JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE · 2012-03-04 · jaa atpl ( a ) theory course . mass and balance 031 00 00 00 091 01 00 00 - general 091 02 00 00 - aerodrome control 091 03 00 00 -

JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE

MASS AND BALANCE 031 00 00 00

091 01 00 00 - GENERAL

091 02 00 00 - AERODROME CONTROL

091 03 00 00 - APPROACH CONTROL

091 04 00 00 - GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY

091 05 00 00 - COMUNICATIONS FAILURE

091 06 00 00 - DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES

091 07 00 00 - AERODROME CONTROL

091 08 00 00 - APPROACH CONTROL

091 09 00 00 - AREA CONTROL

VFR AND IFR COMMUNICATION 091 00 00 00

GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE- Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic

AERODROME TRAFFIC- All traffic on the manoeuvering area of an aerodrome and all traffic

flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome

AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT- The specified path to be flown by an aircraft operating

in the vicinity of an aerodrome

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE- A mobile service between aeronautical stations and

aircraft stations, or between aircraft stations, in survival craft stations may participate; emergency

position- indicating radio beacon stations may also participate in this service on designated

distress and emergency frequencies

AERONAUTICAL STATION- A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain

instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at

sea

AIR- GROUND COMMUNICATION- Two-way communication between aircraft and stations

or locations on the surface of the earth


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

AIR TRAFFIC- All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE- A generic term meaning veriously, flight information service,

alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service, area control service,

approach control service, or air traffic services reporting office

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNIT- A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit,

flight information centre, or air traffic services reporting office

AIRWAY- A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with

radio navigation aids

ALTITUDE- The vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point

measured from mean sea level (MSL)

APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE- ATC service for arriving or departing controlled flight

APRON- A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for the

purposes

of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking, or maintenance


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

AREA CONTROL CENTRE- A unit established to provide Air Traffic Control Service to

controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction

AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE- The provision of current, routine

information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of a continuous and repetitive broadcast

throughout the day or a specified portion of the day

BLIND TRANSMISSION- A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances

where two- way communication cannot be established but where it is believed the called station

is able to receive the transmission

BROADCAST- A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a

specific station or stations

CLEARANCE LIMIT- The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control

Clearance

Controlled Airspace- An Airspace of defined dimensions within which Air Traffic Control

Service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in accordance with the airspace

classification


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

EXPECTED APPROACH TIME- The time at whichATC expects that an arriving aircraft,

following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing

FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE- A unit established to provide flight information service

and alerting service

FLIGHT PLAN- Specified information provided to Air Traffic Services Units, relative to an

intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft

HEADING- The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually

expressed in degrees from Norts

HOLDING POINT- A specified location, identified by visual or other means, in the vincinity of

which the position of an aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with ATC clearences

HOLDING PRECEDURE- A pre-determined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a

specified airspace while awaiting further clearence


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

IFR FLIGHT- A flight condituced in accordance with instrument flight rules

INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS- Meteorogical conditions expressed in

terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual

meteorogical conditions

LEVEL- A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning

variously, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorogical

conditions

MANOEUVRING AREA- That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take- off, landing, and

taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons

MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE- The procedure to be followed if the approach cannot be

continued

MOVEMENT AREA- That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take- off, landing, and

taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the aprons


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

Q-CODE- A combination of three letters, the first being the letter Q, which has a specific

meaning relating to aeronautical information or procedures. The Q-code was formulated when

wireless telegraphy (W/T) using Morse code was predominat. When used in RTF, the individual

letters are pronounced as per the alphabet ie. QNH is „kew-enn-aitch” never „Quebec November

Hotel”

RADAR APPROACH- An approach in which the final approach phase is executed under the

direction of a radar contoller

RADAR IDENTIFICATION- The situation which exist when the radar position of a particular

aircraft is seen on a radar display and positively identified by the ATC controller

RADAR VECTORING- Provision of navigational guidance to aircraft in the form of specific

headings, based on the use of radar

REPORTING POINT- A Specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an

aircraft can be reported


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00

ESTABLISHMENT AND CONTINUATION OF COMMUNICATION

When establishing communications, an aircraft should use the full callsign of both the aircraft

and the aeronautical station.

