Upload
others
View
11
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
128
izdj.k frljs
iapokf"kZd ;kstuk vkf.k ejkBokM;krhy
fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodkl
129
izdj.k frljs iapokf"kZd ;kstuk o ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodkl
1izLrkouk
2- futke’kkghrhy ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh
3- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkrhy leL;k
4- egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hlq/kkj.kk pGoGhyk ejkBokM;kpk izfrlkn
5- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & izkFkfed f’k{k.k
6- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & ek/;fed f’k{k.k
7- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k
8- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp f’k{k.k
9- iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu jkcfoY;k tk.kkÚ;k L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d
;kstuk
v½ lkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk ¼1983½
c½ eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k & 1985
d½ rkyqdkLrjkoj olrhx`gkaph lks;
b½ vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk& 1996
bZ ½ iqLrd is<h ;kstuk & 1976&77
m ½ L=hf’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy fo|kF;kZalkBh eksQr ikB;iqLrds
130
mq ½ L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVklkBh fo’ks"k lqfo/kk & 1997&98
, ½ L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl xVkrhy v/;kid fo|ky;kr efgykalkBh vkj{k.k
,s ½ loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku & 2002 ¼loZ f’k{k.k eksfge ½
vks ½ vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s eqyhalkBh vkj{k.k & 1994
vkS ½ inoh vH;kldzekr eqyhalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k & 2000
va ½ ekr`izcks/ku izdYi
10 lekjksi
131
1- izLrkouk %& ^^f’k{k.k gs dsoG uksdjhps lk/ku ukgh rj L=h&iq:"kkauk mRre ukxfjd
cufo.;kps rs lk/ku vkgs vkf.k Eg.kwu f’k{k.k lq/kkj.kspk fopkj ^rGk* iklwup >kyk
ikfgts- eh vls ekurs dh] mRrekrY;k mRrekps lao/kZu Eg.kts f’k{k.k gks;**1
iariz/kku Jherh bafnjk xka/kh
HkkjrkP;k ifgY;k efgyk iariz/kku Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ;kauh f’k{k.kkcíy
O;Dr dsysys R;kaps er vfr’k; mn~cks/kd o leiZd vkgs- Hkkjrkr fL=;kaps f’k{k.k
gk usgehp fparspk fo"k; jkfgysyk vkgs- jk"VªkP;k yksdla[;spk v/kkZ Hkkx vl.kkÚ;k
fL=;k Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr fnlrkr- L=hf’k{k.kkrhy gs izek.k
LFkGlkis{k deh tkLr gksrkauk fnlrs- rqyusr vkfFkZd o oSpkfjd n`"V;k lq/kkjysY;k
jkT;kae/;s L=h f’k{k.kkps izek.k tkLr vlrs rj vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxkl jkT;kae/;s gsp
izek.k deh fnlrs- dsoG jkT;kae/;sp uOgs rj jkT;karxZr foHkkaxke/;s lq/nk ifjfLFkrh
lkis+{ki.ks L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k deh tkLr vk<Grs- “It has been found that
where the region was relatively developed and female beneficiaries were
educated the result were more positive as campared to backward regions
with low level of literacy as campared to backward regions with low level
of literacy and skills amongst women”2 ,dkRehd xzkfe.k fodkl dk;ZØekP;k
ikg.khlanHkkZr fu?kkysyk ojhy fu"d"kZ izknsf’kd fodkl vkf.k fL=;kapk fodkl
;krhy lglaca/k nk[kfo.;klkBh cksydk vkgs- egkjk"Vªkrhy ejkBokMk gk foHkkx
ns[khy vkfFkZd] ’kS{kf.kd] jktdh; n`"V;k ekxklysyk vkgs- R;keqGs ;sFkhy fL=;kapk
’kS{kf.kd fodkl ns[khy brj foHkkxkaP;k rqyusr deh fnlwu ;srks- ^^ L=h&iq:"kkaP;k
lk{kjrsP;k izek.kkr ejkBokMk 18 rs 20 o"ksZ ekxs fnlrks- 1981 P;k vkdMsokjh
izek.ks egkjk"Vªkr fL=;kaP;k fuj{kjrsps izek.k ,dk lk{kj L=h ekxs nksu fuj{kj fL=;k
132
vls gksrs] rj ejkBokM;kr rsp izek.k ,dk lk{kj L=hekxs ikp fuj{kj fL=;k vls
gksrs- fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph ljkljh 18-3 VDds v’kh gksrh- 1991 P;k tux.kusuqlkj
egkjk"Vª o ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph VDdsokjh vuqØes 44 VDds o 27
VDds v’kh vkgs**3 ejkBokM;krhy lkekftd o jktdh; ifjfLFkrheqGs fL=;kaaP;k
’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk vkiksvkip f[kG clyh gksrh fdacgquk R;kauk f’k{k.kkph la/khp
miyC/k uOgrh- Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kuarjgh ikjra«;kr vl.kkÚ;k
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkpk fopkj djrkuk vls fnlwu ;srs dh
futkekP;k jktoVhiklwu eqDrrk feGkY;kuarjp ;sFkhy fL=;kauk gGwgGw f’k{k.kkP;k
la/kh izkIr >kY;k o R;kiq<hy dkGkr iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaP;k
f’k{k.kklkBh T;k fofo/k mik;;kstuk dj.;kr vkY;k R;kpk Qk;nk gksÅu
ejkBokM;kr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkyk pkyuk feGkyh- ^^ egkjk"Vª jkT; >kY;koj
ejkBokM;kP;k ’kS{kf.kd ekxklysi.kkph tkf.ko ’kklukyk gksrh vls frlÚ;k
iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy foospuko:u fnlrs- **4
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd okVpkyhpk vk<kok lnjhy izdj.kke/;s
?ks.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs-
2- futke’kkghrhy ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh %&
vktPkk ejkBokMk gk HkkSxksfyd Hkkx iznh?kZ dkG futkeh jktoVhpk ,d
fgLlk gksrk- futkekP;k tkpd lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd o ’kS{kf.kd
/kksj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;kph loZp {ks=krhy izxrh daqBhr >kysyh gksrh] R;kyk L=hf’k{k.k
gk Hkkx ns[khy viokn uOgrk- okLrfod ikgrk ;k jktoVhr iq:"kkaukp f’k{k.k
?ks.;kP;k vR;Yi la/kh miyC/k gksR;k frFks fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkaph dk; ckc \ eqGkr
^gSækcknsr f’k{k.k O;oLFkspk 1834 iklwu vkjaHk >kyk- f’k{k.kkps ykHk laLFkkukrhy
iq:"kkai;Zar iksgp.;klkBh folkO;k ’krdkpk iqokZ/kZ tkok ykxyk vkf.k lgkftdp
fL=;kauk f’k{k.k gs folkO;k ’krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZr miyC/k >kys- ^^izkFkfed ’kkGkarwu
133
mnwZ gs f’k{k.kkps ek/;e BsoY;keqGs eqlyekusrjkaP;k f’k{k.kkph Qkjp nSuk gksr vkgs-
**5 lu 1928 P;k lqekjkl gSnzkckn laLFkkuke/;s mnwZ Hkk"kk cksy.;kÚ;kaph la[;k
1209866] rsyxw Hkkf"kdkaph 6015174] dkuMh Hkk"kdkph 1436928 rj ejkBh
Hkk"kk cksy.kkÚ;kaph la[;k lokZf/kd Eg.kts 3296858 brdh gksrh- ejkBokMk gk
ejkBh Hkkf"kd izns’k gksrk vkf.k ejkBhe/kwu f’k{k.kkph la/kh ulY;keqGs lgkftdp
yksdla[;spk Qkj eksBk Hkkx f’k{k.kk iklwu oaphr gksrk- ^^ fganw tursP;k f’k{k.kkph
th eqíke rkjkcaG dsyh tkrs] R;kPkk gsrw gkp gks; dh] vkiY;k iztsyk vf’kf{kr
BsÅu o R;kaph Hkk"kk] ijaijk o laLÑrh ;kl ikj[ks d:u vfHkeku’kwU; cufo.ks**6
R;krgh L=hf’k{k.kkph rj vfr’k; nqjkoLFkk gksrh- ^laLFkkukrhy L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh
ikfgyh rjh vYila[;kdkadjhrk cgqla[;kdkaP;k fgrlaca/kkyk fryktayh ns.;kph
izo`Rrhp fnlwu ;srs**7
Û izkFkfed f’k{k.k %&
futkeh jktoVhe/;s L=hf’k{k.k ;k ladYiusph O;kIrh cgqrka’k% izkFkfed
f’k{k.k ;k d{ksiqjrhp e;kZfnr gksrh- R;kckcr vkiys fopkj O;Dr djrkauk lkS-
dk’khckbZ fdyksZLdj Eg.krkr dh] ^^ eqykauk fo|k f’kdowu vkbZcki ’kgk.ks djrkr]
ijarq eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs vxnhp nqyZ{k djrkr- vkEgkyk mPp f’k{k.k udks i.k
lalkjksi;ksxh f’k{k.k vko’; fnys ikfgts**8 ;ko:u vls y{kkr ;srs dh fL=;kaP;k
f’k{k.kkph vxnh ekQd vis{kk ns[khy iw.kZ gks.;kr izpaM vMp.kh gksR;k- eqyhaP;k
f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk ekr`Hkk"ksrwu vl.ks gh ’kS{kf.kd fodklkP;k –"Vhus vfr’k;
egRokph ckc Bjrs- ek= gSækckn laLFkkuke/;s v’kh O;oLFkk uOgrh- foosdo/khZuh]
’kkjnkeanhj v’kk nqfeZG ’kkGke/kwu gh O;oLFkk izkFkfed ikrGhoj dj.;kpk iz;Ru
dj.;kr vkyk gksrk ek= dsoG Hkkf"kd vMp.kheqGs eqyh f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr jkgr
gksR;k- pkSFkhi;Zar ejkBh Hkk"ksr f’kdk.;kph rqjGd fBdk.kh lks; gksrh ek= mnwZ
Hkk"ksP;k vH;klkuarjp ikpohr izos’k feGr vlY;keqGs loZlkekU;i.ks eqyhaps
134
f’k{k.k pkSF;k b;Rrsi;Zrp gksr vls- ^^;k laLFkkukr izkFkfed f’k{k.k Qkjp
ekxklysys vkgs- brj izkarkaP;k ekukus lk{kj euq";kaps izek.k ;k laLFkkukr Qkjp deh
iMrs-**9 gSækckn ;sFks dk;Zjr vl.kkÚ;k foosdof/kZuh ;k laLFksekQZr eqyhaP;k
izkFkfed f’k{k.kkph O;oLFkk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh] ek= R;kpk Qk;nk ejkBokM;krhy
LFkkfud fL=;kauk gks.ks ’kD; uOgrs- ejkBokM;ke/;s vkSjaxkckn ;k fBdk.kh ljLorh
Hkwou ;k ’kS{kf.kd laLFksP;k varxZr ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh ’kkjnkeanhj gh ,deso
’kkGk gksrh- b- l- 1915 e/;s frph LFkkiuk >kyh- 1937 ;k o"kkZar ;k ’kkGse/kwu
175 eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksr vlY;kph uksan futke fot; ;k orZekui=kr vk<Grs-
^^’kkjnk eafnj ;k ’kkGse/;s l/;k 175 eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksr vkgsr o rsFks lkr vkB
f’k{kfd.kh dke djhr vkgsr**10 ejkBokM;krhy yk[kksaP;k la[;sus vl.kkÚ;k
fL=;kiSdh QDr 175 eqyhauk feG.kkjs izkFkfed f’k{k.k gs vfr’k; vYi izek.k gksrs-
^^eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr v’kh voLFkk gksrh dh] QDr vkSjxkckn ’kgjkr ’kkjnk eafnj
gh [kktxh ’kkGk gksrh- fdacgquk loZp ejkBokM;kr dksBsgh eqyh Qkj’kk ’kkGsr
tkrp uOgR;k- dkj.k eqyhauk xks"kkrwu tkos ykxr vls o xks"kkrp f’kdkos ykxr
vls- 1930 P;k lqekjkr ftYgkps xkoh eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.;kr vkyh
ek= ;kpk ykHk rkyqD;kaP;k xkoP;k eqyhauk lq/nk ?ksrk vkyk ukgh- dkj.k
[ksM;krhy eqyhalkBh tk.;k;s.;kph lks; ulY;kus fdaok ’kgjkr eqyhalkBh olrhx`gs
uly;kus R;kauk dks.kR;kgh izdkjps f’k{k.k ?ksrk vkys ukgh-**11 laiw.kZ ejkBokM;kr
fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkph iqjs’kh lks; ulY;keqGs fL=;k f’k{k.kkr ekxs iMY;k- T;kosGh
moZjhr egkjk"Vªke/;s L=hf’k{k.kkP;k pGoGhus tksj /kjyk gksrk R;k osGh Eg.kts
toGikl 1930 i;Zar ejkBokM;kr vkSjaxkckn ;sFks ljLorhe/kwu varxZr ’kkjnk
eanhj] xqtjkrh ikB’kkGk] paikorh fo|ky; chM] ;ksxs’ojh fo|ky; vacktksxkbZ]
uwru fo|ky; ijHk.kh vkf.k fgIijxk ;sFkhy ’kkGk lksMY;k rj ejkBokM;kr
Lo;alsoh laLFkkaP;k izkFkfed ’kkGk uOgR;k-**12 fn- 10 uksOgsacj 1936 P;k futke
135
fot; P;k vadko:u rRdkyhu dkyk[kaMkrhy gSnzkckn laLFkkukrhy dkgh ’kkGkaph
ekfgrh feGrs- ;k ’kkGkae/kwu ejkBh Hkk"ksrwu f’k{k.k ?ks.;kph lks; gksrh- R;ke/;s
foosdof/kZuh ’kkGk] u`iraqx fo|ky;] guqeku O;k;ke ’kkGk] uqru ejkBh ’kkGk
fladnjkckn] vka/kz dU;k gk;Ldwy] xqtjkFkh ’kkGk] ekjokMh fganh ikB’kkGk
vkSjaxkckn] ;ksxs’ojh uqru fo|ky; vacktksxkbZ b- ’kkGkapk lekos’k gksrks- ;k
’kkGkaiSdh QDr rhu ’kkGk ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy vlY;kps fnlrs] R;k Eg.kts
ljLorhHkou] xqtjkFkh ikB’kkGk o ;ksxs’ojh fo|ky; ;k gks;- ;ko:u fL=;kalkBh
f’k{k.kP;k lqfo/kkaph dYiuk dsysyh ;ksX; Bjrs-** egkjk"Vªh; eqyhauk foosdof/kZuh
f’k{k.k laLFksf’kok; f’k{k.kkph nqljh lks;p ukgh- tuHkk"kps f’k{k.k fganw eqyhauk
