Jabal Rihane in autumn

JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Study prepared by: Dr. Georges Tohmé & Dr. Henriette Tohmé: Botany & Mammalogy Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi: OrnithologyDr. Souad Hraoui-Bloquet: Herpetology Dr. Raymond Gèze: Geology General Coordinator: Dr. Georges Tohmé

This study has been prepared on behalf of Albert Abela's Foundation (CedrusConservation Foundation) for the Conservation of the Environment.

Beirut 2004

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This report is published by the ARAM Society (www.aramsociety.org): “Jabal Rihane Reserve”, in the ARAM Periodical, volume 17 (2005), pages 285-356.

A view of Mlikh from the westمنظر مليخ من جهة الغرب

A view of Rihane-village منظر بلدة الريحان

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction and general information1. Establishment of the Rihane Reserve2. Role of Mr. Abela3. The working Team and the role of the local communities4. Characteristics of the Rihane Reserve5. Geographical location of the site6. Climatology7. History

Geology of the study area1. Generalities and Tectonics2. Stratigraphy3. Geological relation with climate and vegetation cover

Flora1. Species identification and bio-indicators2. Flora prioritized list (list 1)3. Medicinal plants4. Identification of habitats

Mammals1. Scientific basis and source of information 2. Species identification and bio-indicators3. Mammal prioritized list (list 2) with constraints and threats4. Remarks about the list and some zoological orders

Herpetofauna1. Introduction2. Species identification and bio-indicators3. Herpetofauna list (list 3) and species status

Avifauna1. Introduction2. Species identification and bio-indicators3. Birds list (list 4)4. Future of research and status updates5. Monitoring of birds

References and source of informationRecommendations towards the declaration of Jabal Rihane a Reserve

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Introduction & source of information

1. Establishment of the Rihane Reserve

In the early December 2001, the Reverend Father Dr. Shafiq Abouzayd has called me on

telephone from London to propose the idea of declaring the Jabal Rihane a protected

area. Since he is from Mlikh village where he was born and spent his childhood, Dr.

Abouzayd showed a constant tendency to protect its environment on the basis of a

scientific biodiversity background and cooperation with its inhabitants as well as the

local communities of its surroundings. Accordingly, he asked me if I have the willingness

to conduct preliminary field studies in Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Kfarhouneh, Aramta

and Rihane villages similarly to what I have previously done, in cooperation with a team

of scientists, in five protected areas. One of them (Al-Chouf Cedar Reserve) is in the

proximity of Jabal Rihane.

As my wife & I often used to conduct wildlife field studies all over Lebanon, we

welcomed the said idea of Dr. Abouzayd. The following day, we prospected these areas

that weren't accessed by us since thirty years. Continuous records in these villages

continued during the last two years, often twice monthly, and once per week during

spring seasons.

2. Role of Mr. Albert Abela

During January and February 2002, we had, in Beirut, several working meetings with Mr.

Albert Abela and the team of his foundation (Cedrus Conservation Foundation). Mr.

Abela established this foundation a few years ago. It encompasses researchers from all

over the world and aims at protecting the environment. Mr. Abela who resides in

London is one of the most enthusiastic Lebanese to introduce the Lebanon and its

beautiful natural heritage to the global community. He decided to develop and

implement a research study project that is of a type rarely undertaken by the private

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sector in the country. However, two weeks later he organized at the Ministry of

environment another working meeting, under the leadership of H. E. Dr. Michel Moussa

where the major guidelines for the study were developed as a pre-requisite for and/ or

to assist in the declaration of the Rihane a protected area.

It is worthy to note that during this period of time, an intensive exchange of letters

between us (myself and Mr. Abela) took place and in which I explained the programme

that we intend to run as well as the terms of references for our study in order to

conduct researches similar to those previously done by us in five protected areas (Al-

Chouf Cedar, Horsh Ehden, Palm Islands, Tyre Beach and Aammiq Swamp) on behalf of

the Ministry of Environment through the National Council for Scientific Research. The

new study covered two years whereas the previous studies were extended over only

one year.

3. The working team and the role of the local community

Under the leadership of Dr. Georges Tohmé, the working team was formed of:

o Dr. Raymond Gèze who studied the geology of the area, its relation withthe fauna and flora and the forms of life in the geological era of the past,

o Dr. Souad Hraoui who studied the herpetofauna (Amphibians andReptiles),

o Dr. Ghassan Ramadan Jaradi who surveyed the birds and their migration,o Dr. Henriette Tohmé who studied the mammals along with Dr. Georges

Tohmé,o Dr. Georges Tohmé who studied the flora with Dr. Henriette Tohmé, and

who prepared the present report.

On this occasion, we would like to deeply thank Mr. Albert Abela and his foundationfor trusting us. We hope that others will follow his initiative. Also we would like to thank the Heads and Members of municipalities' councils as wellas the mayors and the inhabitants of the Jabal Rihane area who cooperated with usand subsequently became the most supporters to the idea of declaring the said area areserve. We hope that the efforts will accumulate to have it declared by law, verysoon, a protected area.

4. Characteristics of the reserve

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The Rihane differs from other protected areas in Lebanon by its situation at middle

altitudes. All the others are either at high altitude with dominance of cedar trees

(Tannourine, Ehden, Al-Chouf Cedar reserves) or at very low altitudes such as Palm

Islands or Tyre Beach reserves. Also it differs by its nature from the Aammiq wetland.

The main characteristics of the Rihane area are:

o Diversified multi-ecosystems

Each ecosystem is formed from a biotope (mountains, rivers, valleys, etc.) and its

fauna and flora that are living in it. Though, the ecosystem contains an acting

community of living organisms (biocoenosis) interacting together as well as with

their environment. The term "interacting" used here means that these living

organisms influence the environment and are impacted by it. The size of the

ecosystem varies from small (e.g. pool) to medium (e.g. swamp) or large (e.g. desert,

river, sea, whole earth) through a variety of sizes where ecosystems may even

overlap or interfere.

As for the studied Rihane area, which is described in this report, it is characterized

by several ecosystems. The main four are: 1) mountainous with mainly limestone

rocky substratum, 2) mountainous with sandy and argillaceous substratum, 3)

natural humid where the living organisms are adapted or accommodated with the

humidity of the soil or the atmosphere and 4) dry, sub-desert with its distinguished

community. Between these main four ecosystems, there is a whole chain of

biotopes where each is characterized by its dominant species. In some, the woods of

oak and juniper trees dominate whilst in others, a variety of pine tree species

prevail. In each of these biotopes, the dominant trees have their own associated

plant species. Therefore, we have added to the present report a new chapter that

wasn't considered in the other five protected areas. It is entitled: "Identification of

habitats in the Jabal Rihane reserve".

o Presence of local microclimates:

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In each mountain fold, valley corner and barren or covered slope, there is a local

microclimate to which a specialized community of flora and fauna is adapted and

with which it interacts.

o Special mountainous features

The Rihane area lies in the proximity of the Northern Palestine. Subsequently, it

groups two factors: the altitude and the hot and dryer climate. In addition, the flora

and fauna of the Rihane display some similarity with these of Hermon Mountain and

its southwestern slopes.

o Easy protection from grazing activities

Jabal Rihane offers through its landscape facilities for easy surveillance and control

over the grazing activities. The protection of the area from the teeth and feet of

sheep and goats will result in increased trees and fast growth of the vegetal cover.

Therefore, the managing parties of each public area will be able to reasonably

harvest the timber similarly to what is practiced in the French Jura, with the

condition that this matter needs the expertise of forest agents or experts in the

planning for the trees and the species that are to be cut every year.

o Potential for eco-tourism promotion

In addition to the natural landscapes, natural and historical sites and

availability of handcrafts, the following findings are of high significance to

promote eco- tourism:

(a) The Hyrax that is found in the karsts of the area is of strange habits and

anatomically distinct as indicated far below. As such, its communities

may be of high attraction to eco-tourists.

(b) The bird flyways in the area offer several hotspots, which constitute

attraction points to birdwatchers. Hence, there is a necessity to plan for the

future of eco-tourism in the area in order to complement the development

projects that are currently implemented by municipalities.

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(c) The flora offers a wide diversity due to the fact that it groups plants of hot

and Mediterranean climates as well as other plants that originally

characterize the Anti-Lebanon. This diversity is certainly maximized and

more obvious in spring times.

(d) Some of the amphibians and reptiles are limited in their distribution to this

area.

After all, the question is "why should the Jabal Rihane be a protected area?

To our knowledge, the area has never been a subject for scientific studies in the past

and nothing is found in the literature neither on the flora and the fauna of the Jabal

Rihane nor about the citation of Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Loueizeh, Aramta, Rihane and Aichyeh.

Only Kfarhouneh and Jezzine were very seldom mentioned as prolongation to the old

road from Kawkaba near Marjayoun. Whatsoever, our report is a novelty from the

scientific point of view.

What to protect? All what is needed for Jarjou’a, Mlikh, Loueizeh, Aramta, Rihane,

Kfarhouneh and Aichyeh villages requires the enforcement of the existing laws and

regulations. In other words, there is a necessity to protect the public properties from

woodcutting, over grazing, quarries, hunting and the construction of unnecessary roads.

Economically talking, the local communities show willingness to regulate the

exploitation of forest in a scientific manner so that the whole region can get benefits

from the sustainable use of the natural resources while maintaining the access right of

future generations to these resources through conservation activities and wise use.

Also, the local communities expressed their wishes that the eco-tourism reaches one

day their villages.

Socially and educationally, the municipalities of the Jabal Rihane have announced their

willingness to organize and/ or facilitate scout camping and summer school activities to

all students from all over Lebanon in order to introduce the wilderness areas to them. It

is expected that the ecological outings as well as the seminars and meetings of citizens

will play an important role in the reconciliation process. In addition, the inhabitants of

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Jabal Rihane intend to establish a natural history museum to exhibit samples from their

natural culture and to rehabilitate some of their old mills as an educational tool for the

visiting students and their parents.

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Nahr El Litani

Mlikh

Aaramta

Aaichiye

Louaiziye

Kfar Houne

Rihane

35°22'30"E

35°22'30"E

35°30'0"E

35°30'0"E

35°37'30"E

35°37'30"E

33°1

5'0"N

33°1

5'0"N

33°2

2'30"

N

33°2

2'30"

N

33°3

0'0"N

33°3

0'0"N

LegendVillages/Towns

Main roads

Cazas boundaries

Rivers

Municipalities

Aaramta

Aaychiye

Kfar Houne

Louayze

Mlikh

Rihane4 0 42

Km

Baalbek

Akkar

Jbail

Sour

Chouf

Zahlى

Hermel

Aley

RachaiyaSaida

Batroun

El Metn

Kesrouane

Koura

HasbaiyaMarjayoun

Bcharrى

Tripoli

Area of Study

Jizzine

Saida

Zahrani

Jezzine

Habbouch

Kfar Roummane

Nabatiyeh

h

h

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5. Geographical location of the site

The study area covers the territories of the northwestern corner of Marjayoun 1/50000

scaled map that was prepared by Dubertret in 1950. Though, our studies have covered

the areas between Naba el Tasseh at 720 m of altitude and the highest woods of

Kfarhouneh at 1370 m. This study area lies between 35º30’30’’- 35º36’30’’E and 33º26’-

33º30’N. It includes Jarjou’a, Loueizeh, Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aichyeh

as well as their surrounding belts of public properties. The location of the sites is based

on the most updated map that was produced by the Directorate of geographical affairs

of the Lebanese army. The latter is warmly thanked for its cooperation. The mentioned

villages are approachable from several pathways:

1. Habbouch-Arabsalim-Jarjou'a-Loueizeh-Mlikh-Aramta, etc.

2. Nabatyeh-Kfarromman-Jarmq-Aichyeh-Rihane-Aramta, etc.

3. Jezzine-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc.

4. Beqaa-Machghara-Kfarhouneh, etc.

6. Climatology

The mean annual precipitation at Rihane village (850 m altitude) is, as per the available

official sources, c.925 mm. The mean annual temperature is 16.4 °C. Others provided by

nearby stations such as those found at Marjayoun, Jezzine, Nabatyeh and Habbouch

replaced some of the lacking information. It was noticed that the rainfall slightly varies

from village to another but it generally increases with altitude or with rain-attracting

topography. Hence, it is necessary to study, in the future, with details the topography of

the region and its created environments. The snow may cover the land for few days, as

it was the case during the last two years. Freeze-days are much less frequent than in

similar areas further to the north.

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The above may probably explain the high diversity of flora and fauna in the area where

animals and plants originated from Palestine, Hermom and Lebanon do occur at the

same time in one place.

7. History

During our walk on the descending hill from Kfarhouneh to Mlikh, we have found, in the

vicinity of an area called "Alwata" some old pieces of artifact work of different sizes.

They strongly indicate the remains of old smooth or carved or even painted kitchen

tools. The future excavations in their proximity may reveal past human activity from the

Neolithic or more recent ages. In addition there are some arc-lined walls that belong to

an old village. Also the walls of the terraced land in front of Mlikh may be considered of

the Neolithic age too. Between Mlikh and Aramta, there are remains of olive oil industry

referred, as per the local community, to the beginning of the last century. At the

northern entrance of Mlikh there is a carving in form of fish. It should be maintained

since it may belong to the first Christian era.

Jlal Hassan – Rihane village

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Geology of the area

1. Generalities and Tectonics

The Tectonic dominates the general geological view of the Jabal Rihane area. The whole

area, along the central axis of Kfarhouneh-Mlikh-Loueizeh, is presented as a perched

synclinal with eastern and particularly western erected flanks. The main direction of the

axis extends S-SW to N-NE, in parallel with the main tectonic structures of the area,

especially the Jurassic axis that is located further north of Jabal Niha and the

Yammouneh Fault. The Cenomanian heart of the synclinal is covered by the Jurassic at

its eastern flank and bordered by it at its NW side. A karstic (sponge-like limestone)

aquifer with argillaceous walls is determined by the Cenomanian-Albian of the Jurassic,

capturing as such several springs at the bottom of the valley. Despite the rarity of the

water in this area, it is worthy to note that the relation between tectonics and water

sources is best represented at Rihane and below Loueizeh villages.

The perched synclinal of Jabal Rihane and its Jurassic eastern flank constitute,

approximately, the southern end of the high massif of Mount Lebanon that is limited to

the west by the Roum-Chhim fault and to the east by the Yammouneh fault. The latter is

the eastern border of the Beqaa tectonic depression.

The perched synclinal structure that is normally evoked by the symmetric disposition of

layers is not obvious on the Marjayoun map for the western flank but it is more

significant on the map of Jezzine, which is a northern prolongation to this flank. This is

due to the absence of viability and roads in the area at the time during which the map

was developed. Taking into account the stratigraphy of the sector and despite the easy

identification of the litho logic nature, there are no indications of inclines in this area.

Nowadays, the synclinal structure of the region is clearly revealed through the presence

of modern carved roads with relief marked by erected hard calcareous layers.

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The absence of more recent lands than these of the Cenomanian, especially in the

protected zone of the perched synclinal heart, is in the favor of Dubertret hypothesis,

which places the first phase of Mount Lebanon orogenesis at a post-cenomanian period.

2- Stratigraphy

The stratigraphy characterizes the succession of layers and their localization in the study

area. The identification of the layers is done through rock facieses and confirmed

through fossils. However, our knowledge was confirmed through several fossiliferous

levels.

The layers are described according to an inverse direction to the stratigraphy, from the

center of the synclinal to its borders, from Mlikh to Aramta or from the center of the

reserve to its eastern border.

The Cenomanien (C4): It is formed from hard calcareous layers, solidified in the

central part of the synclinal and of marl in altitude towards the flanks. These gray

layers of dolomite aspect in certain levels contrast well with their corresponding

marl-calcareous layers of central Lebanon and both are differently eroded.

Several silicified layers mark a facies of little deep formation and confirm the

presence, at that period, of a shallow epi-continental sea as well as a slow

carbonate deposition.

The Albian (C3): It characterizes Deir Mzeiraah on top of Kfarhouneh and is

found at Aramta village as well as further north where it matches with the main

cultivated areas, which are extended over its argillaceous and yellow marl lands.

Two large yellowish marl-calcareous layers intercalated into the argil, as in

Jezzine, characterize the series of this age. At Rihane we found the "Ammonite

Knemiceras", a fossil of the Albian, together with sea urchins, mollusks,

Gastropods and Lamellibranches. In central Lebanon and precisely north to

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Mdeirej, the marl-calcareous layers are less consistent; the argil is tinged with

green, red or dark gray and alternates, for example, at Aqoura, with fossiliferous

layers. The more carbonated Albian geological layers of Rihane and the southern

parts of Mount Lebanon indicate deep marine facies of deposition. The

remaining northern parts of Mount Lebanon keep, at that period, a more neritic

character, nearer to the emersion.

