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JAM ES W ILLIAM McBAIN

1882-1953

J ames W illiam M cBain was the eldest son in a family of five, consisting of three sisters and a brother. He was born in Chatham, New Brunswick, on 22 March 1882, his father being James Afleck Frazer McBain, D.D., a minister in the Presbyterian church at Port Dover, Canada. One of his great grandfathers was James Hunter, Principal of St Andrews University. James and his brother, Clifford, as boys, led a very open-air life, especially in making and sailing in home-made boats. His parents died when he was young, and for many years he was in the care of his two elder sisters. He received his early education on Rhode Island.

He entered the University of Toronto at the age of 17, graduating with the B.A. degree in 1903 and the M.A. in 1904, obtaining first class honours in chemistry and mineralogy and the Edward Blake Scholarship in his second year. He was especially attracted to the comparatively new branch of chemis­try, namely, physical chemistry, taught there by F. B. Kenrick and W. Lash Miller, to whom he was assistant. His first scientific publication consisted in an examination of the rate of oxidation of ferrous salts on exposure to air. The winter semester of 1904-5 was spent at the University of Leipzig which at that time was at the height of its academic activity in physical chemistry, including on its staff Wo. Ostwald, R. Luther, H. Freundlich, and K. Drucker. He devoted the following three semesters to study with G. Bredig at Heidelberg, where he obtained the Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry, with mathematics and physics as subsidiary subjects. In Germany he developed a fondness for art and music, taking a walking tour round the art galleries of Italy during his summer vacation and becoming an accomplished player on the flute.

His first academic appointment was as lecturer in the University of Bristol in 1906, a post which he held until he was appointed as the first Leverhulme Professor of Chemistry in that University in 1919. During this period he took great interest in the activities of the corporate life of the then young University. He initiated and was Chairman of the Men Lecturers’ Com­mittee as well as taking an active part in forming the Alumni Association, the Officers’ Training Corps and the Guild of Undergraduates. He became an active player in college football and tennis and was a keen swimmer. The athletic ground for the University sports owes its existence to McBain’s efforts. Later he became interested in the inception and development of the Association of University Teachers, being a member of the Central Executive

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^30 Obituary Noticesfrom its commencement, and he served as President both of the local Bristol branch and later of the National Association itself.

Here McBain married Anna Roeder of Karlsruhe. They had one daughter, Janet Quin McBain, but the first Anglo-German war terminated the marriage in divorce. He occupied the Leverhulme Chair of Chemistry in the University of Bristol until 1926 when, after a period as visiting professor, he was invited to become Professor of Chemistry in the University of Stanford, California. He accepted this post and remained there until he became Emeritus Professor in 1947.

On 1 January 1929 he was married again to a woman of remarkable ability, Mary Evelyn Laing, who had been on the Science Faculty at Bristol and was a research associate in Chemistry at Stanford. She was the daughter of David Laing, a member of a Scottish covenanting family from Ayrshire, and of Jeanne McGeogh, likewise of Scotland. Her uncle, John Laing, was a member of Cecil Rhodes’ Cabinet and the town of Laingsburg, South Africa, is named after him. They had one son, John Keith McBain. During all his years at Stanford in the interludes of foreign travel and in India, Evelyn McBain was there to help him in his daily needs, whilst she herself, apparently without effort, maintained a high standard of social activity in the home.

For a further period of two years he remained at Stanford, being engaged in research mainly for the Office of Naval Research.

At the request of Prime Minister Nehru, McBain took on the task of com ­pleting the building and staffing of the new National Chemical Laboratory at Poona, India, of which he was made Director.

A few months after his return to Stanford he had an acute heart attack and three weeks later, on 12 March 1953, died of cerebral haemorrhage.

During his period at Bristol he was a member of several government com­mittees on such topics as adhesion, corrosion and rubber. Before World War I he had taken a Territorial Commission in the O.T.C., in which he was actively engaged at the commencement of the war, subsequently he worked for the Department of Explosives Supply of the Ministry of Munitions. In World War II, when he was resident in the U.S.A., and of which country he became a naturalized citizen, he did research work for the Office of Scientific Research and Development, for the National Advisory Council of Aeronautics and for the Rubber Research Board. McBain was very inter­nationally minded. When in England he was a member of a Masonic Lodge. He was an ardent Rotarian, being a member in Bristol and later at Palo- Alto, where he was President in 1933, and at Poona, India, where he was President in 1951. He attended International Rotary Conventions at Seattle, Vienna, Nice and San Francisco. He was foreign Guest of Honour at the Fourth National Colloid Symposium in 1926 and the 21st symposium in 1947 was entitled the ‘McBain Colloid Symposium’. He represented both the Royal Society and the American Chemical Society at the Mendelejeff Centenary in Moscow and Leningrad in 1934. As guests of the U.S.S.R., the

James William Me Bain 531delegates toured through Russia, the Ukraine and Georgia. During this visit, McBain found that the Russians had translated his book on ‘Sorption’ and requested him to write a foreword so that he might receive royalties. When he returned in 1937 to lecture at the Physical Chemical Institute in Moscow, he found a sizeable bank balance from these royalties, which he and his wife found most acceptable as a travel fund. In 1941 he was the victim of a serious motor accident in which he suffered a fracture of the skull. In 1945 he again visited Russia, this time by flight across Siberia, to attend, as one of fifteen U.S.A. representatives, the celebration of the 220th Anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1925 and was the recipient of the Davy Medal in 1939. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate at Bonn University in 1923, and at Bristol University in 1928. His name was cited in the London Gazette by the War Office (England) in 1918 for ‘valuable services’, and he was given the Order of Merit by the Naval Research Board (U.S.A.). He took an active part in the compilation of data for the Tables Annuelles of the International Committee during the years 1910, 1911, 1912, and again in 1914-1917, and was an associate editor of the Journal o f the American Chemical Society, as well as being one of the editors of the Journal of Physical Chemistry. He also served as Vice-President of the Faraday Society.

McBain was a somewhat indifferent lecturer, but his kindness, sympathy and understanding won him many friends, and the admiration of many who helped to form the large schools of research which he built up, first in Bristol, and in later years at Stanford, where he entertained numerous foreign visitors in his beautiful house and large garden, in which he was an assiduous worker, at 571 Football Road. He would arrive at his laboratory at 8 a.m. and take note of the already growing queue at his door and deal with them first. This was the recognized way that students had of getting hold of him. His research school had overflowed from the main building and had filled all available stables and outbuildings. Each morning, certain research students would find a note on their benches to say that McBain would visit them at such and such a time, thus ensuring that that particular man would not have dis­appeared at the time the Professor had reserved to give him attention.

McBain’s research interests were mainly in the field of colloid science, on which he published two authoritative textbooks, one the Absorption of gases and vapours by solids, and the other Colloid science. In this latter work, he discusses the various fields in which he had worked during his active career. These pieces of work are contained in some four hundred papers in various scientific journals. This prodigious output was made possible by the fact that he had two secretaries, one a general secretary, and the other a chemist whose duty it was to make first drafts of papers from students’ reports so that McBain himself could dash off the finished article quickly. At the time of his death, many original papers in draft form and two books in preparation, lay on his desk.

