ixialD; NdIdj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/sGr13TG Sanskrit.pdfiqux., uy msßfjk" j,,shoao" t,a,lal, 05 ta'fla'tÉ' O¾ums%h ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s& .ïmy úludrÉÑ

i

ixialD; NdIdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

13 jeks fY%aKsh ^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

YS% ,xldj

fjí wvúh : www.nie.lk

úoHq;a ;emE, : [email protected]

ii

ixialD; NdIdj .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh 13 jeks fYa%Ksh m%:u uqøKh - 2018 © cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ISBN

iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

YS% ,xldj

fjí wvúh : www.nie.lk úoHq;a ;emE, : [email protected] uqøKh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSfï

iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq wÈhr j¾I 2007 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska YS% ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,È'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yajhka bÈßm;a l<

fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lslrKh lsÍfï ls%hdj,shl m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks wÈhr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd §u 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;'

fuu ;d¾lSlrK ls%hdj,sfha § ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia uÜgu

olajd l%udkql+,j f.dvke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays § tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bÈßm;a ùu yels ;dla wju lsÍu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsÍu iy ls%hd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;% úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;'

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu" bf.kqï- b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu" mka;s

ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mßÈ fhdod.ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd§fï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd § we;' mka;s ldurh ;=< § jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldÍ jkq we;' isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd ls%hdldrlï f;dard.ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuu.ska ,nd § ;sfí' tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdGH .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ' tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdGH .%ka: iu. iu.dó j Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

;d¾lslrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdGH .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñ§ isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a ls%hdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu u.ska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=Y,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsÍu hs'

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsÍfï § rpkfhka odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,fha o wdh;k iNdfõ o ish¨ u iïm;a odhlhka yd fjk;a md¾Yajhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;ñ'

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr" wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a m‚úvh

´ï! .=re¾n%yaud" .=re¾úIaKq# - .=re¾foafjda ufyaYajr#" .=re# idlaId;a mrx n%yaud - ;iaffu YS% .=rfõ ku#

.=re wìuqfjys ys| .=re uqLfhka isma i;r yodrkakg ierfik udkjlhd ;u .=re foú kuialdr lrkq jia iÊCOdhkh lrkq ,nk by; .=re jkaokd iaf;da;%h wm W.;af;a ix.S; Ys,amh yd ine¢j h' tys ni ixialD;h hs' WÉpdrKh w;s .dïNSrhs' tu ksid u .=rejrhd yd Ys,amh flfrys w;ahka; Nla;shla" úYajdihla yd f.!jrhla isiq yo ksrdhdifhka cks; lrhs'

tkhska n,k l, ixialD; NdIdj ix.S;h" k¾;kh" Ñ;%" kdgH hk ,,s;l,djkays iïNdjHuh" .eUqre wdYajdokSh yd wOHd;añl .=Kh m< lrkakg imhd we;af;a buy;a msájy,ls' W;=ï udkj .=K úÿ mshfiys wm orejka yodrk iEu úIhhla ;=<skau w;am;a lr f.k hy.=K imsß .=re isiq in|;djla f.dvk.kakg jir ;=ka ydr oyila bmerKs fujka jákd Yaf,dal mdif,a fmdÿ bf.kqï iïm;a njg m;aúh hq;= hehs y`.sñ'

tneúka wjika úNd.hl w.ehSulg úIhhla jYfhka yodrkakg fmrd;=j" jákd ixialD;

Yaf,dal mdG lsysmhla j;a fmdÿfõ orejkag mdi, ;=<ska ,enqKfyd;a" th YslaIdldó" úkh.rel nj ;ekam;a nj tu Ôú;j,g tl;= lr.kakg Tjqkg wjia:dj Wod lr fokq we;' j¾;udkfha fujeks iïNdjHh NdId u<NdId f,i yÿkajkafka funi hqfrdamShka mjd ms<s.kakd neõ fkdokakd msßi úh yelsh'

"Sanskrit is the greatest language of the world" -Friedrich Max Muller (Philologist & Orientalist)-

ixialD;h f,dalfha by< u m%dÖk iïNdjHh NdIdjla f,i c¾uka cd;slfhl= jq fujka

m`äjreka mjd ms<s.ks;a § ixialD;h wi,ska u we;s fy< ni jyrk wm bka fld;rï wdf,dalhla ,eìh hq;= o@ tu ksid fy< nfiys w.h ;j ;j;a wfma orejkag ±fkkakg fuka u" fy< ni jvd;a ksjerÈj yd Yla;su;aj jyrkakg" fhdokakg ixialD; NdIdj bf.kqfuys Wkkaÿj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu wm úiska l< hq;= h' ta wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh" ixialD; NdId úIhh i|yd ilik ,o Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" wm i;=j we;s b;d w,am jQ iqúfYaIs úIh ms<sn| m%ùKhkaf.a odhl;ajfhka bgq lrk ,o W;=ï cd;sl fufyjrla f,i ud w.hñ' fuu cd;sl ld¾hh yrj;a j" M,j;a j f.dkq fldg .ekSug odhl jq ieug udf.a yDohdx.u ia;+;sh mqo lrñ' ix.S; úYdro" Ydia;%m;s iqo;a iurisxy ksfhdacH wOHCI ckrd,a"

.=re wOHdmk yd úl,am wOHdmk mSGh

v

úIhud,d lñgqj

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh - Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh úfYaI{ WmfoaYkh - uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy îxialD; úIh ms<sn| fcHIaG uydpd¾h&

úIh iïnkaëlrKh - mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h&" wxY m%Odk"

iïNdjH NdId yd úfoaY NdId wxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"

uyr.u

f,aLl uKav,h

wNHka;r f,aLl uKav,h

01' mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s" ^úYsIag

mka;s& mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud ^úYsIag mka;s& mYapdoa Wmdê WmfoaYk ämaf,daud"

wOHdmkm;s& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u

ndysr f,aLl uKav,h

01 uydpd¾h mQcH b÷rd.df¾ Oïur;k ysñ ^wxYdêm;s& ^rdclSh mKaä;" wdpd¾h& ixialD; wOHhk wxYh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" le,Ksh

02 wdpd¾h mQcH udÿreTfha Oïñiair ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" wdpd¾h& .ïmy úl%udrÉÑ wdhq¾fõo úoHdh;kh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" hlal,

03 mQcH rUdjefõ md,s; ysñ îxialD; úIh WmfoaYl& ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s& msrsfjka

wOHdmk YdLdj" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" biqremdh" n;a;ruq,a,

04 mQcH u,awiafka ;s,ljxY ysñ ^.=re WmfoaYl&" ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s& .ï$isß iqux., uy msßfjk" j,,shoao" t,a,lal,

05 ta'fla'tÉ' O¾ums%h ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s& .ïmy úl%udrÉÑ

wdhq¾fõo úoHdh;kh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" hlal,

úIh ixialrKh

uydpd¾h fjda,ag¾ udrisxy îxialD; úIh ms<sn| fcHIaG uydpd¾h&

NdId ixialrKh

wdpd¾h mQcH udÿreTfha Oïñiair ysñ ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" wdpd¾h& .ïmy úl%udrÉÑ wdhq¾fõo úoHdh;kh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h" hlal,

h;=re ,shkh mQcH rUdjefõ md,s; ysñ îxialD; úIh WmfoaYl&

vi

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh i|yd Wmfoia

ixialD; NdIdj" mdi,a yd msßfjka ;=< m%p,s; lsÍfï Wodr wruqfKka kj wOHdmk

m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< 13 fY%aKsfha fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

ksmqK;d mdol j iïmdokh lr we;' YsIHhd flfrys jvd;a mßmQ¾K YslaIKhla" úpdrmQ¾j

Ñka;khla" m%.;sYS,S ks¾udK fl!Y,Hhla W;amdokh lsÍu fï u`.ska wfmalaId flf¾' mka;s ldur

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § .=rejrhd ;=< Okd;aul jQ;a m%fndaOd;aul jQ;a is;sú,s yd

ls%hdldrlï fkdue;s kï zW,am;g by<ska .`. .,kafka ke;sjd fiaZ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska

wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd.; fkdyels h' ta wkqj wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jákd u iïm; jQ .=re iïm;g

wh;a Tnf.a WfoHda.h u; fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha Wmfoia m%dfhda.sl jkq we;' ta wkqj fuu

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh uq, isg ^wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvfha isg& ie,ls,af,ka lshjd fyd`Èka

wjfndaO lr.ekSu w;HjYH fõ'

2007 j¾Ifha isg YS% ,xldj ;=< ls%hd;aul jk ksmqK;d mdol bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh

ms<sn| .=rejrhl= jYfhka Tn fï jk úg;a ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd we;' hï úIhhla ms<snò isiqka

ksmqKhka ùug kï weiSu" ±lSu yd lsÍu hk wxY ;=fkys u ls%hdldÍ j fhÈh hq;= h' ;ud W.;a foa

m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha § iqixfhda. fldg fhdod.ekSfï yelshdj we;akï Tyq ksmqKfhls'

2018 j¾Ifha isg Tn Ndú; lrk fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh u`.sska orejka úNd.fhka iu;a

lrùu muKla tl u wruqK fkdúh hq;= h' Tnf.a bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ld¾hfhka fY%aIaG .Kfha

mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu m%Odk wruqK úh hq;= w;r úYsIag f,i úNd. iu;aùu isiqka ,nk w;sf¾l

m%;s,dNhla jkq we;' wOHdmkfhka" úNd. iu;aùfï ksmqK;dj fkdj ±yeñ M,odhS Èúhla .;

lsÍfï ksmqK;dj we;s l< hq;= h'

ixialD; úIh ks¾foaYfhys 13 fY%aKsh iòyd ksmqK;d 10la olajd we;s w;r mka;s ldur

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha myiqj i|yd tajd ksmqK;d uÜgï ^mshjr& 37lg fnod we;' ta i|yd

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha mdvï tall 29la olajd we;' ieu wdo¾Y mdvï tallhla u bf.kqï m,

.Kkdjlska iukaú; jk w;r tu bf.kqï m, w;a lr.; yels wdldrhg bf.kqï-b.ekaùï

ld¾hh mka;s ldurh ;=< isÿ l< hq;= h' .=Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú; lrñka fhdað; ld,h ;=< wod<

úIh lreKq .%yKh lr.ekSfuka miq isiqkag bf.kqï m, w;a lr.ekSug yels jQ m%udKh ;lafiare

lrne,Su o mdvï tallh wjidkfha isÿ úh hq;= h'

mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § isiqkag yd mka;shg WÑ; mßÈ jvd;a

ks¾udKYS,S l%uhla Ndú; lsÍug .=re Nj;dg ksoyi we;s w;r isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d ;j ÿrg;a

ixj¾Okh ùu i|yd jeä ÿr .fõIKhg fhduq l< hq;= h' fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ;=< ld,Éfþo

.Kkh lr we;af;a úIh wka;¾.;h ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fjñks' j¾Ihg kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

fkd blaujk mßÈ mdvï tallj,g fhdod we;s ld,Éfþo ixfYdaOkhlr .ekSug yd mka;s

ld,igykg wkqj mdvï tall l<ukdlrKh lr.ekSug Tng wjldY we;' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

wjidkfha olajd we;s ;lafiare yd we.hSï ls%hdj,shg wod< kso¾Yl wdOdrlh .=re fldg ksmqK;d

10 wdjrKh jk mßÈ 13 fYa%Ksfha § we.hSï 09la isÿ l< hq;= h' ta iòyd úia;r mdi, mokï

lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh fldgfia olajd we;'

rdclSh mKaä;" wOHdmkm;s mQcH f;ßmeye fïOxlr ysñ ^jHdmD;s m%Odk yd wOHhk wxYm%Odk&

vii

mgqk msgq

wxlh 01 wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh iii 02 ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh iv 03 úIhud,d lñgqj v 04 .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh iòyd Wmfoia vi 05 mgqk vii 06 úIh yeòskaùu ix 07 cd;sl wruqKq x 08 uQ,sl ksmqK;d xi 09 úIh wOHhkfha wruqKq xiii 10 úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhka fnod.ekSug fhdacs; ie,eiau xiv 11 úIh ks¾foaYh xv 12 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh xxii 13 ;lafiarej yd we.hSu xxiii 14 bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõoh xxiv

15 1' tallh - ixialD; j¾Kud,dj" wlaIr j¾.SlrKh yd ixhqla;dlaIr 1 16 2' tallh - ixialD; lshùfï yd ,sùfï mßph 3 17 3' tallh - mo j¾. 5 18 4' tallh - mo Ndú;h 7 19 5' tallh - ,sx." úNla;s yd ldrl 9 20 6' tallh - ikaê m%fNao" Od;= .K yd ,ldr 12 21 7' tallh - ;oaê; mo yd lDoka; mo 18 22 8' tallh - iudi mo 21 23 9' tallh - m%;Hhd¾: l%shd 23 24 10' tallh - wjHh mo 25 25 11' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh ^ks¾ÈIag .oH& 27 26 12' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh ^ks¾ÈIag moH yd ñY% ldjH& 29 27 13' tallh - idys;H ks¾udK 31 28 14' tallh - idys;H ridiajdoh 33 29 15' tallh - idrO¾u y÷kd.ekSu 35 30 16' tallh - idrO¾u we.hSu 37 31 17' tallh - NdIKfha fh§u ^m%Yak yd ms<s;=re& 39 32 18' tallh - NdIKfha fh§u îxjdo& 41 33 19' tallh - m%dfhda.sl jHjydr 43 34 20' tallh - Y%jKh yd w¾:djfndaOh 45 35 21' tallh - ijka § ksje/È j m%;spdr ±laùu 47 36 22' tallh - iajdNdúl mßirh 49 37 23' tallh - ixialD;sl mßirh 51 38 24' tallh - ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh 53 39 25' tallh - udOH NdId.; ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh 55 40 26' tallh - ixialD; uydldjH idys;Hh 56 41 27' tallh - ixialD; LKavldjH idys;Hh 57 42 28' tallh - ixialD; Y;lldjH idys;Hh 59 43 29' tallh - ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh iy kdgH idys;Hh 61 44 mdi, mokï lr .;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye¢kaùu 64 45 bf.kqï-b.ekaúï l%shdj,sh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï kso¾Yl wdOdrlh 66

viii

13 fY%aKsh

ixialD;

úIh ks¾foaYh

ix

úIh ye¢kaùu

f,dalfha m%p,s; j meje;s yd mj;sk ish¨ NdId we;euqka úiska ÔjNdId" uD; NdId yd

iïNdjH NdId hkqfjka j¾.;%hhlg fnod olajkq ,efí' ÔjNdId hkq woH;k jHjydrfha mj;sk

isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis" c¾uka" cmka wdÈ NdIdfjda h' uD;NdId fyj;a u<nia hkq l,ska jHjydrfha

meje;" wo jHjydrfhka .s,syS f.dia we;s NdId h' uOH;k m%dlD; NdId jQ fi!rfiakS" wmN%xY"

wdjka;S" m%dpHd wdÈh WodyrK h' nyq;r ckhd úiska jejyr fkdlrkq ,nk NdId jqj o" wd.ñl

yd Ydia;%Sh w.hlska hq;a ,;ska" ixialD; yd md,s jeks NdIdfjda iïNdjH NdId .Khg wh;a fj;s'

f,dalfha mj;akd iïNdjH NdId w;=ßka ixialD;hg ysñ jkafka woaú;Sh ia:dkfhls'

hqfrdamfha yd wdishdfõ m%p,s; .%Sl yd ,;ska we;=¿ NdId nyq;rfhl uQ,NdIdj jYfhka

ie,eflkafka ixialD;h hs' th b;d fmdfydi;a jdlafldaIhlska yd w;sYhska ixlS¾K

jHdlrKhlska o iukaú; w;sm%n, fm!reIhla we;s NdIdjls' fY%aIaG idys;Hhla Wreu fldg we;s

th ix.S;h" k¾;kh" kdgHh" Ñ;%l,dj" uQ¾;sYs,amh wdÈs fmrÈ. l,d fuka u" ldjHYdia;%h"

ffjoHúoHdj" mqrdúoHdj" wdhq¾fõoh" fcHda;sYaYdia;%h wdÈ Ydia;%Sh úIhhka iu`. o w;Hka;fhka

ne`§-mj;akd jQ NdIdjls' isxy,h yd ish¨ W;a;r Ndr;Sh NdId yodrk úoHd¾Òkg tni ms<snò

m%udKj;a ±kqula ;sîu b;d m%fhdackj;a h' wo m%p,s; yska§" .=crdà" urdà wdÈ ish¨ Ndr;Sh NdId

fodvkakjqkg jvd ixialD; jpk ksje/È j WÉpdrKh l< yelafla isxy, NdIlhkg h' isxy,

jdlafldaIfhka ishhg wkQjla u iukaú; j we;af;a ;;aiu iajrEmfhka Ndú; jk ixialD; jpk

yd tajdhska ì`§-wd ;oaNj rEmj,sks' ixialD;fha wdêm;Hhg hg ù ;snqKq isxy,h bka uqod-.ekSug

m%n, igkla f.k-.sh l=udr;=x. uqksodihka isxy, .=rejrekg ÿka uqLH WmfoaYh kï" Tjqka úiska

mqrdK NdIdjla jYfhka ixialD;h wksjd¾hfhka W.; hq;= nj hs' fikr;a mrKú;dk" wdkkao

l=udriajdó wd§ka f,dam;< W.;=ka njg m;a jQfha" Tjqka i;= j ;snQ ixialD; {dkh ksid nj wm

wu;l fkdl< hq;= h'

ixialD;h u< nfilehs lshñka tni b.ekSu ksIaM, jHdhdufhlehs mjikafkda w{dkfhda

h' ixialD;h lsis f,filskq;a u< nfila fkd fõ' ;j u;a ixialD;fhka .%ka: rpkd fjñka

mj;sk w;r" th ujqni f,i jyrk iq¿ msßila fyda wo o Ndr;fha jdih lr;s' f,dalfha Wiia

hehs iïu; úoHdksfla;khka jk Tlaia*¾â" flaïì%Ê" yd¾j¾â" Ñldf.da" c¾uksfha f.dákacka"

