4
Proc. Nati. Acad. Scd. U S A Vol. 7 6 , N o . 1 , p p . 200-203, January 1979 Biochemistry Helical repeat of DN A i n solution (DNA structure/linking number/DNA topoisomerase/closed circular DNA) JAMES C . WANG Department o f Biochemistry a n d Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Communicated b y Francis Crick, October 23,1978 ABSTRACT T h e helical repeatof D N A i n solution h a s been measured directly b y analyzing th e g e l electrophoretic patterns o f pairs o f covalentlyclosed DNAs length differencesbe- tween 1 a n d 58 base pairs, o u t o f a total length o f about 4350 base pairs p e r DN A molecule. T h e method i s based o n theob- servation thatfor a covalently closed D N A o f a fixed size o f n base pairs ( n o f t h e order o f several thousand), under appropriate conditions, t w o topological isomers (topoisomers) differing b y 1 i n their linking numbers arewell resolved b y g e l electropho- resis. I f t h e size o f t h e D NA i s increased t o n + x base pairs, unless x i s an integral multiple ofthe helical repeat h , th e bands o f t h e topoisomers with n + x base pairs per molecule a r e a l l shifted relativeto t h e bands o f t h e topoisomers with n base pairs per molecule. Th e magnitude o f t h e shift i s directly related t o t h e nonintegral residual o f x/n. Analysis o f t h e s e t with x ranging from I t o 5 8 t he helix repeat i n solution a s 10.4 base pairs p e r turn under physiological conditions, with a n estimate probable error of±0.1. This result strongly supports th e double helix structure o f D NA a n d rejects t h e side-by-side model o f Rodley e t a . [Rodley, G . A . , Scobie,R. S . , Bates, R . H . T . & Lewitt, R . M . (1976) Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. U S A 7 3 , 2959- 2983]. T h e helical repeat o f D N A measured i n solution i s sig- nificantly different from t h e value 10.0 base pairs pe r turn f o r th e B form fiber structure. I t h as been a quarter o f a century since the bihelical structure o f D N A w a s first proposed (1). T w o recent developments prompted m e t o reexamine th e helical repeat-i.e., t h e number o f base pairs p e r helical turn-of t h e D N A double helix i n s o- lution. First, a model radically different from t h e Watson-Crick structure h as been proposed by Rodley e t a l . (2). In this model, t w o antiparallel strands held together b y Watson-Crick type base pairing assume a side-by-side meshing rather than a bi - helicalintertwining. I t i s asserted that t h e model i s also consis- tent with t h e x-ray diffraction pattern o f B form D N A (2). Second, values f o r t h e helical repeat o f DNA-9.3, 10 , a n d 1 1 base pairs turn f o r t h e C , B , a n d A structures, respec- tively-were measured f o r fibers i n different states o f hydration (3). T h e B structure observed f o r fibers a t high humidity i s generally taken t o be t h e structure i n solution. There h as been n o reliable measurement o f th e D N A helical repeat i n solution. Small angle x-ray scattering a n d circular dichroism measure- ments o f D N A i n solution have been carried o u t (4,5), b u t th e interpretations o f these results a r e sufficiently complicated a n d th e data available d o n o t permit a n unambiguous conclu- sion. Recent studies o n chromatin structure also have brought into focus t h e lackof reliable measurement ofthe D N A helical r e - peat i n solution. According t o t h e structural model o f Finch e t a l . (6), deduced from x-ray diffraction a n d electron microscopic analyses o f crystals o f nucleosome cores, th e D N A i n each nucleosome i s wound into about 13/4 o r more turns o f a s u - perhelix. T h e model requires that, i f a closed circular D N A du - plex consisting of a certain number o f nucleosomes i s relaxed b y cycles o f breaking a n d rejoining o f t h e D N A backbone bonds, thelinking number of t he resulting D N A should be lower than thatof t h e same D N A relaxed i n t h e absence o f th e his- tones, b y 1 % turns o r more p e r nucleosome. T h e experimentally observed difference w a s less than 11/4 turns p e r nucleosome.This discrepancy c a n b e reconciled i f o n e realizes that t h e helical repeat o f DN A free i n solution a n d around t h e nucleosome core might n o t be t h e same (7). Finch e t a l . argued that, i f th e helical repeat o f D N A around t h e nucleosome i s exactly 1 0 base pairs p e r turn a s suggested b y pancreatic DNase I digestion experi- ments with nucleosomes, then t h e helical repeat offree D N A i n solution might b e i n t h e range 10.4 to 10.7 base pairs p e r turn. Theoretical calculations by Levitt ( 8 ) indicated that t h e helical repeatofastraight DN A segment i s likely t o b e different from that o f t he same segment bent smoothly around a cylindrical core. I n a preliminary communication, measurements o f the h e - lical repeat o f D N A i n solution b y t h e Gaussian center method have been presented (9). T h e method i s based o n t h e earlier work o f Depew a n d Wang (10) showing that, i f a nicked cir- cular D NA i s converted t o t h e covalently closed form by ligase, t h e resulting topological isomers (topoisomers) differing only i n their linking numbers (topological winding numbers) c a n b e resolved b y g e l electrophoresis. T h e relative amounts o f th e topoisomers, when plotted a s a function o f their linking num- bers, give a Gaussian distribution. In general t he center o f t he Gaussian curve does n o t occur a t a n integral linking number a n d i s separated from t h e linking number am o f the most abundant topoisomer b y a fractional number, w . Depew a n d Wang (10) interpreted this separation i n t h e followingway. Fo r a circular D N A with a single-chain scission, th e most stable configuration o f t h e DN A chain i s such that, f o r t h e formation o f t h e most stable closed circular species, which has a n integral linking number a m , t h e twist number T w i s altered b y a certain fraction o f a turn, w. I t immediately follows that, i f a segment x base pairs long i s inserted into t h e original DNA, t h e separa- tion between t h e Gaussian center a n d t h e most intense band will n o t b e affected if x i s a n integral multiple o f t h e helical repeat h . If x i s n ot a n integral multiple of h , th e nonintegral residual o f x / h will modulate t he position o f t h e Gaussian center relative t o t h e most intense topoisomer band. Three pairs o f DNAs have been examined by this method, with length differences o f 9 9 , 114, a n d 4 1 4 base pairs, respec- tively (9). Because t h e method measures only t h e nonintegral residual o f x/h, t o calculate h from these measurements i t w a s necessary t o have a n approximate value o f h . B y assuming that h lies between 1 0 a n d 11 , th e data obtained gave h = 10.4 base pairs p e r turn, with a n estimated probable error o f +0.1. In t h e present communication, results obtained b y a second method, termed "the band shift method," a r e presented. T h e electrophoretic patterns o f a s e t o f relaxed covalently closed 2 0 0 T h e publication costs o f thisarticle were defrayed i part b y page charge payment. This article must therefore b e hereby marked "ad- vertisement" i n accordance with 1 8 U . S . C . §1734 solely t o indicate this fact.