The superior Aptian (C2 sup.): Illustrated by the white calcareous rocks those

constitute the cliffs of "Blanche" or Jezzine. The marine transgression, which

extends over all Mount Lebanon, is shown here at its maximum, with sometimes,

more silicified facies (Hragel). South to Aramta, it was noticed that the cliff of

"Blanche" became narrower with less accused relief. This is most probably in

relation with the amplitude of volcanism of the underneath. The variation among

the calcareous consistency throughout the Mount Lebanon apparently indicates

the phenomenon of differential subsidence in different regions.

The inferior Aptian (C2 inf.): Fossiliferous sandy stone of marine facies passing

into pale yellow sandy-calcareous material. It appears to be discrete in the study

region whereas its extension in the Al Chouf area or Jbail is obvious. In addition,

the inferior Aptian is found to be not individualized on the geological map,

especially from the Neocomian whilst it is individualized further to the north on

the Jezzine map where it appears as narrow edge.

The Neocomian (C1): An age of more continental features with stony sand, sand,

argil, lignite and amber. The basalt (black volcanic rock) found at the borders of

Aichyeh is represented by medium sized smooth gravel. The basaltic formations

are to be considered in relation with major paleo-tectonic events of that period.

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The Jurassic basalt is probably the only provider of the gravel of the synclinal

depression, mainly in the vicinity of Jabal Niha. Moving north towards Jabal

Barouk, it is possible to see that the summits of the southern Mount Lebanon

(bordered as mentioned above by the Yammouneh Fault) are formed from

Jurassic outcrops. Near the southern border of Aichyeh (on the road Khardaly-

Jezzine), thick lignite depositions are found in the passage of an old watercourse

with traces of fern and branches of gymnosperms, indicating a floral continental

biodiversity of the Neocomian.

The Jurassic. The description of the Jurassic will not be detailed here since its

outcrops do not directly interest the reserve's project.

The Quaternary. The Quaternary is the most recent age in the earth's history.

The details of the present relief as well as the geomorphologic characters may be

attributed to it. Superficial watercourses and other factors of erosion erode the

hard calcareous layers. Several valleys –deeper on the eastern flank- cut

perpendicularly the synclinal structure to join the deep valley, which forms its

canyon at the bottom of the synclinal depression. Hence, the scenic view of Jabal

Rihane. Along the sides of the cultivated lands that are situated on a hill, which is

traversed by the road Kfarhouneh-Mlikh, there are paleosurface depositions of

old basaltic gravel of probably north-east Neocomian origin. Sandy stones and

basaltic gravels are probably traces of past material transportation by the

stream, which extends below Mlikh before reaching the water pump station of

Nabaa el Tassa.

Foreign bellflower (Campanula peregrina)

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The habitat of Hyrax

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3. Geological relation with Climate and Vegetation cover

The limestone and marl-calcareous rocks of the synclinal depression, mentioned above,

are favorable to the development of diversified wooded garrigue ("Areed" in local

language such as "Areed of Shumar" on top of the eastern side of Mlikh) or even to the

development of more important forest cover provided that the anthropologic activities

(grazing, wood cutting) are reduced. Human activities explain the presence of several

relatively barren slopes that once were subject to woodcutting followed by grazing. The

outbreak of the Common Asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus can be considered as one of

the best indicators of land degradation. Only the garrigues of "Jabal Soujoud" which face

the road Jarjouaa-Loueizeh appear to be well preserved within the petrologic context of

the Cenomanian. The protection of the slopes over tens of years will help restoring the

garrigues as demonstrated in those of Rihane and the "Shumar garrigue" of Mlikh

villages. It is worthy to note that the raised awareness of the local communities is a pre-

requisite for a successful restoration.

FLORA OF JABAL RIHANE

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Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri

1. Species identification and bio-indicatorsIn the list (1) below, we pointed to the species that are supposed to be protected in

accordance with what is stated in the text above. Following are the species, which

indicate specific conditions in this highly diversified site:

Indicator of humid soil, pools or water streams:

Of Equisateceae: the Branching horse-tail Equisetum ramosissimum; Pteridacea: the

True maden hair Adiantum capillus-veneris; Poaceae: the Hooded horn-of-plenty

Cornucopiae cucullatum; Cyperaceae: the Brown cyperus Cyperus fuscus and Glabrous

cyperus Cyperus glaber; Brassicaceae: the Common water-cress Nasturium officinale

and Yellow cress Rorippa macrocarpa; Caryophyllaceae: Echinulate nailwort Paronychia

echinulata; Apocynaceae: the Oliender Nerium oleander; Rosaceae: Berries Rubus spp.;

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Onagraceae: Willow-herb Epilobium spp.; and Asteraceae: Common fleabane Pulicaria

dysenterica.

Indicator of dry soil:

Of Euphorbiaceae: the Pectinate-leaved spurge Euphorbia oxyodonta and of Aseraceae:

Gaillardot’s globe-thistle Echinops polyceras.

Indicator of forested sites often with plenty of rocks:

Of Gramineae: the Great quaking-grass Briza maxima and Mountain timothy Phleum

montanum; Dioscoridaceae: Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis; Liliaceae: Knee-

holly Ruscus aculeatus; Brassicaceae: Pendulous dame’s-violet Hesperis pendula;

Fabaceae: Narbonne vetch Vicia narbonensis; Geraniaceae: Pyrenean geranium

Geranium pyrenaicum; and Boraginaceae: Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum.

Indicator of neglected soil and degraded land :

Of the Geraniaceae: the Stemless stork’s-bill Erodium acaule.

Indicator of sandy soil:

Of Poaceae: the Ovate hare’s-tail Lagurus ovatus, Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum

odoratum and Deschampsia club-grass Corynephorus deschampsioides; Pinaceae: Pine

trees Pinus spp.; Polygonaceae: Horned dock Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii;

Liliaceae: Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis; Orchidaceae: Roman orchid Orchis romana

libanotica.

Indicator of volcanic soil:

Of Fabaceae: Israel clover : Trifolium israeliticum

Indicator of fertile mountainous land:

Of Caryophyllaceae: True orpine Telephium imperati orientale.

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Indicator of graveled land:

Of Amaryllidaceae: Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri; Brassicaceae: Shield fibigia

Fibigia clypeata; Asteraceae: Perennial daisy Bellis perennis.

Indicator of rocky land:

Of Crassulaceae: Spanish stonecrop Sedum hispanicum; Apiaceae: Sessile-flowered

hare’s ear Bupleurum nodiflorum; Scrophulariaceae: Oriental mullein Verbascum

orientale.

Indicator of barren and dry soil or degraded pasture "grazing" land:

Of Liliaceae: Common asphodel Asphodelus microcarpus.

2. Flora prioritized list (list 1)

Legend (of the numbers in the upper row):1- Globally and nationally threatened species.2- Endemic species.3- Rare species4- Wholly or partially restricted species to the eastern Mediterranean area.5- Localized species or restricted species to the reserve.6- Harvested or collected species by people.7- Species of Heights.8- Bio-indicator species.9- Economic species (Medicinal [M] or Fodder [F]).10- Common species.11-Widespread species in the world or in Europe or Asia and around the

Mediterranean.

PRIORITIESالولويات

English name ي السم العربي 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

EQUISETACEAE Equisetaceae ذنب الخيلEquisetum ramosissimum Branching horse-tail نمص +PTERIDACEAE Pteridaceae سخسياتAdiantum capillus-veneris True maden-hair كزبرة البير + + M + +PINACEA Pinaceae مخروطياتPinus brutia Calabrian pine صنوبر بري + +Pinus pinea Stone pine جوي صنوبر + + +

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CUPRESSACEAE Cupressaceae سوياتJuniperus oxycedrus Prickly juniper عرعر كادي + + + +EPHEDRACEAE Ephedraceae علدياتEphedra campylopoda Leafless joint-pine قضاب + + +TYPHACEAE Typhaceae تيفياتTypha australis Southern reed mace تيفة جنوبية + +POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) Gramineae نجيلياتAegilops ovata Ovate goat-grass شعير ابليس +Aira elegans Hair-grass خرطالية +Alopecurus anthoxanthoides Reed fox-tail ثعلبية قصبية + +Andropogon distachyus Two-spiked beard-grass ركيب +Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass مريم

زهرة ست + + +Arrhenatherum elatius Tall false-oat ارينثارم عال + + + + F +Arrhenatherum palaestinum Palestine false-oat

اريناثارم فلسطيتي + F +Arundo donax Giant reed قصب شائع M + +Avena sterilis Wild oat شوفان عقيم + +Briza maxima Great quaking-grass قفة الشيخ + F +Bromus intermedius Intermediate brome ثرغول متوسط + +Bromus tectorum Wall brome ثرغول السطوح + +Cornucopiae cucullatum Hooded horn-of-plenty كرنوبية مقلنسة� + +Corynephorus deschampsioides Deschampsia club-grass خرطالية كاذبة + +Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass نجيل + +Dactylis glomerata Orchard-grass اصبعية متجمعة + F +Eragrostis pilosa Hairy love-grass يع وبر عيي + + +Gastridium ventricosum Southern bent-grass سبيلة بطنة + F +Hyparrhenia hirta Shaggy hyparrhenia صخي ازب F + +Lagurus ovatus Ovate hare’s-tail ذيل الرنب +Melica ciliata laxiflora Ciliate melick مليقة مهدبة F + +Melica inaequiglumis Unequal-glumed melick مليقة متباينة العصفات F + +Milium pedicellare Pedicellate millet طهف رجيل + +Oryzopsis holciformis blancheana Large-flowered mountain-rice ارزية هلقوسية + +Oryzopsis miliacea Millet mountain-rice مكبسة� برية F + +Phalaris brachystachys Short-spiked canary-grass ة بشتة قصير

السنبلة+

Phalaris bulbosa Bulbous canary-grass بشتة بصلية + +Phleum montanum Mountain tinothy عصوية جبلية + + + FPoa diversifolia Diversely-leaved meadow-grass الورق مختلف� تف + + FPoa persica alpina Persian meadow-grass تف فارس +Stipa barbata Bearded feather-grass حلفاء ملتحية F +Stipa bromoides Brome feather-grass حلفاء ثرغولية + F +Trisetaria flavescens Yellow-oat حلفاء عبدة F +CYPERACEAE Cyperaceae سعدياتCarex distans Loose sedge سعادي متباعد + +Cyperus flavescens Yellowish cyperus سعد مصفر + +Cyperus fuscus Brown cyperus سعد اسمر +Cyperus glaber Glabrous cyperus سعد امرد + +Cyperus rotundus Nut-grass سعد مدور + MScirpus holoschoenus Cluster-headed club-rush ديس اسل +ARACEAE Araceae لوفياتArum hygrophilum Green arum لوف رطوب + +Arum palaestinum Palestine arum

لوف فلسطيتي +

23

DIOSCORIDACEAE Dioscoridaceae ديوسقورياتTamus orientalis Oriental black-bryony

ق جرموع شق + +Tamus communis Common black-bryony جرموع شائع +JUNCACEAE Juncaceae أسلياتJuncus articulatus Jointed rush اسل مفصل + + +Juncus capitatus Headed rush اسل راس + +Juncus fontanesii Desfontaines’ rush ي اسل ديفنتير +LILIACEAE Liliaceae �زنبقياتAllium affine Related garlic ثوم مشابه + +Allium ampeloprasum Wild leek كراث بري +Allium ampeloprasum leucanthum White wild leek كرات بري ابيض +Allium carmeli Carmel garlic الكرمل ثوم + +Allium emarginatum Emarginate garlic ثوم مفوق� +Allium neapolitanum White garlic ثوم ابيض +Allium rotundum Round garlic ثوم مدور +Allium stamineum Long-stamened garlic ثوم طويل الشدية +Allium trifoliatum Three-leaved garlic الورق

ثوم ثلب +Asparagus acutifolius Sharp-leaved asparagus هليون حاد الورق +Asparagus acutifolius brachyclados Sharp-leaved asparagus هليون حاد الورق +Asphodeline brevicaulis Short-stemmed asphodel عطعاط قصير الساق +Asphodeline lutea Yellow asphodel عطعاط اصفر +Asphodelus microcarpus Common asphodel اس اشق +Bellevalia flexuosa Flexuous bellevalia بلفلية متلوية +Bellevalia nivalis Snow bellevalia بلفلية الثلوج +Bellevalia trifoliata Three-leaved bellevalia بلفلية ثلثية الورق +Colchicum decaisnei Decaisne’s meadow-saffron ي سورنجان دكير + +Colchicum hierosolymitanum Jerusalem meadow-saffron سورنجان القدس +Colchicum steveni Steven’s meadow-saffron سورنجان ستيفن + +Eremurus spectabilis Spectacular fox-tail-lily رائع ذنبان +Fritillaria libanotica Lebanon fritillary عرار

لبنابي + +Gagea peduncularis Peduncled gagea مزندة غاجيةGagea reticulata Netted gagea شبكية غاجية +Hyacinthus orientalis Oriental hyacinth خزام

ق شق + +Muscari commutatum Dark grape-hyacinth حلحل مغير F +Muscari comosum Tassel-hyacinth اشعر حلحل +Muscari neglectum Neglected grape-hyacinth حلحل مهمل +Muscari parviflorum Autumn grape-hyacinth حلحل صغير الزهر +Muscari pinardi Pinard’s grape-hyacinth حلحل بينار +Ornithogalum densum Dense star-of-Bethlehem صاصل كثيف + +Ornithogalum montanum Mountain star-of-Bethlehem صاصل جبل +Ornithogalum narbonense

Narbonne star-of-Bethlehem صاصل نربون +

Ornithogalum neurostegium

Nerved-covered star-of-Bethlehem معرق الغطاء + +

Ruscus aculeatus Knee-holly عناب بري +Scilla autumnalis Autumn squill

اشقيل خريفي +Scilla cilicica Cilician squill كيليكيا اشقيل +Scilla hyacinthoides Hyacinth squill خزام اشقيل + +Tulipa montana Mountain tulip توليب جبل + +Urginea maritima Sea squill ارجينية بحرية + +SMILACACEAE Smilacaceae فشاغ

24

Smilax aspera Rough smilax عمشق +Smilax aspera genuina Rough smilax عمشق +AMARYLLIDACEAE Amaryllidaceae نرجسياتGalanthus fosteri Foster’s snowdrop دميكة + + + + + +Ixiolirion tataricum Mountain lily ي زنبق تي + HNarcissus tazzetta Bunch-flowered narcissus طاس نرجس +IRIDACEAE Iridaceae سوسنياتCrocus cancellatus Netted crocus زعفران شبك +Crocus ochroleucus Cream-colored crocus زعفران مصفر +Crocus thiebauti Thiebaut’s crocus زعفران تييبوة + +Gladiolus segetum Field gladiolus عرف الديك + +Gynandriris sisyrinchium Barbary nut سوسن الخنازير + +Iris histrio Histrio iris سوسن مقلد + + H +Romulea bulbocodium Crocus-leaved romulea حرسنة + +ORCHIDACEAE Orchidaceae سحلبياتAnacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal orchid سحلب هرم + +Cephalanthera longifolia Long-leaved helleborine ة� طويلة� الورق سيفلنتير + +Epipactis consimilis Similar epipactis ابيبكتيس مماثل + + +Limodorum abortivum Aborted limodore ليمودورم خديج + + +Ophrys bornmuelleri Bornmueller’s ophys حاجبية برنملر + +Ophrys fuciflora Drone ophrys حاجبية زنبور + +Orchis anatolica Anatolian orchid سحلب الناضول + +Orchis coriophora fragrans Bug orchid

سحلب بف + +Orchis italica Italian orchid سحلب ايطال + + +Orchis laxiflora dielsiana Jersey orchid هل الزهر� سحلب مي + +Orchis morio picta libani Green-winged orchid سحلب مهرج + +Orchis papilionacea Butterfly orchid

سحلب فراسق + +Orchis romana libanotica Roman orchid سحلب روما + + + +Orchis tridentata commutata Three-toothed orchid � السنان