McBain’s work was distinguished for its clarity of style and its originality

both in thought and in experimental technique. H. Freundlich wrote about McBain the following appreciation: ‘Man finded in der Untersuchungen McBains neben vorzuglicher experimenteller Arbeit und Kritische Klarheit stets selbstandigkeit ja orginalitat.’

McBain was early attracted to the examination of simple soaps. As early as 1910 he showed that aqueous solutions of soaps such as sodium palmitate were good electrolytic conductors. He revealed the interesting anomaly that maxima and minima were found in the conductivity concentration curves. Since it was possible that this conductivity might be due to the caustic soda produced by the hydrolysis of the sodium salts of the comparatively weak fatty acids, his next investigation led him to an examination of the degree of hydrolysis for various concentrations of soap. The extent of hydrolysis as revealed both by means of the hydrogen electrode as well as by the rate of catalysis of nitrosotriacetoneamine was found to be small and McBain was led to infer the existence of highly mobile negative carriers of electricity which possessed mobilities similar to that of the citrate ion. Thus was born the concept of the ‘association ion’ or the ‘ionic micelle’, which has proved to be such a valuable guide to the elucidation of the properties of such large classes of colloidal systems as the soaps, detergents and dyes.

Further study revealed the presence of neutral as well as ionic micelles, and McBain devoted much time and trouble to the elucidation of their composition, charge, mobility, mass equilibrium constants and the like.

McBain and his co-workers brought the method of Northrop and Anson of determining diffusion constants of substances in solution by passage through sintered glass disks to a high degree of precision. In addition, he developed with O ’Sullivan a very simple and elegant transparent air-driven ultra-centrifuge, as well as one containing a single capillary tube for holding the specimen. Inter alia he pointed out that in sedimentation of an equilibrium system such as exists in soap solutions above the micelle point, the rapidly moving micelle will dissociate as it leaves its normal environment of the equilibrium concentration of monomer, but as the material collects at the periphery of the rotor, micelles will naturally reform again. In some protein systems it is possible to determine the mass weight of the associated complex since the rates of association and dissociation are sufficiently slow.

In order to determine the thermodynamic properties of soap solutions, McBain examined the potentialities of the methods involving osmotic pressure, lowering of the vapour pressure and freezing point methods. The direct osmotic methods were found to be difficult owing to the presence of readily permeable sodium cations and single molecular soap anions. McBain’s ingenuity is here exemplified in the development of the method of dew-point lowering, which he, together with Salmon, brought to a high pitch of per­fection.

He together with his wife determined the transport numbers, differential and integral diffusion coefficients of a number of detergents as a function of their molecular concentration.

532 Obituary Notices

In accordance with the law of mass action, the critical concentration of soap at which micelle formation sets in is comparatively sharp, and it was McBain who first noted this apparent singularity afterwards elucidated in more general terms by Bury.

Apart from the fact that both ionic and neutral micelles exist, it is still a matter of speculation whether all micelles in a particular solution belonging to one type are identical in size and form. McBain, indeed, postulated the existence of both spherical as well as lamellar micelles, a concept which is being revived again in recent years.

McBain also devoted many years to the elucidation of the nature and structure of soap-rich aqueous systems. It had long been recognized by the soap boiler that different forms of hydrated soaps could exist, and to which such names as ‘middle soap’, ‘neat soap5, ‘super neat’, ‘super-waxy sub­neat’ were given, each form confined to a limited range of concentration and temperature. McBain showed that these were indeed separate, mutually immiscible phases conforming to the Willard Gibbs phase-rule in respect to their conditions of equilibrium.

Since the association particle or micelle in aqueous solution contains within the non-polar or chain portions of the molecules constituting the micelle and the carboxyl or hydrophilic portions, are on the outside of the sphere, the invert micelle will exist in non-aqueous solutions in which the polar heads will be clustered together at the centre. McBain pointed out that such micelles should be capable of dissolving materials insoluble in the continuous phase. Thus micelles in aqueous solution should be capable of dissolving hydrocarbons and those in oil-water. To this phenomenon McBain gave the name of ‘solubilization’ and he devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to experimental work in this field. He likewise introduced the term ‘co-solvency’ for the process of effecting solution by means of a mixture of liquids. Thus nitrocotton is scarcely soluble in ether or in alcohol, but in a mixture of the two liquids it is readily soluble. He imagined that different parts of the macromolecule were dissolved in each solvent. In extension of this principle he showed that a substance incapable of dissolving in either of two mutually immiscible liquids could effect mutual solubility when added to a mixture of the two.

In accordance with the principles enumerated by Willard Gibbs, the surface phase of capillary active soap solutions should be richer in solute than the underlying solution, and McBain devoted a considerable amount of time to an examination of the quantitative aspects of the Gibbs relation­ship. According to Gibbs, the surface excess T of a capillary active com­ponent in a simple solution is given by the thermodynamic relationship r =dy/dju. where y is the surface tension of the solution and ft the chemical potential of the solute. T is expressed in g mol. per unit area; the thickness of the surface phase being defined by a plane so drawn beneath and parallel to the surface that the solvent is not present in excess or deficit in the surface phase. The experimental work of Donnan and the theoretical work of

James William McBain 533

Langmuir had led to the general conclusion that for simple solutions the surface phase was only one monolayer thick. On the other hand, the formation of pellicles at the surfaces of protein solutions or of glazes at soap solution surfaces when solutions of these substances were allowed to stand, led McBain to doubt the general applicability of the monolayer hypothesis. It is clear that soap solutions above the micelle point contain several distinct species of potentially active materials, anions, undissociated molecules and micelles, and that surface accumulation in respect to each of these species might be envisaged. Furthermore, Gibbs did not envisage the fact that the surface phase might in itself be more complex, existing as a two-dimensional vapour, liquid or solid dependent on the conditions of the system. It cannot be said even to-day that experimental proof of the validity of the Gibbsian thermo­dynamic relationship over a wide range of concentrations is on record. The experimental proof that orientated underlayers do exist beneath the monolayers of soap and several other aqueous solutions of capillary-active solutions, was provided by McBain, who devised ingenious apparatus such as the moving microtome and employing a Rayleigh interferometer for determining the actual composition. The late Sir William Hardy in his investigations on adhesion came to the conclusion that molecular orientation was not confined to a monolayer of liquid in contact with a solid surface, but that cybotactic layers of considerable thickness were built up by the operation of induced or long-range forces. McBain’s experiments, both on the thickness of the Gibbs layer at liquid gas interfaces as well as on adhesion experiments utilizing glued joints between various solid surfaces led him to similar conclusions; whilst admitting that unequivocal experimental proof of such long-range action is difficult to obtain, he has in his papers cited numerous experiments in various fields to support the view.