íaf;%a,shdkq cd;sl úYajúoHd,h wdÈfhys ixialD;h iïNdjH NdIdjla jYfhka b.ekafõ'

ixialD; NdId wOHhkh wka lsisjl=g;a jvd jeo.;a jkqfha Y%S ,dxlslhka jk wmg h' tni

yodrkakd ukd fm!reIhlska fyì" iodpdriïmkak" mßmQ¾K ñksil= njg m;a lsÍfï Yla;sh

ixialD;h i;= j we;' tfyhska wfma mdi,aj, ixialD;h úIhhla jYfhka yeoEÍu Èßu;a l< hq;=

j we;'

x

cd;sl wruqKq

mqoa.,hdg yd iudchg wod< jk m%Odk cd;sl wruqKq lrd <`.d ùu i|yd mqoa.,hkag iy lKavdhïj,g cd;sl wOHdmk moaO;shg iydh úh hq;= h' jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wOHdmk jd¾;d iy f,aLk u.ska mqoa., yd cd;sl wjYH;djka imqrd,Su iòyd wruqKq kshu lrkq ,eî h' iuld,Sk wOHdmk jHqyhka yd l%shdj,Sska ;=< oelsh yels ÿ¾j,;d ksid OrKSh udkj ixj¾Ok ixl,am rduqj we;=<; wOHdmkh ;=<ska <``.d lr.; hq;= my; oelafjk wruqKq cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kdf.k we;' fuu wruqKq imqrd.ekSu" wOHdmk moaO;sh i|yd jQ ;u bÈß oelau f,ig cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska m%;HlaI fldgf.k we;' I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr.ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj" cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxflah wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye.s odhdohka y÷kd.ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn| oekqj;a ùu" yDohx.u ne£ulska hq;=

j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk .=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iy mj;ajdf.k hdug iydh ùu

IV mqoa.,hkaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i|yd ks¾udK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh"

j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¿ fjk;a Okd;aul wx. ,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhS ld¾hhka i|yd wOHdmkh ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSug yd tajd md,kh

lr.ekSug mqoa.,hka iqodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K yd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjKSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr.ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh" iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am yd l=Y,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu ^Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj&

xi

uQq,sl ksmqK;d

wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; i|yka cd;sl wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr.ekSug odhl jkq we;' (I) ikaksfõok ksmqK;d idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav 4la u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'

idlaIr;dj : idjOdk j weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu i|yd lsshùu" ksje/È j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhS whqßka woyia yqjudre lr.ekSu

ixLHd ms<snò oekqu : NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h" .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï i|yd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h : f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh : mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hla ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu

(II) fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;Ska" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r in|;d" kj fidhd.ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=Y,;d

- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isàfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu jeks w.hka - Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

(III) mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhg wod< fõ'

iudc mßirh : cd;sl Wreuhka ms<snò wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=Y,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<snò ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhka" whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne`§ï

ffcj mßirh : iÔù f,dalhl" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a" jkdka;r" uqyqÿ" c,h" jd;h iy cSjh - Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=Y,;d

fN!;sl mßirh : wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia Ôú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we`ÿï" ksjdi" fi!LHh" iqj myiqj" Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u<my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=Y,;dj bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu iòyd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï l=Y,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

(IV) jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu" ;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y÷kd.ekSu" yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard.ekSu" iy jdisodhl yd ;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=Y,;d

xii

(V) wd.u iy iodpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisßï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;= lsÍu i|yd w.hka Wlyd.ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

(VI) l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï

(VII) bf.kSug bf.kqu ms<snò ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkia ùï yiqrejd.ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëk j bf.k.ekSu;a iòyd mqoa.,hkag Yla;sh ,nd§u'

^Wmqgd .ekSu 2003 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj&

xiii

ixialD; NdIdj- úIh wOHhkfha wruqKq

01. isxy, yd ixialD; j¾K ud,dj ms<sn| j ;=,kd;aul wOHhkhlg fm,Uùula ,eîu

02. isxy, NdIdj ksje/È j Ndú; lsÍug uQ,dOdr ùu

03. wdhq¾fõoh" fcHda;s¾úoHdj jeks úúO Ydia;%" l,d Ys,am yd o¾Ykjdo b.ekSfï § ÔjNdIdjla jYfhka ±kqu" wdl,am" l=Y,;d ixj¾Okhg Yla;su;a mokula iemhSu

04. bkaÈhdkq NdId wOHhkhg w;aje,la iemhSu

05. mqrdK {dk .fõIKh i|yd WmldÍ ùu

06. jd.aúoHd;aul NdId .fõIKhg yd mdßNdIsl Yíoud,d iïmdokhg uQ,dOdr ùu

07. idys;H ridiajdohg rel=,la ùu

08. idrO¾u pß;dnoaO lr.ekSug iydh ùu

09. f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh i|yd úêu;a NdId udOHhla f.dvke`.Sug uQ,dOdr ùu

10. úYaùh fla; (Universal code) l%uhlg wjYH úoHd;aul NdId wOHhkh iòyd rel=,la ùu

11. yskaÿ iaf;da;% yd fn!oaO Yaf,dal" ixialD; NdIdfjka ,sheù we;' tajd u`.ska Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl yd wd.ñl iu`.shg wjYH odhl;ajh ,nd§u

xiv

ixialD; úIh

úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr jYfhka fnod.ekSug fhdað; ie,eiau

fY%aKsh

jdrh

ksmqK;d uÜgï

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

13

I

1'1" 1'2" 1'3" 1'4" 2'1" 2'2" 2'3" 2'4" 2"5" 2'6" 2'7" 2'8"2'9" 3'1"

100

II

3'2" 4'1" 4'2" 4'3" 5'1" 5'2" 5'3 6'1" 6'2" 6'3" 6'4" 6'5" 6'6" 7'1"

100

III

7'2" 8'1" 8'2" 9'1" 9'2" 10'1" 10'2" 10'3" 10'4" 10'5"

100

tl;=j 300

xv

13 fY%aKsh w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& ixialD; úIh ks¾foaYh - 2018

ksmqK;dj

fY%aKshg wod< ksmqK;d

uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

1'0 j¾Kud,dj ksje/È j y÷kdf.k ,shhs'

1'1 udOH NdIdjg idfmalaI j foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dfõ úfYaI;d y÷kd.kshs'

1'2 foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dj

j¾.SlrKh lrhs' 1'3 ixlS¾K §¾> iudi yd

úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjhs'

1'4 ixlS¾K yd úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjk úg ,shhs'

² udOH NdIdfõ wlaIr ud,dj yd foajkd.Í wlaIr ud,dj foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú;fhka

² foajkd.Í wlaIr wdY%hfhka

ixialD; Yíoud,dj ,sùu yd j¾. lsÍu îajr( y%iaj" §¾> yd ikaOHlaIr" jH[ack( j¾.dlaIr wka;#ia:dlaIr" W!IaudlaIr" wkqiajdr" úi¾. yd wkqkdisldlaIr" f>daI" wf>daI" w,amm%dK" uydm%dK wdÈh&

² ldoïnÍ" oYl=udrpß; hk

lD;sj,ska f;dard.;a fþo lsysmhla

² ks;r Ndú; fkdjk foajkd.Í

ixhq;dlaIr iys; fþo yd jpk ,sùu

udOH NdIdfõ yd foajkd.Í wlaIr ud,dfõ úfYaI;d y`ÿkdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

ixialD; Yío foajkd.Í wlaIrj,ska .<md ,shhs'

² ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, j Ndú; lrñka ixialD; jpk ,shhs¦ lshjhs' ² ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, jpk Ndú;fhka jdlH

;khs' ² ixlS¾K iudi nyq, ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo

lshjhs¦ ,shhs' ixhqla;dlaIr iys; jpkj, we;s wlaIr

j¾.SlrK fjk fjk u j.=.; lrhs' ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjk úg

foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú;fhka ,shd olajhs' ixhqla;dlaIr iys; WoaOD; Yaf,dal mdG Yío

k`.d lshjhs'

13

xvi

ksmqK;dj

fY%aKshg wod< ksmqK;d uÜgu

úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

2'0 NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs'

2'1 mo j¾.SlrKh lrhs' 2'2 mo fhdackh fjka fldg

y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

2'3 ,sÙ." úNla;s yd ldrl y÷kd.kshs'

2'4 mo ixYaf,aIKh yd úYaf,aIKh y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

2'5 ldrl fNaoh" Od;=.K yd ,ldr ^wd¾OOd;=l& y÷kd.kshs'

2'6 ;oaê; yd lDoka; y÷kd.kshs; Ndú; lrhs'

2'7 iudi Ndú; lrhs'

2'8 m%;Hhd¾:l%shd Ndú; lrhs'

2'9 wjHhmo Ndú; lrhs'

kdumo ^kdu úfYaIK we;=<;a j&" l%shdmo ^l%shd úfYaIK we;=<;a j&" wjHhmo ^ksmd; iy Wmi¾.& hk j¾.SlrK iúia;r j ye¢kaùu

Wla;dLHd; iïnkaOh ^úia;r iys; j& ,sÙ. fNaoh" úNla;s yd ldrl ^úia;r

iys; j& ixlS¾K ndysr ikaê yd wNHka;r ikaê l¾;Dlrl" l¾uldrl" Ndjldrl" Od;=

.K 2" 3" 7" 8" 9 yd wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr ;oaê; yd ;oaê; m%fNao" lDoka; yd

lDoka; m%fNao iudi yd iudi m%fNao Bmaid¾:l%shd" m%fhdacHl%shd yd

w;sYhd¾:l%shd Wmi¾. yd ksmd;

úúO Yío m%lD;s yd tajdhska ksmefhk mo" úúO Od;= m%lD;s yd

tajdhska ksmefhk mo y÷kdf.k

j¾. lr olajhs'

ixialD;fha fhfok úúO mo j¾.

Ndú; lrñka ir, jdlH ks¾udKh

lrhs' l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlH

w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs¦ ,shhs'

ikaê yd úikaê mo weiqfrka

ixYaf,aIK yd úYaf,aIK yelshdj

,nhs¦ ,shd olajhs'

id¾jOd;=l yd wd¾OOd;=l ,ldrj, fjki oek m%ldY fldg

ir, jdlHj, fhdohs'

úúO ;oaê; m%fNao" úúO lDoka;

m%fNao yd ;§h úfYaI;d oek

mjihs'

iudi mo úYaf,aIKh yd iudi mo ieliSu ms<sn| wNHdihl fhfohs'

Bmaid¾:" m%fhdacHd¾:" w;sYhd¾: yd

kdu Od;=ll%shd fjka fjka j

y÷kdf.k ,shhs¦ Ndú; lrhs'

úfYaI w¾: iys; Wmi¾. yd ksmd;

mo y÷kdf.k jdlHj, fhdod ,shd olajhs'

76

xvii

ksmqK;dj


úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

3'0 lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs'

4'0 idys;H ridiajdokfha fhfohs'

5'0 NdId idys;Hh ;=< wka;¾.; idrO¾u pß;dnoaO lrhs; m%ldY lrhs'

3'1 ir, .oH mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs'

3'2 ir, moH mdG yd .oH moH ñY% mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs'

4'1 idys;Hd;aul ks¾udKhl ,CIK y÷kd.kshs'

4'2 ixialD; Pkafoda,xldr ms<sn| ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs'

4'3 idys;Hd;aul mdGhl rih ú|.kshs; m%ldY lrhs'

5'1 mdGhl wka;¾.; idrO¾u y÷kd.kshs; pß;dnoaO lrhs'

5'2 idrO¾u w.hhs; m%ldY lrhs'

5'3 Ys,amSh ksmqK;d i|yd

wjYH uQ,sl m%fõYh ,nhs'

oaú;Shdo¾Y" ;D;Shdo¾Y" l:diß;aid.r" ysf;damfoaY" m[ap;ka;%" r;akdj,S" m%;s{dfh!.kaOrdhK" iajmakjdijo;a; iy wNs{dkYdl=ka;, hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a mdG

oaú;Shdo¾Y" ;D;Shdo¾Y"

l:diß;aid.r" ysf;damfoaY" m[ap;ka;%" r;akdj,S" m%;s{dfh!.kaOrdhk" iajmakjdijo;a; iy wNs{dkYdl=ka;," jD;a;r;akdlr" ldjHdo¾Y hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a mdG

² kf,damdLHdk" R;=ixydr"

fï>¥;" idú;%HqmdLHdk" u[acq Y%S NdIs; jdia;=úoHdYdia;% yd Ñ;%l¾uYdia;%" fi!kaorkkao" prlixys;d" iqY%e;ixys;d" wIagdÙ.yDohixys;d" cdklSyrK hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a mdG

fcHd;sIh ^jDy;a mdrdir

fydard Ydia;% &

² ioaO¾umqKavÍl ^wêuqla;s

mßj¾;h&

w¾:djfndaOh iys; j ir, .oH yd moH mdG lshjhs'

tu mdG ksje/È j udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

idys;H ks¾udKhl Wmhqla; jD;a; w,xldr wdÈ uQ,sl ,laIK wjfndaO fldgf.k ks¾udK úpdrfhys m%dfhda.sl j fhfohs'

idys;Hd;aul pß; mqoa., pß; yd ixikaokh lrhs'

idys;H ks¾udKhl rih iduQysl j úpdrYS,S j idlÉPd lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag mdGdkqidrfhka yod< idrO¾uj, we;s iudc jákdlu f;areï.kshs¦ yeisfrhs'

ixialD; idys;Hd.; ër" ùr" úl%udkaú;" Wodr pß; yd isoaê m%;sks¾udKh lrhs'

idrO¾u Ôú;hg noaO lr.kakd whqre iduQysl j idlÉPd lrhs'

ixialD; idys;Hd.; idrO¾u flá ks¾udK yd rpkd f,i ,shd olajhs'

27 26 26

xviii

ksmqK;dj


úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

6'0 ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j NdIKfha fhfohs'

7'0 ijka § w¾:h

meyeÈ,s j yd ksje/È j wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs'

6'1 m%Yak wihs' 6'2 m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs' 6'3 Wmfoia ,nd fohs' 6'4 ixjdofha fhfohs' 6'5 ud;Dldjg wod< j flá

foiqula meje;aùug iu;a fjhs'

6'6 NdIdj jHla; j Ndú; lrhs'

7'1 f;dard.;a .oH fyda moH

fyda mdGj,g ijka § w¾: wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs'

7'2 Y%jH mgj,g yd Y%jH oDYH mgj,g ijka §" krUd w¾: wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs'

WÑ; NdId m%fhda. Ndú;fhka woyia m<lsÍu

úfYaI W;aijhla" YsIH ix.ï

/iaùula" NdId Èkh jeks wjia:djl § ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lrñka foaYkhla meje;aùu

rdudhK" uydNdr;"

ioaO¾uulrkao" prlixys;d wdÈ .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia

y`vmg yd Ñ;%mg

WÑ; NdId m%fhda. Ndú; lrñka

ixialD;fhka m%Yak weiSug iu;a fjhs' hf:dala; m%Yakj,g iqÿiq ms<s;=re

ixialD;fhka iemhSug iu;a fjhs'

ixialD; NdId m%fhda. Ndú; lrñka

Wmfoia §ug fhduq fjhs; ixjdo lrhs'

wdpdr-iudpdr i|yd ixialD; m%fhda.

Ndú; lsÍfuys fhfohs'

ksje/È j ixialD; NdIdfjka l:djla

meje;aùfï yelshdj ,nhs¦ th ,shhs'

ffoksl igyka" Èk pßhdj" ffu;%S

Ndjkdj" ixialD; NdIdfjka ,shhs¦ lrhs'

wjfndaO lr.;a mdGhkays w¾:h ,shd olajhs'

wks¾ÈIag mdGhlg jqj ijka §

w¾:djfndaOh ,nd m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re

fohs¦ idrdxYh bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y%jH mg yd oDYH mg Y%jKh fldg"

krUd w¾:djfndaOh ,nd m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs'

Y%jH yd oDYH mg ksrjoH j m%;sjdpkh

lrhs¦ r`. olajhs¦ .dhkh lrhs'

22

20

xix

ksmqK;dj


úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

8'0 wod< ixialD;sl mßirh y÷kd.kshs'

9'0 ks¾ÈIag yd

wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh lrhs'

8'1 iajdNdúl mßirh y÷kd.kshs'

8'2 NdId ffY,sh yd idys;Hd.; pß; y÷kd.kshs'

9'1 ksje/È w¾:h ,efnk fia ixialD; NdIdfjka udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

9'2 udOH NdIdfjka ixialD; NdIdjg jHdlrKdkql+, j mßj¾;kh lrhs'

úIhdnoaO iajdNdúl

jia;= y÷kd.ekSu' R;=ixydr" fï>¥;"

fi!kaorkkao" cdklSyrK" m[ap;ka;%" ysf;damfoaY" wNs{dkYdl=ka;, hk lD;s weiqßka

² iqrNdr;S" oaú;Shdo¾Y"

wNskjd mdGdj,S" ir, ixialD; YsCIlh" ixialD; m%:u mqia;lh" ixialD; mdGud,d 01" m[ap;ka;%" ysf;damfoaY" rdudhK hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia mßj¾;kh lsÍu

² ir, ixialD; YsCIl

02" iqrNdr;S" ixialD; YsCIlh hk .%ka:j,ska fldgia Wmqgdf.k mßj¾;kh lsÍu" NdIdjg wdfõKsl m%fhda. fhdod.ekSu

ks¾ÈIag lD;s weiqßka i;a;aj yd udkj

p¾hd" mdßißl fjkialï" fi!kao¾h" ufkdaNdj" udkj iïnkaO;d y÷kdf.k

,shhs¦ w¢hs¦ ,ehsia;=.; lrhs¦ r`. olajhs¦

wNsrEmKh lrhs¦ m%;sks¾udKh lrhs¦

N+ñld rx.kh lrhs¦ fjki

udOHhkaf.ka m%ldY lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG" ixialD;

NdIdfjka udOH NdIdjg o udOH NdIdfjka ixialD; NdIdjg o ksje/È j

yd jHdlrKdkql+, j mßj¾;kh lrhs'

30

30

xx

ksmqK;dj


úIh wka;¾.;h

bf.kqï m,

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj

10'0 ixialD; idys;Hd.; lD;s yd l;=jreka ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nhs'

10'1 wYajf>daI ysñhkaf.a"

ld,sodihkaf.a iy l=udrodihkaf.a uydldjH lD;s y÷kd.kshs'

10'2 ld,sodihkaf.a yd chfoajhkaf.a

LKavldjH y÷kd.kshs' 10'3 ixialD; Y;lldjH idys;Hh

ms<sn| j oekqula ,nd.kshs' 10'4 ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh

iy kdgH idys;Hh ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs'

