JAMES MONROEJAMES MONROE55THTH PRESIDENT PRESIDENT

Two terms, Republican, Two terms, Republican, from VAfrom VA

Fought at Battle of Fought at Battle of Trenton with Washington Trenton with Washington (Monroe was 18)(Monroe was 18) Wounded & musket ball Wounded & musket ball

stays in his shoulder for stays in his shoulder for lifelife

Unopposed in 2Unopposed in 2ndnd term term but not elected but not elected unanimously….unanimously….

One of 3 Presidents to One of 3 Presidents to die on a 4die on a 4thth of July of July

NATIONALISM HIGH!!

• Republicans are only party– Unity in nation symbolized by restored

friendship of Jefferson & Adams

• Era of Good Feelings• Focus on America; lack of serious conflict

Economic Economic NationalismNationalism

PrevailsPrevails Congress passes Congress passes protective tariffsprotective tariffs to to

protect American industryprotect American industry ““Revenue tariffsRevenue tariffs” are taxes on ” are taxes on

imported goods designed to raise $ imported goods designed to raise $ for the governmentfor the government

““Protective tariffsProtective tariffs” are high taxes on ” are high taxes on imported goods designed to protect imported goods designed to protect American industry (makes it cheaper American industry (makes it cheaper to buy American than foreign goods)to buy American than foreign goods)

But, which SECTION of the country But, which SECTION of the country primarily benefits?primarily benefits?

Clay’sClay’sAmerican System:American System:

More economic nationalism Sectional compromises for the good

of the nation as a whole Interdependence of the sections – for ex.:

East should support federal construction of internal improvements and, in return, would get Western support for protective tariff

3 parts: [B I T]1. Strong banking system – provides good credit2. Protective Tariff – protect eastern

manufacturing3. Internal improvements (roads & canals) to be

paid for by funds from tariff

SECTIONAL ISSUESCONFLICT OVER WESTERN

LAND West:

1819 depression – mostly caused by over- speculation in frontier lands in West

West hit the hardest by this depression Poor classes created will soon be the

“common man” Democrats of Andrew Jackson

WHY would manufacturers in NE be opposed to the West’s desire to promote rapid settlement by selling land cheaply? Feared that immigrants would be drawn to

the West and the North would lose its supply of cheap labor.

WHY would Southern planters likewise be opposed? Concerned about W competition.

PROTECTIVE TARIFFSPROTECTIVE TARIFFSHigh tax on imports intended to protect High tax on imports intended to protect

domestic products from foreign competitiondomestic products from foreign competition

THE NORTH FAVORED Would allow

their factories to compete successfully with foreign manufacturers

THE SOUTH OPPOSED Don’t produce

manufactured goods

Caused them to pay higher prices for imported goods & left them at the mercy of the North

SLAVERY 1st state created from LA Purchase – MO Threat to sectional balance in Senate with

11 free and 11 slave states House was already controlled by free states

Tallmadge Amendment Tallmadge Amendment – passed by House of Reps (defeated in Senate)

No more slaves to MO & gradual emancipation of children of those already there (age 25)

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISETHE MISSOURI COMPROMISEHenry Clay’s planHenry Clay’s planMissouri Missouri

admitted as a admitted as a SLAVE stateSLAVE state

Maine admitted Maine admitted as a FREE stateas a FREE state

In rest of the In rest of the Louisiana Louisiana Purchase area:Purchase area:◦slavery forbidden slavery forbidden

north of the 36 north of the 36 30’ parallel 30’ parallel (EXCEPT MO)(EXCEPT MO)

◦slavery slavery allowedallowed south of linesouth of line

WHY would WHY would Southerners Southerners accept this accept this deal?deal?

