Iyúškiŋyaŋ Lakȟól’iyapi Uŋspéwičhakhiyapi

Sixth GradeWritten by Kristin Alten

Illustrated by Cecil Apple

Red Cloud Indian SchoolAmerican Indian Studies Research Institute

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Sixth Grade40

Wóuŋspe 3 Learning More About

Coming and Going Places

So far, we have learned to talk about coming and going in general terms if the stage of completion is not important. In those instances, ú can be used to mean “come” and yÁ can be used to mean “go.”

However, Lakota has several different words that mean “come” and “go.” Each one indicates a direction of movement, either toward the speaker or away from the speaker. They also include in their meaning the stage of completion of the motion—whether it is starting, continuing, or ending. If you are aware of those details, you must use the more specific coming or going verb. Study the chart on the following page to learn the basic Lakota verbs of motion.

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UNIT 2: Hobbies and Games 41

Arriving On The Way Departing

Here (coming) hí ú hiyúThere (going) í yÁ iyáyA

While ú and yÁ can be used in a general sense, they also have more specific meanings: ú means “to be coming on the way here” and yÁ means “to be going on the way there.”

Here are some examples of coming and going sentences where the stage of completion is important:

Hé híŋhaŋni hí. He arrived this morning.

Denver ektá yé. She’s on her way to Denver.

Tókhiya iyáya hwo? Where is he (where did he set out for)?

Owáyawa etáŋhaŋ hiyú he? Did she leave from school (to come here)?

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Sixth Grade42

I you I + ktA you + ktA

yÁ blÁ lÁ mníŋ ktA níŋ ktAiyáyA ibláblA ilálA iblámniŋ ktA ilániŋ ktA

To say the “I” form of hí, ú, hiyú, and í, add wa-. To say the “you” form, add ya-. The “I” and “you” forms for yÁ and iyáyA are not as regular as the other coming and going verbs. Here are the “I” and “you” forms of yÁ and iyáyA, along with their forms when they are paired with the future-marking enclitic ktA.

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UNIT 2: Hobbies and Games 43

Activities1. Get together with a partner. Talk about what stage of

coming or going the people in the pictures below are in. What Lakota coming or going verb would you use? Take turns saying in Lakota what is happening in the pictures.

Robert is on his way to the park�

Mom, I am leaving for school�

Are you leaving to come to the restaurant?

I’m on my way! My older brother is coming here�

My daughter went to the dance�

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Sixth Grade52

WayáwapiWóškate óta waškáte waštéwalake. Owáyawa ektá tȟabškátapi, tȟab’ápȟapi na khiškátapi waškáte. Owáyawa ohákab čhaŋkáhowatȟuŋ na čháŋčheǧa wakábubu. Okóihaŋke kiŋ šuŋk’ákaŋmaŋkiŋ na pteyúha oškáte ektá blé. Wétu kiŋ háŋ howákhuwa séče éyaš ptaŋyétu kiŋ háŋ wakhúl s’a. Pȟahíŋ Siŋté él na Ȟé Sápa él wakhúl waí. Waníyetu kiŋ eháŋ háŋpapȟečhuŋpi waškáte. Ečháŋni Čhúŋkaške él háŋpapȟečhuŋpi akíčhiyapi él ómapȟa kte. Líla iwíbluškiŋ!

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Sixth Grade86

Unit 3: Wičhóiye

Lakȟól’iyapi Wašíčuiyapi Wóuŋspeaŋpéhaŋ earlier today 3áyA to carry something along 5

áble I am carrying something  ále you are carrying somethingáye he/she/it is carrying something 

blokéhaŋ last summer 1blokétu summer 1čhakáhotȟuŋ guitar 3Čhaŋnápȟopa wí February 4Čhaŋpȟásapa wí July 4Čhaŋwápe ǧí wí September 4Čhaŋwápe kasná wí October 4Čhaŋwápetȟo wí May 5ečháuŋ to do something 3

ečhámuŋ I am doing something ečhánuŋ you are doing something ečháuŋ he/she/it is doing something

ečhúŋ to do something 3ečhámuŋ I am doing something

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Unit 3: What Time Is It? 87

ečhánuŋ you are doing something ečhúŋ he/she/it is doing something

haŋhépi night 2hinápȟA to come out from, to come out of 5

wahínapȟe I am coming out from/of yahínapȟe you are coming out from/of hinápȟe he/she/it is coming out from/of

híŋhaŋni morning 2ȟtayétu evening 1í to arrive at a place away from here 5

waí I arrived there yaí you arrived there í he/she/it arrived there

imáhel within something 2Ištáwičhayazaŋpi wí March 4itówapinaškaŋškaŋ movie 2iwóyakA to talk about something/somebody 5

iwóblake I talked about something/somebodyiwólake you talked about something/someoneiwóyake he/she talked about something/

someoneiyáyA to leave from here going there 5

ibláble I am leaving from here to go thereilále you are leaving here to go thereiyáye he/she/it is leaving here to go there

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Sixth Grade106

Vocabulary Builder Adverbs

ečháŋni soon Ečháŋni lekšíwaye kiŋ hí kte. My uncle will arrive soon.

lečhála earlier Tȟuŋwíŋwaye kiŋ lečhála hí. My aunt arrived earlier.

tȟéhaŋ for awhile Tȟéhaŋ waŋbláke šni. I haven’t seen him for a while.

isákhib beside Hugmíya núŋpa isákhib maŋké. I sat beside the bicycle.

ináȟni quickly Ináȟni wígli oínažiŋ ektá mawáni. I quickly walked to the gas station.

uŋgná maybe Uŋgná ičámna kte séče. Maybe it will snow.

aglágla alongside Čhaŋkú aglágla mázaska iyéwaye. I found money along the road.

waná now Waná wačhíŋ. I want it now.

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Lakota Language Project

Red Cloud Indian SchoolPine Ridge, South Dakota

American Indian Studies Research InstituteIndiana University

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