10'5 ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh ms<sn|

j idudkH oekqula ,nd.kshs'

nqoaOpß;" fi!kaorkkao"

r>qjxY" l=udriïNj yd cdklSyrK hk lD;s ms<sn| idudkH ±kqula

R;=ixydr" fï>¥; yd

.S;f.daúkao hk lD;s ms<sn| ±kqula

kdudIagY;l" kS;sY;l" Nla;sY;l" ffjrd.HY;l" wkqreoaOY;l yd YDÙ.drY;l hk Y;l .%ka: ms<sn| wjfndaOh

m[ap;ka;% yd ysf;damfoaY hk

lD;Skays l¾;D" ld,h" wka;¾.;h" ffY,sh iy idrO¾u

Ndi" ld,sodi" Y+øl" Y%S y¾I

hk lùkaf.a kdgH lD;s

wYajf>daI" ld,sodi" l=udrodi hk uydldjH rplhka ms<sn| j rpkd ,shhs¦ YsIH iñ;sfha § l:d mj;ajhs'

.S;f.daúkaod.; .S; ;d,hg .dhkh lrhs¦ flaj, yd iduQysl j ri úkaokfhys fhfohs'

ixialD; uydldjH yd

LKavldjH l¾;Djreka yd Tjqkaf.a lD;s ms<sn| mqj;am;a ,sms imhhs'

Y;l ldjHj, tk lreKq

idudkH Ôú;hg iïnkaO lr.kakd whqre fmkajd fohs'

WmfoaY .%ka:j, l¾;D" ld, wdÈ

f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lrhs' m%lg ixialD; kdgH yd

tajdfhys rplhka kï lrhs'

30

xxi

13 fY%aKsh

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:

01. ixialD; m%fõY - .oH moHdj,S III, ixialrKh - uydpd¾h b÷rd.df¾ Oïur;k ysñ"

wdpd¾h udÿreTfha Oïñiair ysñ" uydpd¾h iuka pkaø rKisxy" wdpd¾h fla'î'

chj¾Ok" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ta'fla'tÉ' O¾um%sh - m%dÖ wOHdmk wdh;kh

02. ixialD; wl=re ,shuq I, II, III .%ka:" m%dÖ wOHdmk wdh;kh

03. ixialD; m%fõY mdGud,d I - m%dÖ wOHdmk wdh;kh

04' ixialD; oaú;Shdo¾Y - oi jeks mdvfï isg mif<dia jeks mdvu f;la ^10-15&

05' ixialD; ;D;Shdo¾Y - fodf<dia jeks mdvfï isg oyih jeks mdvu f;la ^12-16&

wdfY%ah .%ka:

01 iqrNdr;S - uydpd¾h ví'tia' lreKd;s,l

02 ixialD; YsCIlh" m%:u" oaú;Sh mqia;l - uydpd¾h tï'tÉ't*a' chiQßh

03 ixialD; kdudLHd; újrKh - uydpd¾h jrdf.dv fmaur;k ysñ

04 ir, ixialD; YsCIlh I, II - w;smQcH n<kaf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ

05 wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh - ta'ta' uelafvdk,aâ

06 ffjÈl idys;Hh - uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß

07 ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh - uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß

07 ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh - uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß

07 ixialD; m%:u mqia;lh - wd¾'Ô' NdKavd¾l¾

07 ixialD; idys;Hh - Ô'tia'î' fiakdkdhl

xxii

msßfjka $mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh

iïNdjH NdIdjla yd wd.ñl NdIdjla jYfhka ixialD; NdIdj" Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk

uOHia:dkj, mqrd;kfha isg wo jk f;la yeoEÍu" Ndú;h isÿ fõ' ;dlaIKsl wxYfhka ÈhqKq ù

úYaj .ïudkhla jQ f,dal m%cdjf.a Ydia;%Sh yd ks¾udKd;aul ixj¾Okhg fmrg;a jvd mßmQ¾K

odhl;ajhla ixialD; NdIdfjka ,nd.; yels h' wka;¾cd;sl lS¾;shg m;a Y%S ,dxlsl we;eï

úoaj;=ka tu ;;a;ajhg m;a ùfï m%Odk idOlh Tjqka i;= ixialD; NdId ksmqK;dj hs' ixialD;

NdIdj Ydia;%Sh lghq;= yd wd.ñl lghq;=j,g muKla iSud fkdfldg msßfjka $mdi,a moaO;sh

u`.ska iudchg kj wdrlska y÷kajd Èh hq;= ld,h t<U we;' oekqu .fõIKh lrk l%shdldÍ

mqoa.,hl= jYfhka mka;s ldurhg muKla fldgq ù ,nk wOHdmkfhka neyer j msßfjk$mdi,

;=< úúO jevigyka ixúOdk l< hq;= h' msßfjka $mdi,a ixialD;shg .e<fmk mßÈ iy msßfjfka

$ mdif,a mj;akd udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a wkqj úIh ks¾foaYfha i|yka ksmqK;d idlaId;a

lr.ekSu i|yd fuu jevigyka ixúOdk úh hq;= h'

01. ixialD; NdId Èk"

02. lKavdhï ixjdo"

03. udisl" jd¾Isl ^YsIH$úIh& ix.ïj, § ixialD;fhka NdIKh" .dhkh"

04. flá kdgH ieliSu" bÈßm;a lsÍu"

05. ì;a;s mqj;am;a m< lsÍu"

06. WmfoaYd;aul ixialD; Yaf,dal yd f;dr;=re tla/ia lsÍu"

07. ujqnfia jpk mßKduh ù we;s wdldrh ms<sn| j ixialD;h weiqßka f;dr;=re /ia

lsÍu wdÈ jevigyka ta i|yd WodyrK fõ'

xxiii

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

msßfjk $ mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd kshñ;

ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ b.ekqï-b.ekaùï WmlrK ks¾udKd;aul j

ms<sfh< fldg l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'

bf.kqï ld¾hfha § wfmalaIs; ksmqK;d uÜgug meñK w;am;a lrf.k we;s bf.kqï m,j,

.=Kd;aul nj fidhd ne,Sug ;lafiarej yd we.hSu wjYH fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgï Tiafia wfmalaIs; bf.kqïm,j,g <Õd jk wdldrh y÷kd.ekSu

;lafiarefõ § isÿ fõ' uq, § ;SrKh lr.;a ks¾Kdhl iu`. ii|d n,ñka wod< YsIHhd ksmqK;d

ljr uÜgulska idlaId;a lrf.k ;sfí oehs mÍlaId l< hq;= fõ' ta wkqj m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d

y÷kdf.k m%;sfmdaIK" bÈß fmdaIK jevigyka ixúOdk l< hq;= h' bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

w;r;=r § lKavdhï .fõIKh" YsIH l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a lsÍu hk wjia:dj, § ;lafiare ld¾hh

uekúka l< yels h'

;lafiare ld¾hhg wu;r j we.hSï jevms<sfj< hkq YsIHhdf.a m%ùK;d uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍu

h' m%ùK;d uÜgu úksYaphfha § isiqka ysñ lr.;a fY%aKs" ,l=Kq wdÈh ii|d Tjqkaf.a m%.;sh fidhd

ne,sh hq;= h'

xxiv

bf.kqï---b.ekaùï l%ufõoh

ixialD; NdIdj Y%S ,xldj ;=< È.= l,l mgka mrmqfrka mrmqrg mej; ths' fÊ;jkdrdu

ixialD; fi,a,smsh kñka m%lg j we;s wNh.sß ixialD; fi,a,smsh wdÈ wNsf,aLk wOHhkh lsÍfï

§ meyeÈ,s jkafka Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ;=< ixialD; NdIdj ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka o

Ndú; jQ nj hs' isxy, NdId-idys;Hh fj; iqúYd, wdNdihla imhd we;s ixialD;h fou< NdId-

idys;Hh fj; o tn÷ u wdNdihla imhd we;' —i¾jNdIdiq hd fY%aIaGd ˜ wdÈ ye|skaùïj,g wkqj

ixialD;h ish¨ NdIdjka w;r fY%aIaG;u jQ;a" ish¨ Ydia;% iuQyhkaf.ka wdVH jQ;a" wx. iïmQ¾K

NdIdjls' isxy, fyda fou< fyda ujqni fldg we;s YsIHhd Bg fjkia jQ wËr rgdjla fj; fhduq

fjñka fydaäh jYfhka b÷rd fjkia fkdjqj o úIu;d y÷kd.ksñka yeoEßh hq;= ixialD;h

YsIHhka w;r m%shYS,Ss úIhhla njg m;a lsÍug;a tu úIhh bf.kSu i|yd Tjqka fm,Uùug;a

NdIdj myiqfjka b.ekSfï idïm%odhsl úê l%u fkd blaujñka fmrg jvd ixialD; NdIdj ckm%sh

l< yels h' ta i|yd ;=,kd;aul NdId wOHhk úê l%uh jvd;a WÑ; jkq we;'

ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkh cd;sl wjYH;djla jk neúka ixialD; NdIdfjka fmrg;a jvd

ksmqKhka ìys lsÍu wruqKq fldg .fõIKd;aul l%shdldrlï Tiafia isiq ksmqK;d f.dvkef.k

mßÈ bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lr we;'

w;S;fha isg mka;s ldur ;=< nyq, j l%shd;aul jQ .=rejrhdf.a b.ekaùï l%u jQ iïfm%aIK

l%uh (Transmission Role), .kqfokq l%uh (Transaction Role)" blaujd isiq Ñka;kh wjÈ lrk"

isiqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl yd iudc l=Y,;d ixj¾Okh lrk mßKduk l%uh (Transformation Role)

.=rejrhdf.ka fuys § wfmalaId flf¾'

ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha § YsIH ld¾hhka m%n, ia:dkhla .kakd w;r mka;sfha iEu

isiqjl= u ta ta ksmqK;d iïnkaO j wvq ;rñka wdikak m%ùK;djg fyda f.k taug ueÈy;a jk

iïm;aodhlhl=f.a ;;a;ajh mßKduk .=re N+ñldfjka wfmalaId flf¾' bf.kqug wjYH WmlrK

yd wfkl=;a myiqlï iys; bf.kqï mßirhla ie,iqï lsÍu" isiqka W.kakd whqre ióm j

ksÍlaIKh lsÍu" YsIH yelshd yd fkdyelshd y÷kd.ekSu" wjYH bÈß fmdaIK yd m%;sfmdaIK

,ndfoñka isiqkaf.a bf.kqu m%j¾Okh lsÍu fuka u mka;s ldurfhka neyer j bf.kqu yd

b.ekaùu §¾> lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq WmlrK ilia lsÍu o fuys § .=rejrhdf.ka bgq úh hq;= uQ,sl

ld¾h fõ'

ixialD; úIh" w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fm<& iïnkaOfhka .;a úg NdId úIhhla jk neúka

NdIdjla bf.kSfï § Ndú; l< yels kQ;k úoHd;aul l%u" tkï Y%jH-oDYH udOHh" iuld,Sk

m%ldYk" wka;¾cd,h wdÈh o NdId Ndú;hg flá úoHd;aul l%u yd ;¾ldkql+, l%u o fhdod.;

hq;= h'

1

01' tallh - ixialD; j¾Kud,dj" wlaIr j¾.SlrKh yd ixhqla;dlaIr

1'0 ksmqK;dj j¾Kud,dj ksje/È j y÷kdf.k ,shhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

1'1 udOH NdIdjg idfmalaI j foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dfõ úfYaI;d y÷kd.kshs' 1'2 foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dj j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo 08 bf.kqï m,

udOH NdIdjg idfmalaI j foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dfõ úfYaI;d y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

ixialD; Yíoud,dj foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú;fhka ,shhs'

ixialD; j¾Kud,dj úêu;a j j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

Yío j¾.SlrKfhys Wmfhda.s;dj y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs'

ixhqla;dlaIr ksje/È j y÷kdf.k f,aLkfhys fhfohs' mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia

udOH NdIdfõ j¾Kud,djg idfmalaI j ixialD; j¾Kud,dfõ iqúfYaI;d y÷kd.ekSu u`.ska ixialD; NdIdfõ Ndú; j¾K ms<sn| úêu;a yd ksje/È wjfndaOh YsIHhdg ,nd Èh yels h' ixialD; NdIdfõ j¾Kud,dj" udOH NdIdfõ j¾Kud,djg jvd fjkia jk nj y÷kd.ekSu w;sYh jeo.;a fõ' tu j¾Kud,dj ixialD;hg wdfõKsl foajkd.Í wlaIrj,ska ksje/È j ,shk wdldrh ^wlaIrfha wdrïNh yd rgdj& yd ixhqla;dlaIr ,shk úg uq,a wCIr rEmj,g idfmalaI j ixhqla;dlaIrh ilia jk wdldrh wksjd¾hfhka u yod< hq;= h' j¾Kud,dfõ úêu;a j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| wjfndaOh bÈß mdvïj, § w;sYhska Wmfhda.s jk ksid fuys § ta ms<sn| j wjOdkh úfYaIfhka fhduq úh hq;= h'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h

foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dj wlaIr y;<sia wglska hqla; nj

j¾Kud,dj iajr yd jH[ack jYfhka m%Odk fldgia follg fnfok nj

iajrdlaIr: y%iaj" §¾>" ikaOHlaIr wdÈ jYfhka m%fNao.; jk nj jH[ackdlaIr: j¾." wka;#ia:" W!Iauka" f>daI" wf>daI" w,amm%dK" uydm%dK"

j¾.dka;" wkqiajdr" úi¾. wdÈ jYfhka m%fNao.; jk nj ixialD; j¾Kud,dj W;am;a;sia:dkhg wod< j lKaGc" ;d¨c" uQQ¾Oc" oka;c"

ÍaGc" lKaG;d¨c" lKafG!IaGc" okaf;!IaGc" kdislHh yd wkqkdislH jYfhka kej; m%fNao.; jk nj

jH[ackhlg iajrhla tl;= ùfï § wdfrdams; iajrhg wod< ms,a,u Ndú; jk nj jH[ackdlaIr folla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhla fyda tl;= ùfï § Bg ixhqla;dlaIr

Ndú; l< hq;= nj ixhqla;dlaIr ,sùfï § uQ,sl wCIr rEm wkqidrfhka ixhqla;dlaIrh iEfok whqre

úêu;a j yeoEßh hq;= nj

ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, j fh§ we;s jpk lshùug;a foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú;fhka ,sùug;a yqre l< hq;= nj

2

fhdað; bf.kqï--b.ekaùï l%uh

udOH NdIdfõ j¾Kud,djg idfmalaI j ixialD; j¾Kud,dfõ iqúfYaI;d y÷kajd fokak'

j¾Kud,dj iajr yd jH[ack f,i;a" iajr m%fNao yd jH[ack m%fNao fjka fjka j;a j¾.SlrKh lrjkak' fï i|yd wdOdrl j.=" mqjre wdÈh Ndú; lrkak'

jH[ack" iajr iu`. tl;= ùfï § Ndú; jk ms,s ish¨ iajrj,g wod< j fjka fjka j ,shd olajkak'

ixhqla;dlaIr ,sùfï § m%Odk wlaIr rEm wkqidrfhka ixhqla;dlaIrh ksuefjk wdldrh ,shd fmkajkak'

ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, ixialD; jpk bÈßm;a fldg tajd lshùug;a ,sùug;a i,iajkak'

;lafiarej yd we.ehSu

foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dj wlaIr y;<sia wglska hqla; nj m%ldY lrhs' ¥ ldrh iys; j

j¾Kud,dj wlaIr y;<sia kjhlska hqla; jqj;a tu wlaIrh Ndú;fha fkdue;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

iajr yd jH[ack jYfhka j¾Kud,dj m%fNao jk w;r y%iaj" §¾> yd ikaOHlaIr jYfhka iajrud,dfõ m%fNao olajhs'

jH[ackdlaIr: j¾.dlaIr" wka;#ia:dlaIr" W!Iauka wdÈ jYfhka jk m%fNao iy f>daI yd wf>daI jYfhka we;s m%Odk m%fNao olajhs'

w,amm%dKdlaIr - uydm%dKdlaIr" j¾.dka;dlaIr hk j¾.SlrKh y÷kdf.k j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

wkqiajdrh yd úi¾.h o jH[ackdlaIr ixLHdjg u .efkk nj olajhs'

lKaGc" ;d¨c" uQ¾Oc" oka;c yd ÍaGc hkqfjka o lKaG;d¨c" lKafG!IaGc" okaf;!IaGc" kdislH iy wkqkdislH wdÈ jYfhka W;am;a;sia:dk wkqj wlaIr j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

iajrdfrdamKfha § wlaIrj, úúO;d we;s jk nj y÷kd.kshs; Ndú; lrhs'

jH[ackdlaIr folla fyda Bg jvd fyda tla j lsheùu ixhqla;dlaIr jk nj;a ixhqla;dlaIr ,sùfï § wlaIrfha uQ,sl fldgia tl;= l< hq;= nj;a m%ldY lrhs; ta wkqj ,shhs; lshjhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ixialD; j¾Kud,dfõ ish¨ j¾.SlrK ±lafjk úêu;a mqjrejla

wlaIr m%fNao iys; oDYH ixhqla; ;eá

jeä ÿr .fõIKh ixialD; wl=re ,shuq 2" m%dÖ m%ldYk" fld<U" 2016'

ixialD; YslaIlh m%:u mqia;lh" chiQßh" tï'tÉ't*a.: rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1971

3

2' tallh - ixialD; lshùfï yd ,sùfï mßph

1'0 ksmqK;dj j¾Kud,dj ksje/È j y÷kdf.k ,shhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ixlS¾K §¾> iudi yd úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjhs' 1'4 ixlS¾K yd úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjk úg ,shhs'


ixialD; NdIdfjka rÑ; .%ka:j, wka;¾.; ixhqla;dlaIr iys; §¾> iudi we;=<;a jdlH y÷kd.kshs; lshjhs'

ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lshjk úg foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú;fhka ,shhs'

ixhqla;dlaIr iys; WoaOD; Yaf,dal mdG Yío k`.d lshjhs'

tu mdGj, we;=<;a ixhqla;dlaIr fjk fjk u Wmqgdf.k úYaf,aIKh lr fmkajhs'

foajkd.Í wlaIr Ndú; fldg ixhqla;dlaIr iys; §¾> fþo ,shhs'

ixlS¾K jdlHj, we;s úúO ixhqla;dlaIr fjk fjk u Wmqgdf.k tu ixhqla;dlaIr úYaf,aIKh lrhs