GROUND TO AIR Aircraft callsign- message or reply

AIR TO GROUND

- Initiation of new information/ request etc- Aircraft callsign then message

- Reply- Repeat of the information/ readback acknowledgement then aircraft callsign


GENERAL- 091 01 00 00


GENERAL- 091 02 00 00

INTRODUCTION

As stated before, concise and unambiguous phreaseology is vital to the safe and efficient

operation of an aerodrome. Remember, it is not only the means by which controllers pass

instructions and information, but it is also the means by which pilots maintain an awareness of

what is happening around them.

To help the pilot, controllers should not transmit to an aircraft during the busy times of flight

unless there are safety reasons for doing so. Controllers should not make transmissions during:

- TAKE OFF

- THE LAST PART OF THE FINAL APPROACH

- THE LANDING ROLL

Local procedures do vary from aerodrome to aerodrome. These notes cover the basic phraseology

necessary for the safe operation of aircraft.


AERODROME CONTROL- 091 02 00 00

DEPARTURE INFORMATION AND ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURES

Where no ATIS is avaible, the pilot may ask for the current aerodrome information before

requesting start-up.

Request to start engines are normally mode to help ATC plan the departure of aircraft. The added

bonus to the pilot is that less fuel is wasted if there are delays on the ground. At some aerodrome

the position of the aircraft is made with this call. If the aerodrome has an ATIS broadcast then

acknowledgement of the ATIS broadcast letter is made at this time requested in the broadcast. If

any delay to departure is expected, the controller will indicate a time to start-up.









AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT

Make a request to join the circuit in good time to allow for a planned entry, taking other

aircraft into account. Traffic circuits usign a right hand pattern will be specified. Left hand

patterns need not be specified.

To assist in the explanation of some of the terms used in this section, the circuit diagram

below shows the position of the three main reporting points.


APPROACH CONTROL - 091 03 00 00

VFR DEPARTURES

A departing VFR flight being handled by approach control may be passed information on known

relevant traffic so that the pilot can maintain a safe separation. Pilots should tell the approach

control unit when leaving its area of jurisdiction.

VFR ARRIVALS

General a pilot of an arriving VFR flight is expected to establish with the approach control unit

and request instructions before entering its area of juristiction. IF there is an ATIS broadcast

avaible, the pilot should acknowledge that it was received. IF there is no ATIS broadcast, the

approach controller passes the aerodrome details.





TEST PROCEDURES:

Any test transmission should take the following form:

- The identification of the aeronautical station being called

- The aircraft callsign

- The words RADIO CHECK

- The frequency used

REPLY TRANSMISION SHOULD TAKE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:

- The identification of the station calling

- The identification of the station replying

- Information regarding the readability of the transmission

THE READABILITY OF A TRANSMISSION IS CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH

THE READABILITY SCALE AS FOLLOWS:

- Unreadable

- Readable now and then

- Readable but with difficulty

- Readable

- Perfectly readable


GENERAL RADAR PHRASEOLOGY- 091 04 00 00

RADAR IDENTIFICATION AND VECTORING:

Radar vectors may be given to establish the identification of an aircraft. Other means available to

the controller are:

- Position reports information

- Requesting the aircraft to make turns

- The use of bearing and distance information from a radio beacon or geographical position SSR

information






COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE- 091 05 00 00

INITIAL ACTIONS

Check the following points:

- The radio is switched on and the volume is set

- The headset/ microphone is plugged in

- The correct frequency is set

- The station is not out of range

- The station is open

AIR TO GROUND

When an aircraft fails to establish contact with the ground station on the assigned frequency, the

pilot should:

- Attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route. If this fails

- Attempt to establish communications with another aircraft or another ground station

- Monitor the VHF frequency for other aircraft calls

If all attempts fail to establish contact:

The aircraft transmits is message twice on the designated frequency proceded by the phrase „

TRANSMITTING BLIND”


COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE- 091 05 00 00

GROUND TO AIR

Where a ground station is unable to contact an aircraft on the frequency to which an aircraft is

supposed to be listening:

Request other stations to help by calling the aircraft

Request aircraft in the vicinty to attempt to establish communications

An ATC clearance will no be made to an aircraft except at the specific request of the originator.


