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Chapter - V 154
CHAPTER V
JALSWARAJYA – HEALTH AND SANITATION
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Health and Sanitation Programme
5.3 Sampurn Swachata Abhiyan
5.4 Rural Sanitation and Total Sanitation
5.5 A Study of Health and Sanitation.
Chapter - V 155
Chapter – V
JALSWARAJYA- HEALTH AND SANITATION
5.1- INTRODUCTION-
Under the Constitution, health is a State subject. The Central
Government is to assist the State Government. The Central Government is
needed in the areas of control/ eradication of major communicable and non-
communicable diseases. The broad policy formulation is done for medical and
para-medical education along with regulatory measures. The drug control,
prevention of food adulteration, population growth including child survival and
safe motherhood (CSSM) and immunization programme is also included in the
policy formation.
The Health, Nutrition status and the extent of medical facilities
determine the well being of the people. This can be judged by its impact on life
expectancy, on birth, infant mortality rate and also morbidity in a particular
period of time. Maharashtra has scored fairly well the raising life expectancy at
birth and reducing Infant mortality Rate(IMR). The Life expectancy level is
higher for women than men.
The Government of Maharashtra has achieved the Health and Sanitation
programme in the above mentioned aspects. The Rural sanitation programme
in Maharashtra has achieved impressive coverage status since 1996 under the
centrally sponsored Rural sanitation programme and the Minimum Needs
Programme. The State has also been in the forefront in implementing
community-based sanitation programme to promote “Total Sanitation” with a
shift of focus from construction of latrines to changing people’s habits and
behaviour. There are two Government programmes in addition to the
Chapter - V 156
subsidized sanitation strategy. They are the Sant Gadge Baba Gram Swachata
Abhiyan (Clean village campaign) and the Total Sanitation Campaign(TSC). This
embodies a shift in policy thinking in the following manner.
1) A focus on behavioural change of individuals rather than on construction of
latrines.
2) Individual construction subsides to community development rewards.
3) A shift in focus from targeting individuals and households to targeting the
Community.
4) Greater emphasis on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation as
essential prerequisites’ for achieving total sanitation.
As a part of this strategic the Government of Maharashtra proposes to
discontinue financing or subsidizing construction of latrines for individual
households. Instead the new strategy focuses on eliminating “open
defecation” through well designed Information Education Communication(IEC)
campaigns and community based incentives, supplemented by construction of
sanitary complexes for women and in Rural schools.
The Health of Nation depends on its citizens. Due to lack of access to
proper sanitation facilities, there is a general degradation of the physical
health. Absence of proper sanitation facilities result in illness and loss of man
days affecting the community financially. Besides this, human dignity issues.
Especially regarding the women are involved even before the implementation
of water supply facility.
Chapter - V 157
5.2- HEALTH AND SANITATION PROGRAMME -
The Government of Maharashtra has devised a policy to eradicate open
defecation. The goal is to achieve availability of toilets to 100% population.
This is not a usual Government programme based on target numbers and
dates.(1) This time around the community itself will be motivated to decide,
work for and achieve the goal with necessary facilitation from the government.
Some of the features of the policy are-
1) Encouraging indigenous low cost solutions that are easy and cheapest for
Operation And Maintenance(O&M).
2) Pure and sustainable water supply to the community. It is targeted to
provide at least 40 Liters per capacity per day (LPCD) of water to every citizen.
The facility for sustainable pure water supply shall be selected, implemented
and maintained by the community.
3) The open well sources are not approachable directly as in the past. Such
wells are fitted with hand pumps and direct dipping of vessels/containers in
the water will not allowed. Such wells are called sanitary wells.
4) The community will be encouraged to devise its own sanitation and hygiene
solutions. Every family of a habitation can come up with a new innovation
suitable to them. Assuring the safe hygiene, every endeavor shall be
encouraged.
5) The domestic waste shall be disposed off properly with the help of soak pits
for the proper disposal of waste water from bathrooms etc. Strom water drains
for disposal of surface water, community pits for collection of solid waste.
Chapter - V 158
6) Guidance to community on the construction and maintenance of toilets in
regard to the distance from drinking water source ,the scientific aspects
involved etc.
5.2.1-Components of the Project-
The following sanitation components have been included in the project.
1) School Sanitation- It is proposed to provide sanitation facilities for all the
schools not having the same at present. There are 18667 such schools in the
State(2)
2) Combined Drainage for storm water and waste water disposal- It is
proposed to construct drainage network of 2 km. each for all the 3730 village
panchayats(3)
3) Construction of community compost pit - Construction of community
compost pit per village panchayat because this is a new concept, only one pit
per village panchayat is proposed.
4) Community Toilets for women- Although the main emphasis is on the
personal toilets for each household, all the families may not afford the same.
Hence it is proposed 5 communities toilet blocks per village panchayat for the
women from the below poverty line families.