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

§¾> iudi" ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, ldoïnÍ" oYl=udrpß; wdÈ ixialD; .oH-moH-ñY% .%ka: wOHhkh fj; YsIHhd fhduq fldg Tyqf.a ksrjoH lsheùfï yd ,sùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu wfmalaIdj hs' ta wkqj tn÷ .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd.;a .oH moH fldgia mka;shg bÈßm;a lrñka kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ;=< ixlS¾K §¾> iudi yd úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a foajkd.Í f,aLk lshùug;a lshjk úg ,sùug;a YsIHhd fufyhúh hq;= h' Wmqgd.;a fldgia ;=< wka;¾.; ixhqla;dlaIr fjk fjk u olajd tajd úYaf,aIKh lrùfuka ixhqla;dlaIr ms<sn| mßph we;s l< hq;= h'


ldoïnÍ l:duqLfhys fyda oYl=udrpß; mQ¾jmSÀldfõ fyda we;=<;a ixhqla;dlaIr nyq, fþo f;dard.; hq;= nj

Wmqgd.;a fþo YsIHhka ,jd lsheúh hq;= nj yd ,shúh hq;= nj

Wmqgd.;a fþoj, we;=<;a ixhqla;dlaIr fjk fjk u f.k tajd úYaf,aIKh lrjñka ixhqla;dlaIr ms<sn| mßph ,ndÈh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

f;dard.;a mdG lsheùug fhduq lrkak'

Wmqgd.;a mdGj, we;s ixhqla;dlaIr úYaf,aIKh lrjkak'

ixlS¾K §¾> iudi iys; jdlH ,sùug i,iajkak' ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu

ixialD; idys;Hfhys .oH moH .%ka:j, ixlS¾K ixhqla;dlaIr we;s nj m%ldY lrhs'

4

j.=.; lrk ,o ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a igyk lshjhs'

f;dard.;a fþohl ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a jpk Wmqgd ,shhs' fokq ,nk ixlS¾K jdlHhl we;=<;a ixhqla;dlaIr foajkd.Í wlaIrfhka

,shhs' foajkd.Í wlaIrfhka we;s ixlS¾K ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;A ´kE u jdlHhla ksje/È

j lshjhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

ixlS¾K §¾> iudi yd úúO ixhqla;dlaIr we;=<;a fþo lSmhla ^ldoïnÍ yd oYl=udrpß; jeks .%ka: weiqßka&

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ldoïnÍ ^l:duqLh&" oYl=udrpß;h ^mQ¾jmSÀldfõ m%:fudaÉþjdih& hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia

5

3' tallh - mo j¾. 2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 mo j¾.SlrKh lrhs' ld,Éfþo 03 bf.kqï m,

Yíom%lD;s yd tajdhska ksmefhk mo y÷kdf.k j¾.SlrKh lrhs' Od;=m%lD;s yd tajdhska ksmefhk mo y÷kdf.k j¾.SlrKh lrhs' Wmi¾. yd úúO ksmd; y÷kdf.k w¾: jYfhka j¾.SlrKh lrhs' Yío m%lD;s" Od;= m%lD;s yd wjHhmo wjfndaOfhka Ndú; lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|Nd Wmfoia

fjk;a fndfyda NdIdj, fuka u ixialD; NdIdfõ o kdumo úúO h' tajd ix{dkdu" .=Kkdu wdÈ jYfhka j¾. l< yels h' Od;= uQ,sl NdIdjla jk ixialD;fha tk fndfyda kdumo Od;=j,ska ksmehSu úfYaI;ajhls' ixialD;fha úfYaIfhka fhfok Wmi¾. iy úúO ksmd; y÷kd.ekSu o jeo.;a fõ' úúO Yíom%lD;s" Od;=m%lD;s yd wjHhmo ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla isiqka ;=< we;s lsÍu i|yd fuu ld,Éfþo 03 § mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h(-

kdumo ( ix{d" cd;s" øjH" .=K" l%shd" Ndj jYfhka fnfok whqre olajd my; fmkajd we;s mßÈ WodyrK u`.ska mqyqKq l< hq;= nj

ix{d kaildas, ïI l»a

cd;s pzu , pu:p, v&], pué;

øjH jl, suv[R, Ays!, lv[

.=K ñet, dI"R, suNdr

l%shd gCDt!, i³yman, k«t, gNt&

Ndj sNtuiò, icNta, s»Lp

l%shdmo ( wdLHd;mo" mQ¾jl%shdmo" ;=uka;l%shdmo" m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo yd l%shd úfYaIKmo wdÈ jYfhka m%fNao.; jk nj

Wod( wdLHd;mo Évit, AgCDt! , ckar,

mQ¾jl%shdmo gTva, in:³My, AahTy,

;=uka;l%shdmo ktuRm! , jetum! , Éivtum!,

m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo

Bmaid¾: ickI;Rit, ittI;Rit,

w;sYhd¾: baeÉaeit, dedIPyte,

m%fhdacH pacyit, karyit, caerapyit

6

l%shd úfYaIKmo znE> znE>, suóu, saxu,

ksmd;( jr fkdkef`.k neúka wjHh .Khg wh;a jk ksmd;mo iajdëk mo úfYaIhla nj yd fuhska jdlHfha w¾:fhys fjkila we;s jk nj

Wod( nms!, ih, Aip, àatrœ, \te, k«te, Éaes!, A"aes!,

É"aes!, bihs!, sakm!, smm!,

Wmi¾.( idïm%odhsl Wmi¾.j,g wu;r j my; ±lafjk mo o Wmi¾. fia ie,fla'

Wod( ANtrœ, àaÊrœ, Aaiv;!,

ixialD;fha § Wmi¾. modÈfhys fhfok kuqÿ ffjÈl NdIdfõ § iajdëk j fh§ we;'


ixialD; NdIdfõ fhfok by; i|yka moj¾. fjk fjk u ,ehsia;= .; lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

fuu úúO mo j¾.j, Wmfhda.s;dj úia;r lr fokak'

rela igykla u`.ska mo j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd fokak'


ir, jdlHhl we;s Yíom%lD;s Wmqgd ,shhs' ir, fþohl we;==<;a Od;=m%lD;s Wmqgd ,shhs' ir, fþohl we;=<;a Wmi¾. yd úúO ksmd; y÷kdf.k lshjhs' .oH yd moH fþoj, Wmi¾. yd ksmd; nyq, j fhfok nj lshhs' ixialD; mo j¾. 04 kï lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

mo j¾.SlrKh l< mqjrejla ^rela igykla& jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; YsCIlh 3" mQcH wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ" n<kaf.dv'(kqf.af.dv" 1964'

ixialD; jHdlrK ;rÙ.KS îx{d - ikaê - kdu& mQcH Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1999

ixialD; m%:u mqia;lh" NdKavd¾l¾" wd¾" Ô'( fld<U" 1958'

7

4' tallh - mo Ndú;h 2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu

2'2 mo fhdackh fjka fldg y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' ld,Éfþo 04 bf.kqï m,

uQ,sl wdlD;shg wkqj ir, jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs'

úúO mo j¾. Ndú; lrñka ir, jdlH ixlS¾K jdlH f;la j¾Okh lrhs'

kdu úfYaIK yd l%shd úfYaIK jdlH rpkfhys § Ndú; lrhs'

Wmi¾. yd ksmd; we;=<;a jk fia jdlH ks¾udKh lrhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

ixialD; NdIdfõ úúO mo j¾. fjka fjka j y÷kd.ekSug;a" tu mo j¾. Ndú; lrñka ir, jdlH ixlS¾K jdlH f;la úia;D; lsÍug;a isiqka fhduq lsÍu wjYH fõ' ta i|yd iqÿiq bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%u Ndú; lsÍug Tng fuys § wjldY we;' mo fhdackh i|yd 12 fY%aKsfha .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh o Ndú; lrkak'


Od;=jla uq,a ù iEfok mo w;=ßka mQ¾jl%shd ;=uka; l%shd iy l%shd úfYaIK jr fkdkef`.k nj mQ¾jl%shd

1' Y=oaO Od;=jlg ;ajd m%;Hh tl;= ùfuka mQ¾jl%shdj iEfoa'

Wod( ÉU + Tva = ÉUTva/ gm! + Tva = gTva

2' fidami¾. Od;=jlska mQ¾jl%shdj iEfok úg ;ajd m%;Hh fjkqjg h m%;Hh o l,d;=frlska ;H m%;Hh o fhfoa'

Wod(

Aa + gm! + y = AagMy

sm! + ÉU + y = sMÉUy

sm! + ïu + Ty = s<ïuTy

Aa + hn! + Ty = AahTy

;=uka; l%shd

Od;=jlska mr j ;=ï m%;Hh fh§ iEfoa'

ÉU + tum! = Éivtum!

k« + tum! = ktuRm!

;=ï m%;Hh tl;= ùfï § Od;=jg hï fjkialula isÿ úh yels h'

gm! + tum! = gNtum! (m!>n!)

pc! + tum! = p´…m!

8

muc! + tum! = mae´…m! (Od;= iajrh .=K fõ')

l%shd

úfYaIK

l%shd mohlg úfYaIK j uq;a iajdëk j mj;sk mo úfYaIhls'

savegm! (saveg< vdit,)

su:Qu (su:Qu gayit,)

saxu (saxu n&Tyit,)

fhdað; bf.kqï--b.ekaùï l%uh

mQ¾jl%shd" ;=uka;l%shd" kdu úfYaIK yd l%shd úfYaIK mo Ndú; lrñka jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍug u`. fmkajkak'

by; mo Ndú; lrñka ysia ;eka msrùug jdlH fyda ir, fþo fyda ,nd fokak' Wmi¾. rys; yd iys; Od;= ,nd § tajdhska idod.; yels mQ¾jl%shd yd ;=uka; l%shd

mo iE§ug fhduq lrkak' úúO j¾.hkag wh;a mo ,ehsia;=jla ,nd § tajd j.=jla wdY%hfhka j¾.SlrKh lrjkak'


jdlH ilia lsÍug kdumo yd l%shdmo wjYH nj m%ldY lrhs'

kdumo yd l%shdmo iu`. u kdu úfYaIK yd l%shd úfYaIK mo fhfok nj m%ldY lrhs'

jdlH ks¾udKh lsÍfï § Wmi¾. yd ksmd; mo tl;= lrhs' .oH-moH fþoj, úúO mo j¾. Ndú; jk nj wjfndaOfhka úia;r lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

kdu úfYaIK mo yd l%shd úfYaIK mo ,ehsia;=

mQ¾jl%shdmo yd ;=uka;l%shdmo ,ehsia;= jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; YsCIlh 3" mQcH wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ" n<kaf.dv'( kqf.af.dv" 1964'

ixialD; jHdlrK ;rÙ.KS" ^wdLHd; - lDoka;& mQcH Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1999'

ixialD; m%:u mqia;lh" NdKavd¾l¾" wd¾" Ô'( fld<U" 1958' kdudLHd; moud,d" mQcH fmaur;k ysñ" jrdf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1995'

9

5' tallh - ,sÙ." úNla;s yd ldrl

2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ,sÙ." úNla;s yd ldrl y÷kd.kshs' ld,Éfþo 15 bf.kqï m,

ixialD; ,sÙ. fNaofha úfYaI;d y÷kd.kshs' fok ,o kdumohl ,sÙ.h y÷kdf.k lshjhs' kduhl wka;hg wkqj ,sÙ.h y÷kdf.k úNla;Skays jrk`.hs' y,ka; kdumoj, jrke`.Sï wjfndaO lrf.k m%ldY lrhs' l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlH w;r fjki y÷kdf.k úia;r lrhs' l¾;Dldrl jdlH l¾uldrlhg;a l¾uldrl jdlH l¾;Dldrlhg;a yrjhs'


ixialD; ,sÙ.fNaofha úfYaI;d ms<sn| j o ,sÙ.;%hhg u wh;a iajrdka; yd y,ka; ksje/È j úNla;Skays jrke`.Sug o wjfndaOhla ,nd §u fuu tallfha § wfmaCId flf¾' tfia u l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlHj, wdlD;sh y÷kajd Èh hq;= w;r tajdg wod< úNla;s ksje/È j Ndú; lsÍfï mßph isiqkag ,nd Èh hq;= h'


y,ka; kdumoj, ,sÙ.fNaohla mej;sh;a jrke`.Sïj, § mqreI yd ia;%S,sÙ.Yíoj, fjkila ke;s nj

Yíoh ,sx.h taljpkh oaújpkh nyqjpkh

vac! ia;%S vakœ vacaE vac>

sèaj! mqreI sèaqœ sèajaE sèaj>

vac! > vakœ ùfï § yd sèaj! > sèaq! ùfï § my; Í;sh n,mdhs' ´kE u ixialD; mohla fl<jr úh

yelafla zla" Ü" ;a" ma" Ù" ka" ï" #Z hk jH[ack wfgka tllsks' fuys § zYaZ we;=¿ pj¾.dlaIr iuyrla zlaZ njg o iuyrla zÜZ njg o yefrk nj

ixialD; mohla fl<jr úh yelafla tla jH[ackhlska muKla nj yd jdÉ hkakg m%:ud úNla;s taljpk m%;Hh jk ziaZ tla jQ úg ziaZ hkak f,dma ù jdla hkak muKla m%:ud úNla;s taljpkh jYfhka b;sß jk nj yd óg ffjl,amsl j fhfok wjia:d o b;d l,d;=frlska ±lsh yels nj

Wod( AkœR îQ¾hhd&

AmaqœR ^weu§ h&

iajrdka; kdumoj, wka;H iajrh fndfyda úg ,sx.h fmkajk nj yd wldrdka; Yío mq,a,sÙ. fyda kmqxil ,sÙ.jk nj

10

Wod( mqreI,sÙ.- nr, v&], imÇ ^tkï foúhd&

kmqxil,sÙ.- paÇ, )l, imÇ ^ñ;=rd&

fndfyda wdldrdka; Yío yd Bldrdka; Yío ia;%S,sÙ.sl jk nj

WodyrK - mala, bala, zala, narI, ndI, vapI ^wdldrdka;" Bldrdka; &

bldrdka; Wldrdka; Yío ,sÙ.;%hhg u wh;a nj Wod -(

mqreI,sÙ.- kiv, riv, pit ^bldrdka;&

ia;%S,sÙ.- buiÏ, mit, k«it ^bldrdka;&

kmqxil,sÙ.- vair, dix, zuic ^bldrdka;&

mqreI,sÙ. - gué, Éanu, pzu

ia;%S,sÙ.- xenu, tnu, vasu ^fl,a,&

kmqxil,sÙ.- mxu, daé, vStu

mqreI,sÙ.sl yd ia;%S,sÙ.sl Rldrdka; Yío jrke`.Sfï § úfYaIs; fjkialula ±lsh fkdyels nj

Wod -(

mqreI,sÙ. - ipt&, Éat&, gNt&

ia;%S,sÙ. - mat&, duiht&, Svs&

kmqxil,sÙ. - dat&, ktR&, vKt&

fuu Yío mqreI,sx.fha o jrkef`.a'

l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jYfhka jdlH we;s nj

l¾;Dldrl jdlHhl § l¾;D Wla; jk w;r l¾uh wkqla; jk nj

Wla;h m%:ud úNla;sh .kakd w;r wkqla; l¾uh oaú;Shd úNla;sfhka fhfok nj

Wod( balk> puStk< pQit,

zkuNtla gué< nmit,

pi{ftaE sÉa< Al<k…ét>,

l¾uldrl jdlHhl § l¾uh Wla; jk w;r l¾;D wkqla; jk nj

Wla; l¾uh m%:ud úNla;sh .kakd w;r wkqla; l¾;D ;D;Shd úNla;sfhka fhfok nj

Wod( balken puStk< pQ(te,

11

zkuNtlya gué> nMyte,

pi{fta_ya< sÉa Al<i³yte,


ixialD; ,sÙ. fNaoh yd tys iqúfYaI;d ms<sn| j myod fokak' ia;%S,sÙ. yd mqreI,sÙ. jYfhka fjka fjka j y,ka; kdu mo ,ehsia;= ms<sfh,

lrkak' wldrdka;" wdldrdka;" bldrdka;" Bldrdka;" Wldrdka;" W!ldrdka;" Rldrdka;"

RDldrdka; kdu tl;= fldg ,sÙ.;%hhg wkqj j¾.lr fmkajkak' fok ,o by; kdu jrke`.SSïj, fjkialï myod fokak' l¾;Dldrl jdlH l¾uldrlhg;a" l¾uldrl jdlH l¾;Dldrlhg;a fmr<d

,shjkak' ks¾ÈIag mdGH .%ka:j, we;=<;a l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlH y÷kdf.k tajd fjk fjk u ,shjkak'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

,sÙ.;%hfhys fjki jrke`.Sï u`.sska fnod olajhs'

úNla;s.; j.= weiqßka kdu jrke`.SSïj, fjkialï fmkajd fohs'

iajr wl=rlska wjika jk kdu z iajrdka; Z kdu jk nj lshhs'

jH[ack wl=rlska wjika jk kdu z y,ka;Z kdu jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

jdlH ;=< ldrl nyq, j fhfok nj u;=lr fmkajhs'

jdlH ;=< we;s l¾;D yd l¾uh w;r fjki ldrl ;=<ska u;=lr fmkajhs'

l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlH WodyrK weiqßka úia;r lrhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

,sÙ.;%hh ±lafjk rela igyk'

l¾;Dldrl yd l¾uldrl jdlHj, wdlD;sh ±lafjk igykla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; jHdlrK ;rÙ.KS" îx{d - ikaê - kdu ;rx.& mQcH Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1999'

kdudLHd; moud,d" mQcH fmaur;k ysñ" jrdf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1995'

ixialD; oaú;Shdo¾Y" Ydia;%S" fla' t,a' ù'( M,a>dÜ" 2001'

12

6' tallh - ikaê m%fNao" Od;= .K yd ,ldr 2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 mo ixYaf,aIKh yd úYaf,aIKh y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' 2'5 ldrl fNaoh" Od;=.K yd ,ldr ^wd¾OOd;=l& y÷kd.kshs'


mdGH .%ka:j, we;=<;a ikaêmo y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs' ikaê úh yels jpk folla ksje/È j ikaê lsÍfï yd ikaê ù we;s mo folla

úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd.kshs' wksjd¾h wNHka;r ikaê ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ndysr ikaê iajr jH[ack úi¾. f,i y÷kdf.k j¾.lr fmkajhs'

I jeks yd II jeks Od;= jrke`.Sïj, fjki wjfndaO lr.kshs'

II Od;= jrke`.Sug wh;a Od;+kaf.ka iEfok l%shdmo ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' id¾jOd;=l ,ldr yd wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr w;r fjki y÷kd.kshs' f;dard.;a ixialD; fþo weiqßka wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr y÷kdf.k ,shd olajhs'


ikaê fhdackh ixialD; NdIdfõ úfYaIs; ,laIKhls' tfyhska ndysr yd wNHka;r ikaê ms<sn| ksis wjfndaOhla fkdue;s j ixialD; NdIdj yeoEÍu jH¾: jHdhduhls' tu ksid ikaê ms<sn| ukd mßphla ,nd.ekSu ixialD; NdId wOHhkfha § w;sYh jeo.;a fjhs' ta i|yd m%udKj;a ld,Éfþo ixLHdjla fjka lrf.k fuu tallfha § isiqka ;=< ksis wjfndaOh we;s lrúh hq;= h'

I jrke`.Sug wh;a I, IV, VI, X hk Od;=.Kj, jrke`.Sï 12 jeks fY%aKsfha § yodrd we;' fiiq Od;=.K 06 jrke`.Sfï § olakg ,efnk iduHhka ksid tajd fjk u Od;=

jrke`.Sula jYfhka ms<s.kq ,efí' I jeks Od;= jrke`.Sï yd II jeks Od;= jrke`.Sï ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqïj;a l< hq;= h'


ikaê m%Odk jYfhka iajr yd jH[ack jYfhka fldgia folla nj

iajr folla w;r isÿ flfrk .e<mSu iajr ikaê jYfhka ye¢kafjk nj

Wod( sur + Asur = surasur

)l + %dy = )laedy

mha + \i; = mhi;R

jH[ack folla w;r fyda jH[ackhla yd iajrhla w;r fyda isÿjk .e<mSu jH[ack ikaê jYfhka ye¢kafjk nj

úi¾. ikaê o fï hg;g .efkk nj

Wod( tt! + izLpm! = tiCDLpm!

ztn! + jyit = zt¨Ãyit

tm! + @v = tmev

iajr ikaê yeoEÍfï § my; fmfkk iajr m%fNao ms<sn| wjfndaOh w;HjYH nj

13

y%iaj §¾> .=K jDoaê jHia; w¾Oiajr

A Aa - Aa - -

# $ @ @e Ay! / Aay! y!

% ^ Aae AaE Av! / Aav! v!