سحلب ثلب + + +Serapias vomeracea Ploughshare orchid

شبياس محراب + + +Spiranthes autumnalis Autumn Lady’s-tresses ملولبة خريفية + + +JUGLANDACEAE Juglandaceae جوزياتJuglans regia Common walnut حوز شائع + +SALICACEAE Salicaceae �صفصافياتPopulus nigra Black poplar حور اسود HSalix alba micans White willow حور ابيض +Salix libani Lebanon willow حور لبنان +BETULACEAE Betulaceae بتولياتAlnus orientalis Orintal alder

ق مغث شق +FAGACEAE Fagaceae بلوطياتQuercus calliprinos Kermes oak سنديان + +Quercus infectoria latifolia Cyprus oak ملول +MORACEAE Moraceae التوتياتFicus carica Common fig ي شائع تير + +Morus alba White mulberry-tree + توت ابيضMorus nigra Black mulberry-tree توت اسود +URTICACEAE Urticaceae قراصياتParietaria judaica Basil-leaved pellitory حشيشة الري����ح +Parietaria lusitanica Portuguese pellitory حائطية برتوغالية +Urtica urens Stinging nettle قريص محرق +

25

SANTALACEAE Satalaceae صندلياتOsyris alba Poet’s cassia صندل ابيض +Thesium bergeri Berger’s thesium يوم برغر ي ثير +ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Aristolochiaceae زراوندياتAristolochia altissima Tall birthwort زراوند شاهق + + + +Aristolochia poecilantha Party-colored birthwort خيار الغنم +Aristolochia scabridula Rough birthwort ش زراوند احير +POLYGONACEAE Polygonaceae عصا الراعيAtraphaxis billardieri Labillardiere’s atraphaxis قرزح +Polygonum aviculare Bird knotgrass قردب العصافير + +Polygonum cognatum Related knotweed قردب قريب +Polygonum equisetiforme Horsetail knotweed قضاب +Polygonum kitaibelianum Kitaibel’s knotweed قردب كتيبل + FPolygonum lapathifolium nodosum Pale persicaria غدار + +Rumex bucephalophorus hipporegii Horned dock حميض راس العجل + +Rumex chalepensis Aleppo dock حميض حلب +Rumex nepalensis Nepal sorrel حميض نيبال +Rumex pulcher Fiddle dock حميض ظريف + +CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiaceae سمقياتChenopodium album White goosefoot اثينة بيضاء +Chenopodium opulifolium Maple-leaved

goosefootي متير +

Chenopodium urbicum Upright goosefoot اثينة الحوافر +AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthaceae �قطيفياتAmaranthus hybridus chlorostachys Hybrid amaranth رعاف +Amaranthus retroflexus Hairy amaranth دلق +PORTULACACEAE Portulacaceae رجلياتPortulaca oleracea Common purslane بقلةCARYOPHYLLACEAE Caryophyllaceae �قرنفلياتArenaria leptoclados Sadwort رملية +Cerastium brachypetalum roeseri Short-petalled mouse-ear

chicweedة قرفاء قصير

البتلت+

Cerastium comatum Hairy mouse-ear chickweed الشعراء قرفاء +Cerastium dichotomum Forked mouse-ear chickweed قرفاء ثنائية التشعب +Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear chickweed قرفاء متجمعة + +Dianthus strictus multipunctatus Upright pink قرنفل قائم + + +Herniaria incana Hoary rupturewort نومان مبيض +Holosteum umbellatum Jagged chickweed ة خيمية غي +Minuarita hybrida Hybrid sandwort منورتية هجينة +Minuartia intermedia Intermediate sandwort منورتية متوسطة +Minuartia meyeri Meyer’s sandwort منورتية مير +Paronychia argentea Silver nailwort حربة فضية + +Paronychia echinulata Echinulate nailwort حربة مقنفذة + +Petrorhagia velutina coatflower رهجية بي +Silene aegyptiaca Egyptian catchfly شنتان النورية + + +Silene astartes Astarte’s catchfly وت� سيلن عشي +Silene colorata Cloven-petalled catchfly ي البنت عير +Silene damascena damascus catchfly سيلن دمشق +Silene gallica French catchfly سيلن فرنسية +Silene italica Italian catchfly سيلن ايطالية +Silene juncea Rushy catchfly سيلن اسلية +

26

Silene longipetala Long-petalled catchfly سيلن طويلةالبتلت

+

Silene makmeliana Makmel catchfly سيلن المكمل +Silene odontopetala Toothed petalled catchfly سيلن مسننة

البتلت+

Silene oliveriana Olivier’s catchfly سيلن اولفيية +Silene racemosa Racemose catchfly سيلن عنقودية� +Silene siderophila Siderophilous catchfly سيلن اليفة

الحديد+

Silene striata Striate catchfly سيلن مخططة +Silene vulgaris Common catchfly سيلن مبذولة + +Silene vulgaris colorata Common catchfly سيلن مبذولة +Stellaria media Common chickweed عشبة العلق +Telephium imperati orientale True orpine بر بخور الي + +Vaccaria oxyodonta Sharp toothed cow-basil بقرية حادة السنان +Velezia rigida Rigid velezia دبيقة +LAURACEAE Lauraceae الغارLaurus nobilis Laurel غار شائع + +BERBERIDACEAE Berberidaceae بربريسياتBongardia chrysogonum Golden rod عرف الديك +Leontice leontopetalum Common lion’s-leaf راحة السد +RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculaceae حوذانياتAdonis annua European pheasant’s-eye ناب الجمل +Adonis microcarpa Yellow pheasant’s-eye زغليل +Adonis palaestina Palestine pheasant’s-eye ي ي الي عير +Anemone coronaria Crown anemone شقائق النعمان +Clematis cirrhoza Evergreen virgin’s-bower مرعان +Clematis flammula Sweet virgin’s-bower عنصة + +Ficaria grandiflora Great-flowered ficaria ة الزهر تينية كبير +Nigella ciliaris Ciliata nigella مهدب شونير + +Ranunculus arvensis Field buttercup الهر كف + +Ranunculus asiaticus Turban buttercup الضبع كف +Ranunculus constantinopolitanus Constantinople buttercup اسطنبول حوزان +Ranunculus cornutus Horned buttercup

حوزان قربي + + +Ranunculus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem buttercup حوزان القدس +Ranunculus millefoliatus Thousand leaved buttercup حوزان الف ورقة +Ranunculus neapolitanus Naples buttercup حوزان نابول +Ranunculus paludosus Jersey buttercup حوزان المناقع +Ranunculus scandicinus Corn buttercup حوزان مشيط +PAPAVERACEAE Papaveraceae خشخاشياتCeratocapnos palaestina Palestine corydalis شتوكبنوس

� فلسطيتي

+

Fumaria asepala White fumitory ج لسيل شاهي +Fumaria densiflora Dense-flowered fumitory زويته + +Fumaria gaillardotii Gaillardot’s fumitory ده ج غير شاهي +Fumaria macrocarpa Large-fruited fumitory ج كبير الورق شاهي +Fumaria parviflora Small-flowered fumitory ج� صغير� الزهر شاهي + +Glaucium leiocarpum Yellow horned-poppy ماميثا ملساء الثمر + +Hypecoum imberbe Beardless hypecoum هيبقون امرد +Papaver rhoeas Corn poppy خشخاش منثور +Papaver syriacum Syrian poppy خشخاش سوري +

27

Papaver umbonatum Bossed poppy خشخاش احدب +CAPPARIDACEAE Capparidaceae الكبيCapparis spinosa Spiny caper كي شائك + +BRASSICACEAE Brassicaceae صليبياتAlyssum minus Lesser madwort الوسن صغير + +Alyssum strigosum Strigose madwort الوسن شائك الزغب� + +Alyssum murale Wall madwort الوسن الحيطان + F +Arabis nova New rock-cress اربس جديد + +Arabis turrita Tower cress اربيس برج + +Arabis verna Early rocket اربيس ربيع Biscutella ciliata Ciliate buckler-mustard + بسكوتلة مهدبة +Biscutella ciliata applanata Ciliate buckler-mustard بسكوتلة مهدبة + +Capsella bursa-pastoris Common shepherd’s-purse جراب الراع +Capsella rubella Pink shepherd’s-purse قرملة محمرة +Cardaria draba Hoary cress ة قنيي +Erophila minima Least faverel اروفيلة قزمة +Erophila setulosa Bristle faverel اروفيلة شوكية + +Erysimum crassipes Thick-stalked erysimum ي الزند� اريسموم ثخير +Erysimum repandum Small-flowered erysimum اريسموم منبسط +Fibigia clypeata Shield fibigia فيبيجية ترسية +Fibigia eriocarpa Woolly-fruited fibigia فيبيجية صوفية

الثمر+

Hesperis pendula Pendulous dame’s-violet مسائية متدلية + +Iberis odorata Candytuft حرفة +Isatis lusitanica Portuguese woad وسمة برتغالية +Malcolmia chia Chian malcolmia ملكلمية خيوس +Nasturium officinale Common water-cress قرة + M + +Ochthodium aegyptiacum Egyptian ochthodium مصي احصديوم +Peltaria angustifolia Shieldwort هريعة +Raphanus raphanistrum Wild radish فجل بري + +Raphanus rostratus pugioniformis Beaked radish فجل منقاري +Raphanus sativus Garden radish فجل زراع + +Ricotia lunaria Egyptian honesty سيلن + +Rorippa macrocarpa Yellow-cress روريبة + + +Sinapis alba White mustard خردل ابيض +Thlaspi perfoliatum Penny-cress ثلثت مخروق + +CRASSULACEAE Crassulaceae مخلدات Rosularia libanotica Lebanon rosularia وريدة لبنانية + +Sedum hispanicum Spanish stonecrop

حيون� اسبابي +Sedum tenuifolium Slender-leaved stonecrop حيون� نحيل الورق + +Umbilicus erectus Yellow navelwort شة منتصبة +Umbilicus intermedius Intermediate navelwort شة متوسطة + +SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifragaceae كاسات الحجرSaxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved saxifraga سفرسل + +PLATANACEAE Platanaceae دلبياتPlatanus orientalis Oriental plane

ق دلب شق +ROSACEAE Rosaceae وردياتCrataegus azarolus Common hawthorn زعرور شائع +Crataegus monogyna White hawthorn زعرور احادي القلم M + +Geum urbanum Herb-bennet جيوم الحواضي + M +Pirus syriaca Syrian pear بري نجاص +

28

Poterium verrucosum Warty burnet زيتة + +Prunus korschinskyi Korshinsky’s almond كورشنسك � لوز + +Prunus ursina Bear plume الدب خوخ +Rosa canina Dog rose ورد الكلب M +Rosa dumetorum Thicket rose ورد الهيشة� +Rubus collinus Hill blackberry عليق الرواب +Rubus hedycarpus Edible-fruited blackberry + عليق ماكول الثمرRubus sanctus Palestine blackberry كبوش عليق +Rubus tomentosus Tomentose blackberry عليق بلدي +Sarcopoterium spinosum Spiny burnet بلن شائك + +Sorbus torminalis Wild service-tree اء غبير +CAESALPPINACEAE Ceasalppinaceae خروبياتCeratonia siliqua Carob خروب +Cercis siliquastrum Judas tree زمزريق +FABACEAE Fabaceae فراشياتAnthyllis maura Moorish kidney-vetch انثليس مغرب + + MAstragalus gummifer Gum milk-vetch اء كثير M + +Astragalus hamosus Hooked milk-vetch قرين + +Calycotome villosa Thorny-broom قندول +Cicer arietinum Common chickpea حمص شائع +Colutea cilicica Bladder-senna سنا كاذب + + MCoronilla emeroides False senna اكيليل امروس +Coronilla scorpioides Scorpion vetch اكيليل عقرب +Cytisus syriacus Syrian broom لزان سوري + + +Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Horseshoe-vetch نمت +Hymenocarpus circinatus Circular medick هيمنوقربوس

محلق+

Lathyrus aphaca Yellow vetchling جلبان افاق + +Lathyrus blepharicarpus Fringed-podded vetchling جليبينة + +Lathyrus digitatus elongatus Fingered vetchling جلبان اصبع + + FLathyrus digitatus Fingered vetchling جلبان اصبع +Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Jerusalem vetchling جلبان القدس +Lathyrus inermis Unarmed vetchling جلبان امرط + +Lathyrus marmoratus Marbled vetchling جلبان رخام +Lathyrus ochrus Yellow pea جلبان امغر +Lotus angustissimus Narrow birdsfoot-

trefoilلوطس ضيق + +

Lotus corniculatus alpinus Horned birdsfoot-trefoil قرن الغزال + M +Lotus palustris Marsh birdsfoot-trefoil + لوظس المناقع +Lotus peregrinus Foreign birdsfoot-trefoil لوطس رحال +Lotus tenuis Slender birdsfoot-

trefoil لوطس نحيل + +

Lupinus angustifolius Narrow-leaved lupin ترمس ديق الورق +Lupinus digitatus Fingered lupin فول الضبع + +Lupinus hirsutus Hirsute lupin ترمس ازب + +Medicago blancheana Blanche’s medick فصة بلنش +Medicago hispida lappacea Toothed medick فصة قاسية الوبر +Medicago lupulina Black medick فصة جنجلية F +Medicago minima Least medick فصة قزمة F +Medicago orbicularis Flat-podded medick ي الراع خي +Medicago rigidula Rigid medick + فصة قاسية

29

Medicago rotata Wheel medick فصة دولبية +Medicago scutellata Snail medick فصة قصعية +Medicago tuberculata Tubercled medick + فصة عصقولية +Medicago x varia Lucerne قتات +Melilotus sulcatus libanoticus Grooved melilot حندقوق +Onobrychis squarrosa Sainfoin عرن +Ononis mitissima Cluster-flowered restharrow ق امرط شي +Ononis natrix Shrubby restharrow

ق ثعبابي شي F + +Ononis spinosa leiosperma Spiny restharrow ق شائك شي + MOnonis viscosa breviflora Viscous restharrow ق لزج شي +Ornithopus compressus Bird’s-foot ربيدان + +Physanthyllis tetraphylla Bladder vetch نتليس ي فير +Psoralia bituminosa Scurf pea حومان +Scorpiurus muricatus laevigatus Muricate caterpillar عريدة +Scorpiurus sulcatus Furrowed caterpillar عقربية متلمة +Securigera securidaca Hatchet-vetch ة صبير +Spartium junceum Spanish broom وزال M +Tetragonolobus palaestinus Winged-pea جلطون +Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot trefoil الحقول نفل +Trifolium boissieri Boissier’s clover نفل بواسييه +Trifolium campestre Hop trefoil نفل حقل + +Trifolium cherleri Cherler’s clover لر نفل شق +Trifolium clusii Clusius’ clover نفل كلوريوس + +Trifolium clypeatum Hemet clover بزاز البقر + +Trifolium erubescens Blushing clover نفل متورد + +Trifolium israeliticum Israel clover نفل اشائيل + +Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry clover نفل فراول + +Trifolium medusaeum Medusa’s clover نفل ميدوسا� + +Trifolium nervulosum Nerved clover نفل معرق + +Trifolium nigrescens petrisavii Blakish clover نفل مسود +Trifolium pauciflorum Few- flowered clover نفل قليل الزهر +Trifolium physodes Bladder clover

نفل مثابي + + F +Trifolium plebium Common clever نفل شائع + + +Trifolium purpureum Purple clover

نفل ارجوابي + +Trifolium repens White clover نفل زاحف MTrifolium scabrum Rugged clover نفل احرش +Trifolium speciosum Showy clover نفل به + +Trifolium stellatum Stellate clover نفل نجم + +Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean clover نفل مطمور + +Trifolium tomentosum Tomentose clover نفل لبدي +Trigonella berythea Beirut fenugreek وت حلبة بير + +Trigonella coelesyriaca Coelesyrian fenugreek حلبة البقاع + +Trigonella hierosolymitana Jerusalem fenugreek حلبة القدس + +Trigonella phaenum-graecum Fenugreek الحلبة +Trigonella spinosa Spiny fenugreek حلبة شائكة + +Vicia cordata Cordate vetch بيقية قلبية +Vicia ervilia Carmel vetch + كرسنةVicia hybrida Hairy yellow vetch بيقية هجية +Vicia narbonensis Narbonne veth فول ابليس + +Vicia palaestina Palstine vetch بيقية فلسطينية +

30

Vicia peregrina Broad-podded vetch بيقية رحالة + +Vicia seriocarpa Silky-fruited vetch بيقية حريرية الثمر + +OXALIDACEAE Oxalidaceae اض حماOxalis pes-caprae Cape-sorrel حميضة +Oxalis articulata Wood-sorrel حماض +GERANIACEAE Geraniaceae غرنوقياتErodium acaule Stemless stork’s-bill