feG.;kph lks; ulY;keqGs] fganwaP;k nhM dksVhaP;k yksdla[;sr QDr 15]502
eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;srs] rsp eqlyekukaph yksdla[;k QDr ia/kjk y{kp vlrkuk
R;kaP;k 26]847 eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;srs- gk Qjd dsoG tuHkk"ksr f’k{k.k
feG.;kph lks; ulY;keqGs vkgs**13 ;kpkp vFkZ futkeh byk[;kr brj tkrhaP;k
eqyhais{kk eqfLye eqyhae/;s f’k{k.kkps izek.k tkLr gksrs- tkrokj L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k
dls gksrs ;kpk cks/k iq<hy vkdMs okjho:u gks.;kl enr gksbZy-
tkr@/keZ f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k ewyh yksdla[;k
eqfLye 26]847 15]34]600
fganw 15]502 1]21]76]727
f[kz’pu 2]246 1]51]382
ikjlh 122 1]784
brj 583 5]71]581
Hkk"ksP;k vMp.kheqGs ejkBokM;krhy eqyh Qkj eksB;k izek.kkr f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr
gksR;k- ^^1950&51 e/;s ejkBokM;kP;k ikpgh ftYg;kar ,dw.k 33 ’kkGk gksR;k
o ;k loZ ’kkGkar feGwu fo|kfFkZ la[;k 15]919 gksrh **14
136
2- ek/;fed f’k{k.k %&
ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k izkFkfed f’k{k.kkphp izpaM nqjkoLFkk vlY;keqGs
eqyhalkBh gk;Ldwyps f’k{k.k Eg.kts ,d LoIup gksrs- oLrqr% laiw.kZ ejkBokM;ke/;s
ewyhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph lks; miyC/k uOgrh-^^T;kaph ekr`Hkk"kk mnwZgh uOgs v’kk
eqyhaph la[;k ’ksdMk 85 vlwu R;kaP;k djrk gk;Ldwy ukghr [kqí gSnzkckn ’kgjkr
eqyhadjhrk rhu gk;Ldwy vlwulq/nk rsyaxw]ejkBh dkuMh ;kiSdh dks.krhgh ekr`Hkk"kk
f’kdfo.;kph lks; R;kiSdh ,dk gk;Ldwykr lq/nk ukgh-**15 ;kpkp vFkZ eqyhauk
ejkBhrwu ek/;fed f’k{k.k ns.;kph lks; fdeku 1931 i;Zr rjh miyC/k uOgrh- b-
l- 1984 uarj Eg.kts Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGwu 37 o"kZ >kY;kauarj ejkBokM;kr
[kktxh izkFkfed o ek/;fed ’kkGk dk<.;kr futke ljdkjus ijokuxh fnyh- ek=
R;klkBhgh vusd tkpd vVh yknY;k- ^^ tknk oxkZalkBh LFkkfud tursus dkgh
izek.kkr iSlk iqjokok] Eg.kts foukewY; tkxk iqjokoh- dehr deh fo|kFkhZ la[;k
30 vlkoh o izR;sd oxkZlkBh lkfgR; ?ks.;klkBh 200 :i;s |kos- ,o<s dsY;koj
ljdkjus v/;kidkapk ixkj o [kpkZph geh ?ksryh-**16
lk/kkj.k 1950 uarj ejkBokM;kr ek/;fed ’kkGkaph la[;k tjh gGwgGw ok<w
ykxyh- rjh eqyhaps f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k ek= vfr’k; deh gksrs dkj.k cgqrka’k ’kkGk
;k izkeq[;kus ftYgkLrjkoj o dkgh izek.kkr rkyqD;kP;k Lrjkoj LFkkiu >kysY;k
gksR;k- R;keqGs xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy eqyhauk R;kapk Qkjlk mi;ksx >kyk ukgh- R;kp
cjkscj lgf’k{k.kkl ikydkapk fojks/k vlY;keqGs lks; vlyh rjh ikyd vkiY;k
eqyhuk ’kkGsr ikBo.;kl r;kj ulr ^^1962 P;k lqekjkl rkyqD;kaP;k xkoh
eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkps izek.k lkroh uarj ,dne deh gksr vls- eqyhaP;k Lora= ’kkGk]
Lora=oxZ UkOgrs- R;keqGs 8 oh uarj eqyakuk lgf’k{k.kklkBh ’kkGkae/;s ikBfoys tkr
uls**17 Lora= egkjk"Vªkrhy ejkBokM;kr fL=;kaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph tj v’kh
fLFkrh gksrh rj futkeh jktoVhrhy ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph dk; voLFkk vlsy ;kph
137
dYiukp dsysyh cjh ^^ gk;Ldwykr 328 eqlyeku fo|kfFkZuh vlwu fganw QDr 73
vkgsr-**18 ek/;fed f’k{k.kke/;s ejkBokM;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaps izek.k vfr’k; ux.;
gksrs-
3- mPp f’k{k.k %&
gSnzkckn laLFkku gs izkFkfed o ek/;fed f’k{k.kk izek.ksp mPp f’k{k.kkrgh
moZjhr egkjk"VªkP;k o HkkjrkP;k rqyusr vfr’k; ekxklysys gksrs- b-l- 1918 lkyh
mLeku vyh[kk futke ;kauh gSnzkcknsr LFkkiu dsysys fo|kihB ^mLekfu;k fo|kihB*
Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkrs- ;k fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiuscjkscjp laLFkkukr mPp f’k{k.kkl
lq:okr >kyh- fo|kihBkrhy f’k{k.kkps ek/;e gs mnwZ gksrs- 1922&23 P;k lqekjkl
fo|kihBkP;k vH;klØekr ejkBh ;k fo"k;kpk lekos’k dj.;kr vkyk- ek=
f’k{k.kkps ek/;e mnwZ vlY;keqGs cgqla[; fganw vFkkZr ejkBh Hkkf"kd iq:"kkauhgh
f’k{k.kkdMs ikB fQjoyh] R;keqGs fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.;kpk iz’up fuekZ.k gksr
uOgrk- mLekfu;k fo|kihBk e/;s b-l- 1952 iklwu baxzth ek/;ekpk Lohdkj
dj.;kr vkyk- laLFkkukrhy vFkkZr R;kvarxZr vlysY;k ejkBokM;krhy efgykaP;k
mPp f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh pkSF;k lkekftd ifj"knsP;k bfroRrkao:u dGrs- ;k ifj"knsP;k
v/;{kLFkkuh izfl/n lektlq/kkjd o Hkkjrkrhy ifgY;k efgyk fo|kihBkps laLFkkid
/kksaMks ds’ko dosZ gs gksrs- R;kauh vkiY;k Hkk"k.kkr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkps egRo iVowu
fnys o gSnzkckn laLFkkuk e/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs gks.kkÚ;k nqyZ{kk cíy fpark
O;Dr dsyh- ;k ifj"knsr ts vusd Bjko >kys R;kiSdh Bjko dzekad rhu e/;s vls
Eg.k.;kr vkys dh] ^^;k ifj"knsP;k ers lektksUUkrhdjhrk L=h f’k{k.kkP;k izxrhph
vR;ar vko’;drk vkgs- vkf.k gSnzkckn laLFkkukr] Hkkjr efgyk fo|kihBkP;k ¼dosZps
efgyk fo+|kihB½ vH;klØekizek.ks f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k dU;k fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk
dj.;kr vkyh ikfgts-**19 ;k Bjkokoj vkiys fopkj O;Dr djrkuk ikoZrhckbZ
vkBoys Eg.kkY;k dh] ^^ eqyhaph Hkqd QDr izkFkfed f’k{k.kkusp Hkkxr ukgh rj
138
R;kauk nq ;e o mPp f’k{k.kkph vko’;drk vkgs- R;kaP;kdjhrk oqbesUl ;qfuOgflZVh
e/kwu fnY;k tk.kkÚ;k f’k{k.kkph vko’;drk vkgs-**20 fL=;kauh fL=;kalkBh mPp
f’k{k.kkpk vkxzg Ëkjyk vlyk rjh R;kps ifj.kke ek= Qkjls fnlr uOgrs- 1932
P;k L=hf’k{k.kkP;k vkdM;kao:u vls fnlrs dh] ^^eqyhaph l[;k dkWyste/;s 13]
gk;Ldwy 274] feMy Ldwy 649] vkf.k izkFkfed ’kkGk e/kwu 46]870 brdh
gksrh-**21 dkWyste/;s f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo+|kfFkZuhe/;s ,dgh ejkBh Hkkf"kd eqyxh
ulY;kps mys[k 1928 e/;s futke fot;P;k vadkr vk<Grkr- ^^ljdkjus QDr
nksu gk;Ldwy o ,d dkWyst mnwZrwu f’k{k.k ns.kkjh pkyfoyh vkgsr o R;keqGsp
eqlyeku fL=;kais{kk fganw fL=;k f’k{k.kkr d’kk ekxs iMrkgsr rs igk- dkWystkr
eqlyeku fo+|kfFkZuha QDRk 8 vlwu fganw ewGhp ukghr o gk;Ldwykr 328 eqlyeku
fo|kfFkZuh vlwu QDRk 73 fganw eqyh vkgsr- loZ f’k{k.klaLFkkar loZ fo|kfFkZuhaph
la[;k ?ksryh rj 1333 r 1253 fo|kfFkZuh deh >kY;k vlwu 1334 Q-r-
vk.k[kh 14 deh >kY;kus vk<Grs- ^^ gSækcknsr fL=;kalkBh [kkl vls mLekfu;k
dkWyst LFkkiu >kysys vkgs- ijarq g;kr fdrh fL=;k f’k{k.k ?ksrkr vls tj fopkjys
rj QDr 25 vkf.k g;k 25 t.khalkBh ljdkjpk okf"kZd [kpZ fdrh gksrks rj
32000 :i;s!! Eg.kts izR;sd fo|kfFkZuhlkBh okf"kZd [kpZ 1500 :i;s gksrks- g;k
vkdM;kauh ljdkj L=h f’k{k.kklkBh fdrh [kpZ dj.;kr r;kj vkgs gs m?kM fnlrs-
**22 ;kpkp vFkZ fganw eqyhauk lk/kh izkFkfed f’k{k.kkph lqfo/kk u iqjfo.kkjs futkeh
’kkld eqlyeku eqyhaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkoj HkjelkB [kpZ djr gksrs- ljLorhHkqou ;k
’kkGsyk okf"kZd oxZ.kh Eg.kwu QDr 200 :i;s feGr gksrs ;k ik’oZHkwehoj
futkekph eqfLye/kkthZ.kh Hkwfedk vf/kd Li"V fnlrs- b-l- 1937 lkyh eqDrkckbZ
lqCckjko ;k ifgY;k efgysus enzkl fo+|kihBkrwu ch-,- vkWulZph inoh izkIr dsyh-
gSnzkckn laLFkkukrhy vkf.k R;krgh fganw vl.kkÚ;k eqDrkckbZ Eg.kts laiw.kZ fganw
L=hlektkyk ’kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy vkn’kZ BjY;k- ^^dq- eqDrkckbZ lqCckjko ;k gSækckn
139
;sFkhy futke dkWystkrwu ch-,- vkWulZP;k ijh{ksr ikl >kysY;k ifgY;k L=h mensokj
gksr- R;kaps o;gh QDr ohl o"kkZaps vkgs- fe- ,e- ch- lqCckjko fjVk;MZ bUlisDVj
vkWQ Ldwy ;kaP;k R;k dU;k vlwu iq<hy vH;klØeklkBh R;k yodjp ;qjksiyk
tk.kkj vkgsr- R;klkBh R;kauh ;qjksih;u f’k";o`Rrh feGkoh Eg.kwu iz;Ru pkyfoyk
vlY;kps letrs-**23 ejkBokM;ke/;s loZ= ckyfookgkps izpyu vlY;keqGs
fL=;kauk mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uOgrs- ejkBokM;krhy vLi`’;kaph vFkkZr nfyrkaph
fLFkrh rj vfr’k; okbZV gksrh- R;kaUkk thou tx.;kpkp vf/kdkj t.kw ukdkjys gksrk
frFks f’k{k.kkph dk; ckc \ ejkBokM;krhy nfyr o loZlkekU; tursyk mPp
f’k{k.k izkIr Ogkos Eg.kwu MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh loZizFke iz;Ru dsys-
vkSjxkckne/;s egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;klkBh R;kauh futkekdMs ikBiqjkok dsyk- ^^MkW-
ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh vkSjxkckne/;s egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;klkBh gSækckn
ljdkjdMs] vkfFkZd lgk¸;kph ekx.kh dsyh- futkekus iksyhl dkjokbZiwohZ vuqlqfpr
tkrh fo’oLr fu/kh LFkkiu dsyk gksrk- R;krwu gh enr feGkoh vls MkW- ckcklkgsc
vkacsMdjkauh lqpfoys- R;kizek.ks ;k fuf/krwu gSnzkckn ljdkjus ckjk yk[k :i;s
¼futke’kkgh pyu½ vkf.k 100 ,dj tkxk fnyh- vk’kk fjrhus vkSjaxkckn ;sFks
1950 e/;s dyk vkf.k foKku fo"k;kps f’k{k.k ns.kkjs fefyan egkfo|ky; LFkkiu
>kys- iq<P;k o"kkZiklwu rsFks okf.kT; foHkkxgh lq: >kyk-**24 ;k egkfo|ky;kP;k
LFkkiusuarj dkgh o"kkZauh nfyr fL=;k f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr ;sÅ ykxY;k- MkW-
ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkauk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaph n;fu; f’k{k.kfLFkrh Kkr gksrh
R;keqGsp R;kauh fL=;kauk mPp f’k{k.kkph la/kh miyC/k d:u ns.;klkBh iz;Ru dsyk-
^^ejkBokM;krhy vkSjaxkckn lkj[;k lkekftd n`"V;k ekxklysY;k vkf.k
lgf’k{k.kkpk xa/kgh ulysY;k fBdk.kh egkfo|ky;s lq: d:u eqykaP;k cjkscjhus
eqyhaukgh izos’k fnyk- ,o<sp ukgh rj eqyhauh eksB;k la[;sus f’k{k.k ?;kos ;k gsrwus
140
,d Lora= clgh lq: dsyh- eqyhaps ,d Lora= O;Drh Eg.kwu vlysys lkekftd
LFkku ckcklkgsckauh lokZauk nk[kowu fnys**25
3- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkrhy leL;k %&
laiw.kZ ns’kHkjkrhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr vusd vMFkGs gksrsp i.k
R;koj ekr djr lektlq/kkjdkaP;k iz;Rukauk ;’k ;sÅu L=hf’k{k.kkph lq:okr >kyh
gksrh- ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr ns[khy moZjhr Hkkjrkrhy
fL=;kaP;k izek.ks vMp.kh gksR;kp iajrq futkeh jktoVhpk Hkkx vlY;kdkjukus dkgh
osxG;k leL;k ns[khy gksR;k- ^^Hkkjrh; izcks/kukph izfdz;k gh tjh ,d O;kid
ns’kO;kih loZlk/kkj.k izfdz;k vlyh rjh rh vusd izknsf’kd vfo"dkjklae/kwu lkdkj
>kY;kps fnlrs-**26 ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr iq<hy izdkjP;k
leL;k gksR;k gs ekxhy foospuko:u y{kkr ;srs-
1½ jktdh; ifjfLFkrh %&
ejkBokM;kpk izns’k ;knokaP;k dkjdhnhZuarj lkrR;kus eqfLye jktoVhP;k
jktdh; vf/kiR;k[kkyh jkfgyh- lqyrku vykmíhu f[kythP;k vkØe.kkiklwu
bFkY;k izknsf’kd lkekftd] /kfeZd o lkaL—frd thoukoj eqfLyekaps opZLo iMY;kps
fnlwu ;srs- lqyrku’kkghuarj eq?ky ckn’kkghP;k fu;a=.kk[kkyh jkfgysY;k
ejkBokM;koj fczVh’k dky[kaMkr ns[khy futke’kkghps opZLo gksrs- lgkftdp
ejkBokM;kps yksdthou eqfLye oG.kkps cur xsys ifj.kkeh fL=;k xks"kkr oko:
ykxY;k- R;kaP;k lkekftd vkf.k lkaLd`frd thoukoj vusd ca/kus ;sÅu
f’k{k.kkiklwu R;kaph Qkjdr >kyh-
2½ futkekph f’k{k.k fo"k;d vukLFkk %&
ejkBokM;koj lk/kkj.kr% 1824 e/;s LFkkiu >kysyh futke’kkgh b-l-1948