James C. Wang- Helical repeat of DNA in solution

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Page 1: James C. Wang- Helical repeat of DNA in solution

8/3/2019 James C. Wang- Helical repeat of DNA in solution

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/james-c-wang-helical-repeat-of-dna-in-solution 1/4

P r o c . N a t i . A c a d . S c d . U S AV o l . 7 6 , N o . 1 , p p . 2 0 0 - 2 0 3 , J a n u a r y 1 9 7 9

B i o c h e m i s t r y

H e l i c a l r e p e a t o f DNA i n s o l u t i o n

(DNA s t r u c t u r e / l i n k i n g n u m b e r / D N A t o p o i s o m e r a s e / c l o s e d c i r c u l a r DNA)

J A M E S C . WA NG

D e p a r t m e n t o f B i o c h e m i s t r y a n d M o l e c u l a r B i o l o g y , H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y , C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s 0 2 1 3 8

C o m m u n i c a t e d b y F r a n c i s C r i c k , O c t o b e r 2 3 , 1 9 7 8

A B S T R A C T T h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t o f D N A i n s o l u t i o n h a s b e e nm e a s u r e d d i r e c t l y b y a n a l y z i n g t h e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n so f p a i r s o f c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d DNAs w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s b e -t w e e n 1 a n d 5 8 b a s e p a i r s , o u t o f a t o t a l l e n g t h o f a b o u t 4 3 5 0b a s e p a i r s p e r D N A m o l e c u l e . T h e m e t h o d i s b a s e d o n t h e o b -s e r v a t i o n t h a t f o r a c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d D N A o f a f i x e d s i z e o f nb a s e p a i r s ( n o f t h e o r d e r o f s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d ) , u n d e r a p p r o p r i a t ec o n d i t i o n s , t w o t o p o l o g i c a l i s o m e r s ( t o p o i s o m e r s ) d i f f e r i n g b y1 i n t h e i r l i n k i n g n u m b e r s a r e w e l l r e s o l v e d b y g e l e l e c t r o p h o -r e s i s . I f t h e s i z e o f t h e D NA i s i n c r e a s e d t o n + x b a s e p a i r s ,u n l e s s x i s a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h , t h e b a n d so f t h e t o p o i s o m e r s w i t h n + x b a s e p a i r s p e r m o l e c u l e a r e a l ls h i f t e d r e l a t i v e t o t h e b a n d s o f t h e t o p o i s o m e r s w i t h n b a s e p a i r sp e r m o l e c u l e . T h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e s h i f t i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o

t h e n o n i n t e g r a l r e s i d u a l o f x / n . A n a l y s i s o f t h e s e t w i t h xr a n g i n g f r o m I t o 5 8 g i v e s t h e D N A h e l i x r e p e a t i n s o l u t i o n a s1 0 . 4 b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n u n d e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , w i t h a ne s t i m a t e p r o b a b l e e r r o r o f ± 0 . 1 . T h i s r e s u l t s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t st h e d o u b l e h e l i x s t r u c t u r e o f D N A a n d r e j e c t s t h e s i d e - b y - s i d em o d e l o f R o d l e y e t a . [ R o d l e y , G . A . , S c o b i e , R . S . , B a t e s , R . H .T . & L e w i t t , R . M . ( 1 9 7 6 ) P r o c . N a t L A c a d . S c i . U S A 7 3 , 2 9 5 9 -2 9 8 3 ] . T h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t o f D N A m e a s u r e d i n s o l u t i o n i s s i g -n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e v a l u e 1 0 . 0 b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n f o rt h e B f o r m f i b e r s t r u c t u r e .

I t h a s b e e n a q u a r t e r o f a c e n t u r y s i n c e t h e b i h e l i c a l s t r u c t u r eo f D N A w a s f i r s t p r o p o s e d ( 1 ) . Two r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t sp r o m p t e d me t o r e e x a m i n e t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t - i . e . , t h e n u m b e ro f b a s e p a i r s p e r h e l i c a l t u r n - o f t h e D N A d o u b l e h e l i x i n s o -l u t i o n . F i r s t , a m o d e l r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e W a t s o n - C r i c ks t r u c t u r e h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d b y R o d l e y e t a l . ( 2 ) . I n t h i s m o d e l ,t w o a n t i p a r a l l e l s t r a n d s h e l d t o g e t h e r b y W a t s o n - C r i c k t y p eb a s e p a i r i n g a s s u m e a s i d e - b y - s i d e m e s h i n g r a t h e r t h a n a b i -h e l i c a l i n t e r t w i n i n g . I t i s a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e m o d e l i s a l s o c o n s i s -t e n t w i t h t h e x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f B f o r m D N A ( 2 ) .S e c o n d , v a l u e s f o r t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t o f D N A - 9 . 3 , 1 0 , a n d 1 1b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n f o r t h e C , B , a n d A s t r u c t u r e s , r e s p e c -t i v e l y - w e r e m e a s u r e d f o r f i b e r s i n d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s o f h y d r a t i o n( 3 ) . T h e B s t r u c t u r e o b s e r v e d f o r f i b e r s a t h i g h h u m i d i t y i s

g e n e r a l l y t a k e n t o b e t h e s t r u c t u r e i n s o l u t i o n . T h e r e h a s b e e n

n o r e l i a b l e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e D N A h e l i c a l r e p e a t i n s o l u t i o n .S m a l l a n g l e x - r a y s c a t t e r i n g a n d c i r c u l a r d i c h r o i s m m e a s u r e -

m e n t s o f D N A i n s o l u t i o n h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t ( 4 , 5 ) , b u t t h ei n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y c o m p l i c a t e d a n dt h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e d o n o t p e r m i t a n u n a m b i g u o u s c o n c l u -s i o n .