5.3- SAMPURN SWACHATA ABHIYAN-
The Government of Maharashtra has embarked on a paradigm change in
its policy in the water supply and sanitation sector during the last 3 years to
promote demand –driven community led and participatory programmes.(4) The
success of the programme in the water supply and sanitation sector has
prompted the Government to extend the same policy to other sectors of rural
development. These programmes have proved on the ground that, given a
Chapter - V 159
chance rural community can take a lead role in chance rural community can
take a lead role in implementing the various developmental programme
successfully. The Government can better perform the role of a facilitator.
Some of the key innovative programme in this direction are described
below.
1) Sant Gadgebaba clean village campaign-
In spite of having spent around 5.50 Billion Indian Rupees in a short
period of 3 years to construct toilets in rural areas of the state, 4 out of every 5
persons still resort to open defecation.(5) The loss of human life defoliation of
health status and wastage of man days is rampant in rural areas one of the
main causes for this state of affairs is the lack of proper facilities for
environment and household sanitation and lack of personal hygiene habits.
Analyzing the result of conventional sanitation campaign activities,
mainly through subsidized toilet construction on a target achievement basis,
the government of Maharashtra strongly felt that a new approach was
essential to avoid waste of valuable funds.
A state-wide sanitation campaign based on the “clean village”
philosophy of saint Gadgebaba was developed. This entails villages competing
in annual “clean village” campaign for a variety of prizes, the campaign is
becoming a movement that has effected a social revolution in the attitudes to
sanitation, both personal and community.
It is estimated that the public has created an estimated Rs.500 crores
worth sanitation infrastructure. Since July 2000 as against a state and central
Government expenditure of Rs40 crores on sanitation Information Education
Communication (IEC). This has been promoted largely through the Sant
Gadgebaba clean village sanitation campaign works are being completed
Chapter - V 160
through shramdan and personal activity which has had a profound impact on
the village environment. Such efforts directly contribute to improved
sanitation and indirectly to the health and well-being of the community.
As for as coverage is concerned, 13 districts of Maharashtra are covered
under the Government of India supported Total sanitation campaign. The state
has learned a new rural development strategy of community action which is
now being replicated in other areas of rural development. The lesson from the
Sant Gadgebaba clean village campaign has helped the designing of
“Jalswarajya project.”
2) Shivkalin Pani Sathvan Yojana-
In spite of around a dozen of water supply schemes in each Gram
Panchayat constructed under supply driven policy and having spent 166 Billion
Indian rupees in last 40 years, around 25000 rural habitations in the state out
of 86681 are still getting less than 40 Liters per capacity per day(LPCD) water
supply which is considered to be a minimum standard for domestic use in rural
area. Around 20,000 habitations face water scarcity every year meaning
thereby that they do not get even 20 Liters per capacity per day (LPCD) during
scarcity period.(6)
One of the most important reasons for this state of affairs, inspite of
having spent so much amount and creating so many schemes, is the
negligence of source protection, source strengthening on creation of more and
more water supply system.
To imbibe the spirit of management of water through community action
and individual efforts at the village level, the Government has introduced a
scheme namely shivkalin pani sathvan Yojana. Raja Shiv Chattrapati, the great
Chapter - V 161
Maratha warrior of Maharashtra had adopted this practice of water
conservation for recharging as well as direct use of rain water in his many forts.
In this scheme also community makes holistic water management plan
at the village level on 3 principles of increase supply, manage demand and self
regulate over abstraction. It has been observed that community is really
understanding their water accounting at the village level and resorting to
holistic water management through self-discipline and self efforts. This
programme clearly indicates that what a stringent law cannot achieve can
certainly be achieved through community action, spirit and participation.
3) Mahatma Phule Jal Abhiyan-
As against Shivkalin Pani Sathvan Yojana, which is confined to conserving
and preserving rain water for domestic purposes through direct storage and
use or recharge of drinking water sources, Mathama Phule Jal Abhiyan
emphasizes on low cost conservation structure for conserving and preserving
rain water for all uses through community labour and resource mobilization.
No financial assistance is given to the community by the Government. This
programme encourages community to take works through “shramdan”
(Labour contribution) and by donating material necessary for creating low cost
water conservation structure. The soil which has been dug after delisting of the
traditional water structures even from those owned by government like tanks,
well etc. Which is very nutrition for plan growth is being given free of cost to
the farmers who have contributed labour. The work generated through
community mobilization in the state during the last 2 years through this
programme is estimated to be around Indian rupees 5 Billion, with government
contribution practically nil.(7)
4) Yashwant Gram Samrudhi Yojana-
Chapter - V 162
Taking clue from the success of the above 3 programme which were
basically centered around water supply, water conservation and sanitation at
the village level it was thought fit by the Government that the same
community approach can be extended to other development sectors as well.
According a scheme has been devised by rural development department under
which community can plan for any development work required at the village
level according to their felt needs. The only stipulation is that they should be
ready to contribute 15% of the estimated capital cost. The government will be
contributing remaining 85% cost.(8) Planning and implementation of the works
and the maintenance of the assets. So created will be the sole responsibility of
the community. Tremendous response has been generated among the
community and so much community contribution has been mobilized that
Government could not meet its share of 85% in available government
resources.