i;Zar vckf/kr gksrh- futkekP;k opZLooknh /kksj.kkeqGs ;sFkhy tursP;k loZp
141
vf/kdkjkapk ladksp >kY;keqGs ;sFkhy tursP;k loZp vf/kdkjkapk ladksp >kY;keqGs
fL=;k f’k{k.kkiklwu Qkj dkG oaphr jkfgY;k-
3½ ckyfookg %&
ejkBokM;krhy lekt gk iq:"kiz/kku vlY;keqGs fL=;kauk lektkr nq ;e
LFkku gksrs- dks.kR;kgh ckcrhr eqyhph ethZ fdaok er fopkjkr ?ks.;kph i/nrp t.kw
vfLrRokr uOgrh- eqyhPkk ;ksX; o;kr fookg d:u ns.ks ghp vkiyh ,deso
tckcnkjh vkghs vls cgqla[; ikydkaps er gksrs- ^^14 o"kkZP;k eqyh d:u R;kaph
,dnk yXus d:u Vkdyh Eg.kts vkiyh tckcknkjh laiyh vls vkbZckikauk okVrs-
**27 R;keqGs ckyfookg ljkZl gksr o eqyhauk f’k{k.kkph la/khp feGr uls-
4½ mnwZ ek/;ekrwu f’k{k.k &
ejkBokMk gk ejkBh Hkkf"kd izns’k vkgs- ek= futkeh jktoVhr f’k{k.kkps
ek/;e mnwZ gksrs- ejkBh ’kkGk vxnh cksVkoj ekst.;kr brD;k gksR;k vkf.k R;krwugh
QDr pkSF;k b;Rrs Ik;Zarp ejkBhr f’k{k.k fnys tkr vls- mnwZ Hkk"ksP;k
vH;klkf’kok; lk/kk ikpO;k b;Rrsr izos’k feG.ksgh ’kD; uOgrs- Hkkf"kd
vMp.kheqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uOgrs-
5½ gaqMk &
eqyxh f’kdY;kl gqaMk tkLr ?kkok ykxsy rlsp pkaxyk oj feG.ks nqjkikLr
gksbZy ;k fopkjkus ns[khy ikyd eqyhauk f’kdor ulr-
6½ viqÚ;k ’kS{kf.kd la/kh &
ejkBokM;kr eqGkrp izkFkfed] ek/;fed o mPp f’k{k.kkP;k lqfo/kk rqViqaT;k
gksR;k R;kapk ykHk loZp fL=;kauk ?ksrk ;s.ks ’kD; uOgrs-
142
7½ lgf’k{k.kkyk fojks/k &
L=h&iq:"k fo"kerkf/k"Bhr lektke/;s ikyd lgf’k{k.kkyk vuqdwy uOgrs
vkf.k eqyhaP;k ’kkGk rj Qkjp deh gksR;k R;keqGs eqyhauk f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;sr uls-
8½ vkfFkZd vMp.kh %&
vo"kZ.k] nq"dkG ;k lkj[;k ladVkaeqGs ejkBokM;kph vkfFkZd fLFkrh usgehp
[kkykoysyh fnlwu ;srs- ewykauk f’k{k.k ns.;kl ÁkËkkU; ns.kkÚ;k ikydkauk eqyhaP;k
f’k{k.kkoj [kpZ dj.;kph ,sir u mjr uls o lgkftdp ewyh f’k{k.kk iklwu oaphr
jkgr-
9½ f’k{k.kkP;k O;kogkjhd mi;ksxkP;k la/khpk vÒko %&
eqyhaus f’k{k.k ?ksrys rjh R;kpk mi;ksx gksbZy v’kk uksdÚ;k fdaok O;olk;
dj.;kph la/kh miyC/k uOgrh- lgkftdp f’k{k.kkpk dkghp mi;ksx ukgh vlk
let lektkr :< >kyk vkf.k fL=;k f’k{k.kkiklwu nwj jkfgY;k-
10½ nG.koG.kkP;k lqfo/kkapk vHkko %&
ejkBokM;kr nG.ko.kkph lk/kus] jLrs ;kapk fodkl u >kY;keqGs
ftYg;kaP;k fdaok rkyqD;kP;k fBdk.kh tkÅu f’k{k.k ?ks.ks eqyhauk ’kD; gksr
uls- laiw.kZ vk;q";kr QDr fru xkos ikfgyh vlk mYys[k ,dk vkthckbZus dsyk
gksrk- xkos Eg.kts ekgsj] lklj vkf.k cktkjps xko gs gks;-
FkksMD;kr L=h f’k{k.k gs nq"dj dk;Z gksrs- ^^ejkBkokMk L=hf’k{k.kkr
ekxklysyk fnlrks ;kph vusd dkj.ks vkgsr- ejkBokMk gk foHkkx vk/kh eksxy uarj
futkekP;k lRrs[kkyh gksrk- mnqZpk vH;kl dsY;kojp 5 ohr izos’k feGr vls-
eqyhaps f’k{k.k pkSFkhrp Fkkacs- fL=;k ?kjkckgsj iMr uOgR;k] moZjhr egkjk"Vªkr v’kh
ifjfLFkrh uOgrh- f’k{k.kkP;k lks;h vR;ar deh gksR;k- mPp lk/kus vfr’k; deh
gksrh- ;k loZ dkj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k ekxklysys jkghys**28 Okjhy
143
izek.ks fujfujkG;k leL;kaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkiklwu oaphr jgkos
ykxrs-
4- egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hlq/kkj.kk pGoGhyk ejkBokM;kpk izfrlkn &
fczVh’kkaP;k vkxeukuarj Hkkjrkr ,dk UkO;k iokZyk izkjaHk >kyk- R;kaP;k
laidkZeqGs Hkkjrh;kauk ik’pkR; Hkk"kk] Kku] foKku] fopkj ijaijk] mnkjerokn ;k
lkj[;k uo fopkjkapk ifjp; >kyk o R;krwu vkiY;k lkekftd mf.kokaph o R;k
nwj dj.;kph izd"kkZus tkf.ko >kyh vkf.k R;krwu laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr izcks/kukph uoh
pGoG lq: >kyh R;ke/;s fL=;kaP;k iz’ukauk dsanzh; LFkku feGkys- L=hf’k{k.k]
ckyfookg] fo/kok] iwuhZookg canh] lrhizFkk] ds’koiu ;k lkj[;k vusd
dqizFkkafo:/n lekt lq/kkjdkauh pGoGh lq: dsY;k- R;ke/;s egkRek tksrhck Qqys]
lkfo=hckbZ Qqys] jktkjke eksgu jkW;] bZ’opanz fo|klkxj] cgsjketh eyckjh] /kksMks
ds’ko dosZ] MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaP;k lkj[;k Fkksj lektlq/kkjdkapk mn;
>kyk- ^^baxzth lRrscjkscj baxzth Kkugh Hkkjrkr vkY;kus Hkkjrh;kauk vkiY;krhy
mf.kokapk cks/k gksÅ ykxyk** 29 ejkBokM;kP;k ckcrhr ek= gh ckc ykxw iMr
ukgh dkj.k futkekoj tjh fczVh’kkaps fu;a=.k vlys rjh ejkBokM;krhy tursoj
ek= izR;{k fczVh’kkaps ’kklu uOgrs rj rh futkekph iztk gksrh- ifj.kkeh T;k xrhus
moZjhr egkjk"Vª fczVh’k laidkZewGs] ik’pkR; Kku foKkukP;k KkukeqGs lq/kkj.kkoknkdMs
oGyk rh izfdz;k ejkBokM;kr frrD;k rkdnhus gksÅ ’kdyh ukgh-
^^lektlq/kkj.kspk iz’u gk egkjk"VªkP;k Hkkxkr T;k i/nrhus mifLFkr >kyk o
gkrkGyk xsyk R;k i/nrhus gSnzkckn jkT;kP;k varxZr lektlq/kkj.kspk iz’u letwu
?ksrk ;s.kkj ukgh- fczVh’kkaph jktoV] o`Rri=kapk izlkj] yksdfgroknh] Qqys&vkxjdj]
b-ps dk;Z] ‘kS{kf.kd izlkj] ik’pkR; i/nrhps f’k{k.k o laLdkj] ;k loZ ?kVdkaps o
L=h;kaps ifj.kke egkjk"VªkP;k yksdthoukoj >kysys fnlrkr- ejkBokMk R;kn`"Vhus ekxs
fnlrks-30
144
dks.kR;kgh oSpkfjd pGoGhP;k xfrekurspk izokg o`Rrki=kaP;k ek/;ekrwu
loZlkekU;ki;Zar izokfgr gksr vlrks- pGoGhP;k mn;kyk o fodklkyk [kk|
iqjfo.;kps dke rkRdkyhu o`Rri= djr vlrkr o R;kaP;k ek/;ekrwu loZlkekU;
O;Drh lnj pGoGhpk ?kVd curs] R;k pGoGh’kh fopkjkus o d`rhus tksMyh tkrs-
ejkBokM;kph ifjfLFkrh ek= osxGh gksrh- 1920 i;Zar ejkBokM;kr ,dgh ejkBh
o`Rri= uOgrs- ;kpk vFkZ ns’kHkjkrhy lq/kkj.kk pGoGh ckcr ejkBokM;kyk ekfgrh
iqjfo.kkjs lk/kup miyC/k uOgrs- jsMhvks] VhOgh ;klkj[ks ek/;es rj Qkj uarj
ejkBokM;kyk ifjfpr >kyh o rh loZlkekU;kai;Zr vxnh vyhdMs iksgpyh vkgsr-
1920 e/;s Jh- y{ejko QkVd ;kauh gSnzkckn laLFkkukvarxZr izfl/n gks.kkjs ifgys
ejkBh lkIrkfgd lq: dsys] rs ^futke fot;* ;k ukokus ukoko:up R;ke/;s futke
fojks/kh ys[ku vl.;kph ’kD;rk uOgrh vls lkaxrk ;srs- dkj.k futkekP;k fo:/n
ys[ku dj.ks R;k dkGh ’kD;gh uOgrs- Eg.kwup y{e.kjkokauh futkekyk u nq[kfork
tutkx`rhps dke dj.;kps /kksj.k Lohdkjys ^1920 lkyh y{e.kjko QkVdkauh
futke fot; lq: dsys- ljdkjh vodisyk rs cGh iMw u;s Eg.kwu n{krk ?;koh
ykxr vls**31 futke fot; O;frfjDr ejkBokM;kr ejkBk o`ri=kaph lq:okr gksÅ
’kdyh ukgh gs okLro vkgs- ^^vkSjxkcknP;k dkgh t.kkauh 10 ,fizy 1927 yk
^ukxfjd i=* lq: dsys- futkekus R;koj canh ?kkryh rs 8 vkWxLV 1931 jksth can
iMys-**32
futkekus ys[ku] o Hkk"k.k Lokra«;kph xGpsih dsyh gksrh- R;keqGs
egkjk"Vªkrhyp uOgs rj futkeh byk[;ke/khy ?kMkeksMhapk oRrkar ns[khy loZlkekU;
tursi;Zar iksgp.ks nqjkikLr gksrs- lq/kkj.ksps okjs ejkBokM;k i;Zar iksgpw ’kdr uOgrs
dkj.k loZp o`Rri=kauk ejkBokM;kr canh gksrh- ^^egkjk"Vªkr izfl/n gks.kkjh toG
toG loZ o`Rri=s ;kauk gSnzkcknsr canh gksrh- egkjk"Vªkrhy ;kpk vFkZ egkjk"VªkP;k
ftYg;karwu fu?k.kkjh loZ NksVh eksBh i=as- dsljhyk 1907 iklwu canh gksrh-
145
Kkuizdk’k] dkG ;k lkj[kh i=s ;k ;knhr lkiMrkr rj fo|klsodgh vk<Grs-
R;keqGs egkjk"VªkP;k ,dw.k lkekftd] jktdh;] okM%e;hu o lkaLd`frd thoukr ts
?kMs rs rsFks okp.;kl feG.ks toG toG nqjkiLr vls**33 futkekps fucZa/k dsoG
ejkBh Hkkf"kd o`Rrai=kaojp gksrs vls ukgh rj egkjk"Vªkr O;frfjDr brj izkarkrhy o
Hkk"ksrhy o`Rri=kauk ns[khy fojks/k gksrk- Hkkjrkrhy Lokra= pGoGhps yks.k
ejkBokM;kr iksgpw u;s vkf.k bFkY;k tursus dks.kR;kgh Lo:ikr futkek’kkgh
fo:/n caM d: u;s ghp futkekph ;k ikBhekxhy jktdh; Hkwfedk gksrh- ^^t’kh
ejkBh i=s ;kauk gSnzkcknsr canh gksrh r’khp Hkkjrkrhy vU; izkarkrhy vU; Hkk"kkaph
i=s ;kaukgh gh canh ykxw gksrh- ejkBhuarj iatkc e/kwu izfl/n gks.kkÚ;k o`Rri=kapk
dze fnlrks-**34 ejkBokM;krhy tursph futkeh jktoVhr loZp {ks=kae/;s izpaM
xGpsih >kysyh gksrh- R;keqGs moZjhr egkjk"Vªk e/;s T;k i/nrhus lektlq/kkj.kk
pGoG mHkh jkghyh o frpk izlkj >kyk R;kizek.ks ejkBokM;kr gksÅ ’kdys ukgh-
vkSjaxkcknps xksfoanHkkbZ JkWQ] ijHk.khps xksfoanjko ukuy] vkSjaxkcknps fnxacjnkl
pkS/kjh] y{e.kjko QkVd] okeujko ukbZd] MkW-flear] vk-d`-ok?kekjs ;k lkj[;k dkgh
lekt lq/kkjdkauh ejkBokM;ke/;s tutkx`rhps dk;Z dsys ek= R;kaukgh osGksosGh
futkekP;k /kksj.kkauk rksaM |kos ykxys- ejkBokM;k e/;s L=hf’k{k.k pGoG]
ckyfogkg] fo/kok fookg] lrhizFkk] ds’koiar ;k lkj[;k pGoGhapk izlkj
loZlkekU; fL=;kaai;Zr gksÅ ’kdyk ukgh R;keqGs ;k fuj{kj fL=;kauk vkiY;k ojhy
vU;k;kph tkf.kop Qkj m’khjk >kyh- mf’kjk tkxk >kysyk ek.kwl izoklkrgh
lgkftdp brjkaP;k ekxs jkgrks ;k U;k;kus ejkBokM;rhy fL=;k ’kS{kf.kd] vkfFkZd]
jktdh; o lkekftd fodklkr moZjhr egkjk"Vªkrhy fL=;kais{kk ekxs iMY;k- Lokeh
jkekuan rhFkZ ;kaP;k usr~Rok[kkyh tsOgk ejkBokMk eqfDrlaxzke lq: >kyk rsOgkgh izFke
fL=;kapk ;k pGoGhrhy lgHkkx vR;ar deh gksrk- 1937 e/;s ijrwj ;sFks
HkjysY;k egkjk"Vª ifj"knsP;k vf/kos’kukr lkS- vk’kkrkbZ ok?kekjs Eg.kkY;k- dh] ^^
146
vkEgkykgh Lokra«; laxzkekr lgHkkxh d:u ?;k- xka/khthaP;k cjkscj dLrqjck xka/kh]
deyknsoh pVksik/;k;] ljksftuh uk;Mw b- fL=;k dke djhr vkgsr- ex vkEgh ekxs
dk jkgkos\ R;klkBh vkEgkyk rqeph ijokuxh goh-**35 FkksMD;kr bPNk vlwugh
ejkBokM;krhy L=h&iq:"kkauk egkjk"VªkP;k lkekftd o jktdh; pGoGhae/;s
lgHkkxh gksrk ;sr uOgrs- R;keqGsp ,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkrhy o folkO;k‘’krdkrhy
lektlq/kkj.kk pGoGha e/;s ejkBokM;kyk ldzh; lgHkkxh gksrk vkys ukgh- ek=
R;kaP;k Hkkouk lrr vizR;{ki.ks dk gksbZuk ;k pGoGhaP;k ikBh’kh gksR;k vls
EgVY;kl okoxs B: u;s-
5- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & izkFkfed f’k{k.k & 36
izkFkfed f’k{k.k Ikf’pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk
1950&51 78-3 15-3 6-4
1970&71 m- uk m- uk 11-4
1978&79 66-1 21-5 12-4
1978&79P;k rqyukRed vkdMsokjhoj utj Vkdrk vls fnlrs dh]
ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh vfr’k; ekxkl gksrh- ejkBokM;kyk Lokra«;
feGkY;kuarjp [kÚ;k vFkkZus ;sFkhy L=hf’k{k.kkyk pkyuk feGkyh vlyh rjh
egkjk"VªkP;k brj HkkxkP;k rqyusr rs izek.k dehp gksrs- ek= if’pe egkjk"Vª] fonHkZ]
dksd.k ;kaP;k rwyusr gs izek.k deh vlys rjh rs futkedkyhu ejkBokM;kP;k
rwyusr uDdhp tkLr gksrs- ejkBh ek/;ekrwu f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k ’kkGkaph >ikV;kus
ok<ysyh la[;k] ’kklukP;k fofo/k izksRlkguij ;kstuk ;keqGs ewyh eksB;k izek.kkoj
izkFkfed ’kkGkae/;s nk[ky >kY;k-
147
o"kZ 'kkGkaph la[;k
fo|kFkhZ la[;k f'k{kdkaph la[;k
eqys eqyh ,dw.k eqys eqyh ,dw.k
1960&61 5736 261000 92000 353000 10220 1122 11342
1964&65 7268 405669 141178 546847 14322 1767 15989
1969&70 8095 495734 199448 695282 19221 2303 21524
1974&75 8468 553127 273815 826952 23367 3088 26455
1979&80 8886 667923 375454 1043377 24131 4010 28141
1984&85 9293
¼17-40½
784772
¼15-27½
513685
¼12-54½
1298457
¼14-06½
25609
¼16-32½
5333
¼6-40½
30942
¼12-88½
1989&90 9717 922107 702772 1624879 27189 7092 34281
ojhy vkdMsokjho:u vkiY;k vls y{kkr ;srs dh izkFkfed f’k{k.kke/;s
eqyhaph la[;k eqykais{kk tkLr osxkus ok<yh rlsp L=h f’k{kdkaph la[;k ns[khy iq:"k
f’k{kdkais{kk xrhus ok<yh- ^^f’kd.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k eqykaP;k la[;sP;k lqekjs 30
VDds gksrh vkrk rh 60 VD;kgwu vf/kd >kyh vkgs- ;kpk vFkZ xsY;k 25 o"kkZar