R e c e n t s t u d i e s o n c h r o m a t i n s t r u c t u r e a l s o h a v e b r o u g h t i n t of o c u s t h e l a c k o f r e l i a b l e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e D N A h e l i c a l r e -p e a t i n s o l u t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t r u c t u r a l m o d e l o f F i n c h e ta l . ( 6 ) , d e d u c e d f r o m x - r a y d i f f r a c t i o n a n d e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p i ca n a l y s e s o f c r y s t a l s o f n u c l e o s o m e c o r e s , t h e D N A i n e a c hn u c l e o s o m e i s w o u n d i n t o a b o u t 1 3 / 4 o r m o r e t u r n s o f a s u -

p e r h e l i x . T h e m o d e l r e q u i r e s t h a t , i f a c l o s e d c i r c u l a r D N A d u -p l e x c o n s i s t i n g o f a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f n u c l e o s o m e s i s r e l a x e db y c y c l e s o f b r e a k i n g a n d r e j o i n i n g o f t h e D N A b a c k b o n eb o n d s , t h e l i n k i n g n u m b e r o f t h e r e s u l t i n g D N A s h o u l d b e l o w e rt h a n t h a t o f t h e s a m e D N A r e l a x e d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e h i s -t o n e s , b y 1 % t u r n s o r m o r e p e r n u c l e o s o m e . T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l yo b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e w a s l e s s t h a n 1 1 / 4 t u r n s p e r n u c l e o s o m e . T h i sd i s c r e p a n c y c a n b e r e c o n c i l e d i f o n e r e a l i z e s t h a t t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t o f D N A f r e e i n s o l u t i o n a n d a r o u n d t h e n u c l e o s o m e c o r em i g h t n o t b e t h e s a m e ( 7 ) . F i n c h e t a l . a r g u e d t h a t , i f t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t o f D N A a r o u n d t h e n u c l e o s o m e i s e x a c t l y 1 0 b a s e p a i r sp e r t u r n a s s u g g e s t e d b y p a n c r e a t i c D N a s e I d i g e s t i o n e x p e r i -

m e n t s w i t h n u c l e o s o m e s , t h e n t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t o f f r e e D N Ai n s o l u t i o n m i g h t b e i n t h e r a n g e 1 0 . 4 t o 1 0 . 7 b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n .T h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s b y L e v i t t ( 8 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t o f a s t r a i g h t D N A s e g m e n t i s l i k e l y t o b e d i f f e r e n t f r o mt h a t o f t h e s a m e s e g m e n t b e n t s m o o t h l y a r o u n d a c y l i n d r i c a lc o r e .

I n a p r e l i m i n a r y c o m m u n i c a t i o n , m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t h e h e -l i c a l r e p e a t o f D N A i n s o l u t i o n b y t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r m e t h o dh a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d ( 9 ) . T h e m e t h o d i s b a s e d o n t h e e a r l i e rw o r k o f D e p e w a n d Wang ( 1 0 ) s h o w i n g t h a t , i f a n i c k e d c i r -c u l a r D N A i s c o n v e r t e d t o t h e c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d f o r m b y l i g a s e ,t h e r e s u l t i n g t o p o l o g i c a l i s o m e r s ( t o p o i s o m e r s ) d i f f e r i n g o n l yi n t h e i r l i n k i n g n u m b e r s ( t o p o l o g i c a l w i n d i n g n u m b e r s ) c a n b er e s o l v e d b y g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s . T h e r e l a t i v e a m o u n t s o f t h et o p o i s o m e r s , w h e n p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e i r l i n k i n g n u m -

b e r s , g i v e a G a u s s i a n d i s t r i b u t i o n . I n g e n e r a l t h e c e n t e r o f t h eG a u s s i a n c u r v e d o e s n o t o c c u r a t a n i n t e g r a l l i n k i n g n u m b e ra n d i s s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e l i n k i n g n u m b e r a m o f t h e m o s t

a b u n d a n t t o p o i s o m e r b y a f r a c t i o n a l n u m b e r , w . D e p e w a n d

W a n g ( 1 0 ) i n t e r p r e t e d t h i s s e p a r a t i o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y . F o r

a c i r c u l a r D N A w i t h a s i n g l e - c h a i n s c i s s i o n , t h e m o s t s t a b l ec o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e D N A c h a i n i s s u c h t h a t , f o r t h e f o r m a t i o no f t h e m o s t s t a b l e c l o s e d c i r c u l a r s p e c i e s , w h i c h h a s a n i n t e g r a ll i n k i n g n u m b e r a m , t h e t w i s t n u m b e r T w i s a l t e r e d b y a c e r t a i nf r a c t i o n o f a t u r n , w . I t i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w s t h a t , i f a s e g m e n tx b a s e p a i r s l o n g i s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e o r i g i n a l D N A , t h e s e p a r a -t i o n b e t w e e n t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r a n d t h e m o s t i n t e n s e b a n d w i l ln o t b e a f f e c t e d i f x i s a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a th . I f x i s n o t a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f h , t h e n o n i n t e g r a l r e s i d u a lo f x / h w i l l m o d u l a t e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r r e l a t i v et o t h e m o s t i n t e n s e t o p o i s o m e r b a n d .

T h r e e p a i r s o f DNAs h a v e b e e n e x a m i n e d b y t h i s m e t h o d ,w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s o f 9 9 , 1 1 4 , a n d 4 1 4 b a s e p a i r s , r e s p e c -t i v e l y ( 9 ) . B e c a u s e t h e m e t h o d m e a s u r e s o n l y t h e n o n i n t e g r a lr e s i d u a l o f x / h , t o c a l c u l a t e h f r o m t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s i t w a s

n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e a n a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e o f h . B y a s s u m i n g t h a th l i e s b e t w e e n 1 0 a n d 1 1 , t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d g a v e h = 1 0 . 4 b a s ep a i r s p e r t u r n , w i t h a n e s t i m a t e d p r o b a b l e e r r o r o f + 0 . 1 .

I n t h e p r e s e n t c o m m u n i c a t i o n , r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y a s e c o n dm e t h o d , t e r m e d " t h e b a n d s h i f t m e t h o d , " a r e p r e s e n t e d . T h ee l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s o f a s e t o f r e l a x e d c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d

2 0 0

T h e p u b l i c a t i o n c o s t s o f t h i s a r t i c l e w e r e d e f r a y e d i n p a r t b y p a g ec h a r g e p a y m e n t . T h i s a r t i c l e m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e h e r e b y m a r k e d " a d -v e r t i s e m e n t " i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 1 8 U . S . C . § 1 7 3 4 s o l e l y t o i n d i c a t et h i s f a c t .