McBain likewise contributed to the subject of electrokinetic phenomena. It is now generally assumed that at a liquid-solid or liquid-liquid interface the surface change, whether produced by surface ionization or selective ionic adsorption or exchange may be regarded as composed of two portions, a compact double layer first defined by Helmholtz, and a more diffuse layer in equilibrium resulting from the interaction of electrical forces and thermal agitation, the so-called Gouy layer. It is across this diffuse layer that the electrokinetic potential drop is believed to exist. McBain was inclined to be sceptical as to the validity of this view. Whilst to many readers his exact views are difficult to ascertain, it is clear that he regarded an ionic micelle as simply a large polyvalent ion, but that each charge on the large ion exerted, as in a solution of potassium chloride, its own independent effects producing its own ionic atmosphere which could not be merged into a continuous layer-like system around the micelle.

McBain was deeply interested in the adsorption of gases and vapours by solids. Since both physical sorption as well as chemisorption can exist and, in addition, by forming a skeletonized structure or ‘activating’ a solid, e.g. by heating charcoal in air or steam, the vapour may permeate the solid which

534 Obituary Notices

can then take up large quantities of material. McBain introduced the general­ized term ‘sorption’ to cover all these cases, the latter he termed ‘persorption’.

Experimentally he contributed a valuable tool in the form of the McBain- Bakr spring balance, which permitted the experimenter to obtain a con­tinuous record of the quantities and rate of sorption by direct weighing. A tool especially valuable when binary systems are under investigation.

This is the record of a man possessed of the great gift of insight, coupled with a flair for devising experimental methods suitable for the work in hand.

E. K. R ideal

James William McBain 535

BIBLIOGRAPHY(Arranged chronologically under subject headings)

Soaps, D etergents and Colloidal Electrolytes

1910. (With M. T aylor.) Uber die elektrische Leifahigkeit von Seifenlosungen. Ber.dtsch. Chem. Ges. 43, 321.

1911. (With N. T aylor.) Zur Kenntnis der Konstitution von Seifenlosungen: Losungenvon ‘Natriumpalmitaten’. Z • phys. Chem. 76, 179-209.

1911. (With E. C. V. Cornish.) Anhang: Dichtigkeitsmessungen der Seifenlosungen.Z • phys. Chem. 76, 210.

1912. (With E. C. V. Cornish & R. C. Bowden.) Studies of the constitution of soap insolution: sodium myristate and sodium laurate. Trans. Chem. Soc. 101, 2042.

1914. (With H. E. M artin.) Studies of the constitution of soap solutions: the alkalinity and degree of hydrolysis of soap solutions. Chem. Soc. 105, 957-77.

1918. Colloidal electrolytes: soap solutions as a type. J . Soc. Chem. Ind. 37, 249-52.1918. (With T. R. Bolam.) The hydrolysis of soap solutions, measured by the rate of cata­

lysis of nitrosotriacetonomine. Trans. Chem. Soc. 113, 825-32.1919. (With M. E. Laing & A. F. T itley.) Colloidal electrolytes: soap solution as a type.

Trans. Chem. Soc. 115, 1279-1300.1919. (With M. T aylor.) The degree of hydration of the particles which form the struc­

tural basis of soap curd, determined in experiments on sorption and salting out. Trans. Chem. Soc. 115, 1300-1308.

1920. (With C. S. Salmon.) Colloidal electrolytes. Soap solutions and their constitution.J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 42, 426.

1920. (With C. S. Salmon.) Colloidal electrolytes. Soap solutions and their constitution. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 97, 44-62.

1920. (With M. E. Laing.) Gel structure. At Faraday Discussion on Colloids, published as previous paper, p. 54.

1920. (With M. E. Laing.) The investigation of sodium oleate solution in the three physicalstates of curd, gel and sol. Trans. Chem. Soc. 117, 1507.

1921. (With W. F. D arke & C. S. Salmon.) The ultramicroscopic structure of soaps.Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 98, 395-408.

1921. Colloids and colloidal electrolytes. Nature, Lond. 107, 46-7.

1921. (With H. E. M artin.) The hydration of the fibers of soap curd. Part I. The degree of hydration determined in experiments on sorption and salting out. J . Chem.119, 1369-74.

1921. (With G. S. Salmon.) Hydration of the fibers of soap curd. Part II. The dew pointmethod. J . Chem. Soc. 119, 1374-83.

1922. (With M. T aylor & M. E. Laing.) Studies of the constitution of soap solutions ofsodium palmitate and the effect of excess of palmitic acid or sodium hydroxide.

J . Chem. Soc. 121, 621-33.1922. (With A. J. Burnett.) The effect of an electrolyte on solutions of pure soap. Phase

rule equilibria in the system sodium laurate-sodium chloride-water. J . Chem. Soc. 121, 1320-33.

1922. (With M. H. N orris.) A study of the rate of saponification of oils and fats by aqueous alkali under various conditions. J . Chem. Soc. 121, 1362-75.

1922. (With W. J. J enkins.) The ultrafiltration of soap solutions: sodium oleate and potassium laurate. J . Chem. Soc. 121, 2325-44.

1922. (With E. Walls.) Colloid chemistry of soap. Part II. The soap boiling processes.Fourth Colloid Report of the B.A.A.S., p. 244.

1923. The study of soap solutions and its bearing upon colloid chemistry. Union Internationalede la Chimie Pure et Applique, meeting at Cambridge, June 15-19.

1923. (With R. S. H arbourne & M. K ing.) A method of determining the detergent action of soaps. J . Soc. Chem. Ind. 42, 373-78; also (1924) J . Phys. Chem. 28, 1-11.

1923. (With R. C. Bowden.) The constitution of soap solutions. Migration data for potas­sium oleate and potassium laurate. Trans. Chem. Soc. 123, 2417-30.

1923. The study of soap solutions and its bearing upon colloid chemistry. For Bogue’s Colloidal Behaviour, Chap. 16, p. 410-29.

1923. The study of soap solutions and its bearing on colloid chemistry. J . Soc. Chem. Ind.42, 615.

1924. A general conception of neutral colloids and its bearing upon the structures of gelsand true jellies. Trans. Faraday Soc. 20, 22-4.

1924. Liquid crystals, soap solutions and X-rays. , Lond. 113, 534.1924. (With M. E. Laing.) Gallerten in gegensatz zu gelen und flocken. Seifen in trockenen

alkohol. KolloidZ- 35, 18-20.1924. Liquid crystals, soap solutions and X"raYs* Nature, Lond. 114, 49.1924. Some results of the study of soap. Rate of saponification, measuring the hydrolysis

alkalinity of soap, and forms of soap. Can. Chem. Met. 8, 235-6; also (1924) Chem. Age, 11, 462-3.

1925. (With Guy M ontague Langdon.) The equilibria underlying the soap boilingprocesses. Pure sodium palmitate. J . Chem. Soc. 127, 852-70.

1925. Soaps and the theory of colloids. Nature, Lond. 115, 805-7; also (1925) Chem. Age,12, 309; also (1925) Proc. Roy. Inst. 24, 579.

1926. The states of matter exemplified by a typical colloid. Soap, and the soap boilingprocesses. For Jerome Alexander’s book, Colloid chemistry, Vol. I, Chap. 5, pp. 137-64.

1926. (With W illiam J oseph Elford.) The equilibria underlying the soap boiling processes.The system potassium oleate-potassium chloride-water. J . Chem. Soc. 129, 421-38.