5) Strategy of 100% stoppage of open defecation-
One of the important elements of rural sanitation is 100% stoppage of
the practice of open defecation in rural areas. Till now the strategy was to
sensitize the individual families in village to build toilets. Even the earlier
subsidy of Indian rupees 3500 which stands reduced to Indian rupees 500 now
are focusing on individual households.
However, it has been observed that policy of focusing on individual
family/household to sensitize to construct toilet and use it on a sustainable
basis will not have much impact on achieving the target of 100% stoppage of
open defecation through new strategy namely “Hagandari Hatao” in which no
individual incentive will be given by the government but the community will be
rewarded if it will stop 100% open defecation and sustain it for a period of 12
months through their joint action.(9)
Chapter - V 163
5.4- RURAL SANITATION AND TOTAL SANITATION-
Even though by year 2000, the target for construction of 16.61 lakhs
toilets have been achieved a mere 57% of the beneficiaries are really using the
toilets.(10) Consolidating the experience if implementing massive toilet
programme and in consensus with the new policy of Government of India,
Government of Maharashtra designed and implemented an innovative
programme started in the year 2000-2001 based on the theme “Government
participation in peoples initiatives and programme. This programme was
popularly known as Sant Gadgebaba clean sanitation campaign, Rashtra Sant
Tukdoji Maharaj clean village competition and Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi
competition for cleanest Ziia parishad and panchayat Samitis.
The campaign turned out to be the biggest Information Education
Communication (IEC) campaign for propagating environmental sanitation
personal hygiene and health measures, ever undertaken among the rural
masses. All the rural habitations in the state participated in the campaign and
without any financial support from the government the rural people came
forward to clean their houses, neighborhoods and the whole village.
5.4.1- A New Strategy for total sanitation-
The Government of Maharashtra is launching a new sanitation policy to
tackle the issue in the sanitation sector. The new statewide policy will focus on
one of the most important components of rural environmental sanitation in
the state, the elimination of the practice of open defecation in the rural
habitations of the state. The Government of Maharashtra is requesting
Government of India to utilize funds under the total sanitation campaign
currently sanctioned to 19 districts to implement the new policy. The highlights
of the new strategy are-
Chapter - V 164
1) A paradigm shift in the approach to sanitation promotion, from construction
of latrines to a focus on behavioral change leading to the elimination of open
defecation.
2) A shift in focus from targeting individuals and households to targeting the
community.
3) Related to this, the shift from individual construction subsides to community
rewards.
4) Greater emphasis on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation as
essential prerequisites for achieving total sanitation.
5) A shift in the responsibility for implementation and scale up from the
central/state Government to lower tiers of Government.
5.4.2 Innovative Initiatives of Government of Maharashtra-
Since 2000, with the adoption of the new sector policy for water supply
and sanitation. Government of Maharashtra has initiated several innovative
programmes using the principles of community participation and demand-
responsiveness. These include a clean village campaign in the name Saint
Gadge Baba(SGBSA), a Saint in Maharashtra, Shivkalin Pani Sathawan Yojana
(SPSY) for water recharge, Mahatma Phule Jal Abhiyan for low coat water
conservation structures which are directly related to water conservation and
sanitation, Encouraged by the response of the village communities,
Government of Maharashtra is extending the principle of community
participation to other rural development sectors and Yashwant Gram Samrudhi
Yojana has been initiated. Recently government of Maharashtra has initiated
a new strategy and action programme for 1007. Stoppage of open defecation
in the village.
Chapter - V 165
5.4.3-Summary of the new approach and activities under total sanitation-
Learning from the success of Saint Gadgebaba clean village sanitation
campaign. Government of Maharashtra is forging ahead to tackle the issues in
the sanitation sector with a new statewide policy. Like Saint Gadgebaba clean
villages sanitation campaign, the new sanitation policy of the state is also an
innovative and path breaking one serving as a model for the entire country.
The new strategy focus on tackling one of the important components of
rural environmental sanitation, the eliminates of practice of open defecation
in the rural habitations of the state. Government of Maharashtra is requesting
Government of India to utilize funds under the total sanitation campaign
currently sanctioned to 19 districts to implement the new strategy.
Total sanitation goes beyond the installation and use of latrines. It
means breaking the faecaloral chain by encouraging communities to change
existing habits and bahaviour patterns by using and maintaining hygienic
latrines washing hands, keeping food and water covered using safe water and
maintaining a clean environment. Total sanitation can only be successful when
every member of the village community participates and the community
recognizes that there are negative externalities from non-participants and that
100% participation is essential for success.