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8/3/2019 James C. Wang- Helical repeat of DNA in solution

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P r o c . N a t i . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 6 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 2 0 1

DNAs i n a g a r o s e g e l w e r e e x a m i n e d . T h e s e t o f DNAs c a n b e

c o n s i d e r e d a s c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m i n s e r t i n g s e g m e n t s r a n g i n g f r o m

1 t o 5 8 b a s e p a i r s i n t o a s t a r t i n g D N A . * T h e D N A h e l i c a l r e p e a tc a n b e d e d u c e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e s e t o f d a t a , w i t h o u t a n y p r i o ra s s u m p t i o n a s t o t h e v a l u e o f h . I t i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t , f o r a D N Aw i t h a s e q u e n c e r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s e q u e n c e s o f t h e i n s e r t s u s e di n t h i s w o r k , i t s h e l i c a l r e p e a t i n s o l u t i o n i s 1 0 . 4 + 0 . 1 b a s e p a i r sp e r t u r n u n d e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h e b a n d s h i f t m e t h o da s w e l l a s t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r m e t h o d c a n a l s o b e a p p l i e d t o t h ed e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e q u e n c e d e p e n d e n c e o f h .

PRINCIPLE OF T HE METHOD

I f a c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d c i r c u l a r D N A d u p l e x n b a s e p a i r s l o n gi s r e l a x e d b y b r e a k i n g a n d r e j o i n i n g o f b a c k b o n e b o n d s , af a m i l y o f t o p o i s o m e r s d i f f e r i n g o n l y i n t h e i r l i n k i n g n u m b e r si s o b t a i n e d . T h e s e t o p o i s o m e r s c a n b e r e s o l v e d i n t o d i s c r e t eb a n d s b y g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n d e r a p p r o p r i a t e c o n d i t i o n s . T h em e t h o d t o b e d e s c r i b e d a s w e l l a s t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r m e t h o di s b a s e d o n t h e p o s t u l a t e s t h a t t h e s e b a n d s a r e i n d e e d s p e c i e sd i f f e r i n g o n l y i n l i n k i n g n u m b e r s a n d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e -t w e e n t h e l i n k i n g n u m b e r s o f a d j a c e n t b a n d s i s u n i t y . A r g u -m e n t s s u p p o r t i n g t h e s e p o s t u l a t e s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d e l s e w h e r e( F . H . C . C r i c k , J . C . W a n g , a n d W. B a u e r , u n p u b l i s h e dd a t a ) .

T h e b a n d s h i f t m e t h o d c a n b e d e d u c e d f r o m a c o n s i d e r a t i o n

o f t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n o f t h e c o v a -l e n t l y c l o s e d t o p o i s o m e r s o n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e DNA. S u p p o s e ,b y t h e now w e l l - d e v e l o p e d m e t h o d s o f m o l e c u l a r g e n e t i c s , as h o r t s e g m e n t x b a s e p a i r s l o n g i s i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e o r i g i n a lD N A , i n c r e a s i n g i t s l e n g t h t o n + x b a s e p a i r s . F o r t h e t i m e

b e i n g i t w i l l b e a s s u m e d t h a t x i s s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a l l , c o m p a r e dw i t h n , s o t h a t t h e l e n g t h i n c r e m e n t p e r s e h a s n o e f f e c t o n t h ee l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o b i l i t y . I t i s t h e n s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t o a r r i v e a tt h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s :

( i ) I f x i s a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h , t h ee l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n i s u n c h a n g e d .

( i i ) I f x i s n o t a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h , e a c ho f t h e c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d D N A b a n d s i n t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e t o g r a mw i l l b e s h i f t e d b y a n a m o u n t e q u a l t o t h e n o n i n t e g r a l r e s i d u a lo f x / h t i m e s t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n t w o a d j a c e n t b a n d s .

T h e f i r s t c o n c l u s i o n a b o v e i s e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d b e c a u s e , i fx i s a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t , t h e t w i s t n u m b e rT w a n d t h e l i n k i n g n u m b e r a w i l l b e i n c r e a s e d b y t h e s a m e

i n t e g r a l n u m b e r , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e w r i t h i n g n u m b e r W r , w h i c hd e t e r m i n e s t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o b i l i t y a n d i s r e l a t e d t o a a n dTw b y t h e e q u a t i o n a = Tw + Wr ( 1 1 - 1 4 ) , r e m a i n s t h e s a m e . tI n a r r i v i n g a t t h e s e c o n d c o n c l u s i o n , i t i s a s s u m e d t h a t , u n d e re l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s , b e c a u s e Wr o f a l l t o p o i s o m e r s i sr e l a t i v e l y l o w , T w i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t o f ar e l a x e d D N A u n d e r t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s . T h u s , t h e i n s e r t i o no f x b a s e p a i r s i s e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e Tw b y x / h . B e c a u s e a c a no n l y b e c h a n g e d b y a n i n t e g r a l v a l u e , i f T w i s i n c r e a s e d b y an o n i n t e g r a l v a l u e , Wr m u s t a l s o b e c h a n g e d b y a n o n i n t e g r a lv a l u e b e c a u s e o f t h e t o p o l o g i c a l c o n s t r a i n t .

F o r m o s t o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s t o b e d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s w o r k ,

t h e c o n d i t i o n s c h o s e n f o r t h e r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e DNAs a n d f o rg e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s w e r e s u c h t h a t d u r i n g e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s t h ec o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d c i r c u l a r DNAs w e r e a l l p o s i t i v e l y s u p e r -c o i l e d - i . e . , w i t h p o s i t i v e Wr ( 1 0 ) . T h u s , f o r a t o p o i s o m e r w i t ha f i x e d l i n k i n g n u m b e r , a n i n c r e a s e i n Tw d e c r e a s e s Wr d u r i n ge l e c t r o p h o r e s i s , a n d a n u p w a r d s h i f t ( a r e d u c t i o n i n m o b i l i t y )i s e x p e c t e d . D e p e w a n d Wang ( 1 0 ) p o i n t e d o u t t h a t , i f t h e h e -

l i c a l r e p e a t i s 1 0 b a s e p a i r s per t u r n , t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1 b a s e p a i r ,w h i c h i n c r e a s e s T w b y 0 . 1 t u r n , w i l l cause a n u p w a r d s h i f t o f0 . 1 t i m e s t h e s p a c i n g b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t t o p o i s o m e r s , or 0 . 1t u r n .