ejkBokM;krhy ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<ys vkgs**37 1960 uarjP;k
dky[kMke/;s ejkBokM;krhy izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr osxkus ok< >kY;kps fp=
fnlr vlys rjhgh g;k la[;kRed fodklkP;k uarjgh ejkBokM;krhy fo|kFkhZ
f’k{kdkaph la[;k yksdls[;sP;k izek.kkr 15 VDds vlko;kl goh r’kh rh ukgh-
ejkBokM;krhy eqyhaP;k izkFkfed f’k{k.kke/;s xGrhpk iz’u Qkj Hk;kog vkgs- 5
VDdsgwu vf/kd eqys] fo’ks"kr% eqyh] vkfFkZd vkf.k lkalkfjd dkj.kkaewGs ’kkGsP;k
osGsr ’kkGsr ;sÅ ’kdr ukghr**-38 ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk iz’u gk moZjhr
egkjk"Vªkis{kk osxG;k ifjizs{kkr ikfgyk ikfgts- Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr futkekP;k
/kksj.kkaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k ekxs iMys R;keqGs Lokra«;ksRrj dkGkr
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr lkfey gks.;kl ns[khy m’khj >kyk- ^^
Hkkjrkrhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsph VDdsokjh tjh 16-8 vlyh rjh ejkBokM;kr rh 5-
148
8 brdhp gksrh Eg.ktsp HkkjrHkj lxGhdMs lk{kjrsps izek.k lkj[ks uOgrs o vktgh
ukgh- f’k{k.kkpk vkf.k vkfFkZd fodklkpk laca/k fdrh ?kfu"B vkgs gs ;ko:u Li"V
gkrs- ts ts foHkkx vkfFkZdn`"V;k ekxklysys vkf.k jktdh;n`"V;k ikjaikfjd lRrsP;k
nckok[kkyh vkgsr rs f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr vkf.k fo’ks"kr% L=hf’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr ekxs
vkgsr-**39 ek= L=hf’k{k.kkPkk ldkjkRed cktwus fopkj dsY;kl lk/kkj.kr% 1960
iklwu b-l-2000 i;Zar ejkBkM;krhy eqyhaps izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k Hkjiwj
ok<ys vkgs- dkj.k izkFkfed ’kkGkaph la[;k ns[khy eksB;k izek.kkr ok<yh vkgs-
izkFkfed ’kkGkaph la[;k 1960 e/;s 5736 brdh gksrh rh 1965 i;Zar Eg.kts
QDr 5 o"kkZaP;k vo/khr 1268 brdh >kyh- lu 2000 i;ZarP;k brj dks.kR;kgh
iapokf"kZd dky[kaMkis{kk 1960&65 ;k ikpo"kkZae/;s izkFkfed ’kkGkaP;k la[;sr
>kysyh ok< lokZf/kd gksrh vls ojhy vkys[kko:u lgt y{kkr ;srs- izkFkfed
’kkGkaph la[;k 2000 i;Zar 11722 brdh >kyh- lgkftdp ’kkGkaph la[;k
tlt’kh ok<yh rlr’kh f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k ewyhaP;k la[;sr ns[khy ok< >kyh-
ejkBokM;krhy izkFkfed ’kkGkaps O;oLFkkiukuqlkj fofo/k izdkj ikMrk ;srkr-
R;ke/;s dasnz ’kklu] jkT;’kklu] ftYgk ifj"kn] uxj ifj"kn] [kktxh vuqnkuhr]
[kktxh foukvuqnkuhr v’kk O;oLFkkiukuqlkj fofo/k izkFkfed ’kkGkapk lekos’k
gksrks40
149
v-Ø-
ftYgk dsanz ‘’kklu
jkT;’kklu ftYgk ifj"kn
Ukxj ifj"kn
[kktxh vuqnkuhr
[kktxh foukvuqnkuhr
,dq.k
1 vkSjaxkckn 01 09 1430 100 148 125 1813
2 tkyuk 01 00 1174 21 63 27 1286
3 ijHk.kh 01 00 945 17 80 29 1072
4 fgaxksyh 00 02 760 02 38 26 828
5 chM 01 04 1842 00 87 69 2003
6 ukanzM 00 20 1903 11 252 112 2298
7 mLekukckn 00 00 907 29 89 30 1055
8 ykrwj 00 00 1096 23 196 52 1367
8 ejkBokMk
egkjk"Vª
04
32
35
446
10057
53603
203
4304
953
3992
470
3206
11722
65586 ojhy rdR;ko:u vki.kkl lu 2000 ;k o"kkZe/;s ejkBokM;krhy
O;oLFkkiukuqlkj vlysY;k izkFkfed ’kkGkaph ekfgrh feGrs o ejkBokM;krhy
ftYgk fugk; ’kkGkaP;k la[;so:u rsFkhy izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps fp= js[kkVrk ;srs- lu
2000 i;Zar izkFkfed ’kkGkaP;k la[;sckcr lokZr vxzdzekoj ukansM ftYgk gksrk- rj
lokZr ’ksoVh fgaxksyh ftYg;kpk dze ykxr gksrk- mrjR;k Hkkt.khus izkFkfed
’kkGkaP;k Øeokjhe/;s ejkBokM;krhy ftYgkaps LFkku iq<hy izek.ks gksrs- 1½ ukansM
¼2298½ 2½ chM ¼2003½ 3½ vkSjaxkckn ¼1813½ 4½ ykrwj ¼1367½ 5½
tkyuk ¼1286½ 6½ ijHk.kh ¼1072½ 7½ mLekukckn ¼1055½ 8½ fgaxksyh
¼828½ lai.kZ ejkBokM;kpk fopkj djrk ;sFks dsanz’kklukP;k ,dw.k 4 ’kkGk]
jkT;’kklukP;k 35 ’kkGk] ftYgk ifj"knkaP;k 10057 ’kkGk] uxj ifj"knkaP;k 203
’kkGk] [kktxh vuqnkfur 953 ’kkGk rj [kktxh foukvuqnkuhr 470 ’kkGk v’kk
,dw.k 11722 izkFkfed ’kkGk b-l- 2000 e/;s gksR;k- ukansM ftYg;ke/;s
150
jkT;’kklu] ftYgkifj"kn] [kktxh vuqnkfur rlsp [kktxh foukvuqnkuhr izkFkfed
’kkGkaph la[;k lokZf/kd gksrh- ’kS{kf.kd xq.koRrspk ntkZ cÚ;kp va’kh O;oLFkkiukP;k
izdkjkoj voyacwu vlrks vls fnlwu ;srs- R;keqGs ljdkjh ’kkGkais{kk [kktxh
’kkGkadMs ikydkapk vks<k vf/kd fnlwu ;srks-
6- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl & ek/;fed f’k{k.k
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/;s ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.;kps izek.k lkekU;r% 1960
uarjp ok<ys- R;kiwohZ ejkBokM;krhy laiw.kZ ek/;fed f’k{k.kkrhy xrh vfr’k; ean
gksrh- ek/;fed ’kkGkaph la[;k ns[khy vR;Yi gksrh- 1950&51 e/;s
ejkBokM;kP;k ikpgh ftYg;kar ,dw.k 33 ek/;fed ’kkGk gksR;k o ;k loZ ’kkGkar
feGwu 15919 fo|kFkhZ gksrs- 1956&57 e/;s ejkBokM;kr ,dw.k 135 ek/;fed
’kkGk gksR;k R;krhy 72 ’kkldh; gksR;k o 63 [kktxh gksR;k- ;k ’kkGkae/;s ,dw.k
2352 f’k{kd gksrs- R;krhy 320 fL=;k gksR;k- rlsp R;krhy ts 673 inoh/kj
gksrs R;krhy dsoG 38 fL=;k gksR;k- izf’kf{kr f’k{kdkaps izek.k 14 VDds gksrs-
egkjk"Vªkrhy brj Hkkxkae/;s R;kosGh gs izek.k 40 VDds gksrs- 1956&57 e/;s
ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed ’kkGkarwu ,dw.k 54954 fo|kFkhZ gksrs-41 ek/;fed
f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo+|kfFkZuhaph la[;k deh gksrh- dkj.k Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkrhy futkeh
jktoVhpk vaeyk[kkyh iznh?kZ dkG jkfgY;kus ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs ikg.;kP;k
n`"Vhdksukoj futkedkyhu lkekftd ekufldrspk FkksMkcgqr izHkko gksrk- “The
Nizam has criminally neglected this ared. There is not a mile of canal
irrigation, hardly a high school in taluka place.42 futkeh laLd`rhP;k
izHkkokrwu ejkBokM;krhy tursr fL=;kae/;s c?k.;kpk nq ;e n"Vhdksu vf/kdp n`<
>kyk gksrk- R;kewGsp eqyhauk ’kkGsr ikBorkauk xks"kkrwu ikBfo.;kpk iz?kkr vusd
fBdk.kh iMyk gksrk- ^^ loZ ejkBokM;kr dksBsgh ewyh Qkj’kk ’kkGsr tkrp
151
UkOgR;k- dkj.k eqyhauk xks"kkrwu tkos ykxr vls o xks"kkrp f’kdkos ykxr vls-**43
;kpkp vFkZ eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkoj vlysys lkekftd fucZa/k tkpd gksrs- ^^1962 P;k
lqekjkl rkyqD;kP;k xkoh ewyhaP;k f’k{k.kkaps izek.k lkrohuarj ,dne jksMkor vls-
eqyhaP;k Lora= ’kkGk fdaok Lora= oxZ uOgrs- R;keqGs 8 oh uarj eqyhauk
lgf’k{k.kklkBh ’kkGkae/;s ikBfoys tkr uls-**44 lRrjP;k n’kdke/;s eqyhaP;k
f’k{k.kklkBh ejkBokM;krhy vusd rkyqD;kae/kwu Lora= ’kkGk fu?kkY;k- rlsp
gGwgGw lgf’k{k.kkyk vlysyk ikydkapk fojks/kgh deh gksÅ ykxyk o R;kuarj]
eqyhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<.;kl lq:okr >kyh-45
o"kZ ’kkGkaph la[;k
fo|kFkhZ la[;k f'k{kdkaph la[;k eqys eqyh ,dw.k iq:"k L«kh ,dw.k
1960&61 255 65580 1247 78927 && && &&
1970&71 822 238668 59818 298736 && && &&
1979&80 909 257263 94116 351379 12653 1990 14850
1980&81 913 257621 98075 355696 12861 1989 14850
1984&85 1176 374091 144267 518358 14507 2697 17204
1989&90 1443 543973 221132 765105 16632 6112 22744
1994&95 m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk- m-uk-
1999&00 2067 471404 336638 808042 && && &&
152
ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k lu 2000- 46
vuq-dz- ftYgk ,dw.k ’kkGk fo|kFkhZ
la[;k
fo|kfFkZuh la[;k ,dw.k
1 vkSjaxkckn 347 89-697 64025 153722
2 Tkyuk 155 43268 24195 67463
3 ijHk.kh 155 40296 23095 63391
4 fgaxksyh 105 26153 14313 40466
5 chM 374 81863 56474 138337
6 ukansM 312 78963 61816 140779
7 mLekukckn 263 44956 35602 80558
8 ykrwj 356 66208 57118 123326
9 ejkBokMk 2067 471404 336638 808042
10 egkjk"Vª 11447 2657414 2219149 4876563
ojhy rdR;ko:u ejkBokM;krhy ek/;fed f’k{k.kk e/;s eqyhapk lgHkkx fdrh
vkgs ;kph dYiuk ;srs- fL=;kaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkP;k fodklke/;s lu 2000
lkyh vkSjaxkckn gk ftYgk lokZr vk?kkMhoj gksrk rj fgaxksyh gk ftYgk dzeokjhr
lokZr ’ksoVh gksrk- ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaP;k la[;suq:Ik ejkBokM;krhy
vkB ftYg;kaph Øeokjh iq<hyizek.ks ykxrs- 1½ vkSjaxkckn 2½ ukansM 3½ykrwj
4½ chM 5½ mLekukckn 6½ tkyuk 7½ ijHk.kh 8½ fgaxksyh lokZ/khd laL;sus
ek/;fed ’kkGk chM ftYg;kr vlwu R;k[kkyks[kky ykrwj vkSjaxkckn] ukansM]
mLekukckn] tkyuk] ijHk.kh vkf.k fgaxksyh ;kapk Øekad ykxrks-
153
7- ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k &
fL=;kauk dsoG izkFkfed o ek/;fed f’k{k.k nsÅu R;kapk fodkl gks.kkj ukgh
rj R;kauk mPp f’k{k.k izkIr dj.;kph ns[khy la/kh izkIr gks.ks xjtsps vkgs- R;k
n`"Vhus mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k gs mPp f’k{k.kkdMs tk.;klkBh vR;ar egRokps vkgs-
,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZe/;s mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.kkr eqyhaps izek.k >ikV;kus
ok<ys- ^10$2$3 vkd`rhca/kkuqlkj ekpZ 1975 e/;s uO;k vkd`rhca/kk uqlkj fo|kFkhZ
10 oh v[ksj gks.kkÚ;k ’kkykar ijh{ksl clys- twu 1975 iklwu 11 oh ps vkf.k
twu 1976 iklwu 12 oh ps oxZ lq: >kys- lkekU;r% 12 oh pkaxY;k xq.kkauh ikl
gks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZapk dyk’kkL= ’kk[ksdMs vls- vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrhuq:Ik fo|kFkhZ iq<s
’kkL=] dyk fdaok okf.kT; ’kk[kk fuoMr vlr fdaok O;kolkf;d o rkaf=d
f’k{k.kkdMs oGr- tkLrhr tkLr fo|kF;kZapk dy Mh-,M- lkj[;k [kk=hus ljdkjh
uksdjh feGowu ns.kkÚ;k infodk dkslsZldMs vls- ;ke/;s ewyhaph la[;k >ikV;kus
ok<w ykxyh gksrh- mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.kkps izek.k eqyhae/;s ok<w ykxY;kus
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kapk ’kS{kf.kd fodklkpk uohu izokl lq: >kyk- 1975 rs
1985 ;k dky[kaMkr gh ok< laFk xrhus >kyh 1990 iklwu mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k
?ks.kkÚ;k ewyhaph la[;k ok<yh] ek= eqykaph la[;k yk[kkaP;k vkdM;kae/;s ok<r
vlrkauk eqyhaph ek= gtkjkaP;k la[;srp gksrh gs iq<hy vkdMsokjho:u fnlwu ;srs47
oxZ eqykaph la[;k eqyhaph la[;k ,dw.k
1975&1976 & & 12535
1979&1980 25447 4628 30075
1984&1985 51364 8425 49749
1989&1990 103755 15337 119092
1994&1995 209585 27913 237498
1999&2000 423362 50802 474164
154
ejkBokM;krhy dfu"B egkfo|ky;kaP;k ,dk ikg.khrwu ;sFkhy fo|kF;kZaP;k ’kS{kf.kd
vMp.khapk vk<kok ?ksrkuk iq<hy ckc y{kkr vkyh- ^ejkBokM;krhy dfu"B
egkfo|ky;kaP;k fo|kF;kZaPkk fopkj djrk egkfo|ky;kaP;k ekukus ’kkGkae/;s [kwip
deh fo|kFkhZ vkgsr- mPp f’k{k.kkph lks; eq[;r% rkyqD;kP;k xkokr o eksB;k
’kgjkar >kY;keqGs vusd fo|kF;kZauk vkiY;k xkokiklwu nwj vlysY;k fBdk.kh tkos
ykxrs- R;krwu R;kaps jkg.;kps iz’u fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr- xjhcheqGs vusdkauk gkrkus
Lo;aikd d:u tsokos ykxrs- dkgh fo|kF;kZauk rj dqVqackyk vkfFkZd gkrHkkj ykokok
ykxrks- R;kauk iqLrds fodr ?ksrk ;sr ukghr- lxG;kauk ’kkGk egkfo|ky;krwu
iqLrds feGrkr vlsgh ukgh- ;k lxG;kapk vFkZ vlk dh] vusd fo|kF;kZauk
vH;klkyk vuqdwy vls okrkoj.k eqGkr miyC/k ukgh- R;krwu cgqla[; fo|kF;kZaps