Although it is well understood that total sanitation is the ultimate goal,
the critical first step is to get people to move from open defecation to fixed
point defecation, even if it is at the bottom of the sanitation ladder using
Chapter - V 166
simple makeshift latrines. In this context, it is important that communities
understand the adverse consequences of current open defecation practices
and the implications of poor disposal of faeses and switch to fixed point
defecation and adopt improved hygienic practices.
5.5- A STUDY OF HEALTH AND SANITATION -
The role of Jalswarajya plays an important part in health and sanitation.
Already we have discussed the theory of Jalswarajya in respect of health and
sanitation. Here we present the details of the field work conducted by the
researcher. We deal with the questions 1 to 41 in the questionnaire from page
number 7to 11. The details are discussed in the following paragraphs.
5.5.1- The Bathroom- We have given the information about the Bathroom. In the following table.
Table - 5.1
Built the Bathroom
Sr. No Village Before Jalswarajya After Jalswarajya
1 Sonyal 02 25% 06 75%
2 Alkud (M) 00 0% 06 100%
3 Lingnur 04 40% 06 60%
4 Rethareharnaksha 06 30% 14 70%
5 Kharsundi 03 30% 07 70%
6 Ankalkhop 12 50% 12 50%
7 Dhawaleshwar 01 16.16% 05 83.84%
8 Kheradewangi 04 40% 06 60%
9 Sagaon 11 55% 09 45%
10 Kacharewadi 00 0% 06 100%
Total 43 35.83% 77 64.17%
Chapter - V 167
Source- Field Work
In above table we give the information about built the Bathroom before
and after Jalswarajya as under.
In Alkud (M) and Kacharewadi not any one built the Bathrooms before
Jalswarajya. But 100% respondents said that they built the Bathrooms after
Jalswarajya.
In Dhawaleshwar 83.84% respondents said that they built the Bathrooms
after Jalswarajya. Only 16.16% respondents that the built the Bathroom before
Jalswarajya.
In Lingnur and Kheradewangi above 60% respondents said that they
built the Bathrooms after Jalswarajya
In Ankalkhop and Sagaon nearly 50% respondents said that they built
the Bathrooms after Jalswarajya
If we look carefully, the 64.17% respondents said that they built the
Bathrooms after Jalswarajya
5.5.2- The Toilet-
We have given the information about the toilets before and after
Jalswarajya.
Chapter - V 168
Table - 5.2
Built the Toilets
Sr.
No.
Village Before
Jalswarajya
After
Jalswarajya
1 Sonyal 00 0% 08 100%
2 Alkud (M) 00 0% 06 100%
3 Lingnur 03 30% 07 70%
4 Rethareharnaksha 06 30% 14 70%
5 Kharsundi 03 30% 07 70%
6 Ankalkhop 12 50% 12 50%
7 Dhawaleshwar 01 16.16% 05 83.84%
8 Kheradewangi 03 30% 07 70%
9 Sagaon 11 55% 09 45%
10 Kacharewadi 00 0% 06 100%
Total 49 32.5% 81 67.5%
Source- Field Work
We give the information regarding the building of the toilet before and
after Jalswarajya as under.
In Sonyal, Alkud (M) and Kacharewadi not a single respondent built the
toilet before Jalswarajya. But 100% respondents said that they built the toilet
after Jalswarajya.
Chapter - V 169
In Dhawaleshwar 83.84% respondents said that they built the toilets
after Jalswarajya. Only 16.16% respondents said that they built the toilets
before Jalswarajya.
In Lingnur, Rethareharnaksha, Kharsundi and Kheradewangi 70%
respondents said that they built the toilet after Jalswarajya only.
In Ankalkhop 50% respondents said that they built the toilets before
Jalswarajya. And 50% respondents said that they built the toilets after
Jalswarajya.
In Sagaon the minimum respondents (45%) said that they built the toilet
after Jalswarajya.
If we look carefully, 67.5% respondents said that they built the toilets
after Jalswarajya.
5.5.3 Source of expenditure of build toilets-
we have given the information about source of expenditure of building a toilet.
Table - 5.3
Sources of expenditure of Built Toilets
Sr.
No
Village Government
Subsidy
Percentage
Own cost Percentage
1 Sonyal 02 25% 06 75%
2 Alkud (M) 00 0% 06 100%
3 Lingnur 06 60% 04 40%
4 Rethareharnaksha 00 0% 20 100%
5 Kharsundi 04 40% 06 60%
6 Ankalkhop 10 41.66% 14 58.34%
7 Dhawaleshwar 04 66.66% 02 33.34%
Chapter - V 170
8 Kheradewangi 01 10% 09 90%
9 Sagaon 08 40% 12 60%
10 Kacharewadi 00 0% 06 100%
Total 35 29.16% 85 70.84%
Source- Field Work
The above table gives the sources of expenditure of building of a toilet.
In Alkud (M), Rethareharnaksha, Kacharewadi 100% respondents said that they
built the toilet at their own cost.
In Dhawaleshwar, the highest respondents (66.66%) said that they built
the toilet by way of Government Subsidy.