1926. (With A lbert V. Pitter.) The relative concentrations of various electrolytes required to salt out soap solutions. J . Chem. Soc., pp. 893-8.

1926. (With E. L. J. R andall & A. M. W hite.) The activity coefficient of soap solutions. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 48, 2517-22.

1926. (With M alcolm Clifford Field.) The equilibria underlying the soap boiling processes. The systems potassium laurate-potassium chloride-water. J . Phys. Chem. 30, 1545-63.

536 Obituary Notices

James William Me Bain 5371927. (With H. S. H owes & M uriel T horburn.) The hydrogen electrode in the study

of the rate of saponification of oils and fats by aqueous alkali. Phys. Chem. 31, 131-43.

1927. (With A lexander Stewart.) Acid soaps: a crystalline potassium hydrogen dioleate. J . Chem. Soc., pp. 1392-4.

1927. (With R eginald Buckingham.) The hydrolysis of sodium palmitate as measured by extraction with p-xylene. J.Chem. Soc., pp. 2679-89.

1927. (With H erbert J ames W illavoys & H arold H eighington.) The effect of electro­lytes upon the viscosity of solutions of sodium palmitate. J . Chem. Soc., pp. 2689-99.

1928. Soaps as colloidal electrolytes. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 50, 1636-40.1928. (With M. Eaton.) Hydrolysis in solutions of potassium laurate as measured by

extraction with benzene. J.Chem. Soc. pp. 2166-78.1928. (With M. E. Laing & E. W. H arrison.) Adsorption of sodium oleate at the air-

water interface. Sixth Colloid Symposium Monograph, pp. 63-72. Toronto.1929. (With C. W. H umphreys & Y. K awakami.) A study of the rate of saponification

of various commercial oils and pure triglycerides by aqueous alkali. J . Chem. Soc., pp. 2185-97.

1929. Properties of soap and aqueous solutions of soap. International Critical Tables, 11, 446.1929. (With K athleen H ay.) The alkalinity of soap solutions as measured by indicators.

J.Chem. Soc., pp. 589-601.1930. (With Y. K awakami.) The influence of physical state of a soap solution upon the

rate of saponification of triglycerides and the differing degrees of emulsification for neighbouring triglycerides. J . Phys. Chem. 34, 580-92.

1930. (With L. H. Lazarus & A. V. Pitter.) The phase equilibria underlying the soap­boiling processes. Sodium palmitate-water-sodium chloride (Die anwendung der phasenregel auf das seifensieden). £. Phys. Chem. A, 147, 87.

1930. (With M. E. L. McBain.) The identity of the colloidal particles in soap solutions andjellies. Nature, Lond. 125, 125.

1931. (With T. H. Liu.) Diffusion of electrolytes, non-electrolytes and colloidal electrolytes.J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 53, 59-74.

1932. (With W. L. M cClatchie, S. A llen Lough & E. L. J. R andall.) The probablenon-existence of normal tribasic aluminium soaps such as aluminium tripalmitate.

J.Amer. Chem. Soc. 54, 3266.1932. (With W. L. M cClatchie.) The behavior of metallic soaps with organic solvents.

J. Phys. Chem. 36, 2567-74.1932. (With O tto O. W atts.) The structural properties of anisotropic solutions of soap as

determined by a new centrifugal falling ball method. J . Rheology, 3, 437-60.1933. The diffusion of colloidal electrolytes: sodium oleate. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 55, 545-51. 1933. (With M. E. L. M cBain.) Sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge: types

obtained with soap solutions. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 139, 26-37.1933. (With R. C. W illiams.) A study of the constitution of aqueous solutions of the hydro­

gen soap, cetyl sulfonic acid. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 55, 2250.1933. (With Y. K awakami & H. P. Lucas.) The ultrafiltration of soap solutions. Amer.

Chem. Soc. 55, 2762.1933. (With M. C. Field.) Phase rule equilibria of acid soaps. I. Anhydrous acid potassium

laurate. J . Phys. Chem. 37, 675.1933. (With M. C. Field.) Phase rule equilibria of acid soaps. II. Anhydrous acid potassium

palmitates. J . Chem. Soc. pp. 920-4.1933. (With A. Stewart.) Phase rule equilibria of acid soaps. III. Anhydrous acid

potassium oleate. J . Chem. Soc. pp. 924-8.1933. (With M. C. Field.) Phase rule equilibria of acid soaps. IV. The three component

system potassium laurate-lauric acid-water. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 55, 4776-93.1933. (With A. Stewart.) Conductivity in the three component system oleic acid-potassium

oleate-water. J . Chem. Soc. pp. 928-32.

1934. (With H. I. Bull & L. S. Staddon.) The hydration of the crystalline fibres of soapcurd. Jf. Phys. Chem. 38, 1075-84.

1935. (With M. M. Barker.) The activity of soap solutions at 90°. Trans. Faraday Soc.31, 149-52.

1935. (With M. D. Betz.) The predominant role of association in the dissociation of simple straight chain sulphonic acids in water: conductivity. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57, 1905-9.

1935. (With J. D. Betz.) Straight-chain sulfonic acids in water: II. Freezing point. Amer. Chem. Soc. 57, 1909-12.

1935. (With M. D. Betz.) Straight-chain sulfonic acids in water: III. E.M.F. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 57, 1913-16.

1935. Straight-chain sulfonic acids in water: IV. Comparison of results and so-called‘Hammarston effect’. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 57, 1916-20.

1936. (With J anet Searles.) Mixtures of colloidal electrolytes with uni-univalent salts.J . Phys. Chem. 40, 493-9.

1936. (With D. A. W ilson.) Reversible adsorption in the surface of soap solutions. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 58, 379-80.

1936. (With M. E. L. M cBain.) The spontaneous stable formation of colloids from crystalsor from true solution through the presence of a protective colloid. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 58, 2610-12.

1937. (With Ts-M ing Woo.) Spontaneous emulsification, and reactions overshootingequilibrium. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 163, 182-8.

1938. (With R. D. V old & M. J. V old.) Phase rule studies of soap systems. I. Appli­cability of the phase rule. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 60, 1266-9.

1938. (With R. D. V old, M. J. V old & G. C. Brock.) Phase rule studies of soap. II.The system: sodium laurate—sodium chloride—water. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 60, 1870-6.

1939. Soaps and similar long chain derivatives as simple half-strong electrolytes in dilutesolution. J. Phys. Chem. 43, 671-8.

1939. (With R. D. V old & W. T. J ameson.) A phase rule study of the mixed soap system: sodium palmitate—sodium laurate—sodium chloride-water at 90°. J . Amer. Chem. Soc.61, 37-44.

1939. (With J. N. M cD owell & M. E. W orden.) The sorption of methylene blue bycurd fibers of sodium palmitate. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 61, 2540-4.

1940. (With R. D. V old & W. J. Elford.) Soap making from single oils and fats in termsof phase rule diagrams. J.Soc. Chem. Ind. 59, 243-52.

1940. (With T. F. Ford.) Some properties of sodium palmitate curd as studied in the centrifuge. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 62, 866-9.