vkbZoMhy vf’kf{kr vkgsr- R;keqGs ?k:u dkgh izfrlkn feGsy fdaok fu;a=.k gksbZy
v’kh ifjfLFkrh ukgh- vls vlrkukgh ’ksdMks fo|kFkhZ ifgY;k o nqlÚ;k inohps
f’k{k.k ?ksrkuk fnlrkr gs [kjks[kjp dkSrqdkLin vkgs-48 ojhy ifjfLFkrh gh eqykaP;k
ckcrhr vkgs rj eqyhaP;k ckcrhr f’k{k.kkph fLFkrh o vkMp.kh ;kis{kk vf/kd
iVhus dBh.k gksR;k vlsp tk.kors- ;k ik’oZHkwehoj f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyh [kjks[kj
dkSrqdkLin ekukO;k ykxrhy-
dkykuq:Ik ifjLFkrhe/;s Qjd iMr tkÅu ’kklukP;k fofo/k ;kstuakP;k
vk/kkjs eqyh f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ykxY;k o gGwgGw R;kaps izek.k ns[khy ok<w ykxys-
,dksf.klkO;k ’krdkP;k ’ksoVP;k n’kdkr gs izek.k osxk.ks ok<ys- ejkBokM;krhy
fofo/k ftYg;krhy lu 2000 ;k o"kkZ rhy mPp ek/;fed L=hf’k{k.kkph fLFkrh
iq<hyizek.ks gksrh-49
155
v-Ø ftYgk ,dw.k
’kkGk
Ekqykaph
la[;k
eqyhaph
la[;k
,dw.k
1 vkSjaxkckn 59 35283 29044 64327
2 Tkyuk 33 25105 15001 40106
3 ijHk.kh 33 20779 18561 39340
4 fgaxksyh 16 9156 6433 15589
5 chM 61 39800 28436 68236
6 ukansM 88 58745 36413 95158
7 mLekukckn 40 26826 17119 43945
8 ykrwj 121 59251 42028 101279
ejkBokMk 451 276145 193835 469980
egkjk"Vª 3060 1980800 1]47]5404 3456204
2000 e/;s ejkBokM;krhy mPp ek/;fed f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhph lokZf/kd la[;k
ykrwj ftYg;kr gksrh- rj lokZr deh la[;k fgaxksyh ftYg;kr gksrh- eqyhaP;k mPp
ek/;fed f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr ftYg;kaph dzeokjh iq<hyizek.ks vkgs- 1½ ykrwj 2½
ukansM 3½ vkSjaxkckn 4½ chM 5½ ijHk.kh 6½ mLekukckn 7½ tkyuk 8½
fgaxksyh-
Û ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk fodkl &mPp f’k{k.k
ejkBokM;krhy 1948 i;Zar inohi;Zarps f’k{k.k ns.kkjs ,dgh egkfo|ky;
uOgrs- ;ko:u ;sFkhy mPp f’k{k.kkph voLFkk dk; vlsy ;kpk fopkj djrk ;srks-
Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMke/;s MkWa- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauh vkSjaxkckn ;sFks dyk o
okf.kT; egkfo|ky; ¼1950½ LFkkiu dsys- ukansM ;sFks ¼1950½ o ;ksxs’ojh
156
egkfo|ky; vacstksxkbZ ¼1956½ v’kh egkfo|ky;s LFkkiu dj.;kr vkyh- gh
egkfo|ky;s rRdkyhu mLekfu;k fo|kihBk’kh layaXu gksrh- gSnzkckn ljdkjus 1954
e/;s vkSjaxkckn ;sFks f’k{k.k egkfo|ky; lq: dsys rlsp R;kpo"khZ ijHk.kh ;sFkhy
d`"kh ’kkGsps d`"kh egkfo|ky;kr :ikarj dsys- vkSjaxkckn ;sFks fo/kh egkfo|ky;
dk<k;yk fyxy ,T;qds’ku lkslk;Vhl ijokuxh ns.;kr vkY;keqGs R;k laLFksus
1956 e/;s rs egkfo|ky; lq: d:u R;kyk ,d izeq[k usrs Jh- ekf.kdpanth
igkMs ;kaps uko fnys- oS|dh; egkfo|ky; dk<.;klkBh dsUnz ljdkjph ijokuxh
vko’;d gksrh- rh feGkY;kuarj 1956 e/;s vkSjaxkckn ;sFks oS|dh; egkfo|ky;
LFkkiu dj.;kr vkys- ejkBokM;krhy egkfo|ky;s gSnzkckn ;sFkhy mLekfu;k
fo|kihBk’kh layXu vlY;keqGs loZlkekU; fo|kF;kZauk inO;wRrj f’k{k.kklkBh
gSnzkcknyk tk.ks ’kD; gksr uls ifj.kkeh inO;wRrj f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kF;kZaph la[;k
deh gksrh-50
mPp f’k{k.k if'pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk
1950&51 79-6 19-1 1-3
1970&71 64-6 24-3 10-1
1978&79 77-0 16-0 29-7
Û ejkBokMk ¼MkW-ck-vka- ejkBokMk½ fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk &
ejkBokM;kP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklklkBh Lora= fo|kihB vlkos v’kh laiw.kZ
ejkBokM;krhy tursph ekx.kh gksrh- R;klkBh turk fuosnus] ekspsZ ;k ek/;ekrwu
osGksosGh ’kkluki;Zar vkiyh gh ekx.kh iksgpfo.;kpk gj rÚgus iz;Ru djr gksrh-
^^;klaca/khps ifgys fuosnu vkSjaxkcknP;k izeq[k ukxjhdkauh 1950&51 e/;s
mLekfu;k fo+|kihBkP;k dqyxq:auk fnys- R;kuarj fot;sanz dkcjk ;kaP;k usr`Rok[kkyh
fo|kF;kZauh nsoxhjh ¼nkSyrkckn½ rs gSnzkckn v’kh in;k=k dk<yh-**51 rlsp nqlÚ;k
157
iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s ejkBokMk fo|kihB LFkkiu dj.;klkBh vkfFkZd rjrwn dsyh
tkoh v’kh gh tksjnkj ekx.kh lq: dsyh- ejkBokM;krhy loZlkekU; tursizek.ksp
;sFkhy [kklnkj] vkenkj] f’k{k.krK] fofo/k egkfo|ky;kps izkpk;Z] f’k{kd o
fo|kFkhZ ;k lokZauhp fo|kihB LFkkiuslkBh tksjnkj iz;Ru dsys- fnolsafnol tksj
/kj.kkÚ;k ;k ekx.khoj fopkj dj.;klkBh rKkaph ,d lferh gSnzkckn ljdkjus useyh
R;ke/;s MkW-,l-ch-lqCckjko] MkW-vk;-rks;k] izk-,l-,l-nksjkbZ Lokeh vkf.k f’k{k.k
lpho Jh-lsrw ek/kojko ixMh ;k rK lnL;kaPkk lekos’k gksrk- ejkBokM;ke/;s
Lora= fo|kihBph vko’;drk fdrh vkgs ;koj lkaxksikax vH;kl d:u 27
vkWDVksacj 1956 jksth HkjysY;k ea=heaMGkP;k cSBdhr ^^ejkBokMk foHkkxklkBh osxGs
fo|kihB LFkkiu dsys ikfgts vls ea=heaMGkps er >kys vkgs vkf.k R;kn`"Vhus ikoys
Vkdkohr v’kh uO;k ljdkjyk fouarh dj.;kps Bjys vkgs**-52 ;k Lo:ikpk izLrko
eatwj dsyk- jkT;iwujZpuk >kY;kuarj ejkBokMk foHkkx nSwHkkf"kd eqacbZ jkT;kpk Hkkx
cuys- rRdkyhu eq[;ea=h Jh- ;’koarjko pOgk.k ljdkjus ejkBokMk fo|kihB
LFkkiu dj.;kpk fu.kZ; lu 1958 e/;s ?ksryk o R;klkBh U;k;ewrhZ iG.khVdj
;kaP;k v/;{krs[kkyh ,d lferh xBhr dsyh- ^gs fo|kihB LFkkiu dj.;kckcrpk
ejkBokM;krhy turspk fu/kkZj vkf.k ;k foHkkxkph LkkaLd`frd oSf’k"B;s y{kkr ?ksÅu
fo|kihBkps uko ^ejkBokMk fo|kihB* vls Bsokos v’kh ;k lferhus f’kQkjl dsyh
R;k izek.ks lu 1958 e/;s ejkBokMk fo|kihB vfLrRokr vkys vkf.k R;kps
mn~?kkVu iaMhr tokgjyky usg: ;kaP;k gLrs 23 lIVsacj 1958 jksth dj.;kr
vkys-**53
ejkBokM;krhy fo|kF;kZauk mPp f’k{k.k feGkos gh MkW- ckcklkgsc
vkacsMdjkph euLoh rGeG gksrh- R;keqGsp R;kauh ejkBokM;kr inohi;Zarps f’k{k.k
ns.kkjs egkfo|ky; lq: dsys- ^^ejkBokM;krhy ikpgh ftYg;kar vkSjaxkckn ;sFks
QDr ,d baVjfeft,V egkfo|ky; gksrs- ;k ik’oZHkwehoj vkSjaxkckn ;sFks inoh
158
egkfo|ky; lq: dj.;kpk MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kapk fu.kZ; dzkarhdkjd Bjrks-
[kjs Eg.kts rhp ejkBokMk fo|kihB LFkkiusph eqgrZes< Bjrs-**54 fo|kihBkP;k
LFkkiusP;k osGh mPp f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k vfr’k; ux.; gksrh-
^^ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiusP;k o"khZ 9 egkfo|ky;kae/;s feGwu 157 eqyh o
3089 eqys f’k{k.k ?ksr gksrs- 1963&64 rs 1985 i;Zar fo|kfFkZuhaps 5-1 VDds gs
izek.k ok<wu 14-8 i;Zar rj inO;wRrj ikrGhoj gs izek.k 19-8 VD;kai;Zar iksgpys
gksrs-**55 fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkrhy izxrh laFk xrhus gksr gksrh gsp ;ko:u fnlrs-
1985&86 lkyh egkfo|ky;hu f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k 48]421 fo|kF;kZaiSdh 6]908
¼14-8 VDds½ eqyh egkfo|ky;hu f’k{k.k ?ksr gksR;k- ejkBokM;kP;k yksdla[;sr L=h
iq:"k ;kaps izek.k lk/kkj.k% leku vkgs gs y{kkr ?ksrys Eg.kts mPp f’k{k.kkrhy gh
rQkor fdrh eksBh vkgs gs y{kkr ;srs-**56
inoh ikrGhojhy fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k ¼1958&1985½57
o"kZ eqys eqyh ,dw.k
1958&59 2912 159 3069
1959&60 3415 189 3604
1964&65 11444 773 12216
1969&70 25047 2016 22063
1974&75 64936 3895 71872
1979&80 15298 2818 18116
1984&85 28416 5407 34124
gSnzkckn ljdkjdMs R;kauh dsysY;k vkfFkZd lgk¸;kph ekx.kh ekU; d:u futke
ljdkjus MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kauk egkfo|ky; LFkkiu dj.;klkBh ckjk yk[k
:i;s vkf.k 100 ,dj tehu fnyh gksrh- ;krwu 1950 e/;s ckcklkgsckauh fefyan
159
egkfo|ky;kph LFkkiuk dsyh- fo|kF;kZaP;k inO;wRrj f’k{k.kkP;k lks;hlkBh
ejkBokM;ke/;s fo|kihBkph vko’;drk fdrh eksBh gksrh gs ckcklkgsckalkj[;k Fkksj
f’k{k.klezkVkP;k utjsrwu d/khp lqVys ukgh- R;kauh osGksosGh gh ckc gSnzkckn
ljdkjP;k y{kkr vk.kwu fnyh- fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiuslkBh tfeu ns.;klkBh fiiYl
,T;qds’ku lkslk;Vhus ekU; dsys- FkksMD;kr ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k LFkkiusekxs MkW-
vkacsMdjkaph Qkj eksBh izsj.kk gksrh- R;k vuq"kaaxkus R;kaP;k vuq;k;kauh o
ejkBokM;krhy ifjorZuoknh f’k{k.kizseh tursus ejkBokMk fo|kihBkyk MkW- ckcklkgsc
vkacsMdj ;kaps uko ns.;klkBh ukekarj vkanksyu lq: dsys- vfr’k; izfrdqy
ifjfLFkrh e/;s tursus ukekrajkpk y<k v[kaM 14 o"ksZ pkyfoyk] R;klkBh vusdkauh
gkSrkRE; iRdjys] jDr lkaMys] ’ksoVh ;k vkanksyukyk ;’k ;sÅu ^^14 tkusokjh
1994 jksth ejkBokMk fo|kIkhBkpk ukefoLrkj dj.;kr ;sÅu MkW- ckcklkgsc
vkacsMdj ejkBokMk fo|kihB** vls ukedj.k dj.;kr vkys-
Û fL=;kaps mPp f’k{k.k &
ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph LFkkiuk djrkukp 1974 P;k fo|kihB dk;|kuqlkj
fo|kihBkoj rhu vfr’k; egRokP;k tckcnkÚ;k lksifo.;kr vkysY;k gksR;k- R;k
Eg.kts 1½ fo|kihB lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ifjorZukps dsanz cukos- 2½ L=h-
f’k{k.kkdjhrk fo’ks"k iz;Ru dsys tkosr- 3½ izk/;kidkaP;k izf’k{k.kkph lks; djkoh-
;kpkp vFkZ ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkP;k fodklklkBh iz;Ru dj.;kph dsoG
uSfrdp UkOgs rj dk;ns’khj tckcnkjh fo|kihBkoj lksifo.;kr vkysyh vkgs-
^^ejkBokMk fo|kihBkP;k jpukdkjkauh 1958 lkyhp ejkBokM;krhy L=h-f’k{k.k gk
fparspk fo"k; ekuyk vkf.k fo|kihBkoj L=h f’k{k.kkP;k ok<hph ?kVukRed tckcnkjh
Vkdyh-**58 ojhy vkdMsokjh o:u ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k mPp f’k{k.kkrhy
la[;k fdrh deh gksrh ;kph dYiuk ;s.;kl enr gksrs- 1958&59 e/;s QDr
159 eqyh inohps f’k{k.k ?ksr gksR;k rj gs izek.k gGwgGw ok<r tkÅu 1974&75
160
e/;s 6895 i;Zar iksgpys- 1975&76 iklwu uok vkd`rhca/k ¼10$2$3½ lq:
>kY;kus gh la[;k >ikV;kus ?kVyh- 1979&80 e/;s rh lokZr deh Eg.kts
¼2818½ gksrh-
inO;qRrj ikrGhojhy fo|kfFkZuh la[;k ¼1959&2000½ 59
o"kZ eqys eqyh ,dw.k
1959&60 70 10 80
1964&65 441 52 493
1969&70 1132 115 1247
1974&75 6261 436 6697
1979&80 5127 620 5747
1984&85 6547 917 7464
1989&90 8380 1357 9737
1994&95 10726 2008 12734
1999&2000 13730 2972 16702
ejkBokM;krhy eqyhaP;k ’kkGk o egkfo|ky;kaph la[;k lu & 200060
v- Ø
ftYgk izkFkfed ’kkGk Ekk/;fed ’kkGk mPp ek/;fed dfu"B egkfo|ky;s
ofj"B egkfo|ky;s
’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k
’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k
‘’kkGk fo|kfFkZuh la[;k
1 vkSjaxkckn 44 16871 31 16727 14 10720 02 02 2 Tkkyuk 18 8901 07 3114 02 1823 00 01 3 ijHk.kh 24 9318 06 3180 07 7659 00 01 4 gaxksyh 21 5234 03 1604 02 1177 00 00 5 chM 53 16913 20 10691 08 5254 04 04 6 mLekukckn 38 11878 23 6363 02 1582 00 00 7 Ykrwj 38 14864 26 11306 16 8331 00 01 8 UkkansM 47 19217 35 12754 05 12750 00 02 9 ejkBokMk 283 103]196 151 65687 56 49]296 06 11
161
Lku 2000 i;Zar ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k izkFkfed ’kkGk 283 gksR;k rj R;ke/;s
f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhaph la[;k 1]03196 brdh gksrh- ek/;fed ’kkGkaph ,dw.k
la[;k 151 gksrh o R;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaph la[;k 65687 gksrh- ,dw.k 56 mPp
ek/;fed f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k ’kkGk gksR;k T;ke/kwu 49]296 fo|kfFkZuh mPp ek/;fed
f’k{k.kkpk ykHk ?ksr gksR;k- laiw.kZ ejkBokM;ke/;s eqyhaP;k dfu"B egkfo|ky;kaph
la[;k 6 gksrh rj ofj"B egkfo|ky;kaph la[;k 11 gksrh- ejkBokM;krhy chM