In Kharsundi, Sagaon 40% respondents said that they built the toilets
with Government Subsidy. The 60% respondents said that they built the toilets
at their own cost. In Lingnur 60% said that they built the toilet with
Government Subsidy. The 40% respondents said that they built the toilet at
their own cost.
We see that the maximum respondents building a toilet at their own
cost. The 70.84% respondents built a toilet at their own cost. The 29.16%
respondents built a toilet with the Government Subsidy.
Chapter - V 171
5.5.4 -Type of Toilet-
In the following table we given the types of toilets used by the respondents.
Table – 5.4
Types of Toilet
Sr.
No
Village Pit Toilet Safety tank
Toilet
Bio-gas
Toilet
1 Sonyal 08(100%) - -
2 Alkud (M) 03(50%) 03(50%) -
3 Lingnur 07(70%) 02(20%) 01(10%)
4 Rethareharnaksha 05(25%) 13(65%) 02(20%)
5 Kharsundi 02(20%) 08(80%) -
6 Ankalkhop 109(41.67%) 14(58.33%) -
7 Dhawaleshwar 05(83.33%) 01(16.67%) -
8 Kheradewangi 06(60%) 04(40%) -
9 Sagaon 10(50%) 10(50%) -
10 Kacharewadi 04(66.67%) 02(33.33%) -
Total 60(50%) 57(47.5%) 03(2.5%)
Source- Field Work
If we look carefully, 50% respondents use pit toilet, the 47.5%
respondents use safety tank toilet and only 2.5% respondents use Bio-gas
toilet.
Chapter - V 172
In Sonyal 100% respondents use pit toilet. In Alkud (M) and Sagaon 50%
respondents use pit toilet and 50% respondents use safety tank toilet.
In Lingnur 70% respondents use pit toilet, the 20% respondents use
safety tank toilet and 10% respondents use Bio-gas toilet.
In Rethareharnaksha 25% respondents use pit toilet, 65% respondents
use safety tank toilet and 20% respondents use Bio – gas toilets.
In Kharsundi 20% respondents use pit toilet and 80% respondents use
safety tank toilet.
In Dhawaleshwar 83.33% respondents use pit toilet and 16.67%
respondents use safety tank toilet.
In Kheradewangi 60% respondents use pit toilet and 40% respondents
use safety tank toilet and In Kacharewadi 66.67% respondents use pit toilet
and 33.33% respondents use safety tank toilet.
Only Lingnur and Rethareharnaksha respondents use Bio-gas toilet.
Chapter - V 173
5.5.5 -The sources of demolish the waste material in home –
We have given the information about the source of demolish the waste
material in home in the following table.
Table – 5.5
The Sources of Demolish The Waste material in home
Sr.
No
Village Burning Through
the street
Through
the Pit
Open & Free
place
1 Sonyal 01 - 06 01
2 Alkud (M) 02 - 01 03
3 Lingnur 02 - 06 02
4 Rethareharnaksha 05 - 05 10
5 Kharsundi 03 - 04 03
6 Ankalkhop 07 - 08 09
7 Dhawaleshwar - - 04 02
8 Kheradewangi 02 - 04 04
9 Sagaon 03 - 06 11
10 Kacharewadi - - 03 03
Total 25 - 47 48
Percentage 20.83% 37.17% 40%
Source- Field Work
Chapter - V 174
In Sonyal one respondent demolished the waste material in burning six
respondents through the pit and one respondent demolished the waste
material in open and free place.
In Alkud (M) two respondents demolished the waste material in burning,
One respondent through the pit and three respondents through open and free
place.
In Lingnur, two respondents demolished the material in burning six
respondents through the pit and two respondents through open and free
place.
In Rethareharnaksha five respondents demolished the waste material in
burning, five respondents through the pit and three respondents demolish the
waste material through the open and free place.
In Ankalkhop seven respondents demolished the waste material in
burning, eight respondents the waste material through the pit and nine
respondents the waste material through the open and free place.
In Dhawaleshwar and Kheradewangi respondents do not demolished the
waste material in burning.
If we look carefully the maximum respondents demolished the waste
material through open and free place, second is through the pit and third is
the burning. No one has demolished the waste material through the street.
Chapter - V 175
5.5.6- Work about Sanitation after Jalswarajya-
In the following table we have given the information of the work about
sanitation after Jalswarajya.
Table – 5.6
Work About Sanitation After Jalswarajya
Sr.
No
Village Build a
gutter
Management
of dust
Absorb
soak
(pit)
Arrangement
of drainage
All of
the
above
1 Sonyal - 01 06 01 -
2 Alkud (M) - - - - 06
3 Lingnur - - - - 10
4 Rethareharnaksha - - - - 20
5 Kharsundi 08 - 02 - -
6 Ankalkhop - - - - 24
7 Dhawaleshwar - - - - 06
8 Kheradewangi 02 - - - 08
9 Sagaon - - - - 20
10 Kacharewadi 02 - - - 04
Total 12 01 08 01 98
Percentage 10% 0.83% 6.67% 0.83% 81.67%
Chapter - V 176
Source- Field Work-
If we look carefully the 81.67% respondents said that they built the
gutters, Managed of dust, absorbed soak and arranged for drainage. The 10%
respondents said that they built a gutter, The 6.67% respondents said
regarding the arrangement of drainage.