1940. (With R. D. V old & M ary Frick.) A phase rule study of the system: sodium stearate-water. J . Phys. Chem. 44, 1013-24.

1940. (With J. J. O’Connor.) A simple proof of the thermodynamic stability of materials taken up by solutions containing solubilizers such as soap. J . Amer. Chem. Soc.62, 2855-9.

1940. (With M. J. V old & J. L. Porter.) A phase rule study of a typical commercial soap with water. Ind. and Engng Chem. 33, 1049.

1940. Colloidal electrolytes. Nature, Lond. 145, 702-3.1940. (With R. D. V old & W. C. Leggett.) Systems of sodium palmitate in organic

liquids. J . Phys. Chem. 44, 1058-71.1940. (With R. C. Merill, J r & J. R. V inograd.) Solubilizing and detergent action in

non-ionizing solvents. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 62, 2880-1.1941. (With W. W. Lee, R. C. Merrill, J r & J. J. O ’Connor.) An approach to the

measurement of detergency. Chem. Prod. {Lond.) 4, 19-21.1941. (With R. C. M errill, J r & J. R. V inograd.) The solubilization of water-insoluble

dye in dilute solutions of aqueous detergents. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 670-6.1941. (With S. A. J ohnston.) A note on the phase rule diagram for a mixture of sodium

palmitate and sodium laurate with water. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 875.

538 Obituary Notices

1941. (With J . J. O ’Connor.) The effect of potassium oleate upon the solubility of hydro­carbon vapors in water. J. Amer. Chem. 63, 875-7.

1941. (With R. D. V old & R. R iviere.) A phase rule study of the system: sodium myri- state-water. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 1293-6.

1941. (With M. J. V old & S. A. J ohnston.) The hydration of curd fibers of sodium palmitate and sodium oleate. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 1000-7.

1941. (With L. Marton & R. D. V old.) An electron microscope study of curd fibers ofsodium laurate. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 1990-3.

1942. Solubilization and other factors in detergent action. Advanc. Colloid Sci. 1, 99.1942. (With S. A. J ohnston.) Freezing point of solutions of typical colloidal electrolytes,

soaps, sulfonates, sulfates and bile salts. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 181, 119-33.1942. (With R. C. Merrill, J r) Studies in solubilization. J . Phys. Chem. 46, 10-18.1942. (With C. W. Leggett, J r & R. D. V old.) Solubility of sodium palmitate in

organic liquid. J . Phys. Chem. 46, 429-40.1942. (With R. C. Merrill, J r) The solubilization of water-insoluble dye in aqueous

systems by commercial detergents. Ind. and Engng Chem. 34, 915.1942. (With A. M. Soldate.) The solubility of propylene vapor in water as affected by

typical detergents. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 64, 1556-7.1942. Solutions of soaps and detergents as colloidal electrolytes, in Colloid chemistry, by

J. Alexander, 5, 102-19.1943. (With W. W. Lee.) Vapor pressure data and phase diagrams for some concentrated

soap-water systems above room temperatures. Oil and Soap, 20, 17-25.1943. (With W. W. Lee.) Application of the phase rule to soap boiling; a kettle wax form in

the system soap-water-salt. Ind. and Engng Chem. 35, 917-21.1943. (With W. W. Lee.) The sorption of water vapor by soap curd. Ind. and Engng Chem.

35, 784-7.1943. (With O. E. A. Bolduan.) Osmotic properties of solutions of some typical colloidal

electrolytes. J . Phys. Chem. 42, 94-102.1943. (With M. E. L. McBain.) Migration data in solutions of a colloidal electrolyte,

lauryl sulfonic acid. J . Phys. Chem. 47, 196-207.1943. (With A. de Bretteville.) X-ray diffraction investigation of sodium stearate from

room temperature to the melting point. J . Chem. Phys. 11, 426-9.1943. (With O. E. A. Bolduan & S. Ross.) X-ray diffraction of sodium laurate stearate at

room temperature. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1873.1943. (With A. de Bretteville & S. Ross.) Diffraction of X-rays by sodium stearate at

room temperature. J . Chem. Phys. 11, 178-83.1943. (With O. E. A. Bolduan & S. Ross.) Diffraction of X-rays by sodium laurate

sodium palmitate at higher temperatures. J . Phys. Chem. 47, 528-35.1943. (With R. D. V old & K. Gardiner.) Phase boundaries in ternary systems of

sodium oleate compared with other soaps. Oil and Soap, 20, 221-3.1943. (With A. P. Brady.) The osmotic activity of colloidal electrolytes. J . Amer. Chem. Soc.

65, 2072.1944. (With K. Gardiner & R. D. V old.) Soap boiling equilibria for sodium stearate

showing new phase ‘kettle wax’. Ind. and Engng Chem. 36, 808-10.1944. (With K. F. J ohnson.) Solubilization and the colloidal micelle in soap solutions.

J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 66, 9-13.1944. (With R. C. T horburn & C. C. M cGee.) The kettle wax phase in the system

sodium laurate, sodium chloride and water. Oil and Soap, 21, 227-30.1944. (With M. E. L. M cBain.) Absorption of light in soap solutions. J . Phys. Chem.

48, 89.1944. (With S. Ross.) The structure of transparent soap. Oil and Soap, 21, 97.1946. (With S. Ross.) Diffraction of x-rays by sodium oleate and hexanolamine oleate.

J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 547-50.

James William McBain 539

54-0 Obituary Notices1946. (With S. Ross.) Diffraction of X-rays by aqueous solutions of hexanolamine oleate.

J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 177-81.1946. (With S. R. Palit.) Effect of soaps on mutual solubility of organic liquids. and

Engng Chem. 38, 741-4.1946. (With E. Gonick.) Isotropic and anisotropic liquid phases in the system hexanolamine

oleate—water. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 683-5.1946. (With P. A. R ichards.) Solubilization of insoluble organic liquids by detergents.

Ind. and Engng Chem. 38, 644-6.1946. (With E. Gonick.) Physical chemical properties of solutions of the colloidal electro­

lyte hexanolamine oleate. J.Colloid Sci. 1, 127-35.1946. (With Sister A. A. Green.) Solubilization of water-insoluble dye in soap solutions:

effects of added salts. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 1731-6.1946. (With K. J. Mysels & G. H. Smith.) VII. Aluminium soaps in hydrocarbons. The

gel and jelly phases and transformations between them. Trans. Faraday Soc. 42B, 173-80.

1946. (With S. Ross.) Diffraction of X-rays by aluminium dilaurate and aluminium distearate, Oil and Soap, 23, 214-15.

1946. (With H. C. O ’Brien.) Thin undistorted sections for electron microscopy. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 68, 1139.

1946. (With E. Gonick.) Association in solutions of colloidal electrolytes; hexanolamineelaidates and trihydroxy stearate. Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 65, 601-5.

1947. (With E. B. Working.) Aluminium dilaurate as association colloid in benzene.J.Phys. Chem. 51, 974-80.

1947. (With Sister A. A. Green.) Solubilization of water-insoluble dye by pure soaps and detergents of different types. J . Phys. Chem. 51, 286-98.