جزاب ل ساق + +Erodium botrys Botrys stork’s-bill جزاب عنقودي� +Erodium cicutarium Hemlock stork’s-bill دردر +Erodium gruinum Crane stok’s-bill جزاب كرك +Erodium malacoides Mallow stork’s-bill ي ي جزاب خبير + +Geranium libani Lebanon geranium لبنان

غرنوق + + +Geranium lucidum Shining geranium لمع

غرنوق +Geranium molle Dove’s-foot geranium ي لير

غرنوق +Geranium pyrenaicum Pyrenean geranium ينيه البير

غرنوق +Geranium tuberosum Tuberous geranium عسقول

غرنوق + +LINACEAE Linaceae كتانياتLinum bienne Pale flax كتان محول M + +Linum nodiflorum Knotted flax كتان عقدي الزهر +Linum pubescens Pink flax كتان ازغب + +Linum trigynum Three-styled flax القلم

كتان ثلب +MELIACEAE Meliaceae مليةMelia azedarach Persian lilac زنزلخة +POLYGALACEAE Polygalaceae مستدراتPolygala monspeliaca Montpellier milkwort مستدرة مونبيليه +Polygala supina Trailing milkwort شة مستدرة مفي +ANACARDIACEAE Anacardiaceae سماقياتPistacia palaestina Palestine pistachio + بطم +Rhus coriaria Sumach سماق M +ACERACEAE Aceraceae �قيقبياتAcer syriacum Syrian maple قيقب سوري + +EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbiaceae فربيونياتChrosophora tinctoria Turnsole عباد الشمس +Euphorbia cybirensis Cibyra spurge ا فربيون� سبير +Euphorbia helioscopia Sun spurge فربيون� الشمس +Euphorbia oxyodonta Pectinate-leaved

spurgeحليب البوم + +

Euphorbia reuteriana Reuter’s spurge فربيون� روتر +Euphorbia thamnoides dumulosa Woody spurge حليبة +Mercurialis annua Annual mercury حول حلبوب + +TILIACEAE Tiliaceae زيزفونياتElaeagnus angustifolia Narrow-leaved oleaster زيزفون�MALVACEAE Malvaceae خبازياتAlcea acaulis Stemless hollyhock خسمية لساقية +Alcea digitata Fingered hollyhock اصبعية خسمية +Alcea setosa palmata Bristly hollyhock ختمية + +Althaea hirsuta Hairy marsh-mallow خسمية زباء +Hibiscus trionum Flower-of-an-hour ة عي +Lavatera cretica Cretan tree-mallow ة نوار ي خبير +Lavatera punctata Dotted tree-mallow ا منقطة لفتير +Lavatera trimestris Queen mallow ا فصلية لفتير +

31

Malva neglecta Dwarf tree-mallow ة مهملة ي خبير +Malva nicaensis Nice tree-mallow رقمة +HYPERICACEAE Hypericaceae هيوفاريقونHypericum confertum Crowded St John’s-wort داذي مرصوص + +Hypericum hircinum Stinking St John’s-wort دموع البسينات + +Hypericum lanuginosum Woolly St John’s-wort + عشبة الجرحHypericum montbretii Montbret’s St John’s-wort ت داذي موني + +Hypericum thymifolium Thyme leaved St John’s-wort ي الورق داذي سعي +VIOLACEAE Violaceae �بنفسجياتViola ebracteolata Unbracteolate violet جسبنف + +CISTACEAE Cistaceae لذانياتCistus creticus Cretan cistus لدن +Cistus salviifolius Sage-leaved cistus ة بيضاء + غي Fumana arabica Arabium fumana دخانية عربية +Fumana thymifolia Thyme-leaved fumana ية الورق دخانية سعي +Halimium umbellatum syriacum Umbelled halimium هلميوم خيم +Helianthemum ledifolium Sun rose زهرة الشمس +Tuberaria guttata Spotted rockrose عسقلية مرقطة +CACTACEAE Cactaceae الصبيOpuntia ficus-indica Barbary fig صبير شائع + +LYTHRACEAE Lythraceae حنائياتLythrum hyssopifolia Grass-poly رجل الحمامة +PUNICACEAE Punicaceae رمانياتPunica granatum Common pomegranate رمان +ONAGRACEAE Onagraceae أخدرياتEpilobium hirsutum Hairy willow-herbe فرفور +Epilobium parviflorum Small-flowered willow-herbe + ند صغير الزهرEpilobium tetragonum Square-stalked willow-herbe ذنب القط +THYMELAEACEAE Thymelaceae مازريونياتDaphne oleoides Olive-liked daphne دفنه + +HALORRHAGACEAE Halorrhagaceae خزنبل الماءMyriophyllum spicatum Spiked water-milfoil حزنبل الماء +APIACEAE Apiaceae خيمياتAinsworthia trachycarpa Common ainsworthia انسورثيا +Ammi majus Bishop’s-weed خله +Anthriscus lamprocarpa Beak chervil سكوس + اني Artedia squamata Crown-flower ارتديا +Bifora testiculata Small coriander ة + كزبرة صغيرBunium elegans Elegant earthnut أأكثار +Bupleurum gerardii Gerard’s hare’s-ear ار + حلبلب جيرBupleurum lancifolium Lance-leaved hare’s ear + حلوانBupleurum linearifolium irregulare Linear-leaved hare’s ear حلبلب خط الورق + +Bupleurum nodiflorum Sessile-flowered hare’s ear حلبلب� عقدي الزهر� +Caucalis daucoides Lesser bastard parsley كوكالس + +Chaetosciadium trichospermum Hairy-seeded chervil شيتوسيديوم +Cnidium orientale Oriental cnidium بادجان

ق شق + +Daucus broteri Brotero’s carrot بروترو دوقو +Daucus carota maximus Wild carrot بري جزر + +Daucus guttatus brachylaenus Spotted carrot مرقط دوقو +Eryngium billardieri Labillardiere’s eryngo شنداب +

32

Eryngium creticum Cretan eryngo قرصعنة + +Eryngium falcatum Falcate eryngo شنداب منجل +Eryngium glomeratum Clustered eryngo + عود القسمExoacantha heterophylla Various-leaved exoacantha اكسواكنتا + + +Foeniculum vulgare Common fennel شمار M +Hedera helix Common ivy لبلب +Heptaptera anisoptera Unequal-winged heptaptera ة هبتبي +Heptaptera crenata Scalloped heptaptera ة مفرضة + هبتي Hippomararthrum crispum Curled horse-fennel شمار أجعد +Johrenia dichotoma Dichotomous johrenia جهرانية ثنائية

العشب�+

Lagoecia cuminoides Bastard cumin كراوية جبلية + +Malabaila secacul Arabian hartwort سققول� + +Oenanthe media Intermediate dropwort رازيانة وسيطة + + +Orlaya platycarpos Flat-fruited orlaya اورلية +Peucedanum junceum Rushy sulphurwort بوسيدنوم أسل + +Pimpinella peregrina Burnet saxifrage + بمبنلةScaligeria meifolia Meu-leaved scaligera المو سكلجرية +Scandix pecten-veneris Venus’-comb الزهرة مشط + +Scandix stellata Stellate shepherd’s-

needleمشيطة نجمية +

Sison exaltatum Lofty sison + غرة باسقةSmyrnium olusatrum Common alexanders + كرفس بريSynelcosciadium carmeli Carmel synelcosciadium سنلكوسيدوم الكرمل + +Tordylium aegyptiacum Egyptian hartwort عوب� مصي + شقTordylium syriacum Syrian hartwort عوب� سوري + شقTorilis leptophylla Slender-leaved hedge-

parsleyتوريلس نحيل الورق + +

Torilis leptophylla erythrotricha Red hedge-parsley توريلس أحمر +Torilis purpurea Purple slender-leaved

توريلس ارجوابي +Turgenia latifolia Broad-leaved bur-parsley ترجينية عريض الورق F +Turgeniopsis foeniculacea Fenel turgeniopsis ترجينبسس شمري + +PERIPLOCACEAE Periplocaceae صقلبياتPeriploca graeca Silk-vine شجرة الحرير + +PRIMULACEAE Primulaceae ربيعياتAnagallis arvensis caerulea Field pimpernel ي العصفورة + عيرAnagallis arvensis phaenicea Pheanician pimpernel ي العصفورة� عير

فينيف

+

Cyclamen persicum Persian cyclamen يا سيدي +PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbaginaceae رصاصياتPlumbago europaea European leadwort حشيشة السنان + +STYRACACEAE Styraceae أصطركياتStyrax officinalis Storax حوز + MOLEACEAE Oleaceae الزيتون Olea europaea Common olive زيتون + +JASMINOIDEAE Jasminoidea ن ياسمينJasminum fruticans Yellow jasmin ي أصفر + ياسميرAPOCYNACE Apocynaceae دفلياتNerium oleander Oleander دفلة + +Vinca libanotica Lebanon periwinckle

قضاب لبنابي + MGENTIANACEAE Gentianaceae جنطيانياتBlackcstonia perfoliata Perfoliate blackstonia بلكستونية + +

33

مخروقةCentaurium erythraea Common centaury قنطريون صغير +CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulaceae محمودياتConvolvulus arvensis Field bindweed لبلب الحقول + +Convolvulus cantabrica Cantabrian bindweed ي + لبلب قنطي Convolvulus coelesyriaca Coelesyrian bindweed + لبلب البقاعConvolvulus dorycnium oxysepalus Dorycnium bindweed + لبلب دوركنيومConvolvulus pentapetaloides Five-lobed bindweed + لبلب مخمسConvolvulus scammonia Syrian bindweed سقمونيا + MCUSCUTACEAE Cuscutaceae كشوتCuscuta approximata Common dodder قشقوت متقارب +Cuscuta monogyna Oriental dodder

ق + قشقوت� شقCuscuta planiflora Flat-flowered dodder قشقوت مسطح

الزهر+

BORAGINACEAE Boraginaceae حمحمياتAnchusa azurea Sky-blue bugloss ذنب القط +Anchusa hybrida Hybrid bugloss ي ذنب القط هجير +Cynoglossum creticum Blue hound’s-tongue

لسان الكلب كريت + +Cynoglossum nebrodense Monti Nebrodi hound’s-tongue لسان الكلب�

ودي� الني + +

Echium glomeratum Clustered viper’s- bugloss أخيوم متجمع +Echium italicum Italian viper’s- bugloss اخيوم ايطال +Echium judaicum Judian viper’s- bugloss أخيوم اليهودية +Echium plantaginum Jersey bugloss + أخيوم حمل Heliotropium hirsutissimum Hairy heliotrope إكرير +Heliotropium schweinfurthii Schweinfurth’s heliotrope إكرير شوينفورت +Myosotis ramosissima Branching forget-me-not + ميوزوتيس متفرع +Myosotis refracta Reflexed forget-me-not ميوزوتيس منحرف + +Nonea obtusifolia Blunt-leaved nonea نونية كليلة الورق +Onosma frutescens Bushy golden-drop شنجار دغل +Symphytum palaestinum Palestine comfrey الثور لسان + + MVERBENACEAE Verbenaceae فصيلة رعي

الحمامVerbena officinalis Common vervian رع الحمام M + +LAMIACEAE Lamiaceae شفوياتAjuga chia Chian bugle عرصف خيوس +Ajuga orientalis Oriental bugle عرصف

ق شق +Ballota antilibanotica Anti-Lebanon horehound قية سلسلة بلوتة الشق +Ballota saxatilis Rock horehound الصخور بلوتة +Calamintha rotundifolia Round-leaved calamint كلمنته مستديرة الورق + +Eremostachys laciniata Cut-leaved phlomis شق هجنبل مشق + + MLamium amplexicaule Clasping-leaved henbit لميوم معانق +Lamium moschatum Musky archangel لميوم مسك +Lamium striatum Striate dead-nettle لميوم مخطط + +Lamium truncatum Truncate dead-nettle لميوم مقطوم + +Lavandula stoechas French lavender لوند M +Marrubium radiatum Rayed white-

horehound + فراسيون متشعع

Marrubium vulgare Common white-horehound M فراسيون مبذول + +Melissa inodora Scentless balm ترنجان عديم الرائحة +Mentha microphylla Small-leaved mint + نعنع صغير الورق +

34

Micromeria barbata Bearded savory + شميسة اللكام MMicromeria graeca Greek savory + شميسة يونانيةMicromeria myrtifolia Myrtle-leaved savory شميسة� آسية

الورق+ M +

Micromeria nervosa Nerved savory + شميسة معرقةMolucella spinosa Spiny molucca-balm + ذبيبينة شائكةNepeta curviflora Syrian catmint قطرم مقوس الزهر + +Nepeta italica Italian catmint + قطرم ايطال +Origanum syriacum Syrian marjoram + زعي + M +Phlomis chrysophylla Golden-leaved phlomis ارة ذهبية الورق ي عير +Phlomis viscosa Viscous phlomis ارة لزجة ي + عيرPrunella orientalis Oriental self-heal

ق + قلع شق +Prunella vulgaris Common self-heal + قلع مبذول M +Salvia fruticosa libanotica Shrubby sage ي + قصعيرSalvia hierosolymitana Jerusalem sage ي القدس + قصعيرSalvia viridis Green sage ي احمر + قصعيرSalvia viscosa Viscous sage ي لزج قصعير +Saturea thymbra Summer savory دق زعي + +Scutellaria brevibracteata Short-bracteate

skullcapالقنابات قصير هربون + +

Scutellaria utriculata Bladder skullcap قرب هربون +Sideritis pullulans Branching ironwort القلب عشبة +Stachys cretica vacillans Cretan woundwort كريت قرطوم +Stachys distans Distance woundwort متباعد قرطوم + F +Stachys hydrophila Water woundwort + قرطوم أليف الماءStachys neurocalycina Nerved-calyxed woundwort + قرطوم معرق� الكأسTeucrium divaricatum villosum Spreading germander + جعدة متشعبةTeucrium polium Felty germander + جعدة M +Teucrium scordioides Scordium-like germander + جعدة ثوميةTeucrium stachyophyllum Woundwort-leaved germander جعدة قرطومية الورق� +Ziziphora capitata Headed ziziphora زيزيفورة رأسية + +SOLANACEAE Solanaceae باذنجانياتDatura stramonium Stramonium وال الست + شق M +Hyoscyamus albus White henbane + بنج أبيضMandragora automnalis Love apple + بيض الجنSolanum luteum alatum Yellow nightshade + حيصل أصفرSCROPHULARIACEAE Scrophulariaceae يريات ن خبنAnarrhinum orientale Oriental anarrhinum

ق + سوسل شقAntirrhinum majus angustifolium Lion’s mouth + تم السمكةBellardia trixago Bellardia + بلردية ثلثية الفصوص�Kickxia lanigera Woolly fluellen + ككسية صوفيةKickxia sieberi Sieber’s fluellen + ككسية سيي Linaria chalepensis Aleppo toadflax + كتانية حلبParentucellia latifolia flaviflora Broad-leaved eyebright + برنتشلية� عريضة الورقParentucellia viscosa Marsh eyebright + برنتشلية لزجةScrophularia decipiens Deceptive figwort + خنازيرية خادعةScrophularia peyronii Peyron’s figwort ون + خنازيرية بيرScrophularia rubricaulis Red-stemmed figwort خنازيرية حمراء� الساق +Verbascum caesareum Banias mullein + بوصير قيصيةVerbascum gaillardotii Gailardot’s mullein ده + بوصير غير +Verbascum libanoticum Lebanon mullein بوصير

لبنابي +

35

Verbascum orientale Oriental mullein بوصيرق شق + +

Verbascum sinuatum Sinuate mullein متعرج بوصير +Verbascum tiberiadis Tiberias mullein ية بوصير طي +Verbascum tripolitanum Tripoli mullein + بوصير طرابلسVeronica anagallis-aquatica Water pimpernel ونيكة حبق فير

الماء+ + +

Veronica cymbalaria Cymbal speedwell ونيكة صنجية فير +Veronica panormitana Palermo speedwell ونيكة بالرمو + فيرVeronica persica Persian speedwell ونيكة فارسية + فيرVeronica syriaca Syrian speedwell ونيكة سورية فير + +ACANTHACEAE Acanthaceae أقنثياتAcanthus syriacus Syrian acanthus + كف الدبOROBANCHACEAE Orobanchaceae جعفيلياتOrobanche aegyptiaca Egyptian broomrape + جعفيل مصيOrobanche pubescens Downy broomrape جعفيل مشعر +PLANTAGINACEAE Plantaginaceae فصيلة لسان