MATERIALS A N D ME THODS

M a t e r i a l s . T h e p l a s m i d DNAs u s e d - p T R 1 6 1 , 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 8 ,1 9 0 , 1 9 3 , a n d 1 9 9 - w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m s t r a i n s k i n d l y p r o v i d e db y T . R o b e r t s . T h e p l a s m i d s w ere c o n s t r u c t e d b y i n s e r t i n g a

f r a g m e n t o f p h a g e X D N A c o n t a i n i n g t h e cro g e n e i n t o a

p l a s m i d d e r i v e d f r o m p B R 3 2 2 ( T . M . R o b e r t s , R . K a c i c h , a n dM . P t a s h n e , p e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . O n e e n d o f t h e i n s e r t e dX f r a g m e n t h a d b e e n r e s e c t e d b y d i g e s t i n g w i t h E s c h e r i c h i ac o l i e x o n u c l e a s e I I I a n d A s p e r g i l l u s o r i z a e e n d o n u c l e a s e S 1p r i o r t o i n s e r t i o n , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e s e t o f p l a s m i d s d i f f e r e d i nl e n g t h s w i t h i n a w e l l - d e f i n e d s e q u e n c e . F o r e a c h o f t h e p l a s m i dD N A s u s e d h e r e w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f p T R 1 9 3 , a H a e I I I r e -

s t r i c t i o n f r a g m e n t c o n t a i n i n g t h e r e g i o n o f sequence v a r i a t i o nwas s e q u e n c e d . F o r p T R 1 9 3 , s e q u e n c i n g o f t h e f r a g m e n t w a s

n o t c a r r i e d o u t b u t t h e f r a g m e n t w a s s i z e d o n a s e q u e n c i n g g e l .F o r t h e purpose o f t h i s paper, a l l DNAs ca n b e c o n s i d e r e d a s

d e r i v e d f r o m p T R 1 6 1 b y d e l e t i n g , f r o m t h e l e f t e n d , p a r t o r

a l l o f t h e 5 8 - b a s e - p a i r sequence 5 ' - G - A - T - C - C - G - G - G - A - C -T - A - T - T - T - T - A - C - C - T - A - T - G - G - C - G - G - T - G - A - T - A - A - T -

G - G - T - T - G - C - A - T - G - T - A - C - T - A - A - G - G - A - G - G - T - T - G - T - 3 ' .

T h e n u m b e r s o f b a s e p a i r s d e l e t e d f o r t h e s e t were: p T R 1 6 1 ,0 ; p T R 1 8 2 , 5 3 ; p T R 1 8 3 , 2 6 ; p T R 1 8 8 , 3 5 ; p T R 1 9 0 , 5 8 ; p T R L 9 3 ,4 7 ; p T R l 9 9 , 2 5 . T h e e nzyme c a l f t h y m u s D N A t o p o i s o m e r a s eu s e d f o r t h e r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e D N A s was t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f K .J a v a h e r i a n a n d L . L i u o f t h i s l a b o r a t o r y . R e l a x a t i o n o f t h eDNAs was c a r r i e d o u t i n 1 0 mM T r i s - H C l , pH 8 / 0 . 2 M N a C l /0 . 1 mM Na3EDTA a t 0 ° C o v e r n i g h t . T h e r e a c t i o n w a s t e r m i -n a t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f b u f f e r - s a t u r a t e d p h e n o l t o t h e r e a c t i o nm i x t u r e s a t 0 ° C . T h e p h e n o l - e x t r a c t e d D N A s a m p l e s were t h e nd i a l y z e d a g a i n s t t h e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s b u f f e r t o remove e x c e s s

s a l t .G e l E l e c t r o p h o r e s i s . T h e p r o c e d u r e s d e s c r i b e d b y D e p e w

a n d Wang ( 1 0 ) were u s e d . T h e 0 . 7 % a g a r o s e s l a b was 1 3 cm

w i d e X 2 2 cm l o n g X0 . 3 cm t h i c k , a n d e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s was

u s u a l l y d o n e a t 6 0 V f o r 1 6 h r . A f t e r e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s t h e g e l s l a bwas s t a i n e d w i t h e t h i d i u m b r o mi d e a n d p h o t o g r a p h e d o n P o -l a r o i d t y p e 5 5 f i l m , a n d t h e n e g a t i v e o f t h e f i l m w a s t r a c e d w i t he i t h e r a J o y c e - L o e b l or a H e l e n a L a b o r a t o r i e s m i c r o d e n s i -t o m e t e r .

RES U L T S

F i g . 1 t o p i l l u s t r a t e s t h e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s o f s e v e r a lD N A s a m p l e s t h a t h a d b e e n r e l a x e d u n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e p a t t e r n s s h o w n i n l a n e s 1 a n d 2 c l e a r l y i n -d i c a t e s t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1 0 b a s e p a i r s d i d n o t c h a n g e t h e g e le l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n . T h e same c o n c l u s i o n ca n b e d r a w nmore p r e c i s e l y b y c o m p a r i n g t h e p a t t e r n s o f l a n e s 3 a n d 4 . T h es h i f t s o f t h e b a n d s o f p T R 1 9 9 r e l a t i v e t o t h e b a n d s o f p T R 1 6 1ca n b e m e a s u r e d f r o m a m i c r o d e n s i t o m e t e r t r a c i n g o f t h en e g a t i v e o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h , a n d t h e s h i f t s ca n b e c o m p a r e d

w i t h t h o s e o f p T R 1 8 8 r e l a t i v e t o t h e b a n d s o f p T R 1 6 1 . T h ep a t t e r n s s h o w n i n t h e c e n t e r l a n e s s h o w t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f 2 5 ,3 5 , a n d 2 6 b a s e p a i r s s h i f t e d t h e b a n d s u p w a r d b y 0 . 5 , 0 . 5 , a n d0 . 6 t u r n , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f a s i n g l e b a s ep a i r ca n a l s o b e s e e n b y c o m p a r i n g t h e p a t t e r n s o f l a n e s 4 a n d5 . B y u s i n g t h e b a n d s o f p T R 1 6 1 i n t h e s e l a n e s as t h e commonr e f e r e n c e s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e b a n d s o f p T R 1 8 8 s h i f t e d u p w a r df r o m t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g b a n d s o f p T R 1 8 3 b y 0 . 1 t u r n .

F i g . 1 m i d d l e d e p i c t s t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s o f f o u ra d d i t i o n a l p a i r s o f D N A s , w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s o f 5 3 , 2 7 , 5 ,a n d 6 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . A m i c r o d e n s i t o m e t e r t r a c i n g o f o n e o f t h e

* T h e a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s e t i n v o l v e d d e l e t i o n o f s e q u e n c e s f r o ma D N A r a t h e r t h a n i n s e r t i o n o f s e q u e n c e s i n t o a DNA.

t F o r an i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f a , T w , a n d Wr a n d t h e r e -

l a t i o n s h i p a m o n g t h e m , s e e r e f . 1 4 .

