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January 23, 2014 1
Inception of Liquid LoadingFoam Flow
Ayantayo Ajani
The University of Tulsa
January 23, 2014 2
Outline
• Introduction• Large Scale Facility
Equipment and Data Collection
• Results• Foam Flow Liquid Loading• Preliminary Conclusions
January 23, 2014 3
Introduction
• Recall from air water flow that when residual pressure drop reaches zero value, liquid loading is initiated in the pipe.
• The concept above will be investigated for foam flow in a 40 ft, 2-in and 4-in vertical pipe.
January 23, 2014 4
Large Scale Facility: Flow Diagram
January 23, 2014 5
Large Scale Facility: Structure
January 23, 2014 6
Large Scale Facility: Mixing Section
January 23, 2014 7
Test Section
• 3 Trapping Sections 2 Quick Closing Valves 2 Pressure Transducers Visualization Box
DP
QCV
QCV
VB
January 23, 2014 8
Facility Design
January 23, 2014 9
Test Matrix – Large Scale Facility
Foamer 2158 Foamer 2557 Foamer 3311
Pipe Diameter, (inch)
2, 4
Vsg, (m/s) 1.85 – 25 (based on pipe diameter/ Values in the range of transition from annular to intermittent flow))
Vsl, (m/s) 0.01, 0.03
Concentrations, (ppm)
400, 800, 1200, 1600, 3000
200, 400, 600, 1000
400, 600, 800, 1000
January 23, 2014 10
Uncertainty Analysis
Parameter Instrument Random Uncertainty
Systematic Uncertainty
Combined Uncertainty
Units
Liquid Flow Rate
Micro Motion Flow Meter 0.018 0.041 0.082 Kg/ min
Gas Flow Rate Micro Motion Flow Meter 0.004 0.031 0.061 Kg/ min
Pressure Rosemount Pressure Transducer
38 174 348 Pa
Pressure Gradient
Rosemount Differential Pressure Transducer
0.1 9 18 Pa/ m
Temperature Rosemount Temperature Transducer
0.0015 0.105 0.21 0C
Gas Velocity - 0.008 0.07 0.14 m /s
Liquid Velocity - 0.00025 0.0004 0.0009 m/ s
January 23, 2014 11
Outline
• Introduction• Large Scale Facility
Equipment and Data Collection
• Results• Foam Flow Liquid Loading• Preliminary Conclusions
January 23, 2014 12
Results: Pressure Gradient:Air-Water, 2-in Pipe
16 m/s16 m/s
January 23, 2014 13
Results: Pressure Gradient:Air-Water, 4-in Pipe
20 m/s
19 m/s
January 23, 2014 14
Results: Liquid Holdup for Air-Water in 2-in and 4-in Pipes
January 23, 2014 15
Observations
• The inception of liquid loading is not very sensitive to liquid velocity. We can assume a constant value over the range of investigation
• Liquid film thickness, based on material balance, is bigger in 4” pipe than in 2” pipe
January 23, 2014 16
Outline
• Introduction• Large Scale Facility
Equipment and Data Collection
• Results• Foam Flow Liquid Loading• Preliminary Conclusions
January 23, 2014 17
Results: S-2158, 400 ppm, 2 inch
6 m/s3.2 m/s
January 23, 2014 18
Results: S-2158, 800 ppm, 2 inch
4.3 m/s
2 m/s
January 23, 2014 19
Results: S-2158, 1200 ppm, 2 inch
3.2 m/s 2 m/s
January 23, 2014 20
Results: S-2158, 1600 ppm, 2 inch
1.4 m/s 1.5 m/s
January 23, 2014 21
Results: S-2158, 3000 ppm, 2 inch
2.8 m/s
January 23, 2014 22
Results: S-2158, 400 ppm, 4 inch
15 m/s16 m/s
January 23, 2014 23
Results: S-2158, 800 ppm, 4 inch
14 m/s 16 m/s
January 23, 2014 24
Results: S-2158, 1200 ppm, 4 inch
8 m/s
3 m/s
January 23, 2014 25
Results: S-2158, 1600 ppm, 4 inch
4 m/s2 m/s
January 23, 2014 26
Results: S-2158, 3000 ppm, 4 inch
6 m/s
January 23, 2014 27
Results: Liquid Holdup for S-2158 in 2-in and 4-in Pipes
January 23, 2014 28
Results: Critical Velocity for S-2158
Avg of VsgC for Vsl = 0.01 & 0.03 m/s
January 23, 2014 29
Results: S-2557, 200 ppm, 2 inch
15 m/s
10 m/s
January 23, 2014 30
Results: S-2557, 400 ppm, 2 inch
11 m/s8.5 m/s
January 23, 2014 31
Results: S-2557, 600 ppm, 2 inch
9 m/s4 m/s
January 23, 2014 32
Results: S-2557, 1000 ppm, 2 inch
5 m/s 3.4 m/s
January 23, 2014 33
Results: S-2557, 200 ppm, 4 inch
19 m/s
15 m/s
January 23, 2014 34
Results: S-2557, 400 ppm, 4 inch
16.5 m/s 14 m/s
January 23, 2014 35
Results: S-2557, 600 ppm, 4 inch
17 m/s9 m/s
January 23, 2014 36
Results: S-2557, 1000 ppm, 4 inch
14.5 m/s13 m/s
January 23, 2014 37
Results: Liquid Holdup for S-2557 in 2-in and 4-in Pipes
January 23, 2014 38
Results: Critical Velocity for S-2557Avg of VsgC for Vsl = 0.01 & 0.03 m/s
January 23, 2014 39
Results: Liquid Holdup for S-3311 in 2-in and 4-in Pipes
January 23, 2014 40
Results: Critical Velocity for S-3311Avg of VsgC for Vsl = 0.01 & 0.03 m/s
January 23, 2014 41
Results: Critical velocity versus Mass unloaded, (%): (Using Concentration at Half Life); 2 inch
January 23, 2014 42
Results: Critical velocity versus Mass unloaded, (%): (Using Concentration at Half Life); 4 inch
January 23, 2014 43
Pressure Gradients
January 23, 2014 44
Results: Pressure Gradient:S-2158, Vsl = 0.01 m/s
January 23, 2014 45
Results: Pressure Gradient:S-2557, Vsl = 0.01 m/s
January 23, 2014 46
Results: Pressure Gradient:S-3311, Vsl = 0.01 m/s
January 23, 2014 47
Outline
• Introduction• Large Scale Facility
Equipment and Data Collection
• Results• Foam Flow Liquid Loading• Preliminary Conclusions
January 23, 2014 48
Preliminary Conclusions
• In the presence of foam, for both 2” and 4” pipes, the inception of liquid loading is postponed
• The impact of foam in 2” pipe is much more significant than in 4” pipe. This is most likely caused by hold up behavior
• We believe that entrained liquid in gas core increases as the pipeline diameter decreases
January 23, 2014 49
Preliminary Conclusions
• Holdup in 2” pipe is smaller than holdup in 4” pipe at low gas velocities for a given concentration of surfactant
• It is possible to predict the behavior of foam efficacy based on small scale experiments
• The pressure drop, for a given surfactant concentration, is much greater in 2” pipe than in 4” pipe compared to air-water
January 23, 2014 50
Inception of Liquid LoadingFoam Flow
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