ni okeru katorikku shakai fukushi no rekishiteki kenkyū (2008).

Kawamura Shinzō 川村信三 is Associate Professor of history in the Fac-ulty of Letters at Sophia University, Tokyo. His research focuses on the history of Christianity in Japan and Japanese–European relations in the early modern world. He is author of Kirishitan shinto soshiki no tanjō to henyō. Konfurariya kara konfu-rariya e (2003) and Hyakunen no kioku. Iezusukai sairainichi kara isseiki (2008).

Gail King is Asian Studies Librarian and Curator of the Asian Collection of the Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, in Provo, Utah, USA.Her publications on Ming Dynasty popular fiction include The Story of Hua Guan Suo (1989). He research also concentrates on subjects in seventeenth-century Christianity in China and Chinese Christian women.

Kishino Hisashi 岸野久 is Professor emeritus of history at Tōhō Gakuen University Junior College and director of the Society of Historical Studies of Christianity in Japan. He has carried out extensive research on the work of Francis Xavier in Japan and India. He is author of Zabieru no dōhansha Anjirō: Sengoku jidai no kokusaijin (2001) and co-author of Kirishitan kyōrisho (1993).

Li Sher-shiueh 李奭學 is Associate Research Fellow at the Taiwan Aca-demia Sinica Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy and Associate Professor at the National Taiwan Normal University. His academic interest is in Chinese and Western comparative literature. His books include Zhongguo wan Ming yu Ouzhou wenxue (2007) Deyi wangyan (2007).

Thomas M. Lucas, S. J. is Professor of art and architecture at the University of San Francisco. An accomplished artist, he is responsible for the renovations of the rooms of Ignatius of Loyola in Rome and the restoration of the stain glass windows at the Zikawei Cathedral in Shanghai, China. He is also author of the award-winning Landmarking: City, Church, and Jesuit Urban Strategy (1997).

Notes on ContributorsX

Eugenio Menegon is Assistant Professor in the Department of History, Boston University, USA. His interests include Chinese–Western relations in late imperial times, Chinese religions and Christianity in China, Chinese sci-ence, and the intellectual history of Republican China. He is author of Ancestors, Virgins, and Friars Christianity as a Local Religion in Late Imperial China (2009).

Thierry Meynard, S. J. is Assistant Professor of philosophy and religious studies in the Department of Philosophy at Sun Yat-sen University in Guang-zhou, China. His research focuses on the cultural and religious encounter be-tween China and the West. His publications include The Religious Thought of Liang Shuming (2006) and Teilhard and the Future of Humanity (2006).

Mo Xiaoye 莫小也 is Associate Professor of art history in the Department of Fine Arts at Zhejiang University, China. He does research in comparative Eastern and Western art in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the history of art in Macau, and the history of Christian art in China. He is author of 17-18 shiji chuanjiaoshi yu xihua dongjian (2002).

João Paulo Oliveira e Costa is Professor in the Department of Historyand Director of the Centro de História de Além-Mar at the New University in Lis-bon. He is also editor of the Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies. His many pub-lications on the history of Portuguese expansion include Portugal e o Japão. O sé-culo namban (1993) and Cartas ánuas do Colégio de Macau (1594–1627) (1999). Patrick Provost-Smith works as a consultant for theological education in an international context, and is a founding co-editor of The Journal of World Christianity. He has served on the faculty at Harvard Divinity School. Among his forthcoming publication projects there is Holy War, Just War: Early Mod-ern Christianity, Religious Ethics and the Rhetoric of Empire.

Qi Yinping 戚印平 He is Professor of philosophy and Director of the In-stitute for Christianity and Cross-Cultural Studies at Zhejiang University, China. His research focuses primarily on religion in East Asia and Chinese foreign cultural relations. His recent publications include Riben zaoqi Yesuhui-shi yanjiu (2003) and Yuandong Yesuhuishi yanjiu (2007).

Notes on Contributors XI

Nicolas Standaert, S. J. is Professor of Chinese history at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. He has published widely on the cultural exchang-es between China and the West and edited documents in the history of Chris-tianity in China. His publications include A Handbook of Christianity in China (2000) and Les Danses rituelles chinoises d’après Joseph-Marie Amiot (2005).

Wakakuwa Midori 若桑みどり (1935–2007) was Professor emeritus at Chiba University and also taught at Kawamura Gakuen Women’s University. A renowned feminist thinker and award-winning author, she was a specialist in Italian art as well as in gender studies. Her many publications include Bara no ikonorojii (1984), Sensō ga tsukuru joseizō (1995), and Seibozō no tōrai (2008).

John W. Witek, S. J. is Professor of history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. He is a prolific author and has written extensively on the en-counter between China and the West and the history of Christianity in East Asia. His books include Monumenta Sinica, vol. i: (1546–1562) (2002) and Ferdinand Verbiest, 1623-1688. Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat (1994).

Yamamoto Hirofumi 山本博文 is Professor of Japanese history at the Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo. A prolific writer on the Edo Shogunate and Japan’s political and diplomatic history, his books include Bakuhansei no seiritsu to kinsei no kokusei (1990), Sakoku to kaikin jidai (1995), Seppuku (2003), Edo jidai o tanken suru (2005), and Edo no soshikijin (2008).

Zhang Xianqing 張先清 is Associate Professor in anthropology in the De-partment of Anthropology and Ethnic Studies at Xiamen University, China. His research focuses on Chinese Christian history and the history of cultural exchanges between China and West. His publications include Shiliao yu shijie Zhongwen wenxian yu Zhongguo Jidujiaoshi yanjiu (2007).