B i o c h e m i s t r y : W a n g

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 6 ( 1 9 7 9 )

F I G . 1 . ( T o p ) E l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s o f D N A s . From l e f t t o

r i g h t : p T R 1 8 8 , p T R 1 9 9 , a m i x t u r e o f p T R 1 6 1 a n d p T R 1 9 9 , a m i x t u r e

o f p T R 1 6 1 a n d p T R 1 8 8 , a m i x t u r e o f p T R 1 6 1 a n d p T R 1 8 3 , p T R 1 8 3 ,a n d p T R 1 6 1 . The l e n g t h i n c r e m e n t s o f t h e D N A s p T R 1 8 8 , p T R 1 9 9 ,a n d p T R 1 8 3 ov er p T R 1 6 1 a r e , i n b a s e p a i r s , - 3 5 , - 2 5 , a n d - 2 6 , r e -

s p e c t i v e l y . O n l y a s e c t i o n o f t h e g e l was p h o t o g r a p h e d . The s c a l e ont o p i s i n m i l l i m e t e r u n i t s . ( M i d d l e ) E l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n s o f p a i r so f DNAs. A l l s a m p l e s c o n t a i n e d DNA p T R 1 8 2 . The s e c o n d DNAm i x e d i n , f r o m l e f t t o r i g h t , was p T R 1 6 1 , p T R 1 8 3 , p T R 1 9 0 , a n dp T R 1 9 3 . ( B o t t o m ) M i c r o d e n s i t o m e t e r t r a c i n g o f t h e n e g a t i v e f o r t h e

e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c p a t t e r n o f t h e p a i r o f D N A s p T R 1 8 3 / p T R 1 8 2 .

p a t t e r n s , t h a t o f t h e D N A p a i r p T R 1 8 3 / p T R 1 8 2 w i t h a l e n g t hd i f f e r e n c e o f 2 7 b a s e p a i r s , i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g . 1 b o t t o m . R e -

s u l t s o b t a i n e d f o r p a i r s o f t h e D N A s a m p l e s w i t h l e n g t h d i f -f e r e n c e s up t o 1 0 b a s e p a i r s a re s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 .

T h e d a t a i n T a b l e 1 s h o w t h a t very c l o s e t o 1 0 b a s e p a i r s

T a b l e 1 . H e l i c a l r e p e a t ( h ) o f D N A f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s o f D N Ap a i r s w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s < 1 0 b a s e p a i r s ( b p )

D N A p a i r * A l e n g t h , b p S h i f t o b s e r v e d t h c a l c .

p T R 1 9 9 / p T R 1 8 3 1 0 . 1 0 1 0p T R 1 8 2 / p T R 1 9 0 5 0 . 5 1 9 . 8p T R 1 9 3 / p T R 1 8 2 6 0 . 5 9 1 0

p T R 1 9 9 / p T R 1 8 8 1 0 - 0 . 0 2 9 . 8

* F o r e a c h D N A p a i r , t h e l e f t o n e i s t h e l a r g e r o f t h e p a i r .t T h e s h i f t i s t h e u p w a r d ( o p p o s i t e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s )

s h i f t o f a b a n d o f t h e l a r g e r D N A f r o m t h e b a n d o f t h e s h o r t e r D N Ai m m e d i a t e l y b e l o w i t a n d i s e x p r e s s e d a s t h e f r a c t i o n o f s p a c i n g

b e t w e e n t w o t o p o i s o m e r s d i f f e r i n g b y 1 i n t h e i r l i n k i n g n u m b e r s .B e c a u s e , f o r e a c h p a i r , t w o f a m i l i e s o f b a n d s a r e p r e s e n t , t h e v a l u eg i v e n i s t h e m e a n o f a l l m e a s u r e d s h i f t s o f t h e v a r i o u s b a n d s .

m a k e o n e D N A h e l i x t u r n u n d e r e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s ( i n4 0 mM T r i s - H C I , pH 8 / 5 mM N a a c e t a t e / 0 . 5 mM Na3EDTAa t t 2 3 0 C ) . T h i s p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t i n t u r n a l l o w s t h e c a l c u l a t i o no f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t f r o m s h i f t s m e a s u r e d w i t h p a i r s o f DNAso f l a r g e r l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e s h i f t o b s e r v e df o r t h e p a i r p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 9 9 , w i t h a l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e o f 2 5b a s e p a i r s , i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 5 t u r n . K n o w i n g t h a t t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t i s c l o s e t o 1 0 b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n , h o w e v e r , a l l o w s o n e t od e d u c e t h a t t h e a c t u a l c h a n g e i n Tw m u s t b e 2 . 5 t u r n s .

T h e r e f o r e b y p e r f o r m i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s w i t h p a i r s o f DNAso f i n c r e a s i n g l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e m e a s u r e -m e n t s i s i m p r o v e d .

F o r D N A p a i r s w i t h l a r g e r l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s , h o w e v e r , i na d d i t i o n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r w r i t h i n gn u m b e r s t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o b i l i t y o n t h em o l e c u l a r w e i g h t i t s e l f i s n o l o n g e r n e g l i g i b l e . F o r t u n a t e l y ,b e c a u s e t h e l e n g t h c o r r e c t i o n a p p l i e s o n l y t o t h e m e a s u r e m e n to f t h e f r a c t i o n a l t u r n s a n d n o t t o t h e i n t e g r a l p a r t , e v e n f o r t h el o n g e s t l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e , 5 8 b a s e p a i r s b e t w e e n p B R 1 6 1 a n dp B R 1 9 0 , t h e c o r r e c t i o n a m o u n t s t o o n l y a f e w p e r c e n t .T h e r e f o r e , a r o u g h c o r r e c t i o n s u f f i c e s . I t w i l l b e a s s u m e d t h a tt h e l e n g t h d e p e n d e n c e f o r a c l o s e d c i r c u l a r D N A i s t h e s a m ea s t h a t f o r a n i c k e d c i r c u l a r D N A . F o r t h e s a m p l e s s h o w n i n F i g .1 m i d d l e , t h e a c t u a l d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d b y n i c k e d c i r c u l a r

p T R 1 6 1 w a s m e a s u r e d t o b e a b o u t 1 3 . 9 c m . I n t h e s a m e r u n ,d i m e r i c a n d t r i m e r i c n i c k e d c i r c u l a r p T R 1 6 1 m i g r a t e d a b o u t7 . 4 a n d 4 . 7 c m , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e f o r e , t h e m o b i l i t y i s r o u g h l yl i n e a r l y r e l a t e d t o s i z e . U n d e r i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , w h e n n i c k e dc i r c u l a r p T R 1 6 1 a n d p T R 1 9 0 D N A w e r e r u n i n a d j a c e n t l a n e s ,w i t h l i n e a r p B R 3 2 2 D N A m i x e d i n e a c h a s a n i n t e r n a l m a r k e r ,t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n d i s t a n c e s m i g r a t e d w a s m e a s u r e d t o - b e 0 . 1 2c m . L i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n g i v e s a d e c r e a s e o f 0 . 1 2 / 5 8 o r 0 . 0 0 2 1cm p e r b a s e p a i r i n c r e a s e i n l e n g t h . T h e a v e r a g e s p a c i n g b e -t w e e n t w o a d j a c e n t t o p o i s o m e r s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 m i d d l e i s a b o u t0 . 5 7 c m . T h u s , t h e l e n g t h e f f e c t i s o f t h e o r d e r o f 0 . 0 0 2 1 / 0 . 5 7o r 3 . 7 X 1 0 - 3 t u r n p e r b a s e p a i r . T h i s v a l u e w i l l b e u s e d t oc o r r e c t f o r t h e l e n g t h e f f e c t f o r D N A s w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e sg r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 b a s e p a i r s . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 2 .