1947. (With S. R. Palit.) The solubility of heavy metal soaps in co-solvent mixtures of chloroform and Propylene glycol. J . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 24, 190.

1947. (With S. R. Palit.) The blending of water with organic solvents by detergents. J.Soc. Chem. Ind. 66, 13-15.

1947. (With E. Gonick.) Cryoscopic evidence of micellar association in aqueous solutions of non-ionic detergents. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 69, 334.

1947. (With R. B. D ean.) The sorption of organic vapors by monolayers of soap. J . Coll. Sci. 2, 383.

1947. (With A. V an T uyl.) The measurement of the hydrolysis of solutions of sodium salts of fatty acids. J . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 24, 271.

1947. (With S. S. Marsden, J r) Non-ionic detergents as association colloids giving long X-ray spacings in aqueous solutions. J . Chem. Phys. 15, 211.

1947. (With G. H. Smith.) The phase behavior of sodium stearate in anhydrous organicsolvents. J . Phys. Chem. 51, 1189.

1948. (With P. H. R ichards.) Effects of salts on the solubilization of insoluble organicliquids by cetyl pyridinium chloride. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 1338-42.

1948. (With K. J. Mysels.) III. Variability and inhomogeneity of aluminium dilaurate. J.Phys. Chem. 52, 1471-81.

1948. (With R. H. Coe, K. J. Mysels, & G. H. Smith.) Bound and free acid in aluminium soaps prepared by precipitation. J . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 25, 454-6.

1948. (With S. S. Marsden, J r) Oriented X-ray diffraction patterns produced by hydrous liquid crystals. J.Chem. Phys. 16, 633.

1948. (With A. G. Wilder & R. C. M errill, J r) Solubilization of insoluble dye by colloidal electrolytes. J . Phys. Chem. 52, 12-22.

1948. (With H. McHan.) Soap micelles that solubilize dimethyl phthalate, a liquid insol­uble in water and in hydrocarbons. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 3838-40.

1948. (With M. N. Fineman.) The osmotic behaviour of some colloidal electrolytes as deter­mined by means of the Hill-Baldes vapor tension apparatus. J . Phys. Chem. 52, 881-97.

1948. (With S. S. M arsden.) Aqueous systems of non-ionic detergents as studied by X-ray diffraction. J . Phys. Chem. 52, 110-30.

1948. (With M other L. M. J ohn.) The hydrolysis of soap solutions. II. The solubilities of higher fatty acids. J . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 25, 40-1.

1948. (With P. Laurent & M other L. M. J ohn.) The hydrolysis of soap solutions. III.Values of pH and the absence of fatty acids as free liquid or solid. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 25, 77-84.

1948. (With M other L. M. J ohn.) The hydrolysis of soap solutions. IV. The composition of acid potassium laurates and acid sodium oleates as determined by conductivity measurements. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 25, 141-3.

1948. (With S. S. Marsden, J r) The structural types of aqueous types of aqueous solutions of surface active substances and their X-ray diffraction characteristics. .1,270-2.

1948. (With W. C. Siericks.) The solubility of sodium and potassium soaps and the phase diagrams of aqueous potassium soaps. J . Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 25, 221-5.

1948. (With S. S. M arsden, J r) X-ray diffraction of aqueous systems of dodecyl sulfonic acid. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 1973.

1948. (With A. Cushman & A. P. Brady.) The osmotic activity and conductivity ofaqueous solutions of some typical colloidal electrolytes. Coll. Sci. 3, 425-36.

1949. (With O. A. H offman.) Lamellar and other micelles and solubilization by soaps anddetergents. J . Phys. Chem. 53, 39-55.

1949. (With H. H uff & A. P. Brady.) Sodium penicillin G as electrolyte and colloidal electrolyte. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 71, 373-4.

1949. (With H. H uff.) Changes in solubilizing power with concentration for various detergents. J . Coll. Sci. 4, 385-94.

1949. (With A. K aminski.) Spontaneous emulsification of pure xylene in an aqueous solution through mere adsorption of a detergent in the interface. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 198, 447.

1949. Colloidal electrolytes as a class inclusive of polyelectrolytes, chain electrolytes, long chain salts, dyes and detergents. Science, 109, 291.

1949. (With W. Philippoff.) Expansion of the lamellar crystal lattice of aerosol OT uponthe addition of water. Nature, Lond. 164, 885.

1950. Colloidal electrolytes, wetting agents, and detergents, in Frontiers of Chemistry, V III,Chapters 5 and 6, pp. 113-54.

1950. (With S. S. M arsden, J r) X-ray diffraction by aqueous systems of triethanolamine laurate. Nature, Lond. 165, 141.

1950. (With H. H uff & A. P. Brady.) The vapor pressures of aqueous solutions of somedetergents. J . Phys. Chem. 55, 311-21.

1951. (With K. J. Lissant.) The solubilization of four typical hydrocarbons in aqueoussolution by three typical detergents. J . Phys. Chem. 55, 655.

1952. Detergents and wetting agents, article prepared at request of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1952. Physico chemical aspects of detergents. Indian Sci. J . 17, 179.

James William McBain 541

A dhesives and Adhesive A ction

1925. Adhesives and adhesive action. J.Phys. Chem. 29, 188-204.1926. (With D. G. H opkins.) Films of adhesives. J . Phys. Chem. 30, 114-25.1926. (With W. B. Lee.) Adhesives and adhesion. I. True chemical compounds as adhesives.

Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 113, 605-20.1927. (With W. B. Lee.) Adhesives and adhesion. II. Relation of joint strength to tensile

strength of film. J . Soc. Chem. Ind. 46, 321T-4.1927. (With W. B. Lee.) Adhesives and adhesion. III. The mechanical properties of films

of adhesives. J . Ind. and Engng Chem. 19, 1005-8.

1927. Adhesives and adhesion. IV. Gums, resins and waxes between polished metal surfaces.J . Phys. Chem. 31, 1674-80.

1928. Adhesives and adhesion. Pure chemical substances as adhesives. J . Phys. Chem. 32,1175-84.

1931. Cohesion and adhesion. Colloid Chemistry, Vol. I l l , Chapter 1, pp. 9-26.1932. Adhesives and adhesive action. 3rd Reprint of the Cohesives Research Comm., pp. 66-109.

542 Obituary Notices

D ental Amalgams

1912. (With R. A. J oyner.) Amalgams containing tin, silver and mercury. Dental Cosmos 54, 641.

1912. Dental amalgams containing tin, silver and mercury. B'ham. Engng Min. J . 101. 1914-15. (With W. A. K night.) Report on the chemical constitution and physico-chemical

properties of dental amalgams. Section IV of Vlth Internat. Dental London,1914; also in Dental Cosmos, 57, 630-9.

1926. (With G. T. Britton.) Amalgams of gold and mercury. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 48, 593-8.

D iffusion (other than soap)

1934. (With C. R. D awson.) Accelerated and retarded diffusion. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 56, 52.1934. (With C. R. D awson & H. A. Barker.) The diffusion of colloids and colloidal

electrolytes, egg albumin comparison with ultracentrifuge. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 56, 1021-7.

1935. (With C. R. D awson.) The diffusion of potassium chloride in aqueous solution.Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 148, 32-9.