The maximum respondents say that the work about sanitation is
completed after Jalswarajya only.
5.5.7- Remedies about flow drainage –
In the following table we have given the information the remedies about flow drainage.
Table -5.7
Remedies about flow drainage
Sr.
No.
Village Build a
gutter
Absorb
soak
Through
the street
Non of
these
1 Sonyal 01 07 - -
2 Alkud (M) 06 - - -
3 Lingnur 08 02 - -
4 Rethareharnaksha 10 10 - -
5 Kharsundi 03 02 05 -
6 Ankalkhop 16 04 04 -
7 Dhawaleshwar 04 02 - -
8 Kheradewangi 10 - - -
9 Sagaon 10 10 - -
10 Kacharewadi 06 - - -
Total 74 37 09
Percentage 61.37% 30.83% 7.5%
Chapter - V 177
Source- Field Work-
The 61.37% respondents said that they built a gutter. The 30.83%
respondents said that they built a absorb soak and The 7.5% respondents said
that the used the flow drainage through the street.
The maximum respondents used the remedies about flow drainage, the
built of a gutter, secondary the built the absorb soak and third is through the
street.
Chapter - V 178
5.5.8 – Stink of Spread out to disease due to drainage before and after Jalswarajya–
Table – 5.8
Stink of spread out to disease due to drainage before And After Jalswarajya
Before Jalswarajya After Jalswarajya Sr. No
Village
Dengue Maleriya Other Disease
Non of these
Dengue Maleriya Other Disease
Non of these
1 Sonyal 04 (50%) 02 (25%) 02 (25%) - 01 (12.5%) 01 (12.5%) - 06 (75%)
2 Alkud (M) 02 (33.33%) 02 (33.33%) 02 (33.33%) - - - - 06 (100%)
3 Lingnur 03 (30%) 04 (40%) 03 (30%) - - 02 (20%) - 08 (80%)
4 Rethareharnaksha 10 (50%) 08 (40%) 02 (10%) - 02 (10%) 02 (10%) - 16 (80%)
5 Kharsundi 02 (20%) 08 (80%) - - 02 (20%) - - 08 (80%)
6 Ankalkhop 10 (41.67%) 04 (16.16%) 10 (41.67%) - 02 (8.33%) 04 (16.67%) - 18 (75%)
7 Dhawaleshwar 03 (50%) 01 (16.16%) 02 (33.33%) - - 01 (16.67%) - 05 (83.33%)
8 Kheradewangi 04 (40%) 04 (40%) 02 (20%) - 01 (10 %) 01 (10 %) - 08 (80%)
9 Sagaon 10 (50%) 08 (40%) 02 (10%) - - 03 (15%) 02 (10%) 15 (75%)
10 Kacharewadi 02 (33.33%) 03 (50%) 01 (16.67%) - - - 01 (16.67%) 05 (8.33%)
Total 50 (41.67%) 44 (36.66%) 26 (21.67%) - 08 (6.67%) 14(11.67%) 03 (2.5%) 95 (79.16%) Source- Field Work
Chapter - V 179
1) In Sonyal 50% respondents said that stink of spread out to dangue disease
due to drainage. The 25% respondents said that stink of spread out to maleriya
disease due to drainage. And the 25% respondents said that stink of spread out
to other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But after Jalswarajya 75%
respondents said that not disease due to drainage. Only 12.5% respondent said
that stink of spread out to dengue and maleriya disease due to drainage.
2) In Alkud (M) each the 33.33% respondents said that stink of spread out to
dengue, maleriya and other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But
after Jalswarajya 100% respondents said that not disease due to drainage.
3) In Lingnur each 30% respondents said that stink of spread out to dengue and
other disease and the 40% respondents said that stink of spread out to
maleriya disease before Jalswarajya but after Jalswarajya 80% respondents
said that not disease due to drainage only 20% respondents said that stink of
spread out to maleriya.
4) In Rethareharnaksha the 50% respondents said that stink of spread out to
dengue disease. The 40% respondents said that stink of spread out to maleriya
disease and the 30% respondents said that the stink of spread out to other
disease before Jalswarajya. But after Jalswarajya 80% respondents said that
not disease due to drainage only each 10% respondents said that the stink of
spread out to dengue and maleriya disease due to drainage.
5) In Kharsundi the 80% respondents said that the stink spread out to maleriya
disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But after Jalswarajya not any one
respondents said the stink spread out to maleriya disease due to drainage. The
80% respondents say that not disease due to drainage. only 20% respondents
said that stink spread out to dengue disease.