A s e c o n d w a y o f c o r r e c t i n g f o r t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f m o b i l i t y

o n l e n g t h i s a s f o l l o w s . A m i x t u r e o f a p a i r o f D N A s , A / B , i sa n a l y z e d b y g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s u n d e r t w o d i f f e r e n t s e t s o fc o n d i t i o n s . I n o n e s e t , t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e s o s e l e c t e d t h a t t h eDNAs a r e p o s i t i v e l y s u p e r c o i l e d . I f A i s l o n g e r t h a n B b y a

n o n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t , A w i l l b e s h i f t e du p w a r d f r o m B . B e c a u s e t h e l e n g t h e f f e c t s l o w s d o w n t h e b a n d so f A m o r e t h a n t h e b a n d s o f B , t h e m e a s u r e d u p w a r d s h i f t o ft h e A b a n d s i s a n o v e r e s t i m a t e . I n t h e o t h e r s e t , t h e e l e c t r o -p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s a r e s o s e l e c t e d t h a t t h e DNAs a r e n e g a t i v e l ys u p e r c o i l e d . T h e i n c r e a s e i n T w o f A o v e r B b e c a u s e o f t h el e n g t h i n c r e m e n t w i l l c a u s e a d o w n w a r d s h i f t , a n d t h e m e a -

2 0 2 B i o c h e m i s t r y : W a n g

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 6 ( 1 9 7 9 ) 2 0 3

T a b l e 2 . H e l i c a l r e p e a t h o f D N A c a l c u l a t e d f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s

o f D N A p a i r s w i t h l e n g t h d i f f e r e n c e s > 1 0 b a s e p a i r s ( b p )

S h i f tA l e n g t h , O b - C o r - A Tw h

D N A p a i r b p s e r v e d r e c t e d * d e d u c e d c a l c .

p T R 1 9 3 / p T R 1 9 0 1 1 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 6 1 . 0 6 1 0 . 4

p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 9 9 2 5 0 . 4 9 0 . 4 0 2 . 4 0 1 0 . 4

p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 8 3 2 6 0 . 5 8 0 . 4 8 2 . 4 8 1 0 . 5

p T R 1 8 3 / p T R 1 8 2 2 7 0 . 6 9 0 . 5 9 2 . 5 9 1 0 . 4p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 8 8 3 5 0 . 4 7 0 . 3 4 3 . 3 4 1 0 . 5

p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 9 3 4 7 0 . 6 5 0 . 4 8 4 . 4 8 1 0 . 5

p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 8 2 5 3 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 5 5 . 0 5 1 0 . 5

p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 9 0 5 8 0 . 7 8 0 . 5 7 5 . 5 7 1 0 . 4

* C o r r e c t e d f o r l e n g t h e f f e c t .

s u r e d d o w n w a r d s h i f t i s a n u n d e r e s t i m a t e b e c a u s e o f t h e l e n g t he f f e c t o n m o b i l i t y . B y a v e r a g i n g t h e m e a s u r e d s h i f t s u n d e r

t h e s e t w o s e t s o f e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s , t h e l e n g t h e f f e c tc a n b e c a n c e l l e d o u t , a n d t h e a v e r a g e s h i f t i s t h e n u s e d t o c a l -c u l a t e h . T h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h s o c a l c u l a t e d i s t h e a v e r a g e o f t h eh v a l u e s u n d e r t h e t w o s e t s o f e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s ( s e eD i s c u s s i o n ) . T h e p a i r o f D N A s p T R 1 6 1 / p T R 1 8 2 , w i t h a l e n g t hd i f f e r e n c e o f 5 3 b a s e p a i r s , w a s a n a l y z e d i n t h i s m a n n e r a n d

t h e v a l u e o f h s o o b t a i n e d w a s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o mt h e v a l u e g i v e n i n T a b l e 2 .

DISCUSSION

F o r a g i v e n p a i r o f DNAs n a n d n + x b a s e p a i r s l o n g , t h e h e -l i c a l r e p e a t h o b t a i n e d b y t h e b a n d s h i f t m e t h o d i s t h a t o f aD N A w i t h t h e s a m e s e q u e n c e a s t h e i n s e r t e d x b a s e p a i r s u n d e rt h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s . T h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t o n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i o n i c e n v i r o n m e n t h a s b e e n k n o w nf o r s o m e t i m e ( 1 3 ) , a n d k n o w i n g t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h u n d e r o n es e t o f c o n d i t i o n s u s u a l l y p e r m i t s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h i s q u a n t i t yu n d e r a d i f f e r e n t s e t o f c o n d i t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s o f D e p e w a n dW a n g ( 1 0 ) , f o r e x a m p l e , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h o fD N A a t 3 7 0 C i n a d i l u t e a q u e o u s b u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g M g ( I I ) i sn o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t u n d e r t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s

c o n d i t i o n s u s e d : D N A c o v a l e n t l y c l o s e d u n d e r t h e f o r m e r s e to f c o n d i t i o n s b y l i g a s e m i g r a t e d c l o s e t o n i c k e d D N A u n d e r t h ee l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s .