\ § Ar! Aar! - r!

¤ ¥ Al! Aal! - l!

iajr ikaê 1' iudk iajr folla tla jQ l, m%;sM,h §¾> iajrhls'

Wod( sur + Asur = surasur

yit + #NÔ = ytINÔ

ikNtu + %deit = ikNtUdeit

ktR& + \ju = ktR¨ju

2' A j¾Khg mr j fjk;a iajrhla we;s l, tu iajrh .=K njg m;a fõ'

Wod( mha + #NÔ = mheNÔ

sUyR + %dy = sUyaeRdy

mha + \i; = mhi;R

3' A j¾Khg mr j .=K fyda jDoaê fyda iajrhla msysá l, tu iajrh jDoaê

njg m;a fjhs' Wod( AÇ + Aagt> = AÇagt>

Aw + @vm! = AwEvm!

mha + Aae;xI = mhaE;xI

mha + AaE;x = mhaE;x

4' A j¾Kh yer fjk;a iajrhlg mr j wkH iajrhla msysá l, tu iajrh

wod< wka;#ia:dlaIrh njg m;a fõ' Wod( #it + AÇ = #TyÇ

mxu + AiSt = mXviSt

ipt& + AwR> = ipÇwR>

bhu + #v = biþv

5' @ fyda Aae j¾Kfhka mr j A ldrh we;s úg tu wldrh f,dma ù wj.%yh

^=& fhfoa'

Wod( ¢ame + AiSt = ¢ame=iSt

ramae + AiÄ = ramae=iÄ 6' @, @e, Aae, AaE hk iajrj,g mr j A ldrh yer fjk;a iajrhla fhÿK úg

tu iajr ms<sfj<ska Ay! , Aay! , Av! , Aav! njg m;a fjhs'

14

Wod( hre + #it = hriyit/ hr #it

iïyE + AwR> = iïyaywR>/ iïya AwR>

àÉae + @ih = àÉveih/ àÉ @ih

taE + #it = taivit/ ta #it

jH[ack ikaê 1' wf>daIhla wf>daIhla iu`. o f>daIhla f>daIhla iu`. o ikaê fõ'

Wod( tdœ + kal = tTkal

vakœ + vhit = vaGvhit

mét! + vhit = méÖhit

2' t! , w! , dœ , x! , n! , s! hk jH[ackj,g mr j ;d¨cdlaIrhla fhÿK l, tu jH[ackh wod< ;d¨cdlaIrh njg m;a fõ'

Wod( tdœ + c = tTc = t½

ArIn! + jyit = ArIÃyit

3' ´kE u jH[ackhlg mr j wkqkdisldlaIrhla fhfoa kï th tu j¾.fha wkqkdislh njg o úl,amfhka w,amm%dK f>daIh njg o m;a fõ'

Wod( Avdt! + murair> = AvdÒurair>/ AvdNmurair>

;qœ + masa> = ;fœmasa>/ ;{masa>

vakœ + my = va'œmy

m&t! + my = m&Nmy

4' oka;cdlaIrhlg mr j uQ¾OcdlaIrhla fhfoa kï tu wlaIrh o uQ¾Oc njg m;a fõ'

Wod( mhan! + fmr> = mha{fmr>

Arcyt! + qIkam! = Arcy”Ikam!

rams! + qIkte = ramòIkte

5' wkqkdisldlaIrhla yer ´kE u jH[ackhlg mr j h ldrh ;sfí kï tu

h ldrh fmr wlaIrhg wh;a j¾.fha uydm%dK f>daI wlaIrh njg úl,amfhka m;a fõ'

Wod( vakœ + hStaE = vaGhStaE/ vaG"StaE

Avdt! + hir> = Avdd!hir>/ AvdÏir>

6' t! wlaIrhg miqj z fhÿKq l, tu jH[ack fol ms<sfj<ska c! iy Dœ njg m;a fõ'

Wod( tt! + izLpm! = tiCDLpm!

Avdt! + zq> = AvdCDq>

tt! + ïuTva = tCÀ‚Tva

7' y%iaj iajrhlg miq j fhfok 'œ, [!, n! hk jH[ackj,g mr j ´kE u iajrhla fhfok úg tu uq,a jH[ackh oaú;aj fõ'

Wod( tiSmn! + Ar{ye = tiSmÚr{ye

n&Tyn! + Aagt> = n&TyÚagt>

8' m! jH[ackhg mr j iajrhla fhfoa kï th fkdfjkia fjhs' jH[ackhla fhÿK l, wkqiajdrh njg m;a fõ'

Wod( ramm! + AagCDit = rammagCDit

¢amm! + gCDit = ¢am< gCDit

ramm! + z<sit = ram< z<sit

15

úl,amfhka wod< jH[ackh wh;a wkqkdislh njg m;a fõ'

sm! + kln = s<kln/ s»ln

sm! + cr[ = s<cr[/ sÂr[

sm! + tap = s<tap/ sNtap

sm! + àdan = s<àdan / sMàdan

jdlHdjidkfha fhfok m! fjkia fkdfõ'

úi¾. ikaê 1' A ldrhg miqj tk úi¾.h f>daIdlaIrhla fyda A ldrhla fyda bÈßfha §

% ldr njg m;a fõ' ^miq j A+%=Aae njg m;a fõ'&

Wod( ram> + gCDit = ramae gCDit

ram> + AiSt = ramae=iSt 2' A iajrh yer fjk;a iajrhlg mQ¾j úi¾.h f,damYa fõ'

Wod( ram> + #CDit = ram #CDit

nr> + %vac = nr %vac

3' Aa iajrhg mr j fhfok úi¾.h f>daIdlaIrhla fyda iajrhla fyda bÈßfha § f,damYa fõ'

Wod( bala> + AagCDiNt = bala AagCDiNt

mala> + MlayiNt = mala MlayiNt

4' fjk;a ´kE u iajrhlg mr j fhfok úi¾.h f>daI wlaIrhlg mQ¾jfha

§ r! njg m;a fõ' iajrhg mr j fhfok úi¾.h f>daIdlaIrhla fyda iajrhla fyda bÈßfha § f,damYa fõ'

Wod( Ai¶> + dhit = Ai¶dRhit

muin> + AÇ = muinrÇ

5' úi¾.hg mr j c! , qœ, t! fyda W!IaudlaIrhla fhÿK l, tu úi¾.h wod< j¾.fha W!IaudlaIrh njg m;a fõ'

Wod( v&]> + clit = v&]ílit

k> + qIkte = kòIkte

k> + Tvm! = kSTvm!

6' s> , @;> hk i¾jkdu mo fofla úi¾.h jdlHdjidkfhys yefrkakg fiiq ;ekaj, § f,damYa fõ'

Wod( s> + gCDit = s gCDit

@;> + bal> = @; bal>

II jeks Od;= jrke`.Su

II jeks Od;= jrke`.Sug wh;a Od;= .K ifha olakg ,efnk fmdÿ ,laIK

1' Od;=jg fl<ska u m%;Hh tl;= ùu

2' ,Ü mriaffum§ taljpk" ,å mriaffum§ taljpk yd f,daÜ mriaffum§ yd wd;aufkam§ W;a;umqreI o mriaffum§ m%:umqreI taljpk rEm o Yla;su;a rEm .kS'

3' lqœ yd l'! wd;aufkam§ oaújpk m%;Hh jk tf:" tf; yd t:dï t;dï

fjkqjg ms<sfj<ska wdf:" wdf;" wd:dï" wd;dï hk m%;Hh fhfoa'

16

tu Od;= jrke`.Sïj, olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK

1' III jeks Od;= .Kfha Od;=j, m%:u j¾Kh oaú;aj fõ'

WodyrK( ÷ > ju÷ ÉI > ibÉI xa > dxa wdÈ jYfhks'

2' V jeks Od;= .Kfha Od;=j, § Od;ajx.h jYfhka zkqZ wd.u fõ'

Wod(xu > xunu Az! > AZnu Aap! > AaPnu

3' VII jeks Od;= .Kfha Od;= uOHhg zkZ ldrhla wd.u fõ'

Wod( éd! > é[d! yuj! > yunj! Éuj! > Éunj!

4' VIII jeks Od;= .Kfha Od;=j, § Od;ajx.h jYfhka zWZ ldrhla wd.u fõ'

Wod( tn! > tnu mn! > mnu

5' IX jeks Od;= .Kfha Od;=j, § Od;ajx.h jYfhka zkdZ wd.u fõ'

Wod( ³I> ³I[a im > imna lu > luna

ixialD; ,ldr 10 w;=ßka wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr 06ls' ,sÜ ^mfrdalaI& - oaú;aj yd wkqm%fhda. jYfhka ,sÜ m%fNao follg fnfoa'

Wod( oaú;aj- ckar

wkqm%fhda.- karyamas$ karyaÂkar$karya<bÉUv

¨â ^N+;d;S;& - fuys m%fNao y;ls' Wod( AÉUt!, Aka;IRt!, Agmt!,

AcIkrt!

¨Ü ^wkoH;k NúIH;a& -Éivta, gNta,

,DÜ ^NúIH;a& - Éiv:yit, gim:yit,

,Dâ ^l%shd;sm;a;s& - AÉiv:yt!, AdaSyt!,

wdYS¾,sâ ^wdYS#& - ÉUyat!, deyat!, fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

mdGH .%ka: wkqidrfhka ikaêmo úikaê lsÍug;a fok ,o úikaêmo ikaê lsÍug;a Wmfoia fokak'

ikaê ±kqu wkqidrfhka ks¾foaY .%ka:j, yuq jk ikaêmo j¾.lr j.=jla ks¾udKh lsÍug i,iajkak'

I jeks yd II jeks jrke.Sïj,g wod< Od;= ,ehsia;= folla ,nd fokak'

tu ,ehsia;= weiqßka I jeks yd II jeks jrke`.Sïj, fjki wjfndaO lr.ekSug i,iajkak'

tla tla .Khg wh;a Od;= id¾jOd;=l ,ldrj, jrke`.Sug Wmfoia fokak'

fuu jrke`.Sïj, § Ndú; jk wNHka;r ikaê Í;s ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'

ks¾ÈIag mdGH .%ka:j, wd¾OOd;=l ,ldrj,g wh;a l%shdmo tl;= lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

17


ikaêmo úikaê l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

úikaêmo ikaê l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs'

wNHka;r ikaê úYaf,aIKh lr fmkajhs'

j¾. lsÍï u`.ska ndysr ikaê w;r mj;sk fjki ,shd olajhs'

jrkef`.k l%shdmo j.=.; lr olajhs'

l%shdmo tla tla Od;=j,g wkqj fjkia jk nj úia;r lrhs'

id¾jOd;=l ,ldr yd wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr w;r fjki m%ldY lrhs'

kshñ; .%ka:hl flá fþohla ;=< we;s id¾jOd;=l yd wd¾OOd;=l ,ldr Wmqgd ,shd olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

iajr" jH[ack yd úi¾. ikaê m%fNao ±lafjk rela igykla

I jeks yd II Od;= .K jrke`.Sïj, fjki ±lafjk mqjrejla jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; jHdlrK ;rÙ.KS" îx{d - ikaê - kdu ;rx.& mQcH Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1999'

wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" uelafvdk,a"ta'ta'( wkq( .=Kmd, fiakdër" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1994'

18

7' tallh - ;oaê;mo yd lDoka;mo

2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 ;oaê;mo yd lDoka;mo y÷kd.kshs; Ndú; lrhs' ld,Éfþo 10 bf.kqï m,

úúO ;oaê; m%fNao yd tajdfhys úfYaI;d y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o fþohl we;=<;a ;oaê;mo Wmqgd j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

;oaê;mo idOkh ms<sn| ukd mßphla ,nhs'

úúO lDoka;mo m%fNao yd tajdfhys úfYaI;d y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o fþohl we;=<;a lDoka;mo Wmqgd j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

lDoka;mo idOkh ms<sn| ukd mßphla ,nhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia ;oaê; yd lDoka; ms<sn| 12 jeks fY%aKsfha § ,nd § we;s uQ,sl ±kqu biau;= jk wdldrhg mqkÍCIK o iys; j mdvï ie,iqï lr.kak' Od;= uQ,sl NdIdjla jk ixialD;fha Ndú; jk kdumoj,ska w;snyq;rhla lDoka;mo nj y÷kd.ekSu NdId wOHhkfhys ,d w;sYhska jeo.;a nj;a ;oaê; i|yd ixialD;fha ysñ j we;s ia:dkh yd tys jeo.;alu;a u;= jk mßÈ bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ld¾hh isÿ lrkak'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h ;oaê;mo iïnkaOfhka m%Odk jYfhka m%fNao ;=kla we;s nj 1' idudkH ;oaê; 2' Ndj ;oaê; 3' wjHh ;oaê; 1' idudkH ;oaê;fha § ksrka;rfhka u m%:u ^wdÈ& iajrh jDoaê fõ'

Wod( àma[ + #k = àamai[k

idn + #k = dEink

ÉUim + #k = ÉaEimk

\c! + #k = AaicRk

deh + #k = dEihk

muin + A = maEn

2' Ndj ;oaê;

Wod( m&duta, madRvm!, m&duTvm!

19

\juta, AajRvm!, \juTvm!

k…zlta, kaEzlm!, kaEzLym!

3' wjHh ;oaê;

Wod( yÇ, tÇ, k…Ç

yda, tda, kda

¢amt>, mUkz>

³mz>, bhuz>

lDoka;mo úúO jk w;r WodyrK jYfhka k« ^lsÍfï& Od;=fjka my; i|yka

lDoka;mo idod.; yels nj

kar, kark, kt&R, kmR, kr[, k…vRt!, k«t, k«tvt!, k…vaR[, i³yma[, kir:yt!,

ktRVy, kr[Iy, kayR, k«Tva, ktuRm!, kar[, kr, ck«vs!, i³ya, k«taiv, k«tk,

k«it,

^óg wu;r j Wmi¾. fh¥ l, tu Od;=fjka u ;j;a lDoka;mo úYd, ixLHdjla

idod.; yels nj Wod( àk«it, ivk«it, ivkar, Aakar, %pkar, &

lDoka;mo ,sÙ. jYfhka" ld, jYfhka yd ldrl jYfhka fjkia fjñka úúO w¾: m< lrk nj

ld,h yd m%ldrh wkqj lDoka;mo my; ±lafjk mßÈ úúO m%fNaoj,g wh;a jk nj

Wod( j¾;udk ld, l¾;Dldrl- gCDt!

j¾;udk ld, l¾uldrl- gMyman

w;S; ld, l¾;Dldrl- gt $ gtvt!

w;S; ld, l¾uldrl - gt

wkd.; ld, l¾;Dldrl - gNt&

mfrdalaI l¾;Dldrl- jiGmvs!

20

l%shd moj,ska lDoka;mo iE§fï § Ndú; jk m%;Hh úYd, ixLHdjla we;s nj yd ta w;=ßka b;d u jeo.;a fia ie,flk m%;Hh lsysmhla my; olajd we;s nj

A = s&j! > sgR ÉU > Éav

An! = raj! > rajn! nm! > namn!

An = †z! > dzRn Éuj! > Éaejn

As! = vc! > vcs! mn! > mns!

#s! = ÷ > hivs! s&p! > sipRs!

%s! = yj! > yjus! c]! > c]us!