1941. (With J. R. V inograd.) Diffusion of electrolytes and of the ions in their mixtures. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 2008.

1949. (With R. C. Chandler.) Diffusion and osmotic coefficients, conductivity membrane analysis and the determination of micellar charge and composition in some col­loidal electrolytes. J . Phys. Chem. 53, 930.

D issociation T heory

1912. The dissociation of ternary electrolytes. Amer. Chem. Soc. 34, 1134.1912. The use of phenolphthalein as an indicator—the slow rate of neutralization of carbonic

acid. J.Chem. Soc. 101, 814-20.1914. (With F. C. Coleman.) A criticism of the hypothesis that neutral salts increase the

dissociation of weak acids and bases. Trans. Chem. Soc. 105, 1517-29.1919. (With J. K ain.) The effect of salts on the vapor pressure and degree of dissociation

of acetic acid in solution. An experimental refutation of the hypothesis that neutral salts increase the dissociation constants of weak acids and bases. Trans. Chem. Soc. 115, 1334-46.

1926. (With O. E. D ubois & K. G. H ay .) The salt error of indicators caused by standard alkaline buffers. J . Gen. Physiol. 9, 452-65.

1929. (With M. E. Laing & O. E. Clarke.) The salt error of indicators caused by standardalkaline buffers themselves. J . Gen. Physiol. 12, 695.

1928. (With P. van R ysselberghe.) The incompatibility between any theory of complete dissociation and migration data for divalent ions. Amer. Chem. Soc. 50, 3009-17.

1930. (With P. van R ysselberghe.) The incompatibility between any theory of completedissociation and migration data. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 52, 2336-47.

1931. (With P. van R ysselberghe.) The degree of dissociation and the ions of cadmiumiodide in aqueous solutions. J . Phys. Chem. 35, 999-1010.

James William McBain 543

Electrical Studies

1907. Experimental data of the quantitative measurement of electrolytic migration. Proc. Acad. Sci. Wash. 9, 1-78.

1913. The mobility of highly charged micelles. Trans. Faraday Soc. 9, 99-101; also Toll. 12, 256.

1919. (With F. C. Coleman.) The bearings of migration data on conductance of solutions.The electrochemistry of sodium iodide in acetone. Trans. Faraday Soc. 15, 27-47.

1921. (With W. F. D arke.) Electric enclosure. Disc. Faraday Soc. 16, 150; also Roll. R28, 239.

1929. The conception and properties of the electrical double layer and its relation to ionic migration. J.Phys. Chem. 28, 706-14.

1929. (With C. E. H arvey.) The transport number of aqueous acetic acid. Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc. 55, 215.

1929. (With C. R. Peaker.) The Electrical conductivity caused by insoluble mono- molecular films of fatty acid on water. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 125, 394-401.

1929. (With C. R. Peaker & A. M. K ing.) Absolute measurements of the surface con­ductivity near the boundary of optically polished glass and solutions of potassium chloride. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 51, 3294-3312.

1930. (With R. C. Williams.) Determination of the number of free electric charges in airbubbles and oil droplets dispersed in water containing a small amount of cetyl sulfonic acid. 7 thColloid Symposium, 105-14.

1930. (With C. R. Peaker.) Comparative measurements of the surface conductivity ofsolutions of various electrolytes at a boundary of pyrex. Phys. Chem. 34, 1033.

1931. (With R. DuBois.) Die Elektrokinetik und die Deutung der Oberglachen Leitjahig-keit. Z - Elektrochem. 37, 651-5.

1932. (With M. E. Laing.) Die Grund-annahmen und Gleichungen der Elektrokinetik.Z ■ phys. Chem. 161, 279.

1933. On the physical unreality of the terms used in cataphoresis and the fictitious zetapotential. J . Indian Chem. Soc., special number, pp. 67-72.

1935. (With T. R. Foster.) The magnitude of surface conductivity. Phys. Chem. 39, 331.1936. A conception of electrokinetics as an integral part of electrochemistry of solutions.

Acta Physico-Chemica, 4, 169-72.1936. (With W. M. T homas.) Transference numbers of colloidal ferric hydroxide. Phys.

Chem. 40, 997-1004.1943. (With C. I. Glassbrook.) Electrification luminescence phenomena accompanying

desorption of gases from metals. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1908-9.1948. (With K. Mysels.) Surface conductivity at the interface between pyrex glass and

solutions of potassium chloride. J . Coll. Sci. 3, 45-51.

Sorption and A dsorption from Solutions

1909. The mechanism of the adsorption (‘sorption’) of hydrogen by carbon. Phil. Mag. 18, 916-35.

1909. Die mechanismus d. adsorption (‘sorption’) von wasserstoff durch kohlenstoff. Phys. Chem. 68, 471-97.

1923. Adsorption or Sorption. Soc. Dyers Colorists, 39, 233-8.1924. (With A. M. Bakr.) The sorption of toluene and acetic acid and their mixtures by

carbon. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 46, 2718-25.1926. (With A. M. Bakr.) A new sorption balance. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 48, 690-5.1929. (With H. G. T anner.) A robust microbalance of high sensitivity suitable for weighing

sorbed films. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 125, 579-86.

1930. (With.G. T. Bulton.) The nature of the sorption by charcoal of gases and vapors under great pressure. J . Amer. Chem. 52, 2198-2222.

1930. (With D. N. Jackman, A. M. Bakr & H. G. Smith.) The sorption of organic vapors by activated sugar charcoal. J . Phys. Chem. 34, 1439.

1930. (With H. P. Lucas & P. F. Chapman.) The sorption of organic vapors by highlyevacuated activated sugar charcoal. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 52, 2668.

1931. The sorption of gases and vapors by solids. London: Routledge and Sons Ltd.1932. Persorption and molecular sieves. Trans. Faraday Soc. 28, 408.1933. (With S. J. Good, A. M. Bahr, D. P. D avies, H. J. Willavoys & R. Buckingham.)

The sorption of vapors by nitrocotton. Trans. Faraday Soc. 29, 1086-1100.1933. (With J. L. Porter & R. F. Sessions.) The nature of the sorption of water by char­

coal. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 55, 2294.1934. (With R. F. Sessions.) The sorption of vapors of activated highly evacuated sugar

charcoal over long periods of time. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 56, 1-4.1936. (With R. F. Sessions.) Activation of redwood and ashfree sugar charcoal in a current

of air. J .Phys. Chem. 40, 603-11.1948. (With R. F. Sessions.) The sorption of vapors by sugar charcoal over a period of

20 years. J . Colloid Sci. 3, 213-18.1948. (With R. C. D unn.) Sorption from solutions on active magnesium oxide. J . Coll. Sci.

3, 303.