6) In Ankalkhop each the maximum respondents (41.67%) said that the spread
out dengue and other disease due to drainage. Majority of the respondents
Chapter - V 180
said that the spread of disease is due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But after
Jalswarajya 75% respondents said that not disease due to drainage.
7) In Dhawaleshwar 50% respondents said that the spread out dengue disease
due to drainage. The 16.16% respondents said that the spread out maleriya
disease due to drainage. And the 33.33% respondents said that the spread out
other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But after Jalswarajya 83.33%
respondents said that not disease due to drainage. Only 16.67% respondents
said that the spread out to maleriya disease due to drainage.
8) In Kheradewangi each 40% respondents said that the stink of spread out to
dangue and maleriya disease due to drainage. The 20% respondents said that
stink of spread out to other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But
after Jalswarajya 80% respondents said that not disease due to drainage only
each 10% respondents said that the stink of spread out to dengue and maleriya
disease due to drainage.
9) In Sagaon 50% respondents said that the stink of spread out to dengue
disease due to drainage. The 40% respondents said that the stink of spread out
to maleriya disease due to drainage and the 10% respondents said that stink of
spread out to other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But after
Jalswarajya the 75% respondents said that not disease due to drainage. Only
the 15% respondents said that the stink of spread out to maleriya disease due
to drainage and the 10% respondents said that stink out spread out to other
disease due to drainage.
10) In Kacharewadi 50% respondents said that stink of spread out to dengue
disease due to drainage. The 33.33% respondents said that the spread out to
maleriya disease due to drainage and 16.67% respondents said that the stink of
spread out to other disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. But After
Chapter - V 181
Jalswarajya 83.33% respondents said that not disease due to drainage. Only
16.67% respondents said that the stink of spread out other disease due to
drainage.
we see in all total the 41.67%. respondents said that stink of spread out
to dengue disease due to drainage before Jalswarajya. The 36.66%
respondents said that to stink of spread out to maleriya disease due to
drainage before Jalswarajya and the 21.67% respondents said that to stink of
spread out to other disease due to drainage. But after Jalswarajya this position
is very change the 79.16% respondents said that not disease due to drainage.
Only the 6.67% respondents said that stink of spread out to dengue disease
due to drainage. The 11.67% respondents said that stink of spread out to
maleriya disease due to drainage. The 2.5 respondents said that stink of spread
out to other disease due to drainage.
In all total in this table we can say that after Jalswarajya drainage
facilities are available. So the disease ratio is decreased as compared to before
Jalswarajya.
Chapter - V 182
5.5.9 - Built the Gutter –
In following table we have given information about the built of the
gutter open and close
Table – 5.9
Built the Gutter
Sr.
No.
Village Open Close
1 Sonyal 06 02
2 Alkud (M) 06 -
3 Lingnur 06 04
4 Rethareharnaksha 10 10
5 Kharsundi 07 03
6 Ankalkhop 10 14
7 Dhawaleshwar 07 -
8 Kheradewangi 10 00
9 Sagaon 15 05
10 Kacharewadi 06 00
Total 82 38
Percentage 68.33% 31.67%
Source- Field Work
If we look carefully the 68.33% respondents say that they built the
gutter open. The 31.67% respondent say that they built the gutter close.
In Alkud, Kheradewangi, Kacharewadi and Dhawaleshwar there are
100% respondents who built gutter open.
Chapter - V 183
In Sonyal Six respondents say that they built gutter open and two
respondent say that they built the gutter close.
In Lingnur Six respondents say that they built the gutter open and four
respondents say that they built the gutter close.
In Rethareharnaksha 50% respondents say that they built gutter open
and 50% respondents say built gutter close.
In Ankalkhop 10 respondents say that they built gutter open and 14
respondents said that they built gutter close.
In Sagaon 15 respondents say that they built gutter open and only 5
respondents said that they built gutter close.
The total 82 respondents say that they built gutter open and 38
respondents say built gutter close.
5.5.11 - Yes/No Questions on health and sanitation -
In the Following table we have given the information about particular
questions on health and sanitation
Chapter - V 184
Table– 5.10
Yes/No Questions on health and sanitation
Respondents Sr. No
Particular Questions
Yes No
Total
1 Have you built a separate bath-room? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
2 Have you built a toilet? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
3 Do all persons in your family used the home toilet? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
4 Whether school sanitation facilities are available in the school Premises? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
5 Whether urinal facilities is available in school sanitation unit? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
6 Whether sanitation facilities are available in the Anganwadi premises? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
7 Whether urinal facilities is available in Anganwadi sanitation unit? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
8 Whether the proposed Community women sanitary complex has been completed?
59 (49.17%) 61 (50.83%) 120 (100%)