الحملPlantago afra African plantain لسان الحمل

افريف

+

Plantago cretica Cretan plantain لسان الحمل كريت +

Plantago lagopus Round-headed plantain ودنة +Plantago lanceolata Lanceolate plantain

لسان الحمل سنابي +Plantago major Greater plantain لسان الحمل كبير +RUBIACEAE Rubiaceae فوياتAsperula arvensis Field woodruff ولة� الحقول + أسي Asperula libanotica Lebanon woodruff ولة� لبنانية + أسي +Callipeltis cucullaris Hooded crosswort + كليبلتس مقلنسCrucianella ciliata Ciliate crosswort + صليبية مهدبة +Crucianella imbricata Imbricate crosswort اكبة + صليبية مي Crucianella macrostachya Common crosswort + صليبية شائعةCruciata articulata Jointed mugwort + مصلبة مفصليةGalium aparine Cleavers

غاليوم لصيف +Galium constrictum Constricted bedstraw غاليوم نحيف +Galium hierosolymitanum Jerusalem bedstraw غاليوم القدس +Galium murale Wall bedstraw + غاليوم الحيطانGalium parisiense Paris bedstraw + غاليوم باريسGalium pisiferum Pea-bearing bedstraw + غاليوم بسل الثمرGalium tricornutum Three cornated bedstraw + غاليوم مثلثGalium verum Ladies bedstraw

M غاليوم حقيف +Putoria calabrica Calabrian putoria يا + منتنة كلي Rubia aucheri Aucher’s madder + فوة أوشيهRubia tenuifolia elliptica Slender-leaved madder + فوة نحيلة الورقSherardia arvensis Field madder يردية الحقول + شقValantia hispida Hispid valantia فلنتية +CAPRIFOLIACEAE Caprifoliaceae بلسانياتLonicera etrusca Etruscan honeysuckle + لونيشة اترورياSambucus ebulus Dwarf elder دمدمون +VALERIANACEA Valerianaceae ناردينياتValeriana dioscoridis Dioscorides’ valerian + ناردينValerianella coronata Crowned cornsalad سمنة مكللة +Valerianella dactylophylla Finger-leaved cornsalad سمنة اصبعية� الورق +

36

Valerianella discoidea Discoid cornsalad سمنة قرصانية +Valerianella echinata Prickly cornsalad + سمنة مقنفذةValerianella orientalis Oriental cornsalad قية سمنة شق + MValerianella vesicaria Bladder cornsalad سمنة مثانية +DIPSACACEA Dipsacaceae دبساسياتCephalaria joppensis Jaffa cephalaria + سيوان يافاCephalaria syriaca sessile Syrian scabious + سيوان سوريPterocephalus plumosus Annual winghead

+ عقس ريشقScabiosa argentea Silvery scabious + جربية فضيةScabiosa palaestina Palestine scabious ي + جربية فلسطيرScabiosa palaestina microcephala Palestine scabious ي + جربية فلسطيرScabiosa prolifera Carmel daisy كعب الغزال +CUCURBUTACEAE Cucurbutaceae قرعياتBryonia multiflora Many-flowered bryony ا فاشق +Bryonia syriaca Syrian bryony ا سورية + فاشقEcballium elaterium Squirting cucumber قثاء الحمار +CAMPANULACEAE Campanulaceae بوقياتCampanula hierosolymitana Jerusalem bellflower + جريس القدسCampanula peregrina Foreign bellflower + جريس رحال +Campanula rapunculus Rampion

+ جريس لفت Campanula retrorsa Retrorse bellflower + جريس منقلبCampanula sidoniensis Sidon bellflower جريس صيدا + + +Legousia falcata Falcate venus’-looking-glass + لغوزية منجليةLegousia pentagonia Large venus’-looking-glass + لغوزية خماسيةLegousia speculum veneris Small venus’-looking-glass وت مرآة عشي +ASTERACEAE Asteraceae مركباتAnthemis chia Chian chamomile بهار خيوس +Anthemis cotula Fetid chamomile قحوان +Anthemis tinctoria Yellow chamomile

بهار صباعي +Anthemis tinctoria discoidea Discoidea yellow chamomile بابونج أصفر +Atractylis comosa Beautiful distaff-thistle شوك الغزال +Bellis perennis Perennial daisy بليس معمر M +Bellis sylvestris Southern daisy بليس حرج +Calandula arvensis Field marigold آذريون الحقول +Carduus argentatus Silvery plumed-thistle شوك عني +Carduus pycnocephalus arabicus Italian thistle لسان الكلب +Carlina curetum orientalis Curetum carline قية + كرلينة شقCarlina involucrata libanotica Lebanon thistle كرلينة لبنانية +Carthamus glaucus Glaucous safflower قرطم أحوى +Carthamus tenuis Slender safflower قرطم نحيل +Catananche lutea Yellow cupidone ذوينة الجدي +Centaurea calcitrapa Red star-thistle مرار +Centaurea cyanoides Syrian corn-flower + شبةCentaurea iberica hermonis Iberian knapweed يا + قنطريون ايي Centaurea speciosa Showy knapweed قنطريون به +Centaurea verutum Dwarf knapweed قنطريون نبل +Chrysanthemum myconis Mico’s chrysanthemum قوقحان ميكو +Chrysanthemum segetum Corn marigold قوقحان الحصيد +Cichorum intybus Common chicory هندبا برية + +Cichorum pumilium Dwarf chicory هندبا قزمة + +

37

Cirsium phyllocephalum Leaved-headed thistle شار + شقCnicus benedictus Blessed thistle شوكة مباركة M +Crepis aspera Rough hawkweed شاغة جاسئة +Crepis hierosolymitana Jerusalem hawkweed شاغة القدس +Crepis palaestina Palestine hawkweed ي + شاغة فلسطيرCrepis reuteriana Reuter’s hawkweed شاغة روتر +Crepis sancta Holly hawkweed شاغة مقدسة +Crepis syriaca Syrian hawkweed شاغة سورية +Crupina crupinastrum False saw-wort + زحافةEchinops gaillardotii Gaillardot’s globe-thistle دوه + قرقفان غيرEchinops polyceras Many-horned globe-thistle قرقفان + +Echinops viscosus Viscous globe-thistle قرقفان + +Erigeron (Conyza) bonariensis Buenos Aires fleabane أريغارون بونس أيرس + +Erigeron (Conyza) canadense Canadian fleabane اريغارون� كندي +Erigeron (Conyza) naudini Naudin’s fleabane اريغارون� نودان +Eupatorium cannabinum Common hemp-agrimony خد البنت M +Filago eriocephala Wooly-headed cotton-

rose + قطينة صوفية الرؤوس

Garhadiolus hedypnois False hedypnois غرهديولس +Gnaphalium luteo-album Jersey cudweed ة غبير + +Gundelia tournefortii Gundelia عكوب + + +Hedypnois rhagadioloides Nipplewort hedypnois شة الكبش +Hedypnois rhagadioloides tubiformis Tubiformis hedypnois شة الكبش النبوبية +Helichrysum c. conglobatum Globe everlasting خالدة مكورة + + +Helichrysum sanguineum Blood-red everlasting خالدة مدماة +Inula graveolens Heavy-sented inula راسن عبق +Inula viscosa Viscous inula طيون + +Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce خس الزيت +Leontodon tuberosus Tuberous dandelion يعضيض عسقول +Matricaria chamomilla Wild chamomile بابونج M +Notobasis syriaca Syrian thistle لحلح + +Onopordum carduiforme False plumed-thistle أقسون قردوس +Onopordum cynarocephalum Artichoke cotton-thistle

+ اقسون� حرشفيPallenis spinosa Spiny pallenis زباد +Phagnalon rupestre African fleabane قذى +Picnomon acarna Yellow cnicus لحلح +Picris echioides Bristly ox-tongue مرير أخيوم +Picris strigosa Strigose ox-tongue شائك مرير +Ptilostemon diacantha Two-spined

ptilostemon + بتيلستمون

Pulicaria dysenterica Common fleabane أيوب رعراع + M +Rhagadiolus edulis Edible hawkbit مأكول رغديولس +Rhagadiolus stellatus Stellate hawkbit ابرة العجوز +Scolymus hispanicus Spanish oyster-plant صنارية +Scolymus maculatus Spotted golden-thistle عقربية +Scorzonera mollis Wave-leaved viper’s-grass ي + دبح ليرScorzonera phaeopappa Grey-pappused viper’s-grass دبح رمادي + +Senecio vernalis Spring groundsel ونة ربيعية + شقSerratula cerinthifolia Honeywort-leaved saw-wort وريقة +Serratula pusilla Dwarf saw-wort ورخة قزمة +Silybium marianum Lady’s-thistle شوك مريم M +

38

Sonchus asper glaucescens Rough sow-thistle ة سمير +Sonchus oleraceus Common sow-thistle ي + لبيرSteptorhamphus tuberosus

Tuberous steptorhamphus ستبتورمفوس� عسقول � +

Taraxacum aleppicum Aleppo dandelion طرخشقون� حلب +Taraxacum megalorrhizon Large-rooted dandelion طرخشقون كبير� الجذر� +Tragopogon buphthalmoides Bull’s-eye goat’s-beard + مشة +Tragopogon hybridum Hybrid goat’s-beard ي + سلسفيل هجيرTragopogon longirostris Long-beaked goat’s-beard سلسفيل طويل

المنقار+

Tyrimnus leucographus Tyrimnus ة بيضاء الرقط� مخي +Urospermum picroides Prickly-cupped goat’s-beard مذنبة + +

39

3. Medicinal PlantsTrue maden-hair Adiantum capillus-veneris Moorish kidney-vetch Anthyllis mora Giant reed Arundo donax Gum milk-vetch Astragalus gummifer Perennial daisy Bellis perennis Blessed thistle Cnicus benedictus Bladder-senna Colutea cilicica Syrian bindweed Convolvulus scammonia White hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Nut-grass Cyperus rotundus Stramonium Datura stramonium Cut-leaved phlomis Eremostachys laciniata Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Common fennel Foeniculum vulgare Ladies bedstraw Galium verumHerb-bennet Geum urbanum Lavandula stoechas Linum bienne Narrow birdsfoot-trefoil Lotus corniculatus Common white-horehound Marrubium vulgare Wild chamomile Matricaria chamomilla Bearded savory Micromeria barbata Small-leaved mint Micromeria myrtifolia

Common water-cress Nasturium officinale Spiny restharrow Ononis spinosa leiosperma Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Common self-heal Prunella vulgaris Common fleabane Pulicaria dysenterica Sumach Rhus coriara Dog rose Rosa canina Lady’s-thistle Silybium marianumSpanish broom Spartium junceum Storax Styrax officinalis Palestine comfrey Symphytum palaestinum Felty germander Teucrium polium White clover Trifolium repens Oriental cornsalad Valerianella orientalis Common vervian Verbena officinalis Vinca libanotica

Juniper, Oak and Calabrian Pine above Rihane ↓

40

4.-Identification of habitats in Jabal Rihane Reserve

The study and collection of flora covered the slopes extending between approximately

550 m and often more than 1450 m. But in the list (1) above we have only cited the

species that were recorded within the proposed reserve of Jabal Rihane. The latter

extends between 730 and 1370 m above sea level.

The Stone pine is found on a soil that originate from sandy rocks at the reserve's slopes

which dominate Aichyeh from the side of the road Khardaly-Rihane.

At the entrance of the reserve from the Loueizeh side, (820 m, N 33º 27' 452 E 35º

32' 096) a mixture of medium sized trees mainly of oak and Palestinian pistachio is

observed on limestone substratum.

While traversing Mlikh, the road passes through the bottom of the village in parallel

with a temporary water stream (which dries out at the end of the spring season).

41

Between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, there is a platform of agricultural area that reveals, in

the proximity of Kfarhouneh, the bottom of a valley in which runs a winter stream

similar to that of Mlikh and Aramta-Mlikh or to the stream of Soujoud valley at the feet

of Rihane village.

Coming from Jezzine side, the visitor of Kfarhouneh has to traverse barren rocky area

with sometimes-scattered small trees.

According to Corine classification (Corine boocklets [1999] that was developed by the

European Committee for the Environment), the reserve lies within two levels:

a. - the Meso-mediterranean level which encompasses areas between 500 and 1000 m

altitude with mainly oak and coniferous trees, and

b. - the Supra-mediterranean level (1000-1500 m) with dominance of oak, Quercus

infectoria and some pine trees; especially between Rihane and Aramta

villages. This level is sometimes considered as an extension of the first level.

Also there are some pine trees over Kfarhouneh village.

The most important habitats and vegetal formations

The Jabal Rihane Reserve is mainly represented by four major habitats where each has

its own characteristic species and plant association:

- The rocky karstic habitat with oak trees: it is found in both meso (public property of

Mlikh) and supra-mediterranean levels (up to eastern border of Kfarhouneh). It is

difficult to distinguish here between the two levels.

- The rocky and sandy soil habitat with pine trees: it is also found in both levels up to

eastern Kfarhouneh border. It is also difficult to distinguish here between the two levels.

- The valleys' bottom habitat: it is limited to the first level and found near water

streams, always with Oleander and often with with Platane trees.

- The barren areas habitat: it is mainly found between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, and in the

public property of Rihane village (Jilal Hassan).

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1. The formation of rocky karstic area species with dominance of oak trees:

Kermes oak Quercus calliprinos and Cyprus oak Quercus infectoria latifolia.

(950 m N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798)

1.1 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Kermes oak

Quercus calliprinos formation, on gravel or rock or calcareous soil:

Syrian maple Acer syriacum Common hawthorn Crataegus azarolus Persian cyclamen Cyclamen persicum Falcate eryngo Eryngium falcatum Foster’s snowdrop Galanthus fosteri Palestine pistachio Pistacia palaestina Slender-leaved madder Rubia tenuifolia elliptica

1.2 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spiny burnet,

increase:

Thorny-broom Calycotome villosa Cretan cistus Cistus creticusThyme leaved St John’s-wort Hypericum thymifolium Spiny burnet Sarcopoterum spinosum

1.3 Of the main associated herbs with this formation:

Two-spiked beard-grass Andropogon distachyus Shaggy hyparrhenia Hyparrhenia hirta

1.4 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quercus

infectoria formation, on calcareous soil (first level):

Three-leaved garlic Allium trifoliatum Judas tree Cercis siliquastrum Storax Styrax officinalis Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis

1.5 Some of the characteristic or associated species with Cyprus oak Quercus

infectoria formation, on calcairous soil (second level):

Lebanon woodruff Asperula libanotica Etruscan honeysuckle Lonicera etrusca

43

Viscous phlomis Phlomis viscosa Oriental black-bryony Tamus orientalis

1.6 In case of habitat degradation the following plants, mainly the Spanish

broom, increase (first and second levels):

Syrian marjoram Origanum syriacum Spanish broom Spartium junceum Distance woundwort Stachys distans

2. The formation of sandy soil species with Stone pine trees Pinus pinea

and Calabrian pine trees Pinus brutia :

Site above Aaramti (1065 m, N 33º 27' 025 E 35º 34' 522)

2.1 Some of the characteristic species:

Yellow chamomile Anthemis tinctoria Sweet vernal-grass Anthoxanthum odoratum Great quaking-grass Briza maxima Prickly juniper Juniperus oxycedrus French lavender Lavandula stoechas Mountain tinothy Phleum montanum

2.2 The most significant associated species with this formation, especially under the

pine of Aichyah (748m, N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647):

Hair-grass Aira elegans Sage-leaved cistus Cistus salviifolius Hirsute lupin Lupinus hirsutus Roman orchid Orchis romana libanotica Nerved-covered star-of-Bethlehem Ornithogalum neurostegium Autumn squill Scilla autumnalis Medusa’s clover Trifolium medusaeum Spotted rockrose Tuberaria guttata

3. Valleys' bottom formation near water streams with Platane and Oliender (first

level only). The characteristic species:

(Above Mlikh, 864m, N 33º 28' 270 E 35º 33' 798)

Oriental alder Alnus orientalis Glabrous cyperus Cyperus glaber

44

Hairy willow-herbe Epilobium hirsutum Common hemp-agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum Jersey cudweed Gnaphalium luto-albumLaurel Laurus nobilis Oleander Nerium oleander Oriental plane Platanus orientalis White willow Salix alba Water woundwort Stachys hydrophila

4. Barren areas plant formation, especially between Mlikh and Kfarhouneh and in

the public property of Rihane village (Jlal Hassan):

(Betwin Mlikh and Kfarhouneh, 966 m, N 33º 29' 184 E 35º 34' 464)

Party-colored birthwort Aristolochia poecilantha Golden rod Bongardia chrysogonum Lebanon fritillary Fritillaria libanotica Oriental hyacinth Hyacinthus orientalis Common lion’s-leaf Leontice leontopetalum Love apple Mandragora autumnalis Bunch-flowered narcissus Narcissus tazetta Butterfly orchid Orchis papilionacea Egyptian honesty Ricotia lunaria Oriental mullein Verbascum orientale

Characteristics of the site

o Physical characteristics

The calcareous land, which extends from Jarjou’a-Loueizeh to Kfarhouneh through

Mlikh, is formed from karst and pebbles. The agriculture soil is rich with organic

materials and fertile. The sandy land forms a wide patch near Aichyeh and between

Rihane and Aramta villages. Water springs are well provided in southern Rihane and

between Aichyeh and Rihane. There are several temporary springs and streams at

Kfarhouneh and between Aramta and Mlikh.

o Biological characteristics

45

The villages within the reserve are inhabited and their populations increase during

summer time. In general, grazing is not common except in Kfarhouneh where the

goat and sheep herds are in large numbers. The publicly owned lands are also

numerous around these villages. Oak wood exploitation is practiced traditionally

since long time ago. Nowadays, it needs to be regulated as the local community

became aware of the need for wise and sustainable use of woods and public lands,

and for a well-planned road network between the different slopes and valleys.

o Quality characteristics

Due to the presence of unmapped mines from the last war, the impact of humans is

still weak. Several jungles from a variety of oak trees, which extends over the karstic

rocks, characterize the area. These are considered a refuge not only for the hyrax,

which is renowned for its unique anatomic structure but also for the several plant

species of this particular area. It is highly recommended to increase the awareness

of people in order to stop killing the hyraxes and to avoid hunting and overgrazing.