ftYg;ke/;s lokZf/kd eqyhaP;k izkFkfed o ek/;fed ’kkGk gksR;k- R;kuarj vuqØes
ukansM] vkSjaxkckn] mLekukckn] ykrwj] ijHk.kh] fgaxksyh o tkyuk ;k ftYg;kapk Øe
ykxr gksrk- efgykalkBh vlysY;k Lora= ojh"B egkfo|kay;kaph lokZf/kd la[;k 4
chM ftYg;ke/;s gksrh] rlsp vkSjaxkckn o ukansM ftYg;kae/;s izR;sdh 2 o tkyuk]
ijHk.kh] vkf.k ykrwj ftYg;kr izR;sd ,d ofj"B efgyk egkfo|ky; gksrs- lu
2000 i;Zar fgaxksyh vkf.k mLekukckn ftYg;kae/;s eqyhalkBh Lora= vls ,dgh
dfu"B rlsp ofj"B egkfo|ky; UkOgrs- eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh R;kauk Lora= ’kkGk o
egkfo|ky;kaph lqfo/kk miyC/k d:u ns.;kr chM ftYgk lokZr vk?kkMhoj gksrk rj
fgaxksyh ftYgk ;k lqfo/kkaP;k ckcrhr lokZr ekxkl gksrk ;kps dkj.k R;kph Lora=
ftYgk Eg.kwu fufeZrh gksÅu Qkjp deh dkyko/kh yksVyk gksrk gs gh vlw ’kdrs-
9- iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu jkcfoY;k tk.kkÚ;k L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d ;kstuk
fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklklkBh Hkkjrkrhy fujfujkG;k iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k
dkGkr vusd mi;qDr ’kS{kf.kd ;kstuk jkcfo.;kr vkY;k- R;kaP;k lgk¸;kus
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk gkrHkkj ykxwu f’k{k.kkr ekxs iMysY;k
fL=;kauk f’k{k.kkP;k izokgkr lkfey gks.;kl enr >kyh- Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus dye
45 uqlkj jkT;koj gh tckcnkjh lksioyh vkgs dh] ?kVuk ykxw >kY;kiklwu 10
o"kkZaP;k dkyko/khe/;s pkSnk o"kkZai;ZarP;k loZ ewyk&ewyhaauk eksQr o lDrhps f’k{k.k
162
|kos- “The state shall endvour to provide within a period of ten years from
commencement of this constitution, for free and compulsory education
for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”61 ;k
dyekrhy eksQr o lDrhP;k f’k{k.kkph tckcnkjh jkT;dR;kZaoj VkdY;keqGs
L=hf’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr ok< gks.;kl enr >kyh vlyh rjh rs izek.k iq:"kkaP;k
lk{kjrs is{kk usgehp deh jkfgysys vkgs- ^^2001lkyh >kysY;k tux.kusuqlkj
Hkkjrkr 24 dksVh fL=;k fuj{kj gksR;k- txkrhy lokZf/kd fuj{kj fL=;k Hkkjrkr
vkgsr gs gh vkrk fl/n >kys vkgs-**62 egkjk"Vªk e/;s ejkBokMk ;k foHkkxkr lokZr
vf/kd fuj{kj fL=;k vlY;kpsgh vkrk ’kkldh; ikrGho:u ekU; dj.;kr vkysys
vkgs- ^^ ejkBokMk foHkkxkrhy loZ lkr ftYg;kae/;s ¼vktpk fgaxksyh ftYgk /k:u
vkB ftYgs½ efgykaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k efgyk lk{kjrsP;k jk"Vªh; izek.kkis{kk deh
vkgs **63 uoO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusP;k dky[kaMk i;Zar tj ejkBokM;krhy
L=hf’k{k.k brds ekxs vlsy rj lgkftdp vlk iz’u fuekZ.k gksrks dh] [kjks[kj
iapokf"kZd ;kstukaP;k ek/;ekrwu fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k fofo/k
mik;;kstukapk ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kauk brj fL=;kaaizek.ks mi;ksx gksrks dh ukgh\
okLrfod ikgrk ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.k gs futke’kkaghP;k jktoVheqGs toGikl
iUukl o"ksZ ekxs jkghys gksrs- ;sFkhy fL=;kauk ns’kkP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkP;k izokgkr
lkehy gks.;kykp folkO;k ’krdkpk mRrjk/kZ mtkMkok ykxyk R;keqGs lgkftdp
R;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkr vktgh ekxs fnlrkr- iapokf"kZd ;kstukae/khy ’kS{kf.kd
rjrqnhaPkk Qk;nk R;kaP;ki;Zar mf’kjk iksgpr vlY;keqGs gh ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k >kysyh
vkgs vls Eg.kko;kl gjdr ulkoh- iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dkyko/kh e/;s dks.kdks.kR;k
’kS{kf.kd ;kstukapk fLodkj dj.;kr vkyk o egkjk"Vª ’kklukus dks.kdks.kR;k
;kstukaph vaeyctko.kh dsyh ;kpk FkksMD;kr vk<kok ?ks.ks vko’;d Bjrs-
163
ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy f’k{k.k fo"k;d /kksj.k o rjrqnhaoj jk/kkd`".k.k
vk;ksxkpk izHkko fnlrks- 4 uksOgsacj 1948 ;k o"khZ Hkkjrljdkjus Hkkjrh; f’k{k.kk
fo"k;h lokZaxh.k fopkj dj.;klkBh f’k{k.k vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dsyh gksrh- MkW-
loZiYyh jk/kkd`".k.k gs R;k vk;ksxkps v/;{k gksrs- ;k vk;ksxkus L=h f’k{k.kkP;k
izxrhlkBh vusd egRokP;k f’kQkjlkh dsY;k- R;kuqlkj L=hf’k{k.kklkBh vf/kd
loyrh miyC/k OgkO;kr] fL=;kauk raKkps ;ksX; ekxZn’kZu feGkos] leku ntkZps
f’k{k.k feGkos] x`g vFkZ’kkL=kps f’k{k.k feGkos vkf.k lg f’k{k.k ns.kkÚ;k laLFkkuh
ewyhauk vko’;d R;k loZ lq[klks;h miyC/k d:u |kO;kr v’kk egRokP;k
f’kQkjlh dj.;kr vkysY;k gksR;k- R;k utjsleksj BsÅu ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusr
fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd dY;k.kk fo"k;h rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k- ifgY;k iapokf"kZd
;kstusP;k izkjaHkhpk ek/;fed f’k{k.kkpk fopkj dj.;klkBh 1952&1953 e/;s
eqnyh;kj vk;ksXkkph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkus v’kh f’kQkjl dsyh
dh] eqyhalkBh x`g foKku ;k fo"k;kph lks; loZ ’kkGkae/;s dj.;kr ;koh o ckdh
vH;kldze eqykeqyhalkBh leku vlkok- ;k ;kstusP;k dkGkr fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkps
izek.k vfr’k; deh gksrs rs ok<fo.;klkBh dsanzh; lektdY;k.k foHkkxkP;k orhus
fofo/k ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkY;k- 1958 e/;s xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy Mksaxjh Hkkxkrhy
o vkfnoklh fL=;kauk f’k{k.k o O;kolkf;d izf’k{k.k ns.;klkBh ;kstuk lq:
dj.;kr vkyh- izkS< fL=;kauk lk{kj dj.;kps iz;Ru dj.;kr vkys-
ek= ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy ’kS{kf.kd rjrwnhapk Qk;nk ?ks.;kbrdh
leFkZrk futkeh jktoVhrhy ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kae/;s uOgrh-^^ ejkBokMk 1948 rs
1956 i;Zar gSnzkckn jkT;kpk Hkkx gksrk- R;kp lqekjkl ifgyh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk
r;kj >kyh- ifgY;k ;kstusrhy dsoG pkj VDds jDde ejkBokM;kpk [kkR;koj
nk[kfo.;kr vkyh-**64
164
nqlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusP;k dkGkr L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ v’kk
^nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k* vk;ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkP;k
LFkkiuso:up dsanz ljdkjph L=hf’k{k.k fo"k;d fpark vki.kkl letrs- 5 es 1958
jksth LFkkiu >kysY;k ;k vk;ksxkus izkFkfed o ek/;fed Lrjkojhy L=hf’k{k.k]
fo|kfFkZuhaph ’kS{kf.kd xGrh] izkS< L=h&fuj{kjrk] fL=;kaps O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k ;k
lkj[;k egRokP;k ’kS{kf.kd iz’ukapk l[kksy o lkaxksikax vH;kl d:u vfr’k;
ewyHkwr Lo:ikP;k lwpuk dsY;k- ^^L=h f’k{k.kkph leL;k vR;ar egRokph vlwu
iq<hy vusd o"kkZai;Zar R;k leL;ssyk vxzdze |kok- rlsp L=h f’k{k.kklkBh iq<hy
iapokf"kZd ;kstusr vf/kd foRriqjoB;kph lks; djkoh** v’kh vfr’k; egRokph
lwpuk ;k vk;ksxkus dsyh gksrh- ifj.kkeh R;kiq<hy vFkkZr frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd
;kstusiklwu vktrkxk;r L=h f’k{k.kkojhy [kpZ izR;sd ;kstusr ok<rp xsysys vkgs
vls fnlwu ;srs- ;k cjkscjp fo|kfFkZuhaph xGrh jks[k.;kph] eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k]
O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k] ikWfyVsfDudy e/khy lgf’k{k.k] fo|kfFkZuhalkBh O;kolk;
ekxZn’kZu dsanz v’kk fofo/k Lo:ikP;k lqpuk d:u R;kaph vaeyctko.kh
dj.;klkBh National council for the Education of Girls and women ph
LFkkiuk dj.;kpk vkxzg /kjyk- ;kp ;kstukdkGkr 1959&60 e/;s ns’kkr
L=hf’k{k.kk fo"k;h tuer r;kj dj.;klkBh jk"Vªh; efgyk f’k{k.k ifj"knsph LFkkiuk
dj.;kr vkyh gksrh-
frlÚ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkyk fo’ks"k egRo ns.;kr vkys
gksrs- lektke/;s fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr mnkflurk dk vkgs- ;kpk ’kks/k ?ks.;klkBh
o fL=f’k{k.kkckcr tkx`rh dj.;klkBh ;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fo’ks"k eksfge
jkcfo.;kr vkyh- fL=;kaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr tulg;ksxkph derjrk dk vkgs\ ;kP;k
dkj.kkapk ’kks/k ?ksÅu R;koj mik;;kstuk lqpfo.;klkBh ;k ;kstukdkGkr b-l-
165
1963&64 e/;s HkDroRlye lferhph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k
;ksutkdkGkr efgykaP;k f’k{k.kkoj vf/kd y{k dsanzhr dj.;kr vkys**65 frlÚ;k
iapfof"kZd ;kstuk dkGkr lexz ns’kkP;k f’k{k.kO;oLFkspk vH;kl dj.;klkBh 1964
e/;s izfl/n dksBkjh vk;ksxkph use.kwd dj.;kr vkyh gksrh- ;k vk;ksxkus ns[khy
eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkckcr tuer tkx`r dj.;kph vko’;drk vxzdzekus izfriknhr
dsyh- rlsp L=h f’kf{kdkaph la[;k ok<fo.ks eqyhauk v/;;u lkfgR; o x.kos’k
eksQr ns.ks] eqyhalkBh va’kdkyhu f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.ks] eqyhauk vko’;d rs rka=hd
f’k{k.k ns.ks b- ckchoj fo’ks"k y{k dsaanzhr dsys- vk;ksxkP;k fujfujkG;k lqpukapk
fopkj d:u iq<hy dkGkr iapfof"kZd ;kstukae/kwu fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd fodklkyk
pkyauk ns.;klkBh vusd rjrqnh dj.;kr vkY;k-
v½ lkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk ¼1983½
Lkkfo=hckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk b-l-1983 iklwu f’k{k.k lapkydkaP;k
Lrjkoj jkcfo.;kr ;sr vkgs- lektkps eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs T;k izdkjs nqyZ{k gksr
vkgs R;keqGs izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZ=hdj.kkps mfí"V; xkBrk ;s.kkj ukgh gh ckc
’kklukP;k y{kkr vkY;keqGs gh ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh- L=h f’k{k.kkl xrh ns.ks
gk ;k ;kstuspkk eq[; mís’k vkgs- ;k ;kstusuqlkj ^^ T;k eqyhaps o; 6 o"ksZ iw.kZ
gksÅu vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrheqGs ikydkus fryk ’kkGsr ?kky.;kckcr vleFkZrk nk[kfoyh
vlsy vkf.k ;kp dkj.kklkBh fryk ’kkGsrwu dk<wu ?ks.kkj vlrhy rj vk’kk
eqyhaph fuoM nRrd ikydkauh djko;kph vlrs o v’kh eqyxh nRrd ikydkauh
nRrd ?;ko;kph vlrs- nzO;:ikus fdaok oLrw:ikus njegk fdeku 25 :i;kaph
enr nRRkd ikydkauh lnj eqyhyk vFkok frP;k ikydkauk |ko;kph vkgs- nRrd
ikydkadMwu gh enr fdeku b-7 oh i;ZarP;k Lrjkojhy vH;kl iw.kZ gksbZi;Zar lq:
Bso.ks vfHkizsr vkgs-**66;k ;kstus[kkyh 1988&89 ;k o"kkZr lqekjs 1]63]133
eqyhauh ykHk ?ksrysyk vkgs-
166
c½ eqyhauk eksQr f’k{k.k & 1985
lgkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstuse/;s fL=;kaP;k fodklkr vMFkGk Bj.kkÚ;k vkfFkZd
leL;soj mik;;kstuk d:u L=hf’k{k.kkps izek.k ok<fo.;kpk iz;Ru dj.;kr vkyk-
twu 1984 iklwu eqyhauk ngkO;k b;Rrsi;Zarps f’k{k.k eksQr ns.;kph O;oLFkk
dj.;kr vkysyh gksrh- b-l-1985 iklwu ewyhauk ckjkohi;Zarps f’k{k.k eksQr ns.;kps
?kksf"kr dj.;kr vkys- R;kquqlkj b;Rrk ifgyh rs ckjkoh i;Zar vuqnkfur vFkok
foukvuqnkfur f’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s f’k{k.k ?ks.;kÚ;k loZ eqyhauk f’k{k.k ’kqYd ekQ
dsysys vkgs- vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxkl vlysY;k ejkBokM;krhy ewyhalkBh gh ;kstuk
vfr’k; ykHknk;d Bjyh-
d½ rkyqdkLrjkoj olrhx`gkaph lks; &