John Marshall,John Marshall,the Great Chief Justicethe Great Chief Justice

Judicial Nationalism!Judicial Nationalism! Will serve 34 yearsWill serve 34 years Decisions strengthen power of the federal Decisions strengthen power of the federal

governmentgovernment Marbury v. Madison!! Marbury v. Madison!! - JUDICIAL REVIEW McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland [“power to tax is power to

destroy”] State of Maryland tried to tax the Baltimore branch State of Maryland tried to tax the Baltimore branch

of the newly rechartered Bank of the U.S.of the newly rechartered Bank of the U.S. McCulloch (cashier at the Bank) refused to pay the McCulloch (cashier at the Bank) refused to pay the

taxtax Supreme Court issued 2 rulings:Supreme Court issued 2 rulings:

FEDERAL SUPREMACYFEDERAL SUPREMACY: : Federal gov’t is supreme over Federal gov’t is supreme over state gov’ts - therefore, no state may tax a federal agencystate gov’ts - therefore, no state may tax a federal agency

IMPLIED POWERSIMPLIED POWERS: : Bank of the U.S. is constitutional Bank of the U.S. is constitutional based on the implied powers granted to Congress in the based on the implied powers granted to Congress in the elastic clauseelastic clause

Gibbons v. Ogden, The Steamboat Case

• NY granted a monopoly to steamboat operator Ogden; monopoly was extended across the Hudson River to NJ

• In an earlier action, Congress required all vessels in coastal, interstate waters to have a federal license. [Gibbons]

• The issue of the case is whether a state’s power can extend across state lines…can a state license conflict with a federal license?

• Marshall said NO - ANYTHING that crosses state lines (such as the steamboat in this case) becomes “interstate commerce” which is controlled by the federal gov’t. NY cannot control commerce in NJ and cannot conflict with a federal license.

British American British American AgreementsAgreements

War of 1812 taught BR to respect War of 1812 taught BR to respect Americans so able to work out Americans so able to work out peaceful solutions to old problems:peaceful solutions to old problems: Rush-Bagot Agreement Rush-Bagot Agreement – naval arms – naval arms

limitations on Great Lakes, 1817limitations on Great Lakes, 1817 Convention of 1818Convention of 1818

4949thth parallel as northern boundary of LA parallel as northern boundary of LA Territory and joint control of OR Territory and joint control of OR country for 10 yearscountry for 10 years

Settled disputes over use of Canadian Settled disputes over use of Canadian fisheries – US sharing them with Canadafisheries – US sharing them with Canada

ACQUISITIONOF FLORIDA

• Was a base for British & Indian operations against U.S. during War of 1812 (Spain was ally of British)

• Indians attacked Americans & then fled back into FL

• Andrew Jackson sent to put down Indians - came after Seminoles & then seized Pensacola area for U.S.

• Spain furious - but Monroe issued an ultimatum:– either govern FL effectively OR– surrender FL to the U.S.

• Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819 -- U.S. receives FL– Paid $5 million (a/k/a Transcontinental Treaty of 1819)

THE MONROEDOCTRINE

• Actually authored by John Quincy Adams (Sec. Of State)

• U.S. declared it would not allow any European countries to further colonize anywhere in the Americas –--Western Hemisphere is off limits to Europe

• Any attempts to do so would be seen as? And would cause?

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1824PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1824

John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson

ELECTION OF 1824ELECTION OF 1824The Sectional ElectionThe “Favorite Sons”

Henry Clay, Kentucky (W)

Andrew Jackson, Tennessee (W)

John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts (N)

William Crawford, Georgia (S)

Very low voter turnout

JACKSON won popular vote

But, did not have a majority in electoral vote

so….

AdamsAdams

CANDIDATES: THE VOTES:

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVESHOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DECIDES! DECIDES!

Under the 12th Amendment:◦Each state gets one vote◦Must choose from top 3 candidates

Clay eliminated (he came in 4th)◦[What position is he serving in at the time?]

Crawford dropped out due to illnessChoice was between Adams & JacksonJOHN QUINCY ADAMS WINS

THE ADAMS/CLAY

SCANDAL

• His influence helped Adams win in the House of Reps vote.

• After Adams is President, he appoints Clay as Sec. Of State. So what?-Why important?

• Jackson accuses them of a “corrupt bargain.”

Clay was Speaker of the House & supported Adams over Jackson

JOHN QUINCY ADAMSJOHN QUINCY ADAMSPRESIDENT #6 - 1825-1829PRESIDENT #6 - 1825-1829

• Son in the first father-son Pres. team in history• Not popular - very cold &

reserved; unable to accomplish much as P• 1st P of whom a photograph

exists• Responsible for Smithsonian

Museum• Elected to the House of R

after being President• His greatest legacy there• Brilliant statesman leading an

unending fight against slavery• Literally died while serving …..