Also there is a need to regulate water pumping and to treat sewage water and

garbage without polluting the environment.

46

Exoacantha heterophylla (above) 634m N 33º 23' 909 E 35º 33' 050 from Aychyeh & Lupinus hirsutus (below): 748m N 33º 24' 496 E 35º 33' 647 from Aychyeh

47

MAMMALS OF JABAL RIHANE RESERVE

Procavia capensis syriaca Schreber Hyrax Daman

48

Georges and Henriette Tohmé illustrated the study of the Lebanese mammals in the

published book “Wild Mammals of Lebanon” in 1985 (Publications of the Lebanese

University). The main references prior to that date are cited in this book. The present

study aims at the identification of all mammal species in Jabal Rihane Reserve,

determination of their status, identification of bio-indicator key species which point to

the state and the health of the environment, establishment of a list of threatening

hazards, and development of priority activities to conserve them. It is worthy to state

that if a logo has to be assigned to this reserve, the hyrax will be the animal of choice.

1. Scientific basis and source of information

We couldn't undertake nocturnal surveys and our diurnal study was limited to areas for

which access permits were granted. Thus, our development of the mammal list (2),

including the status of species was based on the following scientific approaches:

* Direct observation during our walks in some of the reserve's areas.

* Captured species with a variety of used traps.

* Observation of footprints and the remaining of some species or their products.

* Examination of the owl regurgitates (nocturnal raptors which feed on small mammals).

* Questioning villagers, sheepherders and hunters who have experienced the wildlife of

the reserve.

In addition to our previous field studies in the areas of Jezzine and Nabatyeh, we

surveyed the reserve since January 2001 till the end of the year 2003, with a minimum

of one outing each 10 days.

2. Species identification and bio-indicators

Bio-indicator species have been identified (e.g. outbreak of rats indicates plenty of

rubbish and domestic garbage). In the list (2) the sign "+" which follows the scientific

name denotes, "verified species presence". The other species without "+" remain

49

probable until their presence is approved in the future through research or monitoring

activities.

The most significant bio-indicators are:

* The mole rat Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi, which indicates, loose agricultural soil.

* The Jackal Canis aureus syriacus and the Fox Vulpus vulpus palaestina. Their increased

numbers indicate organic waste pollution and proximity of pollution sources to the

places in which these animals were recorded.

* The Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor, which indicates a dry soil, that is rich in

organic materials and insects.

* The Levant Vole Microtus guentheri guentheri that is one of the best indicators of

fertile years with plenty of herbs.

* The Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca that is an indicator of carcasses availability.

* The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus, which indicates organic pollution and

wastewater.

* The Bats of the Order Chiroptera which witness the presence of mosquitoes and flying

insects as well as caves for their roosting.

* The Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca, which indicates a dominated system with karstic

limestone rocks and oak trees.

3. Mammal prioritized list (list 2) with constraints and risks

The priorities

The globally threatened species are of first priority. These are followed by the regionally

and nationally threatened species respectively. For priority ranking, the regionally and

nationally endemic species and subspecies (if any) are to be taken into account too. Also

are considered the monospecific (the only species representing the genus or the family,

e.g. Hyrax) and plurispecific (e.g. Vole) species. During the qualitative and quantitative

surveys which aimed at the determination of the species dynamism within the reserve,

the endemic, scarce, rare and monospecific species were given more attention than the

other common or widespread or plurispecific species.

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Prioritization of threats and constraints

The threats and constraints that have an impact on the mammal species will be used to

rank the species from most to less threatened:

1- The globally protected species that are threatened at the international level, 2- Threatened or declining species at national level, 3- endemic species or subspecies.4- Rare species, 5- wholly or partially limited species to the Middle East, 6- Persecuted species.7- Limited species to Jabal Rihane Reserve only, 8- Bio-indicator species, 9- Economic species.10- Widespread species.

Priorities الولويات 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

INSECTIVORA ات آكلت الحشاFam. ErinaceidaeErinaceus europaeus concolor +

Hedgehog الشوك كبابة + + + + +

Fam. Soricidae Shrews فصيلة الزبابCrocidura leucodon judaica

Bicolor white toothed shrew

زبابة ملونة + + + +

Crocidura suaveolens Lesser white toothed shrew

ي زبابة البساتير + + +

Crocidura russula Common white toothed shrew

زبابة شائعة + +

Suncus etruscus Savi’s pygmy shrew فأر الزباب + +CHIROPTERA Bats مجنحات اليديFam. PteropodidaeRousettus aegyptiacus aegyptiacus +

Egyptian fruit-bat رداسة + +

Fam. Rhinopomatidae أبو وطواط فصيلة�ذنب

Rhinopoma microphyllum microphyllum

Great mouse tailed bat

وطواط أبوذنب

+ + + +

Fam. Rhinolophidae Horseshoe Bats فصبلةاش العما

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ferrumequinnum

Greater horseshoe

عماش كبير + + + +

Rhinolophus euryale judaicus

Mediterranean horseshoe

عماش صغير + + + +

Fam. Vespertilionidae فصيلة الخفافيش

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Myotis blythi omari Lesser Mouse-eared Bat

وطواط عمري + + + +

Myotis nattereri hoveli Natterer’s Bat كوهل وطواط + + + +Pipistrellus pipistrellus pipistrellus

Common Pipistrelle

خفدد + + + +

Pipistrellus kuhli ikhawanius

Kuhl’s Pipistrelle خفاش كوهل + + + +

Miniopterus schreibersipallidus

Schreiber’s Bat وطواط طويل�الجنحة

+ + + + +

CARNIVORES اللحوم آكلتFam. Canidae فصيلة الكلبCanis aureus syriacus+ Jackal ابن آوى + + + +Canis lupus pallipes Wolf الذئب + + + + +Vulpus vulpus palaestina+ Red fox الثعلب + + + +Fam. Mustelidae النمس فصيلةMartes foina syriaca + Stone Martin النمس + +Vormela peregusna syriaca +

Marbled polecat الظربان + + +

Meles meles canescens+ Badger الغرير + + +Fam. Hyaenidae فصيلة الضباعHyaena hyaena syriaca+ Striped Hyaena الضبع + + + + +Fam. Felidae الهر فصيلةFelis silvestris tristrami+ Wild cat ي الهر الي + + +HYRACOIDEA الوبرياتFam. ProcaviidaeProcavia capensis syriaca + Hyrax الطبسون/ الوبر + + + +ARTIODACTYLS الصابع مزدوجاتFam. Suidae فصيلة الخنازيرSus scrofa lybicus + Wild Boar ي ير الي ي الخيي + + +LAGOMORPHA الرنبياتFam. LeporidaeLepus capensis syriacus Cape Hare ي لرنب�ا الي + + +RODENTIA القوارضFam. SciuridaeSciurus anomalus syriacus Squirrel بالسنجا + + +Fam. Hystricidae Hystrix indica indica + Porcupine النيص + +Fam. Spalacidae فصيلة الخلدSpalax leucodon ehrenbergi +

Mole-Rat + + +

Fam. Muridae الجرذ فصيلةوالفأر

Apodemus mystacinus Field Mouse فأر الحقل +

52

mystacinus Rattus norvegicus norvegicus +

Brown Rat جرذون شائع + +

Mus musculus praetextus +

House Mouse فأرة شائعة +

Acomys dimidiatus dimidiatus

Spiny Mouse فأر شوك + +

Fam. Cricetidae فصيلة القدادوالعكبي

Meriones tristrami tristrami

Jird ام جرذ ترسي +

Microtus guentheri guentheri

Levant Vole العكي + + +

The list's objective

The establishment of the list aims at recognizing the mammals of Jabal Rihane, showing

their distribution and the degree of the threatening factors they are subjected to, and

subsequently identifying the species that merit conservation actions. As mentioned

above, the highest priority is given to the species, which, if extinct, will be a great loss to

the whole world. Its disappearance will deprive the humanity from genetic sources that

could be, if not extinct, of great benefits through the development of new economic

protein producer species that are needed by the world of tomorrow.

4. Remarks on the list of mammals and some of their ordersIt is obvious that the names in the list above do not include all the mammals of the

Lebanon. In the first column, only the recorded species at Jabal Rihane have a "+" sign

after their scientific names, whilst the others are left without this sign to indicate that

their occurrence is probable. Even though, the probable species may include those who

traverse the reserve or live in it for short time. For example, the Hedgehog, which lives

in areas extended from sea level to 1500 meters, may reach higher places when

searching for more food; also the natural caves help the dispersal of bats which are

flying mammals with unlimited ray of flight, exactly like birds. Though, they can be

anywhere. Being aware of the incurrence of some species in the near past, we adopted

53

the "wider list" to allow the methodology of confirmation to take place within the

reserve in the future.

The European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus concolor

Below are some remarks that may highlight the most significant representatives of the

mammals' orders and understand their importance:

a- Order InsectivoraThis order encompasses the most useful mammals for the agriculture as they play a role

in combating insects and contribute to maintain the natural balance. The Hedgehog that

was mentioned above is considered as bio-indicator of rich dry soil in organic matter

and insects.

b- Order ChiropteraMost of the representatives of this order feed on insects. Subsequently, they are

considered friends to farmers as they feed on flying insects, including mosquitoes and

agricultural pests such as cucumber beetles and cutworm moths and maintain as such

the natural balance. Bats normally eat about half their weight in flying insects each

night. Lactating females may equal their body weight in insects every night. As for the

Egyptian Fruit-Bat Rousettus a. aegyptiacus that is characterized by its short tail, it feeds

on fruits of orchards of coast and middle elevated mountain. However, it is an important

seed disperser, and hence plays a critical role in the recovery of forest clearings. Fruit

bats are important pollinators of many plants including mangoes, bananas, figs,

avocados, carob, and cloves. The conservation of all bats and the protection of their

caves are among the objectives of protected areas.

c- Order CarnivoraNotes about some of the most important species of this order:

54

It is worthy to mention that the numbers of Red fox Canis aureus syriacus

and Jakal Vulpus v. palaestina have increased in parallel with the

increase of organic waste in the vicinity of villages and in valleys. These

two species are hence considered bio-indicators of environmental

pollution with domestic wastes. The Wolf Canis lupus pallipes certainly

occurs, nowadays, in north-west and middle of Beqaa as well as on the

eastern slopes of Barouk Mountain and in Niha and Rihane. We believe

the wolf has remained in the study area in very small numbers. Some

sheepherders mentioned its presence to the west of Kfarhouneh.

The Stone Martin Martes foina syriaca and Marbled Polecat Vormela

peregusna syriaca, which are accused of being transmitters of rabbies, a

matter that needs verification through more research, have a limited

distribution between the coast and high mountains in Lebanon.

The Badger Meles meles canescens is one of the persecuted species in

Jabal Rihane area where it is widespread and considered an appreciated

game. People should stop killing this mammal before it disappears.

The Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena syriaca is a limited subspecies to the

Middle East. It is still moderately distributed between the coast and the

middle heights and near the watercourses. Some caves at Jarjou'e next to

Loueizeh were reported as a refuge used by this animal which is

continusely persecuted despite the fact that it doesn't threaten human

being. The Hyena is a bio-indicator of carcasses availability.

The Wild Cat Felis sylvestris tristrami lives in forests and is a tree climber.

It is found in the mountains of Barouk, Niha and Rihane and considered

one of the threatened species.

d- Order ArtiodactylaThe Wild Boar Sus scrofa lybicus is well known from Lebanese territories since ages until

it disappeared since the 19th century. During its absence from Lebanon it was reported

at Houla and Kasab beyond the Lebanese borders. In the winter 1981, we were the first

55

to report its reappearance in the upper Chouf region, Jezzine, Jabal Rihane and Western

Beqaa. Nowadays, the wild boar is found, in addition to the places mentioned above, in

Horsh Ehden and other areas. At Jabal Rihane, the inhabitants say that during the Israeli

occupation the wild boar had used the abandoned houses as refuge or shelter.

Today, the farmers are worried about the damage caused by this animal to their

orchards. But, from our point of view, its occurrence in any forest does not constitute a

threat as far as its numbers are moderate and subsequently do not disturb the

ecological balance. The wild boar turns the soil at the feet of the trees to search for its

food, which is formed from worms, larvae, small insects and bulbs of plants, etc.

Accordingly, it helps aerating the soil and cleaning it from harmful larva. This animal

should be monitored to see to which extent it is widespread in the forests so that man

could interfere when its numbers exceed the allowed international limit. If this occurs,

we propose to control the species through decimation of only some males, as is the case

in similar protected areas of Europe, with the condition that such operation is strictly

regulated.

e- Order LagomorphaAs per the hunters, the Hare Lepus capensis syriacus occurs in fair numbers in the Beqaa

as well as at the heights of Jabal Rihane.

Hyrax Procavia capensis

f- Order HyracoidaThe Hyrax Procavia capensis syriaca that is the only representative of its order in

Lebanon is a nicely looking and fascinating animal. Its fur's color matches the color of

sand or sometimes rocks. It is considered an appreciated game for hunters who are

proud of killing it. The body is rabbit-sized but the neck, ears and tail are short. The

56

Hyrax is originated from extinct animals with paddles like elephants. The upper incisors

resemble elephant's tasks. Being plantigrade, the hyrax uses the sole of its feet for

walking and standing. There are four toes on the front feet and three on the back feet.

Its nails are long and curved with flat ends and resemble hooves. The inner toe is curved

and moves independently from the others, whereas the padded soles of its feet have a

flap of shin that can be pulled up to make a suction cup. These features of inner toes

and padded soles offer help in climbing karstic rocks where it lives in its crevices and

moves with high capacity and make the hyrax the most adapted animal to its living

environment.

The hyrax' range is from southern Africa to Egypt and west Asia. The subspecies syriaca

lives in Lebanon, Gallilee and from Jordan Valley to Sinai. We found the species north to

Al Ouali River and it reached in the last years the upper Valley of Nahr El Kalb where it

could be re-disappeared. None of the other protected areas in Lebanon is habitat for

the hyrax.

The daily pattern of the hyraxes is to come out of their dens at dawn to feed on grasses,

leaves, or sometimes buds, stems, or fruit; and to sun themselves together on a rock.

When they are done, they rest in their dens during the day hours before they re-appear

in the late afternoon. As it appeared to us, they live in organized colonies where some of

the members were seen standing on rocks as guards, watching any expected enemy,

giving attention to any suspected movement. When approaching their territories, they

scream before they run and hide, as if they learned that man is their first enemy. In fact

the inhabitants of Jabal Rihane area do not hesitate to kill this animal that offers alone,

through its unique characteristics, the good reason for the declaration of Jabal Rihane a

protected area of eco-tourism attraction.

g. Order RodentiaThis is the commonest order in Lebanon at both quantitative and qualitative levels.