Ekqyhauk mPPk ek/;fed rlsp mPp f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;kos Eg.kwu rkyqdk ikrGhoj
olrhx`gkaph lks; dj.;kph ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr vkyh **67
M½ O;kolkf;d izf’k{k.kklkBh eqyhauk fo|kosru &
vkfFkZd n`"V;k ekxloxhZ; daVqckrhy eqyhauk lax.kd] uflZax] iafpx] VsfyQksu
vkWijsVj] vk-Vh-vk;-e/khy loZ dkslZ ;klkBh ’kkluekU; laLFkkae/kwu izf’k{k.k
?ks.kkÚ;k eqyhauk njegk 100 :i;s] brds fo|kosru fnys tkrs-
b½ vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk& 1996
egkjk"Vª jkT; gs eqyhaP;k ’kS{kf.kd izxrhlkBh ukfoU;iw.kZ midze jkcfo.;kP;k
ckcrhr usgehp vxzslj jkfgysys vkgs- ^^L=h f’k{k.k gs izxrhps fufoZokn lw= ekuwu
egkjk"Vª ’kklukus eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkdjhrk loZrksijh iz;Ru dsysys vkgsr- xzkfe.k
Hkkxkrhy ikydkaph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh xfjchph vlY;keqGs xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy ewyh
’kkys; f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ’kdr ukghr- R;kdfjrk eqyhauk ’kkGsr nk[ky dj.;kdjhrk
ikydkauk izoRr dj.;klkBh rlsp] R;kauk ’kkGsr fVdowu Bso.;klkBh xzkfe.k
Hkkxkrhy b;Rrk 5 oh 10 oh i;Zar f’k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k fo|kfFkZuhauk ’kkGsr tk.;klkBh
167
,l-Vh us eksQr izokl dj.;kph loyr lu 1996&97 ;k ’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu
ns.;kps ’kklukus Bjfoys vkgs- gh ;kstuk 1996 iklwu vaeykr ;sr vkgs- ;k
;ktusl ^vfgY;kckbZ gksGdj eqyhauk eksQr izokl ;kstuk* vls lacks/k.;kr ;kos-**68
gh ;kstuk QDRk xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy fo|kfFkZuhlkBh vlwu LFkkfud fBdk.kh tj
ek/;fed f’k{k.kkph lks; ulsy rj nqlÚ;k xkokr vFkok ’kgjkr tkÅu fo|kfFkZuhauk
f’k{k.k ?ksrk ;kos gk ;k ;kstuspk ewG mís’k vkgs- ;k ;kstuspk ykHk fo|kfFkZukauk
feG.;klkBh eq[;k/;kidakP;k ekQZr r;kj dsYksyh fo|kfFkZuhaph ;knh vkxkj izeq[kkauk
ikBfoyh tkrs- R;kuarj rs vkxkjizeq[k fo|kfFkZuhauk frekgh ikl eksQr miyC/k d:u
nsrkr- lnj iklP;k uwruhdj.kk dfjrk nj efgU;kl rh fo|kfFkZuh fdeku 75 VDds
’kkGsr mifLFkr gksrh vls eq[;k/;kidkapas izek.ki= vkxkj izeq[kkauk izkIr gksrs
vko’;d vlrs- ;k ;kstuseqGs ejkBokM;krhy fo|kfFkZuhaP;k ek/;fed f’k{k.kkrhy
vkfFkZd vMp.k nwj gksÅu xzkfe.k Hkxkfry fo|kfFkZuhauk f’k{k.kkph lqfo/kk izkIr gksÅ
’kdyh-
iqLrd is<h ;kstuk & 1976&77
jkT;krhy ftYgk ifj"knsP;k izkFkfed ’kkGsrhy vuqlwphr tkrh] HkVD;k
tekrh o foeqDr tkrhP;k b- 1 yh rs 4 Fkh rhy fo|kF;kZaph xGrh jks[kwu R;kaph
mifLFkrh ok<fo.;klkBh ’kklukus 1976&77 ;k ’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu iqLrdis<h
;kstus varxZr eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;kph ;sktuk lq: dsyh vkgs- ;k
;kstusvarxZr ^egkjk"Vª jkT; ikB;iqLrd* fufeZrh o vH;kkldze la’kks/ku eaMGkrQsZ
ikB;iqLrds [kjsnh d:u izkFkfed ’kkGkae/khy ik= fo|kF;kZauk ijrQsMhP;k vVhoj
,d o"kkZdfjrk iqjfo.;kr ;srkr- nj rhu o"kkZauh ikB;iqLrdkps lap cny.;kr
;srkr ek= b;Rrk ifgyh o nqljhrhy eqys ygku vlY;keqGs cjhp iqLrds
QkVysY;k voLFksr ijr ;srkr Eg.kwu ’kklukus ;k nksu oxkZalkBh njo"khZ ufou iqLrds
168
ns.;kps /kksj.k ;k ;kstusr fLodkjysys vkgs- ;k ;kstuseqGs ikydkaojhy vkfFkZd rk.k
deh gksÅu eqyhauk ’kkGsr ?kky.;kps izek.k ok<rs-
L=hf’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy fo|kF;kZalkBh eksQr ikB;iqLrds &
Ekgkjk"Vªkrhy 103 ekxkl fodkl xVkae/;s L=h f’k{k.kkps izek.k jk"Vªh;
lk{kjrsP;k ljkljh izek.kkis{kk deh vkgs- ;k 103 fodkl xVkae/;s nqnsZokus
ejkBokM;krhy loZp ftYg;apk lekos’k vkgs- L=h f’k{k.kke/;s jk"Vªh; ljkljhis{kk
deh izek.k vl.kkjk ,d laiw.kZ foHkkx Eg.kwu QDr ejkBokMk ;k ,dkp foHkkxkpk
lekos’k gksrks- vU; foHkkxkrhy dkgh ftYg;kae/khy Bjkfod rkyqD;kpkkp lekos’k
gksrks- 103 fodkl xVke/;s ejkBokM;krhy iq<hy ftYg;kapk o rkyqD;kpk lekos’k
gksrks-
1½ vkSjaxkckn ftYgk &
1½ [kqYrkckn 2½ dUuM 3½ flYyksM 4½ lks;xko
5½ iSB.k 6½ xaxkiwj 7½ oStkiwj
2½ ykrwj ftYgk &
1½ vgeniwj 2½ mnxhj 3½ fuyaxk 4½ vkSlk
3½ tkyuk ftYgk &
1½ Hkksdjnu 2½ tkQjkckn 3½ tkyuk 4½ vacM 5½ ijrwj
4½ ijHk.kh ftYgk & ¼fgaxksyhlg ½
1½ ijHk.kh 2½ fgaxksyh 3½ ftarwj 4½ dGeuwjh 5½ oler
6½ xaxk[ksM 7½ ikFkjh
5½ ukansM ftYgk &
1½ gnxko 2½ fduoV 3½ Hkksdj 4½ fcyksyh 5½ nsxywj
6½ eq[ksM 7½ da/kkj
169
6½ mLekukckn ftYgk &
1½ mejxk 2½ rqGtkiwj 3½ijkaMk 4½ Hkwe
7½ chM ftYgk &
1½ chM 2½ xsojkbZ 3½ ektyxko 4½ vkacstksxbZ 5½ dst 6½ ikVksnk
7½ vk"Vh
ejkBokMk foHkkx gk L=hf’k{k.kkP;k izek.kkr loZ foHkkxkae/;s ekxs vkgs-
L=hf’k{k.kkckcr ekxkl fodkl xVkrhy 103 xVkae/khy ftYgk ifj"knsP;k izkFkfed
’kkGsrhy b;Rrk 1yh rs 4 Fkh P;k loZ fo|kFkhZ fo|kfFkZuhauk 1996&97 pk
’kS{kf.kd o"kkZiklwu eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;kpk fu.kZ; ’kklukus ?ksrysyk vkgs-
1998&98 ;k o"kkZr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.;klkBh ’kklukus ,dw.k 3]59]22]000@&
¼ rhu dksVh ,dks.klkBh y{k ckohl gtkj :i;s ½ [kpZ dj.;kl etwjh fnysyh
gksrh**-69 gh [kpkZph rjrwn iapokf"kZd ;kstukarxZr ftYgk ifj"knkauk izkIr vkysY;k
fuf/krwu dj.;kr ;srs-
L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl fodkl xVklkBh fo’ks"k lqfo/kk & 1997&98
izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps lkoZ=hdhdj.k gks.;klkBh L=h lk{kjrsps izek.k T;k
rkyqD;kae/;s jk"Vªh; L=h lk{kjrsP;k ljkljhis{kk deh vkgs v’kk] jkT;krhy 103
fodkl xVkrhy ftYgk ifj"kn izkFkfed ’kkGsrhy b-1yh P;k loZ fo+|kF;kZauk
1996&97 ;k o"kkZiklwu o ;k xVkrhy iq<hy oxkZrhy izfro"khZ ,d b;Rrk izek.ks
VI;kVI;kus b-1yh rs 4 Fkh P;k loZ fo|kF;kZauk eksQr x.kos’k o ys[ku lkfgR;
iqjfo.;kpk ’kklukus fu.kZ; ?ksryk vkgs-**70 1997&98 ;k o"kkZr lnj ;kstuslkBh
,dw.k 5]78]24]000 :i;s [kpkZl eatwjh ns.;kr vkysyh gksrh-
170
L=h f’k{k.kkr ekxkl xVkrhy v/;kid fo|ky;kr efgykalkBh vkj{k.k &
L=h f’k{k.kkyk izksRlkgu ns.;kP;k n`"Vhus efgyk f’k{k.kkaP;k laLFksr ok< Ogkoh
fo|kfFkZukaph la[;k ok<koh ;kdjhrk efgyka dfjrk izkFkfed ’kkGsr tkxk jk[kho
Bso.;kps /kksj.k ’kklukus Lohdkjys vkgs- R;kuqlkj efgyk lk{kjrsP;k jk"Vªh;
izek.kkis{kk deh izek.k vl.kkÚ;k ejkBokM;krhy vkSajaxkckn] tkyuk] ykrwj] ukansM]
mLekukckn] ijHk.kh] chM ;k ftYg;kae/;s rlsp /kqGs o xMfpjksyh ;k ftYg;kae/khy
’kkldh; vuqnkfur o fouk vuqnkfur v/;kid fo|ky;kr ,dw.k izos’k vlysY;k
30VDds tkxk efgykalkBh vkjf{kr Bso.;kpk o R;kauk fu%’kwYd izf’k{k.k ns.;kpk
fu.kZ; ’kklukus ?ksrysyk vkgs-**71
loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku & 2002 ¼loZ f’k{k.k eksfge ½
Hkkjrkyk Lokra«; feGkY;kiklwu ljdkjus f’k{k.kkdMs xkaHkh;kaZus y{k
iqjfo.;kps /kksj.k fLodkjysys vkgs o R;klkBh izR;sd iapokf"kZd ;kstusr fof’k"V
[kpkZph rjrwn ns[khy dsysyh vkgs- ^^vusd o"kkZiklwu tksiklysys izkFkfed
f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZf=dhdj.kkps mfí"V iw.kZ dj.;klkBh dsanz’kklukus loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku
gk dk;Zdze lq: dsysyk vkgs- fof’k"V dkyko/khr ,dkRe i/nrhus] jkT;kP;k
Hkkxhnkjhus gk dk;Zdze vaeykr ;sr vkgs- rlsp 6 rs 14 o"ksZ o;ksxVkrhy loZ
eqyk&eqyhauk b-l-2010 i;Zar thouko’;d o xq.koRrkiw.kZ f’k{k.k ns.;kph Xokgh
loZ f’k{k.k eksfger ns.;kr vkysyh vkgs-**72 izkFkfed f’k{k.kkps lkoZ=hdhdj.k
dj.;klkBh dsanz’kklukus th mfí"V;s Bjfoysyh vkgsr rh vkiY;k jkT;kP;k lanHkkZr
iw.kZ dj.;klkBh gh eksfge jkT;kr jkkcfo.;kps Bjfo.;kr vkys-
171
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesph mfí"Vs &
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgeasps mfí"V;s iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-
1½ lu 2003 i;Zr loZ ewys&eqyh] ’kkGk] f’k{k.k geh dsanz] i;kZ;h f’k{k.k dsanz
bR;knhe/;s nk[ky dj.ks-
2½ lu 2007 i;Zr loZ eqyk eqyhaps ikp o"kkZps vkr izkFkfed f’k{k.k iw.kZ dj.ks-
3½ lu 2010 i;Zar loZ eqyk eqyhaps vkB o"kkZps ’kkys; f’k{k.k iw.kZ dj.ks-
4½ ÁkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lek/kku dkjd ntkZ o thouksi;ksxh f’k{k.kkoj Hkj ns.ks-
5½ izkFkfed Lrjkojhy fyaxHksn o lkekftd {ks=krhy Qjd 2007 i;Zar nwj dj.ks
o mPp izkFkfed f’k{k.kkckcr gsp mfí"V 2010 i;Zar lk/; dj.ks-
6½ b-l- 2010 i;Zar 100 % mifLFkrhps mfí"V lk/; dj.ks**73
Û loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesrhy midze &
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgese/;s ,dw.k ckohl izdkjps midze jkcfo.;kps /kksj.k
vk[k.;kr vkysys vkgs- R;kiSdh dkgh egRokps midze iq<hyizek.ks vkgsr-
1½ izf’kf’k{khr f’k{kdkaph] fu;qDrh dj.ks-
2½ oxZ[kksY;kaps cka/kdke dj.ks] ns[kHkky o nq:Lrh dj.ks]
3½ eksQr ikB;iqLrds iqjfo.ks-
4½ ’kkGkauk vuqnku] v/;;u o v/;kiu lkfgR; iqjfo.ks-
5½ f’k{kdkauk izf’k{k.k ns.ks] R;klkBh jkT; ’kS{kf.kd O;oLFkkiu]iz’kklu vkf.k
izf’k{k.k laLFksph LFkkiuk dj.ks-
6½ viax eqykaP;k f’k{k.kkph lks; dj.ks-
7½ eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh uoksidze] ckyf’k{k.k]laxksiu vkf.k vuqlqphr
tkrhrekrhrhy leqnk;krhy eqykalkBh fo’ks"k midze jkcfo.ks-
8½ mPp izkFkfed oxkZarhy eqykauk lax.kd izf’k{k.k ns.ks-
9½ ’kkGkckg; eqyk&eqyhaps f’k{k.k dj.ks-
172
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesph vaeyctko.kh &
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.khe/;s iq<hy egRoiw.kZ ckchapk lekos’k
gksrks- ;k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.kh dfjrk dsanz o jkT; ’kklu ;kaP;k la;qDr
iz;Rukarwu fu/kh mHkkjyk tkrks- R;ke/;s dsanz o jkT; ’kklukPkk fgLlk iapokf"kZd
;kstuk dkGkr iq<hyizek.ks Bjfo.;kr vkysyk vkgs-
iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dsanz ’kklu jkT; ’kklu
9oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 85 VDds 15 VDds
10 iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 75 VDds 25 VDds
10 oh iapokf”kZd ;kstusuarj 50 VDds 50 VDds
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesvaxZr T;k f’k{kdkaph fu;qDrh dj.;kr vkysyh vlsy R;kaP;k
osruklkBh dsanz o jkT; ’kklukpk [kpkZpk okVk iq<hy izek.ks vlsy-
iapokf"kZd ;kstuk dsanz 'kklu jkT; ‘'kklu
9oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 85 VDds 15 VDds
10 oh iapokf"kZd ;kstuk 75 VDds 25 VDds
10 oh iapokf"kZd ;kstusuarj 50 VDds 50 VDds
loZ f’k{k.k eksfgesP;k vaeyctko.khph tckcnkjh izkFkfed f’k{k.k ifj"kn]
eqcbZ ;k Lok;Rr laLFksdMs lksifo.;kr vkysyh vkgs- R;klkBh ftYgk Lrjkoj ftYgk
lfeR;k o milfeR;k xBhr dj.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- ;k ;kstusP;k vaeyctko.khr
leUo; jkgkok ;k lkBh jk"Vªh; ckyHkou o jk"Vªh; f’k{kd izf’k{k.k laLFkk ;kaP;k’kh
laca/khr ;kstukapk viokn oxGrk izkFkfed f’k{k.kk’kh laca/khr loZ ;kstuk uoO;k
iapokf"kZd ;kstusuarj ,d=hr dj.;kps /kksj.k fuf’pr dj.;kr vkysys vkgs-**74
173
loZ f’k{kk vkfHk;kukeqGs eqyhaps izkFkfed f’k{k.kkrhy izek.k ok<.;kl
fuf’pri.ks lgk¸; >kys- uoO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy loZ f’k{kk vfHk;ku gk L=h
f’k{k.kkP;k n`f"Vhus [kjks[kj vfr’k; egRokpk VIIkk gksrk vls Eg.k.;kl gjdr ukgh-
vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/;s eqyhalkBh vkj{k.k & 1994
fL=;kauk vkfFkZd n`"V;k lcy d: ’kd.kkjs O;kolkf;d f’k{k.k ns.ks gs
egkjk"Vª ljdkjP;k efgyk lcfydk.kkP;k /kksj.kkrhy ,d egRokps rRo gksrs-
R;kuqlkj jkT;krhy ’kkldh; vkS|ksfxd izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/khy izos’kklkBh eqyhauk uÅ
O;olk;kr 25VDds o 11 O;olk;kr 12-5 VDds vkj{k.k miyC/k d:u ns.;kr
vkys gksrs- vkj{k.kkps gs izek.k ok<fo.;kph xjt okVY;keqGs ’kklukus rs 50 VDds
i;Zr ok<foys- ^^’kklu fu.kZ;] lkekU; iz’kklu foHkkx daekad
chlhlh&1093@2167@lhvkj 141@93@16&c] fnukad 32-9-1994 vUo;s
fofgrdsysY;k ,dw.k 50 VDds vkj{k.kkuqlkj izR;sd laoxkZr jkT;krhy vkS|ksfxd
izf’k{k.k laLFkkae/khy loZ O;olk;kae/kwu efgykalkBh Eg.kts vuqlqfpr
tkrh]tekrh]HkVD;k o foeqDr tkrh] vkschlh vkf.k [kqY;k laoxkZrhy laoxZfugk;
Bso.;kr ;kos- izLrwr vkns’k 1995&96 P;k ’kS{kf.kd l=kiklwu vaeykr
;srhy**75
inoh vH;kldzekr eqyhalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k & 2000
Hkkjrh; lafo/kkukus lersps /kksj.k Lohdkjysys vlys rjh efgykaP;k
lcyhdj.kklkBh izlaxh ldkjkRed HksnHkko dj.;klkBh dye 15 ¼v½ uqlkj
’kklukl ijokuxh fnysyh vk<Gwu ;srs- ^^efgykauk iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus la/kh ns.ks
visf{kr vlys rjh fofo/k f’k{k.k vH;kl Øekdfjrk fL=;kauk leku la/kh izR;{kkr
feGr ukgh] fL=;kaP;k ’kS{kf.kd mUurhlkBh R;kn`"Vhus [kjk iz;Ru dj.ks vko’;d
vkgs- R;kuqlkj efgykaps cy’kkyhdj.k vkf.k lektkP;k loZ +{ks=ke/;s efgykaPkk
174
ldzh; lgHkkx d:u lokZaxh.k ekuoh fodklkP;k fofo/k {ks=ke/;s ldkjkRed ifj.kke
?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh efgykaP;k f’k{k.kkdMs tkf.koiwoZd y{k ns.ks vko’d vkgs- gh
ckc fopkjkr ?ksÅu ’kklu fu.kZ; fn- 22&6&1994 vUo;s ’kklukus efgykauk
’kkldh; uskdjh e/;s 30 VDds tkxk vkj{khr BsoY;k vkgsr- ek= efgykauk mPp
f’k{k.kkP;k la/kh ;ksX; izek.kkr miyC/k u >kY;keqGs uksdjhrhy ;k vkj{k.kkpk ykHk
?ks.;kps lkeF;Z fL=;kae/;s ;sÅ ’kdr ukgh gs okLro y{kkr ?ksÅu ’kklukus
efgykalkBh inoh vH;kldzekr 30 VDds vkj{k.k Bso.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrysyk vkgs-
^^ojhy loZ oLrqfLFkrh fopkjkr ?ksÅu ’kklu vkrk vls vkns’k nsr vkgs dh]
egkjk"Vª jkT;krhy loZ ikjaikfjd fo|kihB o R;kauk layXuhr vlysY;k loZ
’kkldh;] vuqnkfur o foukvuqnkuhr egkfo|ky;karhy inoh vH;kldzekP;k
izos’kkdjhrk efgykalkBh 30 VDds vkj{k.k Bso.;kr ;sr vkgs-**76 lnjP;k
vkj{k.kkph rjrwn fofo/k lkekftd izoxkZdfjrk T;k lafo/kkukRed jk[kho tkxk
fnysY;k vkgsr R;k varxZr lekarj vkj{k.k v’kh dsysyh vkgs-
ekr`izcks/ku izdYi %%&
‘The hand that rocks the cradle; rules the world’, ftP;k gkrh
ikG.;kph nksjh] rh txk m/nkjh fdaok f’kdysyh vkbZ ?kjknkjk iq<s usbZ ;k izdkjP;k
lqHkk’khrka e/kwu lqf’kf{kr ekrsph frP;k eqyk&eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkrhy Hkwfedk fdrh
egRokph vkgs gs y{kkr ;srs- vusd fuj{kj ekrk ns[khy vkiY;k eqykewyhaP;k
f’k{k.kkckcr tkx:d vlrkr ek= ejkBokMk foHkkxkr gs izek.k vfr’k; deh fnlwu
;srs eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh R;kaP;k ekrkae/;s tkx:drka fuekZ.k dj.;kph vko’;drk
’kklukyk okVY;keqGs b-l-1987 e/;s ekrizcks/ku izdYi gh ;kstuk lq: dj.;kr
vkyh gksrh- ^^izkFkfed f’k{k.kkP;k lkoZ=hdhdj.kkps /;s; 1990 i;Zar iw.kZ
dj.;klkBh xzkfe.k Hkkxkrhy ekrk vkiY;k ikY;kaP;k f’k{k.kkfo"k;h tkx:d
jkgkO;kr o f’k{k.kkcíy R;akuk vf/kd ftOgkGk jkgkok ;k n`"Vhus R;kaps izcks/ku
175
dj.ks] eqykeqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkP;k lanHkkZr ekrsph tckcnkjh R;kauk letkowu ns.ks] L=hPkk
lokZaxh.k O;fDreRo fodkl lk/k.ks] xzkfe.k L=h usRk`Rokpk fodkl lk/k.ks gs ;k
izdYikps eq[; mfí"V;s vkgsr-**77 Ekr`izcks/ku izdYi egkjk"Vªkrhy ,dw.k ckjk
ftYga;ke/;s lq: dj.;kr vkysyk gksrk- ejkBokM;krhy ykrwj o tkyuk ;k
ftYg;kapk ;k izdYikarxZr lekos’k gksrks-^^izR;sd dk;ZdzeklkBh izR;sd ’kkGsr vankts
100 fL=;k mifLFkr vlrkr R;keqGs ;k izdYikarxZr vk;ksftr ,dk dk;Zdzekpk
ykHk vankts 32]000 fL=;k ?ksrkr- ,dw.k ;k dk;Zdzekph O;kIrh c?krk gk izdYi
L=h f’k{k.kkP;k n`"Vhdksukrwu vR;ar egRokpk o mi;qDr vlY;kps fl/n >kys
vkgs**78
lekjksi
Lkexz ns’kkrhy L=hlk{kjrP;k izek.kkoj ,d utj VkdY;kl vki.kkl fnlrs dh
iq:”kkaP;k rqyusr fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k usgehp deh jkfgysys vkgs-
Hkkjrkrhy L=hlk{kjrk & 1901&2001
sr.no Census year Male literacy Female Literacy
1 1901 9-83 0-60
2 1911 10-56 1-50
3 1921 12-21 1-81
4 1931 15-59 2-93
5 1941 24-90 7-30
6 1951 24-95 7-93
176
7 1961 34-44 12-25
8 1971 39-25 16-69
9 1981 46-89 24-82
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k nsf[ky rqyusr dehp vk<Gwu ;srs-
lk{kjrsph VDsdokjh if'pe egkjk"Vª fonHkZ ejkBokMk
1951 24-42 19-00 9-09
1961 33-52 27-88 16-29
1971 42-66 37-45 25-86
1971 i;Zar ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k dsoG 25-86 VDds brdsp
gksrs- ‘kklukP;k fofo/k ‘kS{kf.kd ;kstukaeqGs ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps
izek.k ok<.;kl dkgh izek.kkr enr >kyh- b-l-1991 vkf.k b-l-2001 P;k
tux.kusrwu feGkysY;k vkdMsokjhoj utj VkdY;kl gh ckc fl/n gksrs R;ko#u
vki.k Lokra«; iwoZ dkGkrhy ejkBokM;kP;k ‘kS{kf.kd fL=;kfo”k;h dYiuk d#
‘kdrks
177
ejkBokM;krhy fL=;kaP;k lk{kjrsps izek.k &1991] 2001
s.No Name of
District
Census Report
1991
Census Report
2001
person Male female person Male female
1 vkSjaxkckn 58-98 72-93 39-64 73-63 85-07 61-28
2 Tkyuk 46-25 64-43 27-30 64-52 79-17 49-25
3 ijHk.kh 47-58 64-90 29-41 67-04 80-58 52-98
4 gaxksyh & & & 66-86 81-11 51-96
5 chM 49-82 66-34 32-34 68-48 80-69 55-38
6 ukansM 48-17 64-38 30-96 68-52 81-14 55-12
7 mLekukckn 54-27 68-39 39-16 70-24 82-03 57-55
8 Ykkrwj 55-57 70-47 39-72 72-34 83-03 60-28
178
lanHkZ lwph
1- Jherh- bafnjk xka/kh] fL=;k vkf.k f’k{k.k] yksdjkT; tqyS 1984] i`- 1
2- (Das B.K, women and Development, vol.4 Discovery publishing
House, New Delhi 1991, p.93
3- ’ksorsdj ’kjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i`- 53-
4- mDr i- 53
5- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 2-
6- futke fot;] 26 twu- lu 1928] i`- 2-
7- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 226-
8- futke fot;] uksOgsa- lu 1921] i`- 2-
9- futke fot;]o"kZ 3]vad 47 10 twu 1924] i`- 52-
10- futke fot;] 16 uksOgsa- lu 1937] i`- 3-
11- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i`- 57-
12- mDr] i- 55-
13- futke fot;] 22 uksOgsacj- lu 1938] i`- 494-
14- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl] i- 58-
15- futke fot;] 1 lIVscj- lu 1993] i`- 405-
16- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 59-
17- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=hf’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 76-
18- futke fot;] 23 vkWDVks- lu 1928] i`- 225-
19- futke fot;] uksOgs lu 1921-
20- mDr i- 48-
21- futke fot;] 22 fMlsacj lu 1936] i`- 276-
179
22- futke fot;] 22 fMlsacj - lu 1936] i`- 276-
23- futke fot;] 11 rs 1937] i- 306-
24- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 68-
25- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k]
1848&1956] n rkbZph izdk’ku iq.ks 2008] i`- 306-
26- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k] rkbZph
izdk’ku] iq.ks 2008] i`- 82-
27- futke fot;] uksOgsa] 1921-
28- ’ksorsdj ’kkjnk] ejkBokM;krhy L=h f’k{k.kkpk vH;kl- i- 216-
29- Hkkslys ukjk;.k] egkjk"Vªkrhy L=hfo"k;d lq/kkj.kkokgkps lRrkdkj.k] rkbZph
izdk’ku] iq.ks 2008] i`- 63-
30- mijksDr
31- tks'kh n-ia- dkGkP;k iM|kvkM] 1992] i- 6-
32- QMds ;-nh- folkO;k ‘k’krdkrhy egkjk"Vª] [kaM frljk] Jh- fo|k izdk’ku]
iq.ks] 1999] i`- 205-
33- tks'kh n-ia- dkGkP;k iM|kvkM] 1992] i- 11-
34- mijksDr
35- futke fot;
36- lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30
uksOgsacj 1982] i- 14-
37- Lkaik] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`- 12-
38- mijksDr
39- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988 i`- 42-
40- mijksDr
180
41- Jh- c-xksxVs] ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] 1947 rs 1987 vkf.k uarj]
ejkBokMk 2001]vkSjaxkckn 1988] i`- 14-
42- Dr. Ambedkar, Babasaheb, writing and speeches,
vol, 1, Education Department, Govt. of
Maharashtra, 1979, p 162.
43- Jh- c-xksxVs] ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] 1947 rs 1987 vkf.k uarj]
ejkBokMk 2001]vkSjaxkckn 1988] i`- 11-
44- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`-
46-
45- mijksDr
46- vk/kkj %& f’k{k.k lapkyuky; iq.ks-
lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30 uksOgsacj
1982] i`- 14-
47- lnkorsZ Hkjr ] v/kkih vfodflrp] ;kstuk] ejkBokMk fo’ks"kkad 1&30
uksOgsacj 1982] i- 14-
48- xksxVs Jh- c- ejkBokM;krhy f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988]
i`- 20-
49- mijksDr-
50- mijksDr-
51- mijksDr-
52- mijksDr] i- 25-
53- ns'kikaMs ,e- ;w- ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph Hkwfedk vkf.k dk;Z] ejkBokMk
2001] vkSjaxkckn] 2001] i`- 55-
181
54- dkGnkrs lq/kk] fL=;kaps f’k{k.k] ejkBokMk 2001] vkSjaxkckn] 1988] i`-
46-
55- ns'kikaMs ;w-,e- ejkBokMk fo|kihBkph Hkwfedk vkf.k dk;Z] ejkBokMk
2001] i`- 59-
56- mijksDr-
57- mijksDr-
58- mijksDr-
59- mijksDr-
60- mijksDr-
61- pOgk.k fnyhi] L=h f’k{k.kkpk la?k"kZ] i- 2-
62- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vª ’kklu] LFkkfud%ih vkjbZ 1097@¼37½
192½ izkf’k&4] izi= v½
63- djis jktkHkkÅ ejkBokM;krhy ’ksrdjh pGoG&,d fpfdRld vH;kl]
i`- 30-
64- txnkGs vk’kk] iapfof"kZd fu;kstu o efgykapk JelgHkkx] vFkZlaokn tqyS
lIVsacj 2012] i`- 207-
65- QkrjQsdj olar y{e.k lkfof=ckbZ Qqys nRrd ikyd ;kstuk] yksdjkT;
Qsczqokjh 1989 i`- 2-
66- lgkO;k iapokf"kZd ;kstusrhy ’kSf{k.kd izxrh yksdjkT; ,fizy 1985] i-
20-
67- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vª ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad &,QbMh &
1096@84883@1957@96 lk’kh &5-
68- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 1097@377@97 lk’kh &4-
182
69- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 1097@354@97 izk’kh &4-
70- ’kkys; f’k{k.k foHkkx] egkjk"Vªk ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&Vhlh,e& 1096@8@96 ek’kh &4 fn- 5 lIVsacj 1996-
71- ’kklu] ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ&2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-
72- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-
73- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad&ihvkjbZ& 2000@¼2740½ izk’kh &1-
74- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad % vk;Vhvk; 1594@¼5011½ O;kf’k &1] 5 twu
1995-
75- ’kklu fu.kZ; dzekad % thbZlh 1000@¼123@2000½ rkaf’k &1] 17
,fizy 2000-
76- tks'kh jes’k] ekr` izcks/ku izdYi] yksdjkT; twu 1990 i`- 3-
77- tks'kh jes’k] ekr` izcks/ku izdYi] yksdjkT; twu 1990 i`- 3-