T h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r m e t h o d m e a s u r e s t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t ho f t h e x b a s e p a i r s u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s u s e d f o r c o v a l e n t c l o s u r eo r r e l a x a t i o n o f t h e D N A s . I n t h e w o r k o f W a n g ( 9 ) , c o v a l e n tc l o s u r e b y l i g a s e w a s c a r r i e d o u t a t 2 5 0 C i n a d i l u t e a q u e o u sb u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g M g ( I I ) , a n d t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h u n d e r t h e s ec o n d i t i o n s i s n o t e x p e c t e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a tu n d e r t h e e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s c o n d i t i o n s . E x p e r i m e n t a l l y , b o t h s e t sg a v e t h e s a m e v a l u e , 1 0 . 4 b a s e p a i r s p e r t u r n , f o r t h e h e l i c a lr e p e a t h . B e c a u s e t h e b a s e s e q u e n c e s o f t h e i n s e r t s u s e d i n t h e s em e a s u r e m e n t s a r e d i f f e r e n t , t h e a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h em e a s u r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e s t h a t , a t l e a s t f o r t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r i n s e r t s ,

t h e s e q u e n c e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t h i s n o ts t r o n g .

T h e m e a s u r e d D N A h e l i c a l r e p e a t h i n s o l u t i o n u n d e r

p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , 1 0 . 4 , i s c l o s e t o t h e v a l u e c a l c u l a t e df o r t h e l o w e s t e n e r g y c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f u n b e n t D N A , 1 0 . 6 ( 8 ) .T h e a g r e e m e n t i s p r o b a b l y f o r t u i t o u s b e c a u s e t h e t h e o r e t i c a lc a l c u l a t i o n n e g l e c t s e l e c t r o s t a t i c a n d s o l v e n t e f f e c t s , w h i c h a r ek n o w n t o a f f e c t t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t . F o r e x a m p l e s , f r o m t h ep r e v i o u s l y m e a s u r e d t e m p e r a t u r e a n d i o n i c e f f e c t s ( 1 0 , 1 5 ) , i t

c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d t h a t , f o r h = 1 0 . 4 b a s e p a i r s p e r h e l i c a l t u r na t 3 7 ° C i n a d i l u t e a q u e o u s b u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g M g ( I I ) , a t 0 ° Ci n t h e s a m e b u f f e r h b e c o m e s 1 0 . 3 b a s e p a i r s p e r h e l i c a l t u r na n d a t 0 ° C i n 3 M C s C l h b e c o m e s 1 0 . 2 .

T h e d i r e c t l y m e a s u r e d D N A h e l i c a l r e p e a t h i n s o l u t i o n l e n d sa d d i t i o n a l s t r o n g s u p p o r t f o r t h e c l a s s i c a l W a t s o n - C r i c k d o u -

b l e - h e l i x a n d r e j e c t s t h e s i d e - b y - s i d e d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d m o d e l

o f R o d l e y e t a l . ( 2 ) . T h e m e a s u r e d v a l u e o f 1 0 . 4 b a s e p a i r s p e rh e l i c a l t u r n i n s o l u t i o n u n d e r p h y s i o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , w i t h a n

e s t i m a t e d p r o b a b l e e r r o r o f + 0 . 1 , i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m

t h e v a l u e 1 0 . 0 f o r t h e c l a s s i c a l B s t r u c t u r e , h o w e v e r .

T h e b a n d s h i f t m e t h o d o r t h e G a u s s i a n c e n t e r m e t h o d , i nc o n j u n c t i o n w i t h i n v i t r o a n d i n v i v o m e t h o d s f o r c o n s t r u c t i n gD N A r e c o m b i n a n t s , c a n b e a p p l i e d t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h ee f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n b a s e s e q u e n c e s o n t h e h e l i c a l r e p e a t . S u c h

m e a s u r e m e n t s s h o u l d c o m p l e m e n t f i b e r a n d s i n g l e c r y s t a l x - r a yd i f f r a c t i o n s t u d i e s o f DNAs o f u n i q u e s e q u e n c e s .

I am g r a t e f u l t o D r . T h o m a s R o b e r t s w h o k i n d l y p r o v i d e d me w i t hs t r a i n s c a r r y i n g t h e p l a s m i d DNAs u s e d i n t h i s w o r k a n d a l s o m a d ea v a i l a b l e t o me t h e s e q u e n c i n g r e s u l t s o f t h e s e p l a s m i d s p r i o r t o t h e i rp u b l i c a t i o n . T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d i n p a r t b y N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e

F o u n d a t i o n G r a n t P C M 7 8 - 0 5 8 9 2 .

1 . W a t s o n , J . D . & C r i c k , F . H . C . ( 1 9 5 3 ) N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 1 7 1 ,7 3 7 - 7 3 8 .

2 . R o d l e y , G . A . , S c o b i e , R . S . , B a t e s , R . H . T . & L e v i t t , R . M . ( 1 9 7 6 )P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 3 , 2 9 5 9 - 2 9 6 3 .

3 . W i l k i n s , M . H . F . ( 1 9 6 1 ) J . C h e m . P h y s . 5 8 , 8 9 1 - 8 9 8 .

4 . B r a m , S . ( 1 9 7 1 ) J . M o l . B i o l . 5 8 , 2 7 7 - 2 8 8 .

5 . T u n i s - S c h n e i d e r , M . J . B . & M a e s t r e , M . F . ( 1 9 7 0 ) J . M o l . B i o l .5 2 , 5 2 1 - 5 4 1 .

6 . F i n c h , J . T . , L u t t e r , L . C . , R h o d e s , D . , B r o w n , R . S . , R u s h t o n , B . ,L e v i t t , M . & K l u g , A . ( 1 9 7 7 ) N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 2 6 9 , 2 9 - 3 6 .

7 . C r i c k , F . H . C . ( 1 9 7 7 ) C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r S y m p . Q u a n t . B i o l .4 2 , 2 4 3 .

8 . L e v i t t , M . ( 1 9 7 8 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 5 , 6 4 0 - 6 4 4 .

9 . W a n g , J . C . ( 1 9 7 8 ) C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r S y m p . Q u a n t . B i o l . 4 3 ,i n p r e s s .

1 0 . D e p e w , R . E . & W a n g , J . C . ( 1 9 7 5 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA7 2 , 4 2 7 5 - 4 2 7 9 .

1 1 . V i n o g r a d , J . & L e b o w i t z , J . ( 1 9 6 6 ) J . G e n . P h y s i o l . 4 9 , 1 0 3 -

1 2 5 .1 2 . W h i t e , J . H . ( 1 9 6 9 ) Am. J . M a t h . 9 1 , 6 9 3 - 7 2 8 .

1 3 . F u l l e r , F . B . ( 1 9 7 1 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 6 8 , 8 1 5 - 8 1 9 .

1 4 . C r i c k , F . H . C . ( 1 9 7 6 ) P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 3 , 2 6 3 9 -

2 6 4 3 .1 5 . W a n g , J . C . ( 1 9 6 9 ) J . M o l . B i o l . 4 3 , 2 5 - 3 9 .

B i o c h e m i s t r y : W a n g