Followings are some of its members:

57

The Squirrel Sciurus anomalus syriacus is among the declining animals

due to pesticides. Its presence and numbers are to be monitored.

The Porcupine Hystrix indica indica is the commonest mammal in this

area after the Hyrax. Its quills are widely scattered in the woods of

Rihane, Mlikh and Kfarhouneh. The Jabal Rihane area should be probably

treated as the most important and the last refuge for this species in the

Middle East, especially that the human construction has covered most of

its preferred habitats.

The Mole-Rat Spalax leucodonehrenbergi is well recognized by the

villagers because of its sinuate tunnels dug in the different soils, mainly in

fields and orchards. Concentrated researches are eagerly needed to

identify the various races of this nocturnal animal, which is most active at

night, and the early hours of the day.

The Field Mouse Apodemus mystacinus mystacinus is widespread all over

the country and from middle of Europe to Jordan through Turkey. The cat

is considered the natural enemy of this mouse in the proximity of villages.

The Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus norvegicus lives near humans, feeds on

domestic wastes and breeds in the vicinity of wastewater courses.

The Jird Meriones tristrami tristrami is widespread from the coast up to

1550 m. altitude. It is found in the countries of the Middle East including

north of Sinai. The Jird, which is of sandy color, inhabits the dry

herbaceous lands and consumes seeds and green shoots.

58

HERPETOFAUNA OF JABAL RIHANE

Elaphe hohenacheri, a non-venomous snake.

1. IntroductionWandering in the areas of the reserve wasn't an easy task because of the minesdispersed here and there as remains of the long period of military activities, whichdominated this region in the near past. The study of Amphibians and Reptiles relies, likethe study of mammals, on live observation and trapping or pit falling of samples. In factsome of the inhabitants helped us collecting some reptile specimens and for their actswe are thankful. In the list (3) below, the sign "*" which follows the scientific namedenotes collected species, "**" denotes observed or seen but not collected species and"***" sign indicates a species of probable presence that we hope to confirm in thefuture.

2. Species identification and bio-indicators Indicator of humid soil, plants and trees

59

The occurrence of amphibians in a certain area is a good indicator of water presence and humid soil. The Salamander Salamandra inframaculata appears during day times after the autumnal rain.The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta is an indicator of trees presence in the proximity as is the case at the site of Naba'a el Tasseh and in a small grove at the borders of Rihane village or between the latter and Soujud Valley. In addition, the Chameleon indicates humid and vegetated habitats.The Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorff is attracted by water, grass and cultivated areas. The same applies for the non-venomous snake Elaphe hohenackeri and the Water Snake Natrix tesselata.

The Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta

Indicator of ecosystems' diversity

The occurrence of the Green Toad Bufo viridis in different areas of the reserve is the

best reflection to the diversity of the natural ecosystems from dense to open forests,

prairies or orchards to fields, and from sandy to calcareous soil. The habitat of the Wall

Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis does not differ too much from that of the Green Toad.

Nevertheless, the first avoids open areas.

Indicator of waste and chemicals

60

The construction debris and waste that are thrown in the water of the streams or in

their proximity as well as the chemicals and other products affect badly the life of the

insectivorous amphibians and their reproduction activity, especially in wadi Aramta –

Mlikh and in the southern Rihane. Of the impacted species, the Levant Frog Rana

bedriagae which declines numerically, the Green Toad Bufo viridis and the Common

Tree Frog Hyla savignyi. The last two are affected and in decline despite the fact that

they live away from water, in the proximity of wetlands and in their neighboring

cultivated fields. An additional reason for their decline is probably due the reduction of

domestic waste (source of insects) that was caused by the displacement of the locals

during the years of war.

The overuses of pesticides have also affected the Agama Laudakia stellio stellio. Being

an insectivorous, the Agama hunts insects while sunning itself on rocks or walls. In

addition, it is a non-venomous lizard and considered a friend to farmers whereas it is

still persecuted, due to lack of awareness, by some of the apiculturists.

Indicator of insect presence

As most of the Amphibians and Reptiles consume insects, we have noticed them

agglomerating near the organic waste dumps where insects grow and pullulate. Of the

reptiles: the Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis, Tree Gecko Cyrtopodion kotschyi orientalis

and Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus. Of the amphibians: the Common Tree

Frog Hyla savignyi; and of the snakes there are two species Eirenis decemlineata and

Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus. The latter is smaller.

61

Common Tree Frog Hyla savigny

Indicator of sandy barren soil

A small snake, the Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans that lives on a hard barren sandy

soil, represents this indicator. It doesn't climb on trees or walls.

Indicator of tree leaves and organic soil

This indicator is represented by the Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki, a member of

the family Scincidae that is usually found under dead leaves over a rich soil with organic

materials where the mushroom is frequently seen. The atrophied limbs of this skink give

the impression of a little snake.

Of the venomous snakes:

The Montpellier Snake Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus that is common is the area

where it feeds on mice, hyraxes, lizards and birds.

The Micrelaps muelleri, which is a small snake rarely exceeding 20 cm length. It is

confined to southern Lebanon but not found yet in the other reserves of Lebanon.

The Large Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis: it was not recorded during the surveys.

Instead, the locals confirm its presence only.

62

3. Herpetofauna list (list 3) and species status

Priorities A الولويات A B B B B C C C D1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

مائيات AMPHIBIA البيSalamandridaeFire Salamander Salamandra infraimmaculata infraimmaculata* *Newt Triturus vittatus vittatus***Anura Green Toad Bufo viridis* + + +RanidaeLevant Frog Rana bedriagae* + + + +HylidaeCommon Tree FrogHyla savignyi *

+ + +

REPTILIA الزواحف TestudinidaeTortoise Testudo graeca terrestris * + + +Chamaeleonidae Chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon restricta**

+ + + + +

EmydidaeTerrapin Mauremys caspica rivulata*** + + +Anguidae Pseudopus apodus *** +Agamidae Agama Laudakia stellio stellio** + +GeckonidaeTree Gecko Cyrtopodion kostchyi orientalis* + +Turkish Gecko Hemidactylus turcicus turcicus* + + +Lacertidae Wall Lizard Lacerta laevis laevis* + + +Green Lizard Lacerta media wolterstorffi** + +Snake-eyed Lizard Ophisops elegans * + +Scincidae Little Skink Ablepharus budaki budaki* +Vital's Skink Mabuya vittata vittata* +TyphlopidaeTyphlops Typhlops vermicularis*** +ColubridaeLarge Whipe Snake Hierophis jugularis*** + +

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Hemorrhois nummifer* + + +Platyceps najadum dahlii*** +Collar Snake Platyceps collaris*** + +Eirenis levantinus *** + +Eirenis decemlineatus* + +Eirenis lineomaculatus* + + +Elaphe hohenackeri* + + +Montpellier SnakeMalpolon monspessulanus insignitus**

+ + +

Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus * + +Micrelaps muelleri* + + +Dice Snake Natrix tessellata*** + +Telescopus fallax*** +ViperidaePalestinian ViperVipera palestinea***

+

Macrovipera lebetina*** +

A: 1- Globally threatened species, 2- Regionally and nationally threatened species.B: 3- Endemic, 4- Rare in Lebanon, 5- Monospecific or limited to Rihane Reserve, 6- Persecuted by people.C: 7- Extinct from Lebanon, 8- Bio-indicators, 9- Economic species.D: 10- Widespread species.

64

Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) above Rihane village

65

BIRDS OF JABAL RIHANE

Chuckar Partridge Alectoris chukar

1. Introduction

Despite the fact that our surveys were faced by difficulties and obstacles such as the

presence of unmapped fields of mines and the prohibited uninhabited security zones,

we were able to observe, monitor, locate nests and identify bird habitats, covering as

such more than 50% of the study area. The stratified sampling method used includes

samples from the following common habitats: mountainous relief with peaks, steep

and/ or gentle slopes, hills, and small basins. These habitats contained garrigues,

macquis of oak and pine groves, burnt and/ or barren rocks or lands, orchards and field

crops. As such, the study was based on 96 observation-stations, evenly distributed over

all cited habitats.

As for the soaring birds which rely upon local air currents in order to migrate by soars

and glides, the migration was more or less altered by an easterly warm dry air causing

inversion and suppressing the formation of proper thermals during the early autumn of

the first year.

66

All the cited difficulties and the constraints mentioned above didn't prevent the study

from providing sufficient data to highlight the composition of the avifauna in the area.

As a result, 168 bird species were recorded with varied number of individual and

frequencies. Of which, 33 species definitely breed in the area, 18 probable breeders but

not yet recorded with breeding evidence during the study period, In addition to these

species above, 23 more species were expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats

but not yet seen or heard.

Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus

2- Species identification and Bio-indicators

The Crow: its abundance indicates organic waste pollutionThe Kestrel: is used to identify chemical pollution in the environmentThe Syrian Serin: is used as indicator of air pollution with toxic gazesThe Griffon Vulture: an indicator of degraded forestsThe Syrian Serin: indicates stability of forests and woodsThe Jay: contributes to reforestation as it feeds on oak fruits and hides some in the soil so that they grow new shootsThe Linnet: is a good indicator of climate changeThe Black Storks: is used as indicator of weather changesThe Bee-eater: indicates the presence of wasps and beesSome Warblers indicate climates of the Mediterranean area.

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3- Bird list (list 4)

Legend:A(1)= Globally threatened species A(2)= Regionally threatened or declining species B(3)= Endemic (sub species (

B(4)= Rare breeders +Former breeders (F) + possibly breeding species (P)B(5)= Localized breeder B(6)= Localized non breeder B(7)= Declining breeder B(8)= Internationally important population passing in Lebanon B(9)= Nationally threatened or declining species C(10)= Extinct or probably extinct from Lebanon C(11)= Introduced species. C(12)= Bio-indicators C(13)= Economic species D(14)= Species restricted wholly or largely to the Middle EastD(15)= Species which are mainly concentrated in Europe but with unfavorable conditions D(16)= Species which are mainly concentrated outside Europe but with unfavorable conditions in EuropeV= vagrant species.

DDDCCCCBBBBBBBAAPriorities11113121110987654321

Pelecanidae بجعيات ++White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus

Ardeidae ++Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea مالك حزين رمادي++Little Bittern

Ixobrychus minutus واق صغبن +Little Egret

Egretta garzetta صغبن ابيض بلشون Ciconiidae

+++++White StorkCiconia ciconia لقلق ابيض

++++Black StorkCiconia nigra لقلق اسود Accipitridae

++Honey BuzzardPernis apivorus ام العسل حوا

++++F+Levant SparrowhawkAccipiter brevipes ي

ق بيدق سا++++P

F+Griffon Vulture

Gyps fulvus نش اسمر

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Hen HarrierCircus cyaneus مرزة الدجاج

++++Lesser Spotted EagleAquila pomarina ة سفعاء عقاب صغبن Spotted EagleAquila clanga ة عقاب سفعاء كببن

+Imperial EagleAquila heliaca اطوريه عقاب امبي

+HobbyFalco subbuteo صقر كونج MerlinFalco columbarius صقر يؤيؤ Eleonora's FalconFalco eleonorae صقر اليونورا

+++P+Lanner FalconFalco biarmicus صقر حر

++++Saker FalconFalco cherrug صقر الغزال

+++PShort-toed EagleCircaetus gallicus الحيات عقاب

+++Pallid HarrierCircus macrourus باهتة مرزة

+vPVerreaux's EagleAquila verreauxii خدارية عقاب

+++Red-footed FalconFalco vespertinus صقر احمر القدم

++Marsh HarrierCircus aeruginosus مرزة البطائح

+++SparrowhawkAccipiter nisus باشقBooted EagleHieraaetus pennatus عقاب مشول

FGolden EagleAquila chrysaetos عقاب ذهبية

+++PBonelli's EagleHieraaetus fasciatus عقاب بونللي

+++Peregrine FalconFalco peregrinus ن شاهين

+++Black Kite Milvus migrans حدأة سوداء++++Long-legged Buzzard

Buteo rufinus** قيب طويل الساقع ++Montagu's Harrier

Circus pygargus مرزة مونتاج++Goshawk Accipiter gentilis باز

+++Kestrel Falco tinnunculus * عوسق+Common Buzzard Buteo buteo

عقيبPhasianidae

+++Chukar PartridgeAlectoris chukar* ي

حجل لبنابن++Quail Coturnix coturnix ي فرا

Rallidae

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+++Corncrake Crex crex سلوىCoot Fulica atra صلندةGruidae

++Demoiselle CraneAnthropoides virgo كركي متوج

+++Common CraneGrus grus كركي اعتياديScolopacidae WoodcockScolopax rusticola دجاجة الرضColumbidae

+Rock PigeonColumba livia* حمام بري Woodpigeon Columba palumbus دلم

++++Turtle DoveStreptopelia turtur * ترغلCuculidae

+++PGreat Spotted CuckooClamator glandarius قيقب ابقع كببن

+++FCommon CuckooCuculus canorus قيقبTytonidae

+Barn Owl Tyto alba* بومة بيضاء Strigidae

++PScops Owl Otus scops ي ** ثبج اوروبيLittle OwlAthene noctua** ة بومة صغبن

+Tawny Owl Strix aluco* سمراءبومة Long-eared OwlAsio otus ة بومة أذناء كببنEagle OwlBubo bubo ة بومة كببنCaprimulgidae

++European NightjarCaprimulgus europaeus ي سبد اوروبيApodidae

+++Pallid SwiftApus pallidus خطف باهت

+++Alpine SwiftApus melba خطف الشواهق *

+PCommon SwiftApus apus ** خطف اسودMeropidae

+European Bee-eaterMerops apiaster وروار

Upupidae +PHoopoe Upupa epops ** هدهد

Picidae ++Syrian Woodpecker Dendrocopus

syriacus * نقار خشب سوري

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++WryneckJynx torquilla لواء

Alaudidae +++Calandra Lark

Melanocorypha calandra مطوق+++Lesser Short-toed Lark Calandrella

rufescens ة الصابع ة قصبن قبي++Bimaculated Lark

Melanocorypha bimaculata مطوقق شق

+FSky LarkAlauda arvensis ة السماء قبي

++Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla ة ةقبي ةقصبن الصابع كببن

+PCrested LarkGalerida cristata ة متوجة * قبي

PShore LarkEremophila alpestris** ة قرناء قبي

Hirundinidae ++Sand Martin

Riparia riparia سنونو الشواطء+Crag Martin

Ptyonoprogne rupestris سنونو الصخور++PBarn Swallow

Hirundo rustica ** سنونو المنازل+Red-rumped Swallow

Hirundo daurica سنونو احمر العجز+PHouse Martin

Delichon urbica ** سنونو الضواحيMotacillidae

++PYellow WagtailMotacilla flava ** ام سكعكع صفراء

++PGrey WagtailMotacilla cinerea ام سكعكع رمادية

+White WagtailMotacilla alba ام سكعكع بيضاء

+Long-billed PipitAnthus similis ابو تمرة طويل المنقار

+Tawny PipitAnthus campestris ابو تمرة الحقولTree PipitAnthus trivialis ابو تمرة الشجرMeadow PipitAnthus pratensis جشنة الغيطWater PipitAnthus spinoletta جشنة الماء

Pycnonotidae ++++Yellow-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus xanthopygos * بلبلTroglodytidae

+WrenTroglodytes troglodytes وصع *

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Prunellidae DunnockPrunella modularis عصفور الشوك

Turdidae +Pied Wheatear Oenanthe

pleschanka ابو بليق اسود وابيض+PIsabelline Wheatear

Oenanthe isabellina ابو بليق رمليThrush NightingaleLuscinia luscinia عندليبWhinchatSaxicola rubetra قليعي

+++FWhite-throated RobinIrania gutturalis الزور ابيض الحن ابو

+++Blue Rock ThrushMonticola solitarius * أزرق شحرور

PRock ThrushMonticola saxatilis** سمنة الصخور

++Song ThrushTurdus philomelos مطربة سمنة

++RedwingTurdus iliacus الجناح حمراء سمنة Mistle ThrushTurdus viscivorus سمنة الدبق

++Black-throated ThrushTurdus ruficollis سمنة سوداء الزور FieldfareTurdus pilaris سمنة الحقول

++PBlack-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica ** ابو بليق اسود الذنDesert WheatearOenanthe deserti أبو بليق الصحراء