# = k«;! > k«i; zuc! > zuic

% = tn! > tnu hn! > hnu


mdGH .%ka:hlska f;dard.;a fldgil we;s ;oaê;mo yd lDoka;mo fjka fldg ±laùug Wmfoia fokak'

;oaê;mo lSmhla § tajdfhaa m%lD;sh fiùug fhduq lrjkak'

lDoka;mo lSmhla § tajdfha Od;=j fiùug fhduq lrjkak'

lDoka;mo yd ;oaê;mo Ndú; lrñka ks¾udKd;aul jdlH ilia lsÍug fhduq lrjkak'


j¾.SlrKh u`.ska ;oaê;mo fjka fldg olajhs

;oaê;mo NdIdfõ ks;r fhfok nj ir, fþo u`.ska fmkajd fohs'

kdu uQ,j,g ;oaê; m%;H tl;= ù ;oaê;mo iEfok nj ,shd olajhs'

;oaê; kduh kdumohla njg m;a lrk whqre úia;r lrhs'

ks;r Ndú; ;oaê;mo ,ehsia;=.; fldg m%o¾Yk mqjrejla ilihs'

,ehsia;= .; lDoka;mo u`.ska ff;%ld,sl lDoka;mo fjka fldg olajhs'

fþo ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd lDoka;mo nyq, j fhfok whqre meyeÈ,s lrhs'

lDoka; yd ;oaê; w;r fjki tla tla isiqjd u`.ska m%ldY lr olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

fuys olajd we;s mßos ilia lr.;a ;oaê;mo yd lDoka;mo we;=<;a flá m%ldY iys; mqjrejla

jeäÿr .fõIKh

21

wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" uelafvdk,a" ta' ta'( wkq ( .=Kmd, fiakdër" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1964'

ixialD; jHdlrK ;rÙ.KS" ^ldrl-iudi-;oaê;-;rÙ.& mQcH Oïñkao ysñ" yEf.dv'(iuhj¾Ok" 1999'

22

8' tallh - iudimo 2'0 ksmqK;dj

NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 iudi y÷kd.kshs; Ndú; lrhs'


iudimo y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs' iudimo úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd iudimo ieliSu ms<sn| ksmqK;ajh ,nhs'

iudimo Ndú; lsÍfï mßph ,nhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

iudi hkafka f;areu ixlafIam lsÍu hkak hs' ixialD; NdIdfõ § iudij,g úfYaI ia:dkhla ysñ fjhs' .oH ldjHfha § iudi nyq, j Ndú; fjhs' fjka lr we;s ld,Éfþo ;=< iudi j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| ukd mßphla ,nd Èh hq;= jk w;r iudimo úYaf,aIKh lsÍu;a fjka j mj;sk mo iudi lsßu;a isiqka ,jd lrúh hq;= h' §¾> iudi nyq, mdGH .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia fï i|yd Ndú; lrkak'


mo lsysmhla tlg tl;= fldg tald¾:hla yeÕùu iudifhka flfrk ld¾hh nj

iudimo ieliSfï § wjidk mofha yer wfkla moj, úNla;s bj;a ùu úfYaI;ajhla nj

wjidk mofha úNla;sh we;eï úg fjkia jk nj

iudi j¾. yhla we;s nj

01' oajkaoaj iudydr oajkaoaj( fuu iudifha § iudi jQ moh tlla jYfhka .efkk w;r ks;r

u kmqxil,sÙ. taljpk rEm .kS' ^Wod( pai[padm!, bixramlkm! & b;f¾;rfhda. oajkaoaj( fuys § ieu mohl u w¾:h ie,ls,a,g .efka' ^Wod(

surasurgNxvaR>, m&gkakaE&

02' ;;amqreI

fuys § iudi jk mo folska mQ¾j mofha we;s úNla;s m%;Hh bj;a jqj o úNla;s

w¾:h r|jd .kS ^Wod( ra}> sÉa = rajsÉa, caere_y> Éym! = caErÉym!, vne m&g> =

vnm&g>&

03' nyqù%ys( iudi jQ moj,ska .uH jk w¾:hg fjkia jQ w¾:hla m%ldY lrhs'

^Wod( iÇneÇ>, kmlasn>& 04' l¾uOdrh(

23

fuu iudih úfYaIK iy úfYaIHh hk j¾. fol u ork fyhska l¾uOdrh kï

fjhs' ^Wod( Zvetpu:pm!, nIlaeTplm!, nris<h>&

05' oaú.=(

ixLHd mohla úfYaIK jYfhka isákqfha oaú.= iudifha § h' îÇÉuvnm!, sPt c te

\;yZc = sPt;Ry>&

06' wjHhSNdj( wjHh fkdjQ mo fuu iudifha § iudi ùfuka wk;=re j wjHhmo fuka fõ' wjHh

ixLHd; Wmi¾.hla fyda ksmd;hla fyda fmrgq j fh§ ta wjHhdf.a u w¾:hg m%uqLia:dkh foñka .<mk iudih wjHhSNdj iudi hs' wldrdka; fkdjk wjHhSNdj iudi mo ish¨ úNla;sj, tl u rEmfhka isà'

wldrdka; wjHhSNdj iudimo ;D;Shd ^%pngre[$%pngrm!& ima;ó ^%pngre$ %pngrm!&

foflys úl,am jYfhka o m[apñfhys ^%pngrat!& ks;H jYfhka o fjkia rEm .kshs'


isxy,fha bry|" uõ msh" iqÿu," ks¨mq,a" ;sfk;a wdÈ iudimo ixialD;hg mßj¾;kh lrñka isxy, ûdOH NdId.;& iudi iy ixialD; iudi w;r iudk;d iy wiudk;d y÷kd.ekSug fufyhjkak'

ixialD;fha Ndú; jk úúO iudi j¾. úYaf,aIKh fldg iudimo y÷kd.ekSug i,iajkak'

iudi fkdjQ mo ,ehsia;= [Wod( AwRí xmRí = AwRxmaRE " ANyí ANyí = ANyaeNym! "

mhan! pué;> = mhapué;>)] imhñka tajd iudi lsÍfï iy iudi j¾. lsÍfï wNHdij, fhdojkak'


iudi m%fNao ,shd olajhs' iudi lsÍfï § folla fyda Bg jvd jeä .Kkla fyda mo iudi jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o fþohla weiqßka jpk fofla iudi" jpk ;=fka iudi fjka fldg ,shd olajhs'

tla tla j¾.hlg wdfõKsl iudi bÈßm;a l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï iudi j¾.SlrKh ±lafjk rela igyk' jeäÿr .fõIKh

A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, Kale, M.R.: Delhi,1995. wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" uelafvdk,a"ta'ta'( wkq( .=Kmd, fiakdër" rdcH NdId

fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1994'

ixialD; YslaIlh II, chiQßh" tï'tÉ't*a'( rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U" 1961'

24

9' tallh - m%;Hhd¾: l%shd

2'0 ksmqK;dj NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8 m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo y÷kdf.k Ndú; lrhs' ld,Éfþo 06 bf.kqï m,

m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo hkq fudkjd ± hs meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Bmaid¾:l%shdmo fh§u y÷kd.kshs'

m%fhdacHl%shdmo yd w;sYhd¾:l%shdmo w;r fjki y÷kd.kshs'

kduOd;=ll%shd úia;r lrhs'

Bmaid¾:" m%fhdacHd¾:" kduOd;=l hk l%shdmo NdId Ndú;fha § ksje/È j fhdod.kshs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|Nd Wmfoia m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla isiqka ;=< we;s fldg tajdfha we;s

m%fhdack yd Ndú; lrk wdldrh ms<sn| ±kqu ,efnk mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï ilia úh hq;= fõ'

m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka oaú;Shsl l%shd h' fïjd m%Odk jYfhka

j¾. ;=klg fnod ±laúh yels h' tkï" Bmaid¾:" m%fhdacH" w;sYhd¾: hkqfjks' óg wu;r j Od;=uQ,sl fkdjQj o kduOd;=l l%shdmo o fï .Kfhys ,d ie,lsh yels h'


Bmaid¾:l%shd( wfmalaIdjla fyda wNs,dIhla fyda m%ldY lsÍfuys § Bmaid¾:l%shd Ndú; jk nj yd fuys úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka Od;=fõ m%:u j¾Kh oaú;aj ùu;a ildrdka; ùu;a nj

Wod( pa > ippasit

ikt! > icikTsit

t& > ittI;Rit

m%fhdacH l%shd( hul= ,jd lrùu" fm,Uùu" fufyhùu hk w¾: ,ndfokakd jQ oaú;Shl l%shd" m%fhdacHl%shd jYfhka ye¢kafjk nj yd tu l%shd jrkef`.kafka 10 jeks .Kfha Od;= jrkef`.k wdldrfhka nj

Wod( curœ > caeryit

k« > karyit

bux! > baexyit

25

Aa ldrdka; fndfyda Od;=j, § m%;Hhhg uq,ska p wd.u jk nj

Wod( da > dapyit

}a > }apyit

õa > õapyit

w;sYhd¾: l%shdmo( w;sYhska lsÍu fyda mqk mqkd lsÍu fyda hk w¾:fhka fuu l%shd w;sYhd¾:l%shd hkqfjka ye¢kafjk nj yd ßoaudkql+, oaú;ajh;a h m%;Hhka ùu fuys ,laIK nj

Wod( dI > dedIPyte

ÉU > baeÉUyte

nI > nenIyte

kduOd;=l l%shdmo( kduhlska idod.kq ,nk l%shdmo kduOd;=l l%shdmo hkqfjka ye¢kafjk nj yd Od;=j yd m%;Hh w;rg zwhZ wd.u jk nj

Wod( Ô‚m > Ô‚mayte

puÇ > puÇayte

gaep > gaepayte


m%;Hhd¾:l%shdmo hkq fudkjd ± hs úia;r lr fokak'

Bmaid¾:" m%fhdacH" w;sYhd¾: yd kduOd;=l l%shdmo we;=<;a mo ,ehsia;=jla imhd tajd fjk fjk u j¾. fldg tajdfha uQ,h fiùug Wmfoia fokak'

m%;Hhd¾:l%shd m%fNaoj,g wod< jpk weiqßka jdlH lsysmhla ilia lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

;lafiarej yd we.ehSu m%;Hhd¾:ls%hdmo idOkh ,shd olajhs' Bmaid¾:" m%fhdacH" w;sYhd¾: yd kduOd;=ll%shd we;=<;a ,ehsia;=jla ilihs'

,ehsia;=.; l%shdmo ;=< we;s uQ,h fjka fldg ,shd olajhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

m%;Hhd¾:ls%hdj, yd m%d:ñlls%hdj, w¾:h iyss; igykla' jeä ÿr .fõIKh

wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" uelafvdk,a"ta'ta'( wkq( .=Kmd, fiakdër" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1994' kdudLHd; moud,d" fmaur;k ysñ" jrdf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1995' A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, Kale, M.R.: Delhi,1995.

26

10' tallh - wjHhmo 2'0 ksmqK;dj

NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK yd NdId m%fhda. ksje/È j Ndú; lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu

2'9 wjHhmo Ndú; lrhs' ld,Éfþo 03 bf.kqï m,

wjHhmoj, we;s jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wjHhmo jdlHj, fh§fï ksmqK;ajh ,nhs'

kdu yd l%shd yereKq úg jdlH ;=< nyq, f,i wjHhmo we;s nj WodyrK u`.ska fmkajhs'

Wmi¾.j, we;s úfYaId¾: y÷kd.kshs'

ksmd;mo j¾.SlrKh lrhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

12 jeks fY%aKsfha 13 jeks tallhg wod< j § we;s Wmfoia yd tu tallfha úIh lreKq mqkÍlaIKh lrñka wjHhmo ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd§ug fuu tallfha § lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'


Wmi¾. yd ksmd; ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,ndÈh hq;= nj

kduhlg fyda Od;=jlg fyda uq,ska Wmi¾.hla tl;= ùfuka bka yeÕfjk w¾:fha fjkila we;s nj yd we;eï úg w¾:h Yla;su;a jk w;r we;eï úg ÿ¾j, jk nj

ksmd; j¾. lsysmhlg fnod ±laúh yels h' 1' iïnkaëldrl ksmd;

jpk tla lsÍu- Aw, Ax>, %t, c

jpk fjka lsÍu- va

m%;smlaI ùu- Awva, ik<tu, ik<va

kshuhka ±laùu- cet!, yid

m%Yak lsÍu- AhaeiSvt!, %t, %tahae

ld,h iïnkaO lsÍu- yavt!, tavt!, yda, tda 2' ksfIaOd¾:l ksmd;- ma, Alm! 3' úiauhd¾:l ksmd;- Aa, ha, Ahae, hha


mdGH .%ka:j, fidami¾.mo f;dard tajd úYaf,aIKh lrjkak'

mdGH .%ka:j, we;=<;a ksmd;mo f;dard tajdfhka bgq jk ld¾hh wjfndaO lrjkak'

27


wjHhmo jr fkdkef`.k nj úia;r lrhs' ksmd;mo fjkia fkdjk nj m%ldY lrhs' Wmi¾.mohla uq,ska o fhfok nj ,shd olajhs'

jdlHfha ish¨ ;ekays ksmd; fhÈh yels nj jdlH ks¾udKfhka fmkakqï lrhs'

wjHhmo fhdod ir, jdlH ilihs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

wjHhmo fn§ hk whqre ±lafjk mqjrejla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" uelafvdk,a"ta'ta'( wkq( .=Kmd, fiakdër" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1994'

kdudLHd; moud,d" fmaur;k ysñ" jrdf.dv'( iuhj¾Ok" 1995'

28

11' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh ^ks¾ÈIag .oH&

3'0 ksmqK;dj lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ir, .oH mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs' ld,Éfþo 12 bf.kqï m,

ir, .oH mdG ksje/È j lshjhs' lshjk ,o .oH mdGj, w¾:h wjfndaOfhka hq;= j m%ldY lrhs' ir, .oH mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'


ixialD; idys;Hfha tla m%fNaohla jk ixialD; .oH idys;Hh .%ka: ixLHd;aul j iSñ; h' tfy;aa ;oaNdId {dk j¾Okh i|yd tajd wOHhkh lsÍu o w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' tneúka tu lD;sj,ska WoaOD; fldgia ixialD; m%fõY - .oHmoHdj,S III ix.%yfha wka;¾.; fldg we;' tajd ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla isiqka ;=< we;s jk mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï lr.; hq;= fõ'


ks¾ÈIag .%ka: weiqßka WmfoaY l:d idys;Hfha mdG lsysmhla tla/ia lr.; hq;= nj

kdgH yd .oH ldjH lD;sj,ska mdG lsysmhla f;dard.; hq;= nj

Wmqgd.;a mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lrúh hq;= nj

w¾:djfndaOh i|yd ir, .oH fþoj,ska mgkaf.k ixlS¾K .oH fþo f;la isiqka fufyhúh hq;= nj


ks¾ÈIag .oH fldgiaj,ska jdlH follska fyda ;=klska fyda iukaú; .oH mdG 10la f;dard ,sùug i,iajkak'

YsIHhka ,jd tajd udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrjkak' tu WoaOD; mdGj, NdId m%fhda.dÈh ms<sn| iudf,dapkhl fhfokak' ÿrjfndaO mo ,ehsia;=.; lr f;areï ,shjkak'

ir, .oH fþoj,ska mgka f.k ixlS¾K .oH fþo f;la mßj¾;k ld¾hfhys fhdojkak'


w¾:djfndaOfhka hq;= j ir, .oH mdG lshjhs'

ir, .oH mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lr ,shd olajhs' ir, .oH mdGj, we;s ÿrjfndaO mo j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

fok ,o .oH fþohla lshjd tys w¾:h kej; u;lfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï ks¾osIag lD;sj,ska f;dard.;a mdG we;=<;a Pdhd msgm;a

29

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; m%fõY" .oHmoHdj,S III uydpd¾h mQcH b÷rd.df¾ Oïur;k ysñ" wdpd¾h mQcH udÿreTfha Oïñiair ysñ" uydpd¾h iuka pkaø rKisxy" wdpd¾h fla'î' chj¾Ok" fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h ta'fla'tÉ' O¾um%sh

30

12' tallh - w¾:djfndaOh ^ks¾ÈIag moH yd ñY% ldjH& 3'0 ksmqK;dj lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ir, moH mdG yd .oH-moH ñY% mdG lshjd w¾:h wjfndaO lr.kshs' ld,Éfþo 15 bf.kqï m,

ir, moH mdG yd ñY% mdG ksje/È j lshjhs' lshjk ,o moH yd ñY% mdGj, w¾:h wjfndaOfhka hq;= j m%ldY lrhs' ir, moH yd ñY% mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' f;dard.;a moH mdG ,hdkaú; j .dhkh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï yd Wmfoia

moH Ndú;h ixialD; idys;Hfha fnfyúka me;sr mj;akd ,laIKhls' ßoaudkql+, rpkd y÷kd.ksñka moH mdG mßj¾;k YlH;dj we;s lr.ekSu;a ta wdY%hfhka NdId {dkh j¾Okh lr.ekSu;a w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ta i|yd kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ;=< ks¾ÈIag lD;sfha moH yd ñY% fldgia weiqßka wfmaCIs; bf.kqï m, isiqka ;=< f.dvkef`.k mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï lr .kak'


oaú;Shdo¾Y" m[ap;ka;%" l:diß;aid.r wdÈ .%ka:dY%s; ks¾ÈIag mdG w;ßka lsysmhla f;dard.; hq;= nj

ysf;damfoaY" r;akdj,S" wNs{dkYdl=ka;, jeks .%ka:dY%s; ks¾ÈIag mdG w;ßka lsysmhla f;dard.; hq;= nj

f;dard.;a by; lD;Skays w¾:h udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh l< hq;= nj

ÿrjfndaO mo ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj

ikaêmo yd iudimo ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrñka w¾: ,shd ±laúh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï l%uh ir, moH mdG yd .oH moH ñY% mdG ks¾ÈIag lD;sfhka f;dardf.k lshùug

i,iajkak'

y÷kd.;a Yaf,dal ßoaudkql+, j .dhkh lrjkak'

w¾:djfndaOh msKsi lKavdhï l%shdldrlï lrjkak'

isiqka lKavdhïj,g fnod f;dard.;a ks¾ÈIag mdGj, we;s ikaê" iudi" ;oaê;" lDoka;" m%;Hhd¾: l%shd" wjHhmodÈh ,ehsia;=.; lsÍfï jHdmD;shl fhdojkak'

by; l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j iudf,dapkhl fhfokak' ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

moH mdG w¾:djfndaOfhka hqla; j Yío k`.d lshjhs'

fok ,o .oH-moH ñY% mdG udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lr fmkajhs'

Yaf,dal iuQy jYfhka lshjhs' .dhkh lrk ,o Yaf,dal u;lfha r|jd wre;a ,shd olajhs'