544 Obituary Notices

Adsorption

1926. Theories of adsorption and the technique of its measurement. Nature, Lond. 117, 550.1927. (With G. P. D avies.) An experimental test of the Gibbs adsorption theorem. A study

of the structure of the surface of ordinary solutions. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 49, 2230-54.1927. Structures in surfaces of liquids. Nature, Lond. 120, 362.1928. (With W. F. K. Wynne-Jones & F. H. Pollard.) The activity and adsorption of

p-toluidine on the surface of its aqueous solutions. Sixth Colloid Symposium, pp. 57-62.1929. (With R. DuBois.) Further experimental tests of the Gibbs adsorption theorem. The

structure of the surface of ordinary solutions. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 51, 3534.1932. (With C. W. H umphries.) The microtome method of the determination of the absolute

amounts of adsorption. J . Phys. Chem. 36, 300-11.1936. (With R. C. Swain.) Measurements of adsorption at the air-water interface by the

microtome method. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 154, 608-23.1936. Pre-Gibbs adsorption by surface rearrangement. Nature, Lond. 137, 659.1938. Applicability of the Gibbs adsorption theorem to solutions whose surface tension

curves exhibit minima or horizontal portions. Progr. Phys. 5, 30-45.1940. (With T. F. Ford & G. E. M ills.) Microtome measurements of the adsorption of

hydrocinnamic acid in the surface of its aqueous solution. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 62, 1319.

1940. (With L. A. Wood.) Adsorption of lauryl sulfonic acid in the surface of its aqueous solutions and the Gibbs theorem. Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 174, 286-98.

Study of Surfaces

1936. (With T. F. Ford.) Two new methods for the direct measurements of the absolute amount of adsorption in liquid surfaces. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 58, 378.

1936. (With T. F. Ford & G. F. M ills.) A simplified and improved cell for liquids in theinterferometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 7, 341.

1937. (With T. F. Ford & D. A. Wilson.) New methods of studying the surfaces ofordinary solutions. Koll. 78, 1-9.

James William M e Bain 5451939. (With R. C. Bacon & H. D. Bruce.) Optical surface thickness of pure water.

J . Chem. Phys. 7, 818-23.1939. (With L. H. Perry.) Application of the film balance to the surface of ordinary solu­

tions. Ind. and Engng Chem. 31, 35.1940. (With J. R. V inograd & D. A. Wilson.) Observations of surfaces tensions in the

plawm trough. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 62, 244.1940. (With G. F. M ills & T. F. Ford.) The interferometer method for measuring

absolute amounts of adsorption in the surface of solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc. 36, 930.

1940. (With W. V. Spencer.) Studies of solutions of hydrocinnamic acid and of laurylsulfonic acid with the film balance. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 62, 239-44.

1941. (With E. R. Sharp.) Comprehensive study of surfaces of solutions with the filmbalance and surface tension equipment. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 1422.

1949. (With J. C. H enniker.) Flow in a thin glass capillary as affected by wetting theexterior of the capillary. Science, 109, 286

1950. (With J. C. H enniker.) The effective depth of the surface zone of a liquid. ColloidScience, by J . Alexander, Chapter VII, pp. 67-82.

Foams

1944. (With S. Ross.) The inhibition of foaming in a series of solvents containing known foamers. Ind. and Engng Chem. 36, 570-3.

1949. (With W. C. T human & H. G. Brown.) Studies of protein foams obtained by bubbling. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 71, 3129.

1949. Other papers on Foams published as JVACA Technical Notes, Numbers 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845.

M iscellaneous

General Papers on Colloids and Colloidal Electrolytes

1921. Colloids and colloidal electrolytes. Nature, Lond. 107, 46.1923. Micelles and colloidal ions. Nature, Lond. 112, 865.1923. Chemistry and modern life. Science, 58, 429-32.1926. A survey of the main principles of colloid science. Fourth Colloid Symposium

graph; also in Koll. Z- 40, 1-9.1929. Structure in amorphous and colloidal matter. J . Chem. Educ. 6, 2115-27.1931. Periodic precipitation in the absence of colloids. Nature, Lond. 128, 1042.1935. What is a colloid? Nature, Lond. 135, 1033.1939. Colloids. Proc. Master Brewers Assoc., pp. 95-100.1940. Colloidal electrolytes. Nature, Lond. 145, 702.1941. Some recent advances in colloids. J . Chem. Educ. 17, 109.

Nitrocotton studies

1926. (With L. E. Smith & C. E. H arvey.) The apparent viscosity of solutions of nitro­cotton in various solvents. J . Phys. Chem. 30, 312-52.

1926. The apparent viscosity of colloidal solutions and a theory of neutral colloids as solvated micelles capable of aggregation. J . Phys. Chem. 30, 239-47.

1934. (With E. M. Grant & L. E. Surete.) Viscosity of nitrocotton in various solventsand mixtures. J . Phys. Chem. 38, 1217-31.

1935. An explanation of hysteresis in the hydration and dehydration of gels. J . Amer. Chem.Soc. 57, 699.

54^ Obituary Notices

Miscellaneous

1910. On the critical phenomenon of ether. PMag. 20, 793-828. 1912. (With O. C. M. D avies.) Eine mogliche allgemeine beziehung zwischen der struktur

organischer verbindungen deren gleichgewichten. Chem. 78, 369.1917. Note on the system of recording rate of chemical reaction. Trans. Faraday Soc. 13, 1-2. 1922. Equilibres chemiques et vitesse de re’action. Tables Annuelles Internationales de Constants,

Paris, IV (2), 850-930.1927. (With J. Ferguson.) On the nature of the influence of humidity changes upon the

composition of building materials. J . Phys. Chem. 31, 564-90.1928. (With F. K ellogg.) The salting out of gelatin in two liquid layers with sodium

chloride and other salts. J.Gen. Physiol. 12, 1-14.1930. (With E. J ameson.) Phase rule equilibria of horse serum globulins. Trans. Faraday Soc.

26, 768.1934. The centenary of a scientific prophet (1), Mendele’eff. Sci. , 29, 181-3.1938. (With T. M. Woo.) Solutions of insoluble dyes in aqueous detergents. J . Phys. Chem.

42, 1099-11.1938. (With T. M. Woo.) The solubility of oil soluble dyes in aqueous solutions of stable

protecting colloids. J . Amer. Chem. Soc. 60, 223.1939. (With T. M. Woo.) Effect of silicate upon the power of dilute aqueous detergents to

form a thermodynamically stable colloid solution of otherwise insoluble dye. Roll. Z- 87, 74-8.

1942. (With O. Stajnberg.) Peptization of barley and malt proteins. 17,31-6.1942. (With O. Stainberg.) The protein fractions of some barleys and malts. Comm.

Wallenstein Labs. 5, No. 14, 35.1942. (With L. Marton.) The electron microscope and its development. Chem. Prod. Chem.

News, 5, Nos. 9-10, 61-7.1944. (With I. M. A brams.) A closed cell for electron microscope. Science, 100, 273.1949. (With W. Philippoff.) Expansion of the lamellar crystal lattice of aerosol OT upon

the addition of water. Nature, Lond. 164, 885.1951. (With A. P. Brady & H. H uff.) Measurement of osmotic coefficients by various

paired thermistors. J . Phys. Chem. 55, 304.

U LTRACENTRIFUGE

1935. Some uses of the air driven spinning top. Nature, Lond. 135, 831.1935. (With C. O ’Sullivan.) Development of an air driven ultracentrifuge. J . Amer. Chem.

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