+Finch's WheatearOenanthe finschii أبو بليق فنش Mourning WheatearOenanthe lugens أبلق حزين

++Common WheatearOenanthe oenanthe ابو بليق اعتيادي

++BlackbirdTurdus merula * شحرورRing OuzelTurdus torquatus سمنة مطوقة RedstartPhoenicurus phoenicurus حمرة

++Black RedstartPhoenicurus ochruros حمرة سوداء

+StonechatSaxicola torquata قليعي مطوق

PRufous Bush Robin Cercotrichas galactotes ابو حناء الحراش الحمر** RobinErithacus rubecula ابو الحن

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NightingaleLuscinia megarhynchos ي هزار اوروبي

Sylvidae هوازج + Barred Warbler

Sylvia nisoria هازجة مخططة Garden WarblerSylvia borin هازجة الحدائق

+PRuppell's WarblerSylvia rueppelli هازجة روبلليSubalpine WarblerSylvia cantillans دخلة الصود

++P+Menetries's WarblerSylvia mystacea ي هازجة منب

FWood WarblerPhylloscopus sibilatrix نقشارة الغابIcterine WarblerHippolais icterina نقشارة صفراء

++Upcher's WarblerHippolais languida خنشع الشجر

+++Orphean WarblerSylvia hortensis * دخلة الحدائق

++Spectacled WarblerSylvia conspicillata دخلة ام عوينات *

++Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala الرأس سوداء دخلة *

++Lesser WhitethroatSylvia curruca*ة دخلة بيضاء الزور صغبن

+WhitethroatSylvia communis دخلة اعتيادية

++Olivaceous WarblerHippolais pallida * هازجة شاحبةOlive-tree WarblerHippolais olivetorum خنشع الزيتون

+Graceful PriniaPrinia gracilis رشيقة هازجة

PBlackcapSylvia atricapilla * خوري وشماس

PBonelli's WarblerPhylloscopus bonelli ** هازجة بونلليChiffchaffPhylloscopus collybita نقشارةWillow WarblerPhylloscopus trochilus نقشارة الصفصاف

Muscicapidae Collard FlycatcherFicedula albicollis آكل الذباب المطوق

+Red-breasted FlycatcherFicedula parva آكل الذباب أحمر الصدر

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++Spotted FlycatcherMuscicapa striata آكل الذباب * المخططPied FlycatcherFicedula hypoleuca آكل ذباب البيض والسود

Paridae+Sombre Tit

Parus lugubris* قرقف حزين PCoal Tit

Parus ater** قرقف فحمي +Great Tit

Parus major* قرقف كببن +Western Rock Nuthatch

Sitta neumayer* خازن البندق الصغبن

Nectariniidae Palestinian SunbirdNectarinia osea ي

أبو الزهور الفلسطيننOriolidae

++++PGolden OrioleOriolus oriolus صفرايةLaniidae

++Masked ShrikeLanius nubicus * درب مقنع

+PWoodchat Shrike**Lanius senator درب الغاب أحمر الرأس

++Red-backed ShrikeLanius collurio درب احمر الظهرIsabelline ShrikeLanius isabellinus درب رمليCorvidae

++Hooded CrowCorvus corone cornix غراب قاق *

+JayGarrulus glandarius* أبو زريق Rose-coloured StarlingSturnus roseus زرزور قرمزي Starling Sturnus vulgaris زرزور

Passeridae +Rock Sparrow

Petronia petronia** دوري الصخور ++++Pale Rock Sparrow Carpospiza

brachydactyla دوري الصخور الشاحب++Sparrow

Passer domesticus * دوري المنازلPSpanish Sparrow

Passer hispaniolensis ي دوري اسبابن

Fringillidae

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Red-fronted SerinSerinus pusillus نعار أحمر الجبهة

+++Syrian SerinSerinus syriacus* نعار سوري European SerinSerinus serinus ار نعاSiskinCarduelis spinus ار شوكي

نعا++Goldfinch

Carduelis carduelis ون * حسا+PLinnet

Carduelis cannabina ** تفيفيحي+Crimson-winged Finch

Rhodopechys sanguinea زمبن قرمزي الجناحTrumpeter FinchBucanetes githagineus زمبن وردي

Hawfinch يبلبل زيتوبن

Coccothraustes coccothraustes BramblingFringilla montifringilla صلنج الشمال

+ChaffinchFringilla coelebs * صلنج

+GreenfinchCarduelis chloris ي * عصفور خضبنEmberizidae

+Rock BuntingEmberiza cia درسة الصخور

++Ortolan BuntingEmberiza hortulana درسة ارطلن

+Cretzschmar's BuntingEmberiza caesia درسة كرتسمار *

++Black-headed Bunting*Emberiza melanocephala درسة سوداء الرأس

PCorn BuntingMiliaria calandra ** درسة الذرةYellowhammerEmberiza citrinella درسة صفراء

168 recorded bird species

33 definite breeding species *

18 possible breeders but not yet recorded with breeding evidence **

23 species expected to be recorded due to suitable habitats but not yet seen or heared

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Common Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Bird priorities

Followings are the birds of highest priorities at Jabal Rihane for being either globally threatened or regionally threatened species.

Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca, Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila

pomarina, White Stork Ciconia ciconia, Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus, Griffon Vulture

Gyps fulvus, Levant Sparrow Hawk Accipiter brevipes, Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus,

Saker Falcon Falco cherrug, Demoiselle Crane Anthropoides virgo, Corncrake Crex crex,

Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus xanthopygos, Upcher's Warbler Hippolais languida,

Menetries's Warbler Sylvia mystacea, Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus.

4. Future of research and status updates

The obtained results encourage us to make more effort in the future in order to fine-

tune the status of the observed species, especially the migrants that may settle down in

Rihane area.

The study of the migratory and soaring bird species revealed that the flyway over

Freidies- Rihane- Deir Mimas is slightly less important than the main flyway over Aley-

Azour-Nabatyeh. As this study is the first of its kind in the region, it is worthy to note

that the Jabal Rihane appeared to encompass several sites that are considered hotspots

for roosting, sheltering and resting of migrants in general and globally and regionally

threatened species in particular.

In addition, it is of high importance to focus in the future on the wintering species of

Jabal Rihane as these will certainly assist the management team of the reserve to

monitor the bird community as indicator of the managing processes, state of the

environment and productivity of the ecosystems. The migratory and wintering bird

species are nowadays considered the most significant component of the international

biodiversity.

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5. Monitoring of birds

There are two ways for bird monitoring:

1- Monitoring of nesting birds. The increase in numbers of breeding species, especially

raptors, is treated as an indicator of environmental improvement. The species, which

have bred in the past and stopped to do so (former breeders), due to human

persecution, are also a positive indicator if they return to nest again in the area.

2- Putting rings (banding/ ringing) in the feet of the netted birds, similarly to what have

been done prior to the hostility days in Lebanon by the Faculty of Science-Lebanese

University with financial support from the National Council of Scientific Research. The

recovery of the ringed birds will allow us to:

define the itineraries that are followed by the birds,

know the time spent by birds within the Lebanon's territories, and

indicate the origin and destination of these birds

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References and sources of information

Most of the data in this report is the result of exhaustive researches that were

undertaken in the past by the members of the team in different parts of Lebanon.

During the years 2002-2003, they regularly focused on the Jabal Rihane area, subject of

this study. Despite all constraints and field of mines, the field studies were conducted in

accordance with the pre-fixed timetable. It is worthy to mention that the team used

several basic references with attention paid to the Lebanese publications. As for the old

references, they were omitted here due to the shortage of time.

General references and publications on the ecology of Lebanon

Abi-Saleh B. & Nasser N. & Rami H. & Safi N. & Safi S. & Tohmé H. – La floreterrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban ; Projet GF / 6105-92-72. Publication

n°3, 1996.CORINE Biotopes manual, Habitats of the European Community. EUR 12587/3,

Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, 1991.CORINE Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats. Natura 2000.

October 1999.Tohmé H. & Abdul-Nour H. & Assi F. & Hraoui-Bloquet S. & Ramadan-Jradi Gh.

– La faune terrestre. Etude de la diversité biologique du Liban ; Projet GF / 6105-92-72.Publication n°4, 1996.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Ecologie du Liban. Faits et exemples (en arabe, titreen français). Publications de l’UL n° 15. 216 p. et plusieurs photos en couleur, 1985.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Les Coquillages terrestres du Liban (en français).Publications de l’UL n° 20. 113 p et nombreux dessins. 1988.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. – Les Oiseaux du Liban (en arabe, titre en français).Publications de l’UL n° 17. 165 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1986.

FloraAbou-Chaar C., The woody plants of A.U.B. campus. Beirut : American University

of Beirut, 1991.Edgecombe W.S., Weeds of Lebanon. Beirut : American University of Beirut,

1970.Lys P. & Ades J., Petite flore illustrée du Liban. Beirut : Faculté Française de

Médecine, 1956.Mouterde P., Nouvelle flore du Liban et de la Syrie. 3 vols + 3 atlas. Beirut : Dar

El-Machreq (Imprimerie Catholique), 1966-1970-1983.

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Nehmé M., Dictionnaire étymologique de la flore du Liban. Beirut : Librairie duLiban Editeurs. 2000.

Nehmé M., Fleurs sauvages du Liban. 3 versions (Arabic, 1981; English, 1978 andFrench, 1977). Beirut : Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1977.Polunin O. & Huxley A., Flowers of the Mediterranean. London : Chatto and

Windus, 1955.Post G.E., Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. 2d Edition, 2 vols. Beirut : American

University of Beirut, 1932.Tohmé G. – La médecine populaire et les plantes médicinales au Liban. Premier

Congrès international – Plantes médicinales et phytothérapie. Tunis 19-20 mai 1993.Tohmé G. & H., Recherche sur le statut actuel de la flore du Liban. Beirut :

Lebanese Science Journal, Vol 2, No 1. 2001.Tohmé G. & H., A Thousand and One Flowers of Lebanon. Beirut: Publications of

the LEBANESE UNIVERSITY, Natural Sciences Section 22. 2002.Tohmé G., Tohmé H., Hrawi-Bloquet S., Karakira M., Gèze R., Slim K.,) –

Rapport on Five protected areas in Lebanon. National Council for Scientific Research.1999. (Projet UNDP nº Leb. 95-G31-AIG-99).

Amphibians and ReptilesBocsh H. A. J., In Den, Prodromus einer liste der Amphibien und Reptilien

Lebanon. – Faunistische Abhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für TierkundeDresden, 21/Suppl. : 9-17, Dresden. 1998.

Bosch H. A. J. in den, W. Bischoff & J. F. Schmidtler, BemerkenswerteReptilienfunde im Lebanon. – Herpetofauna 20 (117): 19–32, Weinstadt. 1998.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S., Les reptiles du Liban. 1. nomenclature et notes écologiques. –Ecologia Mediterranea 7 (2) : 93–101. 1981.

Hraoui-Bloquet, S. M. Sabeh & R. Sadek, La présence du triton Triturus vittatusGray 1835 amphibien urodèle au Liban. – Lebanese Scientific Research Reports 2 (1) 15-

22. 1997.Hraoui-Bloquet S. & R. Sadek, Les Amphibiens du Liban écologie et new record. –

Bulletin de la Société Herpetologique de France. (3): 23-31. 2001. Hraoui-Bloquet S, R. Sadek, R. Sindaco & A. Venchi, The herpetofauna of

Lebanon: new data in distribution. Zoology in the Middle East. Vol. 27 : 5-16. 2002.

MammalsAtallah S. I., - Mammals of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Their Ecology,

Systematics and Zoogeographical Relationships. Saugetierkund liche Mitteilungen, t. 25(4): 241-320 & t. 26 (1): 1-50. 1977-1978.

Harrison D. L., - The Mammals of Arabia vol I, pp. 1-192 (1964), vol II, pp 193-381(1968), vol III pp. 382-670 (1972). Ernest Benn Limited London.

Lewis R. E. & Harrison D. L. – Notes on the Bats from the Republic of Lebanon.Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 138 : 473-486, 1962.

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Tohmé G. & Nahas-Zahreddine, G. & Neuschwander, - Nouvelles données sur lestatut actuel du loup Canis lupus pallipes au Liban. Mammalia, t. 39, n° 3, 1975.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., - Contribution à l’étude du porc-épic Hystrix indica indicaKerr, 1792 (Rodentia). Mammalia, 44 : 523-529. Paris, 1980.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., Extinct and Disappearing Animals in Lebanon. BiologyInternational (IUBS). Paris, n° 4. 1981.

Tohmé H. & Tohmé G., - Quelques données anatomiques sur le porc-épic Hystrixindica indica Kerr, 1792 (Rodentia), Mammalia t. 45, n° 3, pp. 363-371. Paris, 1981

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H., - Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel del’hyène Hyaena hyaena syriaca Mat., 1900 (Carnivora) au Liban. Mammalia t. 47, n° 3,

pp. 345-351. Paris, 1983.Tohmé H. & Tohmé G., - Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel des

musaraignes au Liban (Insectivora : Soricidae). Mammalia t. 47, n° 3, pp. 353-357. Paris,1983.

Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. – Quelques nouvelles données sur le statut actuel desFelidae au Liban et plus particulièrement du chat des marais Felis chaus Güldenstaedt,

1776. Mammalia t. 64, n° 2, pp. 247-249. Paris. 2000.Tohmé G. & Tohmé H. - Les Mammifères sauvages du Liban. Publications

de l’UL n° 16. 189 p. Illustrations en couleur. 1985.

BirdsBeale C. M. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Automn routes of migrating raptors ond

other soaring birds in Lebanon. Sandgrouse 23(2): 124-129. 2001.Evans M. I. – Important birds area in the Middle East. Bird Life International

(BirdLife Conservation Series No 2), Cambridge, 1994.Hollom P. A. D. – Notes from Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Antioch. Ibis 101: 183 –

200. 1959.Khairallah N. H. – Four unusual records from the Lebanon. Orn. Soc. Middle East

Bull. 16: 16-17. 1986.Khairallah N. H. – Notes on the autumn raptor migration over the Lebanon in

1981. Sandgrosse 13: 34-41. 1991.Kumerloeve H. – Notes on the Birds of the Lebanese Republic. Iraq Nat. Hist.

Mus. Publ. 20-21: 1-81. 1962.Kumerloeve H. – Liste comparée des oiseaux nicheurs de Turquie méridionale,

Syrie, Liban. Alauda 40 : 353-366. 1972.Macfarlane A. M. Fields notes on the birds of Lebanon and Syria, 1974-1977.

Army Bird-watching Soc. Per. Publ. 3. 1978.Nevins J. –Partial checklist of the birds of Lebanon. Unpubl. Manuscript. 1960.Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Notes on some breeding birds of

Lebanon. Sandgrouse 19: 122-125. 1997.Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – An updated Chcklist of the birds of

Lebanon. Sandgrouse 21: 132-170. 1999.

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Ramadan-Jaradi G. & Ramadan-Jaradi G. – Population size of the Syrian SerinSerinus syriacus and other ornithological records from Lebanon. Lebanese Science

Journal. Vol. 3 No 1 : 27-35. 2002.Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J. - Nouvelles données sur l’avifaune de la

République Libanaise. Alauda 13 : 243-258. 1974.Tohmé G. & Neuschwander J. – Nouvelles précisions sur le statut de quelques

espèces nicheuses ou migratrices de l’avifaune libanaise. L’Oiseau 48 : 319 – 327. 1978.Wallace D. I. M. – Selected observation from Lebanon, Syria and Jordan in the

springs of 1963 and 1966. Sandgrouse 6: 24-27. 1984.

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Recommendations towards the declaration of Jabal Rihane a Reserve

Assignment of a committee representing municipalities and non-governmental

environmental organizations to follow up the matter and increase the awareness

of the local communities on the importance of declaring the Jabal Rihane a

Reserve.

Issuance of the law declaring the Jabal Rihane a Reserve

Identification of overlapping areas in coordination with local authorities or those

concerned for public properties, especially that the area covered by the reserve

is formed from forests, public areas and barren lands around Jarjou’a, Loueizeh,

Mlikh, Aramta, Kfarhouneh, Rihane and Aychyeh. Other villages may join the

reserve too.

Completion of the present study in order to know more details about the

climate, soil, fauna and flora.

Agreement on entrances, car parking, trails within the reserve, areas of visitors

and infrastructure for facilitating the visitation, to name a few.

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Linum pubescens from Rihane. We have to study the white variety in the future.

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