31

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; m%fõY" .oHmoHdj,S III uydpd¾h mQcH b÷rd.df¾ Oïur;k ysñ" wdpd¾h mQcH udÿreTfha Oïñiair ysñ" uydpd¾h iuka pkaø rKisxy" wdpd¾h fla'î' chj¾Ok" fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h ta'fla'tÉ' O¾um%sh

32

13' tallh - idys;H ks¾udK 4'0 ksmqK;dj idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 idys;Hd;aul ks¾udKhl ,laIK y÷kd.kshs' 4'2 ixialD; Pkafoda,xldr ms<sn| ir, wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs' ld,Éfþo 13 bf.kqï m,

idys;Hd;aul ks¾udKhl uQ,sl ,CIK y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs' Rcq NdIK" m%jD;a;s l:k yd idys;H ks¾udK w;=ßka idys;H ks¾udK fjka fldg

y÷kdf.k bÈßm;a lrhs' idys;H ks¾udKhl wka;¾.; jD;a; yd w,xldrdÈ uQ,sl ldjH ,CIK fjk fjk

u wjfndaOfhka hq;= j m%ldY lrhs' idys;H ks¾udKj, Wmhqla; fi!kao¾hd;aul fhÿï yd úfYaI NdId m%fhda. fjka

fldg olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia fuu tallfha § ks¾ÈIag .oH-moH fldgia weiqßka idys;Hd;aul ks¾udKhl ,CIK y÷kd.ekSu;a ixialD; idys;Hfha tk Pkaoia yd w,xldr ms<sn| ir, ±kqula ,nd.ekSu;a isiqkaf.ka wfmaCId lrk neúka kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ;=< by; ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï lr.; hq;= fõ'


Rcq NdIK" m%jD;a;s l:k yd idys;H ks¾udK w;=ßka idys;H ks¾udK fjka fldg y÷kd.; hq;= nj

f;dard.;a ks¾udK fldgiaj, we;s w,xldr" jD;a; iy NdId m%fhda. wdÈh meyeÈ,s lr.; hq;= nj

w,xldr(- Wod( Wmud" rEml" W;afm%alaId" iajNdfjdala;s

jD;a;(- Wod( jika;;s,ld" Yd¾¥,úl%Sä;" ud,skS" ukaodl%dka;d

NdId m%fhda.(- zz#haepivZy #dmasnml<i³ytam! ZZ ^fuys jdä ù fuu wiqk w,xldr l<

uekú&

zziSnGxjns<ivÉKt< ih du>o< sývedn< Évit,ZZ ûDÿis;a we;a;ka iu`. fnod.;a úg ÿl bjid.; yels h'- wNs{dkYdl=ka;,&

NdId m%fhda. yd fi!kao¾hd;aul fhÿï ks¾ÈIag lD;s weiqßka f;dardf.k isiqkag ,nd Èh hq;= nj


fiiq NdId jHjydrhkag jvd idys;H ks¾udKhl NdId jHjydrh fjkia jk whqre isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'

idys;H ks¾udKhl uQ,sl ,CIK idlÉPd lrkak'

ixialD; jD;a; yd w,xldr ms<sn| j uQ,sl ye¢kaùula lrkak'

fï i|yd úIh lreKqj, ixCIsma;h hgf;a we;s w,xldr yd jD;a; muKla WodyrK f,i fhdod.kak'

33

ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, wka;¾.; ks¾udKd;aul yd fi!kao¾hd;aul NdId m%fhda." kdgH ixjdo wdÈh Wmqgdf.k isiqkag ,nd § idlÉPd lrkak' tajdfhys ks¾udKd;aul w.h ms<sn| j isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lrkak'


ldfjHdala;s hkq l=ula ± hs úia;r lrhs Pkaoia yd w,xldr ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrhs'

idys;H ks¾udKhl we;=<;a ldfjHdala;s fjka lr ,shd olajhs'

idys;H ks¾udKfhys we;s l:d u;lfhka lshjhs' fok ,o idys;H ks¾udKhla lshjd bka ,nk w;a±lSu bÈßm;a lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:j,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia we;=<;a Pdhd msgm;a' wka;¾cd,fhka f;dard.;a WmfoaY idys;Hfha l:d we;=<;a ùäfhda o¾Yk iys;

iSã$ãùã ;eá jeä ÿr .fõIKh

oaú;Shdo¾Y" l:diß;aid.r" ysf;damfoaY" r;akdj,S" m%;s{dfh!.kaOrdhK hk .%ka:j, ks¾ÈIag mdG

34

14' tallh - idys;H ridiajdoh

4'0 ksmqK;dj idys;H ridiajdofha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

4'3 idys;Hd;aul mdGhl rih ú|.kshs; m%ldY lrhs' ld,Éfþo 13 bf.kqï m,

ldjH ,laIKdkqidrfhka idys;Hd;aul mdG úpdrYS,S j ri úkaokh l< yels nj fmkajd fohs'

f;dard.;a idys;Hd;aul mdGhl úkaokSh rih m%ldY lrhs' idys;H ri úkaok yelshdj u`.ska ks¾udK fl!Y,Hh ÈhqKq jk nj myohs' Ôú;h foi fi!kao¾hd;aul j yd ixfõ§ j ne,Sug idys;H ridiajdoh m%n,

wkqn,hla ,nd fok nj fmkajd fohs' idys;Hd;aul pß; mqoa., pß; yd ixikaokh lrhs'


fï i|yd ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska f;dard.;a idys;Hd;aul mdG fhdod.; hq;= h' tys § Yíod,xldr iy w¾:d,xldr we;=<;a mdG f;dard.ekSu iqÿiq h' tfia u tajdfha tk NdId m%fhda." ldfjHdala;s wdÈh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrñka riúkaok ld¾hfhys fh§u w;HjYH fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h f;dard.;a idys;Hd;aul mdG wh;a jk idys;H m%fNao;a" tu m%fNaohkag wh;a fiiq

.%ka: iy tajdfha l¾;Djrekq;a we;=<;a kdudj,shla ilia l< hq;= nj

wod< moH mdG .dhkhg YsIHhd fhduq lrjñka Tyqf.a úkaok Yla;sh Wiia lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;= nj

YsIHhka lKavdhï.; fldg wë; kdgH mdGhkays tk fonia ksrjoH f,i l:kfhys fhoúh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh

úkaokSh idys;Hd;aul mdG ks¾ÈIag lD;s weiqßka f;dard.kak'

WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh" kdgH idys;Hh wdÈfhka .;a WoaOD; Ndú; lrkak'

idys;Hd;aul ks¾udK úpdrYS,S j ri úkaokh lrk whqre myod fokak'

lKavdhï l%shdldrlï u`.ska Wiia idys;H ri úkaok yelshdjla ÈhqKq jk f,i isiqka fufyhjkak'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu

idys;H ks¾udKhl we;s ldjH ,CIK úia;r lrhs' ;ud W.;a idys;Hd;aul pß; ms<sn| ,smshla ,shhs'

WmfoaYd;aul idys;Hfha pß; ms<sn| w.h lrñka l;djla lrhs'

ir, l;d f.dvk`.d idys;Hh fmdaIKh lrhs'

35

.=Kd;aul fhÿï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:h riúkaokd;aul w.hka we;s ysf;damfoaY" m[ap;ka;% fkdfyd;a rdudhK"

uydNdr; hk lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia' WmfoaY l:d yd ùr l:d we;=<;a ùäfhda yd PdhdrEm iys; DVD fyda VCD fyda

;eá mß.Klhla $ rEmjdysKS hka;%hla$DVD Odjlhla'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

;D;Shdo¾Y" m[ap;ka;%" iajmakjdijo;a;" m%;s{dfh!.kaOrdhK" hk .%ka:j, ks¾ÈIag mdG'

36

15' tallh - idrO¾u y`ÿkd.ekSu 5'0 ksmqK;dj

NdId idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; idrO¾u pß;dnoaO lrhs; m%ldY lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 mdGhl wka;¾.; idrO¾u y÷kd.kshs; pß;dnoaO lrhs' ld,Éfþo 13 bf.kqï m,

NdId idys;HdÈhg ixfõ§ fkdùu iudcfha idrO¾u mßydKshg fya;= jk nj fmkajd fohs'

ixialD; idys;Hfha tk idrO¾uj, iudc Wmfhda.s;dj ks¾ÈIag mdGdkqidrfhka wjfndaO fldg m%ldY lrhs'

idrO¾u Ôú;hg noaO lr.kakd whqre iduQysl j idlÉPd lrhs'

wë; idrO¾u wjia:dkql+, f,i Ôú;fhka m%ldYhg m;a lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia úúO idys;H m%fNao Tiafia fkdfhla úIh f;audj,g wh;a idrO¾u msreKq idys;Hhla ixialD;h i;= h' th uekúka wjfndaO fldg Ôú;h iu. .<md.ekSug Wkkaÿ lrùu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' ta i|yd ixialD; idys;Hfha tk uydldjH" LKavldjH" fn!oaO ixialD; yd wdhq¾fõo idys;H lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a fldgia ks¾ÈIag lr we;' tu ks¾ÈIag fldgia wdOdrfhka idrO¾u y÷kd.ekSug;a" pß;dnoaO lr.ekSug;a isiqka fhduq lrúh hq;= h'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska f;audjg WÑ; mdG lsysmhla f;dard.; hq;= nj

fn!oaO ixialD; idys;Hh yd wdhq¾fõo idys;Hh lD;sj,ska f;dard.;a mdG isiqkag bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj

f;dard.;a .oH fyda moH mdGfha wka;¾.;h wjfndaO lrúh hq;= nj

hf:dala; mdGj, wka;¾.; idrO¾uj, i¾jld,Sk w.h meyeÈ,s l< hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:d.; mdG wdY%hfhka idrO¾u iy ta yd nef|k wjia:d lsysmhla f;dard ±laúh hq;= nj


idrO¾u ±lafjk m%ldY we;=<;a ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh< lrjkak'

f;dard.;a mdGj, ±lafjk idrO¾u ffoksl Ôjk w;a±lSï yd iudc l%shdldrlï iu. ikaikaokh lrkak'

idrO¾u Ndú;hg .; yels wjia:d o tu`.ska ,nd.; yels m%;sM, o bÈßm;a lrk lKavdhï l%shdldrlul YsIHhka fhdojkak'

37


YsIH ix.ïj, § mka;sh bÈßfha § idrO¾u wka;¾.; ixialD; m%ldY iys; mqjre ilid m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

fffoksl mqj;am;a" ì;a;s mqj;am;a" iÕrd wdoshg Wla; idrO¾u m%ldY mokï fldg f.k l=vd ks¾udK bÈßm;a lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

kf,damdLHdkh" R;=ixydr" idú;%HqmdLHdk" fi!kaorkkao" prlixys;d hk .%ka:j, ks¾ÈIag mdG

38

16 tallh - idrO¾u we.hSu 5'0 ksmqK;dj

NdId idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; idrO¾u pß;dnoaO lrhs; m%ldY lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 idrO¾u w.hhs" m%ldY lrhs 5'2 Ys,amSh ksmqK;d i|yd wjYH uQ,sl m%fõYh ,nhs' ld,Éfþo 08 b.ekqï m,

NdId idys;Hfhys wka;¾.; idrO¾u y÷kdf.k m%ldY lrhs'

y÷kd.;a idrO¾uj, we;s m%dfhda.sl jákdlu fmkajd fohs'

wë; idrO¾u i¾jld,Sk yd id¾jfN!ñl j Ndú; l< yels nj myod fohs'

ixialD; idys;Hhg wh;a Ys,am .%ka: y÷kdf.k kï lrhs'

Ys,am .%ka:j, Wmhqla; Ys,amSh {dkh Ôú;h id¾:l lr.ekSug Ndú; l< yels nj fmkajd fohs'

ixialD; idys;Hd.; idrO¾u" flá ks¾udK rpkd jYfhka ,shd olajhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia uydldjH" LKavldjH" fn!oaO ixialD; yd wdhq¾fõo idys;H lD;s j,ska f;dard

f.k WoaOD; fldg we;s fldgia ks¾ÈIag .%ka:fha we;s w;r tajd weiqßka by; ksmqK;d uÜgug isiqka <Õd lrùu fuu tallfha wfmaCIdj fõ' Ys,am .%ka: idys;Hhg wh;a u[acq Y%S NdIs; jdia;=úoHdYdia;% yd Ñ;%l¾uYdia;%" jDy;amrdYr fydardYdia;% wdÈ Ys,am .%ka: y÷kajd§u;a tajdfhys Wmhqla; lreKq id¾:l Ôú;hlg wjYH miqìu ilik nj y÷kajd§u;a fuys § wfmaCIs; hs'


ks¾ÈIag mdGj, wka;¾.; w.h l< yels idrO¾u we;=<;a mdG lsysmhla f;dard .; hq;= nj

hf:dala; mdGj, iudc jákdlu w.h l< hq;= nj

tu idrO¾u Ôú;hg wdfoaY fldg.; yels wdldrh idlÉPd l< hq;= nj Ôjk yd iudc .eg¨ úiok l%ufõohla jYfhka idrO¾u Ndú;hg .; hq;= nj ixialD; Ys,am .%ka:dj,sh ixialD; idys;Hfhys jeo.;a wx.hla jYfhka w.h l<

hq;= nj ks¾ÈIag Ys,am .%ka:j, we;=<;a ±kqu Ôú;h id¾:l lr.ekSug Wmfhda.s lr.; yels

nj


ks¾ÈIag fldgiaj, we;=<;a idrO¾u iys; m%ldY tl;= lrjkak' tl;= l< idrO¾u we;=<;a m%ldYj, we;s iudc jákdlu lKavdhï l%shdldrlï

u`.ska bÈßm;a lrjkak'

W.;a idrO¾u weiqfrka úu¾Ykd;aul rpkhla ms<sfh< lrjkak'

39

idrO¾u wOHhkfhka hym;a iudchla f.dvke`.sh yels wdldrh myod fokak'

jdia;=Ydia;%" Ñ;%l¾u" fcHd;sYaYdia;% hk Ys,am idys;Hhg wh;a fldgia y÷kajd fokak'

Ys,am idys;Hhg wh;a ks¾ÈIag fldgia weiqfrka Ys,amSh ksmqK;d i|yd wjYH uQ,sl u`. fmkaùula ,nd fokak'


Wmqgd.;a idrO¾u fldgia ksje/È j lshjhs'

idrO¾u iys; mdG tl;=jla ms<sfh< lrhs'

is;a .;a idrO¾u weiqßka flá ks¾udKhla lrhs .=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka: jeä ÿr .fõIKh

fï>¥;" uydNdr;" iqY%e;ixys;d" wIagdå.yDohixys;d" cdklSyrK" ioaO¾uulrkao hk .%ka:j, ks¾ÈIag mdG

40

17' tallh - NdIKfha fh§u ^m%Yak yd ms<s;=re&

6'0 ksmqK;dj ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j NdIKfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 m%Yak wihs'

6'2 m%YAkj,g ms<s;=re fohs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj 08 bf.kqï m,

ixialD; NdIdfjka tÈfkod isÿùï ms<sn| ir, m%Yak wihs'

wik ,o m%Yakj,g ixialD; NdIdfjka ir, j yd ksje/È j ms<s;=re ,nd fohs' jHla; f,i ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï YlH;dj ,nhs'


woH;k f,dalfha úoaj;=ka w;r ixialD; NdIdj úúO mrud¾: Wfoid úfYaIfhka Ndú; fõ' Ndr;Sh iudch th jHdma; lsÍug uy;a mßY%uhla orkq fmfka' ixialD;h lsis f,ilska j;a u< nila fkdfõ' Ôj .=Kfhka hq;= m%dfhda.ssl j Ndú; l< yels" m%n, m%ldYk yelshdjla iys; NdIdjla jYfhka ixialD; NdIdj w.h l< hq;= h' tÈfkod Ôú;fha isÿùïj,ska ir, j mgkaf.k .eUqre m%ldYk f;la jHla; j Ndú; l< yels NdIdjla jYfhka ixialD;h isiqkag y÷kajd Èh hq;= h'


ffoksl Ôú;fha isÿùï m%Yafkda;a;r jYfhka bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj

jdlHhl uq," ueo iy w. hkdÈ ia:dkj, m%YakjdÖ ksmd; tl;= lrñka m%Yak weish yels nj

ldKav jYfhka fnod fonia whqßka m%Yak weiSug yd ms<s;=re iemhSug isiqka fhduq lsÍu

jHjydrhg WÑ; NdIdm%fhda. ixialD; idys;Hfhka ,nd .; yels nj

Wod( Aasnml'œi³ytam!, ïUytam!, äUytam!, %Cytam!, Soln! Soln! gCDit,

sTymev tt!, sTvr< gCD, hSt< àsary, muo< à]aly, tt> ikmkraet!,

tjeks NdIdm%fhda. y÷kdf.k Ndú; lsÍug u`. mEoSu(

Wod( AacayR AagCDtu, #dmasnml'œi³ytam!, he DaÇa> kda yUy< %iÄót, AacayR

vy< àatrev %iÄóam>, kw< iv*aly< AagCDw, bSrwen iÖc³e[ c AagCDam>,

fhdað; b.ekqï-b.ekaùï l%uh tÈfkod Ôú;fha isÿùï wdY%s; j ir, m%Yak weiSug yd ms<s;=re iemhSug isiqka

fhduq lrjkak'

kdgH .%ka:j,ska m%Yafkda;a;r iys; fldgia tl;= fldg tajd lsheùug fhduq lrjkak'

m%Yak yd ms<s;=re iys; fmd;a msxpla ieliSug fhduq lrjkak'

ixialD; NdIdfjka isÿjk m%Yafkda;a;r ixjdo wka;¾cd,fhka yd uqøs; m%ldYkj,ska Wmqgdf.k weiSug;a lshùug;a i,iajkak'

41


• tÈfkod yuqjk oE ms<sn| j ixialD;fhka ir, m%Yak wihs' tajdg ms<s;=re fohs' • ixialD; NdIdj jHdjydßl NdIdjla jYfhka Ndú; l< yels nj m%ldY lrhs' • lKavdhï jYfhka fn§ m%Yak lrhs; ms<s;=re fohs' • YsIH ix.ï /iaùïj, § wik ,o m%Yak i|yd fkdìh j ms<s;=re fohs' • flá m%Yak ixialD; NdIdfjka ,shd tajdg ms<s;=re fidhhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