9 Whether 50% open defection free village (ODF) certificate is given by the Gramsevak or not?
120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
10 Whether 100% toilet facility is available in house hold? 109 (90.83%) 11 (9.17%) 120 (100%)
11 Is there stink of spread out to disease due to drainage ? 61 (50.83%) 59 (49.17%) 120 (100%)
12 Is there growth in age limit due to cleanness? 113 (94.17%) 7 (5.83%) 120 (100%)
13 was there awareness about cleanness before Jalswarajya? 21 (17.5%) 99 (82.5%) 120 (100%)
14 Do you know which are plans about using waste material to create durable goods? 112 (93.33%) 8 (6.67%) 120 (100%)
Chapter - V 185
15 Have you built the absorb pit ? 65 (54.17%) 55 (45.83%) 120 (100%)
16 Have you clean the absorb pit in due time? 65 (54.17%) 55 (45.83%) 120 (100%)
17 Do absorb pits cause in polluting near water sources? 40 (33.33%) 80 (66.67%) 120 (100%)
18 Whether absorb pits are completed as per approved village action plan? 81 (67.5%) 39 (32.5%) 120 (100%)
19 Whether gutters pits are completed as per approved village action plan? 103 (85.83%) 17 (14.17%) 120 (100%)
20 Whether the public drainage is maintained by proper way? 103 (85.83%) 17 (14.17%) 120 (100%)
21 Do the drainage water is purified? 22 (18.33%) 98 (81.67%) 120 (100%)
22 Does purified water is used for farming? 22 (18.33%) 98 (81.67%) 120 (100%)
23 If the drainage water diverted through the gutters? 99 (82.5%) 21 (17.5%) 120 (100%)
24 Whether gutters are free flowing without blockage? 99 (82.5%) 21 (17.5%) 120 (100%)
25 Is there any arrangement was done at the end of drain to recycle the waste water or disposal of water?
45 (37.5%) 75 (62.5%) 120 (100%)
26 Whether there is proper deviation of wet and dry dust? 32 (26.67%) 88 (73.33%) 120 (100%)
27 If the dust issued for producing compost fertilized? 30 (25%) 90 (75%) 120 (100%)
28 Do you use the biogas System? 47 (39.17%) 73 (60.83%) 120 (100%) 29 Do you take efforts for hygienic surrounding? 120 (100%) 0 120 (100%)
Source- Field Work
Chapter VI 186
1) The above table is related with yes or no questions regarding the project of
Jalswarajya. Out of 29 Question there is 100% answer yes of 9 questions. So
there is 100% positive response to these 9 questions. These questions are
regarding the bathroom, toilet, sanitation, hygienic surroundings etc.
2) More than 90% respondents said Yes regarding the questions 10,12,14
about cleanness and using waste material.
3) The answer regarding the proposed community women sanitation complex
is 50. 50 percentage.
4) The response about cleanness is rather negative. The 82.5% respondents
said that there is no awareness of cleanness before Jalswarajya.
5) Again the answer regarding the water purification is also negative. The
81.67% respondents said that no drainage water is purified. And no purified
water is used for farming.
6) The response about proper dividation of wet and dry dust is also negative.
The more than 70% respondent said that no there is proper dividation of wet
and dry dust and dust issued for producing compost fertilizer.
7) Again the answer regarding the use of biogas system is also negative the
60.83% respondents said that no use of biogas system.
5.5.11- Highlights -
1) The maximum (64.17%) respondents are built the bathroom after
Jalswarajya.
2) The maximum (67.5%) respondents are built the toilet after Jalswarajya.
3) The maximum (70.84%) respondents are built the toilets at their own cost.
Chapter VI 187
4) The highest (60%) respondents are use pit toilet. The second 47.5%
respondents use safety tank toilet and only 2.5% respondents are use Bio-gas
toilet.
5) The maximum respondents are demolished the waste material through
open and free place. No one has demolished the waste material through the
street.
6) The maximum respondents (81.67%) say that the work about sanitation is
completed after Jalswarajya only.
7) The 61.37% respondents used the remedies about flow drainage the build of
a gutter.
8) The maximum respondents said that not disease due to drainage after
Jalswarajya.
9) The maximum (68.33%) respondents say that they built gutter open.
10) Yes/No questions common answer majority respondents yes.
11) After Jalswarajya community is willing to shoulder responsibility.
Chapter VI 188
REFERENCES -
1) Renjit C. S.- PIP consultant, Government of Maharashtra, water supply and
sanitation department “Jalswarajya”- Maharashtra Rural water supply and
sanitation project implementation plan- June 2003, page -10
2) Ibid- 123
3) Ibid-152
4) Ibid-157
5) Ibid-177
6) Ibid-184
7) Khaut B.C.- Principle Secretary, Government of Maharashtra, water supply
and sanitation department “Jalswarajya”- Maharashtra Rural water supply and
sanitation project implementation plan- September 2003, page -25
8) Das Keshab- Drinking water and sanitation in Rural Maharashtra. A Review
of policy initiatives- Gujarar Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad.
Page- 25
9) Ibid- 26
10) Website- Jalswarajya- www.Mahawssd.Gov.in
Chapter VI 189
Jalswarajya – Health & Sanitation