DISTERSS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES- 091 06 00 00

INTRODUCTION

Distress and urgency conditions are defined as:

DISTRESS- A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger requiring

immediate assistance

URGENCY- A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft, another vehicle, or some person on

board ir within sight, which does not require immediate assistance.

The words spoken in the case of a distress or urgency condition are:

DISTRESS- MAYDAY Spoken three times at the start of the initial distress call

URGENCY- PAN PAN Spoken three times at the start of the initial urgency call



DISTRESS PROCEDURES

A distress message should contain as many of the following elements as possible. Use the order

shown if possible, but remember, time may be short:

- Name of the station addressed

- Identification of the aircraft

- Nature of the distress condition

- Position, level and heading of the aircraft

- Any other useful information

The provisions listed do not stop an aircraft using all means at its disposal to attract attention and

making its condition known. It is expected that any station hearing a distress call will offer any

assistance needed.





OR IF A SERVICE IS NEEDED:



URGENCY PROCEDURES

An urgency message should contain as many of the elements of the distress message as are

required by the circumstances. As with the message, make the call on the frequency in ude. All

other stations should take care not to interfere with the transmission of an urugency message.



ASSUMPTIONS The IFR Communications examination overlaps with the VFR Communications. Study the

communications manual as a whole for the IFR Communications examination.

DEFINITIONS:

The following definitions are required for the approach and holding phases of IFR

communications:

Accepting Unit/ Controller- ATCU/ ATC next to take control of an aircraft

AIR REPORT- A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for

position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTION- Directives issued ATC for the purpose of

requiring a pilot to take a specific action.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE- A service provided for the purpose of:

- Preventing collisions:

- Between aircraft;

- On the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions.

- Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic.



BASE TURN- A turn executed by the aircraft during the initial approach between the end of the

outbound track and the beginning of the intermediate or final approach track. The tracks are not

reciprocal.

CONTROL AREA- A controled airspace extending upwards from a specific limit above the

earth.

CONTROLLED AERODROME- An aerodrome which provides air traffic control service to

aircraft.

CONTROLLED FLIGHT- Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance.

CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN- The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by

subsequent clearences.



RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE

When transmitting the RVR either abbreviation is used or the words „ Runway Visual Range”

followed by the runway number, the positions for multiple readings (if necessary), and finaly the

RVR value.

DEPARTURE INFORMATION AND ENGINE STARTING PROCEDURES|

Where no ATIS is availeble, a pilot may ask for current information before requesting start-up.

Requests to start engines are normally made to facilitate ATC planning and excessive fuel

wastage by aircraft delayed on the ground.


AERODROME CONTROLE- 091 07 00 00


AERODROME CONTROLE- 091 07 00 00


APPROACH CONTROLE- 091 08 00 00

IFR DEPARTURES

At many airports arrivals and departures are controlled by one unit. At larger airports, seperate

arrival and departure control units may be used. As well as the ATC route clearance, a departing

IFR flight may be given departure instructions to facilitate separation. The instructions may be in

plain language or in the form of a Standard Instrument Departure (SID).





IFR ARRIVALS

Approach Control normally advises the aircraft of the type of approach to be expected













HOLDING PROCEDURES

Holding procedures should be published. If a pilot requires a detailed description of the holding

procedure based on a facility, the following phraseology is used.

To assist the pilot, controllers should pass the information in the following format.

- FIX

- LEVEL

- INBOUND TRACK

- RIGHT OR LEFT TURNS

- TIME OF LEG


AREA CONTROL- 091 09 00 00

INTRODUCTION

Area control units vary in size and complexity. The scenarios given below are applicable to area

control no matter what the unit size. Phraseology is of general nature, however, some of the

scenarios shown to relate to specific non- radar situations.











POSITION REPORTING

Position reporting is used to assist in establishing separation. The contents of a position report are

shown below. The last three items may be omitted when regional air navigation agreements

allow.

- AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION

- POSITION

- TIME

- FLIGHT LEVEL OR ALTITUDE

- NEXT POSITION AND TIME OVER

- ENSUING SIGNIFICANT POINT



Documents

JAA ATPL ( A ) THEORY COURSE · 2012-03-04 · jaa atpl ( a ) theory course . mass and balance 031 00 00 00 091 01 00 00 - general 091 02 00 00 - aerodrome control 091 03 00 00 -