• wk;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka ,nd.;a ixialD; m%Yafkda;a;r we;=<;a ixjdo • mß.Klhla fyda rEmjdyskshla • m%Yafkda;a;rjdÖ mo yd ms<s;=re we;=<;a mqjre lsysmhla • ixialD; kdgH lD;sj, ixjdo iys; DVD ;eáhla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

r;akdj, S" uDÉPlál wdÈ .%ka:j,ska f;dard.;a ixjdo fldgia

42

18' tallh - NdIKfha fh§u îxjdo&

6'0 ksmqK;dj ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j NdIKfha fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 Wmfoia ,nd fohs' 6'4 ixjdofha fhfohs' ld,Éfþo ixLHdj 08 bf.kqï m,

ixialD; NdId m%fhda. Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| Wmfoia wkq.ukh lrhs'

wdpdr-iudpdr i|yd ixialD; fhÿï Ndú; lrhs'

ixialD; NdId Ndú;fhys pd;=¾hh ,nhs'

ukd fm!reIhlska hq;= j ixialD; NdIKfhys fhfohs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia ffoksl Ôú;fha w;aú¢k isÿùïj,g wod< j fhdod.; yels ixialD; fhÿï ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndÈh hq;= h' ixjdo wjia:dj, Ndú; l< yels wdpdr-úoHd;aul m%ldY bÈßm;a lsÍu yd Ndú; NdId m%fhda.j, ksrjoH Ndjh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu iqÿiq h' fï weiqßka ixialD; NdIKh ms<sn| ukd fm!reIhla isiqjd ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu fuu tallfhka wfmaCIs; hs'

ksmqK;d uÜgug wod< úIh lreKqj, ixlaIsma;h ixialD; NdId m%fhda. Ndú; l< hq;= nj

wdpdr iudpdr we;=<;a m%ldY fidhdf.k bÈßm;a l< hq;= nj

Wod - suàÉatm!, zuÉsNXya, zuÉraiÇ>, nmSte, icr< jIvtu, nmae buÏay, nm> ïI "nay,

Svagtm!, AsTym! ma vd, sTy< vd, xm¡ cr, sTyvan! balk> Év, Al< kwnen, ASmak<

dl< jytu, Ahae idnimd< prmsuokrm!, dya< k…é guédev,

ixjdohg iqÿiq ud;Dldjla f;dard.; hq;= nj

ir, w¾:dkaú; jpk Ndú; lrñka ixjdohlg fmryqrejla ms<sfh< l< hq;= nj

ixjdo fufyhùu ixialD; NdIdfjka l< hq;= nj fhdað; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uh

wdpdr-iudpdrj, § ixialD;fha Ndú; ir, fhÿï bÈßm;a lrkak'

tu ir, NdId m%fhda. mka;sfha § mqyqKq lrjkak'

YsIHhka lKavdhï follg fnod ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lrñka iqyo yuqjl § wdpdr-iudpdr mj;ajk whqre;a wd-.sh f;dr;=re úuik whqre;a ksrEmKh jk mßos lKavdhï l%shdldrlïj, fhdojkak'

ixialD; idys;Hd.; úúO ixjdo mdG tl;= lrjkak'

f;dard.;a ixjdo mdG y~ kÕd lshùug i,iajkak'

iajdëk ixjdo ks¾udKhg Wmfoia ,nd fokak'

43


• ixialD; NdIdfjka m%Yak wihs'

• wka;¾ - iïnkaO;d f.dvk`.d.ekSug ixialD; NdIdj Wmfhda.s lr.kshs'

• woyia m%ldY lsÍfï § kj;djlska hq;= j ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lrhs'

• ukd fm!reIhlska hq;= j bÈßm;a ùfï l=Y,;dj ,nhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

• ks¾ÈIag .%ka:fhka Wmqgd.;a .oHuh fldgia yd Pdhd msgm;a • wka;¾cd,fhka fidhd.;a wdpdr iudpdr we;=<;a D.V.D. mghla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh wod< m%ldY f;dard.ekSu i|yd iqÿiq mßÈ ixialD; idys;Hd.; uQ,dY%hhka f;dard.;

yels h'

ixialD; kdgH .%ka:j,g úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrñka iqÿiq idys;H uQ,dY%hj,ska ixjdo mdG f;dard.kak'

44

19' tallh - m%dfhda.sl jHjydr

ksmqK;dj 6'0 ksrjq,a j yd meyeÈ,s j NdIKfhys fhfohs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'5 ud;Dldjlg wod< j flá foiqula meje;aùug iu;a fjhs' 6'6 NdIdj jHla; j Ndú; lrhs' ld,Éfþo 06 bf.kqï m,

ksje/È j ixialD; NdIdfjka l:djla meje;aùfï yelshdj ,nhs'

wik ,o l:djla ixialD; NdIdfjka ,shhs; lshjhs'

jHla; f,i ixialD; NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï YlH;dj ,nhs'

ffoksl igyka" Èkpßhd" flá igyka" ffu;%S Ndjkd hkdÈ oE ,shhs; lshjhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia NdIKhg w;sf¾l j hï ud;Dldjla hgf;a lsishï woyia iuQyhla l:djl wdldrfhka ixialD;fhka bÈßm;a lsÍu NdId;aul YlH;dj m%dfhda.sl j j¾Okh ùu úIhfhys Wmldrj;a fjhs' tu ksid NdId Ndú;fha § th ksje/È j iy meyeos,s j Ndú; lsÍug isiqka fhduq lrùu wjYH h'


ksjerÈ jQ ir, jpk Ndú;hg .; hq;= nj

flá jdlH Ndú;h ksid Wla;dLHd; ksje/È j fhdod.ekSug yels nj

l:djla ms<sn| ksje/È jHQyh wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj

WÉpdrKh ms<sn| j ukd jQ mqyqKqjla ,ndÈh hq;= ksid wlaIr yd WÉpdrK bkaøsh moaO;sh uekúka y÷kd.; hq;= nj

fï i|yd ixialD; ixjdo wka;¾.; Y%jHmg iy oDYHmg Ndú; l< hq;= nj

Èk igyka flá igyka wdÈh ixialD; NdIdfjka ,sheúh hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh úúO ud;Dld ,nd § kshñ; ld,hla ;=< mka;s ldurfha § l:d meje;aùug YsIHhka

fhduq lrjkak'

;uka okakd ir, l:djla ixialD; NdIdfjka bÈßm;a lsÍug i,iajkak'

ixialD; ixjdo ms<sn| j wka;¾cd,fha we;s f;dr;=re tla/ia lrjkak'

Y%jH mg iy oDYH mg Ndú; lrñka ksrjoH WÉpdrK wNHdi lrjkak'


ksje/È j yd ksrjq,a j ixialD; NdIdj WÉpdrKh lrhs'

mj;ajk ,o flá foiqï wjfndaO lrf.k ,shd olajhs' flá igyka" Èkpßhd igyka wdÈh bÈßm;a lrhs'

45

jHla; f,i ixialD; NdIdj yiqrejhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

foajkd.Í ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a Pdhd msgm;a lsysmhla

mß.Klh

wka;¾cd,fhka f;dard.;a Y%jH $ oDYH ixjdo lsysmhla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh wka;¾cd,fha wka;¾.; ixialD; l:dj,g wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

46

20' tallh - Y%jKh yd w¾:djfndaOh 7'0 ksmqK;dj ijka § w¾:h meyeÈ,s j yd ksje/È j wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 f;dard.;a moH fyda .oH fyda mdGj,g ijka § w¾: wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs' ld,Éfþo - 10 bf.kqï m,

bÈßm;a lrk ,o fþohg uekúka ijka fohs'

ta ms<sn| w¾:djfndaOh ,nhs' wjfndaO lr.;a mdGj, w¾:h ,shd olajhs'

ixialD; wdmaf;damfoaY" idrO¾u m%ldYkdÈh iÕrdj, yd ì;a;s mqj;am;aj, m< lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia NdId wOHhkfha § Y%jK l=Y,;dj ixj¾Okh l< hq;= jeo.;a wxYhls' tu ksid Y%jKh i|yd fhda.H .oH-moH mdG fidhd.ekSu jeo.;a fõ' tys § rdudhKdÈ ùrldjH" ioaO¾uulrkaodÈ uydldjH" prlixys;dÈ wdhq¾fõo .%ka: fhdod.ekSu WÑ; h'


ir, iy ixlS¾K .oH" moH fldgia f;dard.; hq;= nj Wod(

jnnI jNmUimí SvgaRdip grIysI,

laeka> smSta> suionae ÉvNtu,

raiÇ> zza»aeidtsaEMyv±a tarag[aeNmIiltcaéneÇa,

JyaeTõa<zuk< àavr[a ivÉait narIv zu¬a<zuks<v&ta¼I.

ysf;damfoaY" m[ap;ka;% wdÈ .%ka:j,ska iqÿiq .oH mdG f;dard.; hq;= nj ks¾ÈIag fldgiaj,ska ir, Yaf,dal tl;= lr .dhkh lsÍug ie,eiaúh hq;= nj WoaOD; .oH-moH fldgia y~ k`.d WÉpdrKh lsÍu yd uekúka ijka §u l< hq;=

nj

Y%jKh l< WoaOD; mdGj, w¾:h wjfndaO l< hq;= nj fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

• YsIHhka lKavdhï follg fnokak'

• tla lKavdhula ,jd f;dard.;a mdG lsheùug i,iajkak'

• wfklaa lKavdhu tajdg ijka § m%Yak weiSu fj; fhduq lrjkak'

• lKavdhï udre fldg kej; fuu l%shdldrlu lrjkak'

• ijka § w¾:djfndaOh ,eîug;a kej; tajd m%ldY lsÍug;a isiqka fufyhjkak' ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu

• WfoHda.fhka hq;= j .oH - moH fldgiaj,g ijka fohs' • ijka § wjfndaO lr.;a .oH - moH fldgia m%ldY lrhs'

47

• moH fldgia ,shd .dhkh lrhs' • wik ,o ixialD; mdG ,shd iÕrd" ì;a;s mqj;am;a wdÈh i|yd ,sms ,nd fohs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï • ks¾ÈIag .%ka:' • wka;¾cd,fhka ,nd.;a Y%jH yd oDYH mg lsysmhla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

• wka;¾cd,h' • WmfoaYd;aul yd yrj;a Y%jH-oDYH fldgia Ndú;hg fhduq lsÍu

48

21' tallh - ijka § ksje/È j m%;spdr oelaùu 7'0 ksmqK;dj ijka § w¾:h meyeÈ,s j yd ksje/È j wjfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 Y%jH mgj,g yd Y%jH-oDYH mgj,g ijka §" krUd w¾:djfndaO lrf.k m%;spdr olajhs' ld,Éfþo - 10 b.ekqï m,

Y%jH mg iy Y%jH-oDYH mg Y%jKh lrhs'

Y%jKh fldg w¾:djfndaOh ,nd wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs'

u;lfhys r|jd.;a mdG ksrjoH j m%;sjdpkh lrhs'

wka;¾cd, weiqßka ld,Sk isÿùï we;=<;a ixialD; m%jD;a;s yd jd¾;d jevigyka wdÈh keröug Wkkaÿ fjhs'


ixialD;h jHjydrfhka f;dr nilehs mejiSu ñ:Hdjla nj wka;¾cd,h mßYS,kh lsÍu u`.ska fmfka' Ndr;fha ixialD; NdIdj jHjydr NdIdj jYfhka Ndú; lrk m%foaY wog;a ±l.; yels h' .=jkaúÿ,s" rEmjdyskS kd<sldj, ixialD;fhka m%jD;a;s m%ldYhg m;a fõ' fõÈld kdgH" fg,ss kdgH" Ñ;%mg" jd¾;d jevigyka wdÈh ixialD;fhka bÈßm;a fõ' iÔj NdIdjl ish¨ ,CIK ixialD;h i;= nj fï wkqj wjfndaO l< yels h' wka;¾cd,h Ndú;fhka ixialD; NdIdfjka rÑ; fndfyda jevigyka ksÍCIKh l< yels h'


wka;¾cd,h ^WWW.youtube.com weiqßka& mßYS,kh lsÍfuka Y%jH yd oDYH ks¾udK tl;= lr.; yels nj

tu ks¾udK idjOdk j weiSug;a w¾:djfndaOh lsÍug;a ie,eiaúh hq;= nj tnÿ ks¾udK lsÍug Wkkaÿjla we;s l< hq;= nj

fhdað; b.ekqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

wka;¾cd,hg msúi ixialD; .S; we;=¿ úúO ks¾udK tl;=jla ms<sfh< lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

tu ks¾udK ri úkaokhg yd w¾:djfndaOhg wjia:djla ,nd fokak'

krUk ,o ks¾udKhla mka;s ldurh ;=< m%;sks¾udKh lsÍug i,iajkak'

tu ks¾udK keröfuka miq ixialD; NdIdOHhkhg ,efnk m%fhdack ms<sn| j isiqka ,jd woyia m%ldY lrjkak'

;lafiarej yd we.ehSu Y%jH-oDYH ks¾udK uekúka Y%jKh lrhs'

Y%jKh fldg w¾:djfndaOh ,nd wik m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fohs'

u;lfhys r|jd.;a mdG ksrjoH j m%;sjdpkh lrhs'

is;a .;a isoaêhla rx.kfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'

49

ixialD;fhys wvx.= Y%jH yd oDYH ks¾udK fiùug leue;a; m< lrhs'

fidhk ,o Y%jH yd oDYH mg iduQysl j fnod.kshs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

mß.Klh $ rEmjdysksh

Video o¾Yk we;=<;a ;eá Multimedia

jeä ÿr .fõIKh www.youtube.com

50

22' tallh - iajdNdúl mßirh 8'0 ksmqK;dj wod< ixialD;sl mßirh y÷kd.kshs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 iajdNdúl mßirh y÷kd.kshs' ld,Éfþo ixLHdj - 15 bf.kqï m,

ixialD; idys;H uQ,dY%h Tiafia iïNdú; mßirh y÷kd.ekSfï mßph ,nhs'

ohdmkak weilska f,dalh wjf,dalkh lrhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

R;=" k§" id.r" Woh" ikaOHd" rd;%s" ia;%S" mqreI wdÈ j¾Kkd ixialD; idys;Hfha ±lsh yels h' tajd wOHhkh lsÍfuka NdIdjfndaOh ,nk w;r u ;ud Ôj;a jk mßirh foi ohdmkak oDIaáhlska ne,Sug o fhduq fõ'


.ia" u,a" c,h" mshqï" .eyeksh" iq<Õ" ikaOHd wdÈh ms<sn| j¾Ks; WoaOD; wod< úIh lafIa;%fhka u f;dard.; hq;= nj

Wod(

Ô‚ma> spu:pa> sill< spÒ< iôy> skama> pvn> sugiNx>,

suoa> àdae;a> idvsaí rMya> svR iàye caétr< vsNte.

wod< idys;H .%ka:j, úia;r flfrk iajdNdúl mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,eìh hq;= nj

tla tla mdßißl fjkialï ms<sn| j fjk fjk u fnod idlÉPd l< hq;= nj

fidndoyu yd ñksid w;r we;s wúfhdackSh iïnkaO;dj ixialD; idys;Hh u`.ska ±lsh yels nj


ixialD; idys;Hh weiqfrka iïNdú; mßirh iïnkaO ixialD; - isxy, kdudj,shla my; i|yka mßÈ j.=.; lrkak'

.ia u,a k§ l÷ R;=

nIp nlaó

pÒ mshqu

ymuna huqkd

ihmaly ysud,h

vsNt ji;a

YsIHhka lKavdhï lsysmhlg fnod ta ta lKavdhï ,jd ixialD; .%ka:j, tk R;=" k§" ikaOHd wdÈ j¾Kkd ms<sn| moH tl;= lrjkak'

mßirh yd ñksid w;r we;s in|;d ms<sn| flá foiqula mj;ajkak' ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu

ixialD; idys;H uQ,dY%h Tiafia iïNdú; mßirh y÷kdf.k ,shhs'

51

iajdNdúl mßirh flfrys ohdmkak weilska n,d m%;spdr olajhs'

iajdNdúl mßirfha Ôj;a jk i;a;ajhka yd mj;sk jia;= wdrCId lsÍu ms<sn| wdl,am we;s lr.kshs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

wod< idys;H .%ka:j,ska mdßißl ,CIK biau;= jk wjia:d oelafjk igykla R;=j, fjkialï ±lafjk ùäfhda o¾Yk ;,hla mß.Klhla

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

wka;¾cd,h

52

23' tallh - ixialD;sl mßirh

8'0 ksmqK;dj wod< ixialD;sl mßirh y÷kd.kshs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

8'2 NdIdj yd idys;Hd.; pß; y÷kd.kshs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj - 15 bf.kqï m,

ixialD; idys;H uQ,dY%h Tiafia NdIdj Ndú; lsÍfï YlH;dj o idys;Hd.; pß; y÷kd.ekSfï YlH;dj o ,nhs'

idys;H uQ,dY%h Tiafia ta ta pß;j,g wdfõKsl ,CIK y÷kd.ksñka ;ud Ôj;a jk iudcfha we;s pß; fyd¢ka wjfndaO lr.ekSug yelshdj ,nhs'


idys;H uQ,dY%hhkays tk NdId ffY,Ska ms<sn| wOHhkh lr tu ffY,Ska yeoEÍu jeo.;a fõ' ixialD; idys;Hhsl iudch foi idkqlïmsl oDIaáhlska n,d hym;" whym; fjka fjka j y÷kdf.k ksje/È j lghq;= lrk iïmQ¾K ukqIHhl= ìys lsÍug Wmldr lrhs'


mqoa., pß; ixj¾Okfhys ,d ixialD; idys;Hd.; ixl,am w;sYhska jeo.;a nj

idys;Hd.; ixialD;sl mßirhg wod< uQ,dY%hhka iy my; i|yka mßÈ tjeks fjk;a mdG f;dard.ekSu l< hq;= nj

Wod(

cÂn! mnae}z)rIrsnaklapa> pyRNts<iSwtista{fjpi“hara>,

n*ae ivzalpuilnaNtintMbibMba> mNd< àyaiNt àmda> smda #va*.

(\tus<har)

ya}a mae"a vrmixgu[e naxme lBxkama, ( me"Ët )

#Tye;a VyupzaNtye n rtye mae]awRgÉaRk«it>, (saENdrnNd),

s<yaegae ih ivyaegSy s<sUcyit sMÉvm!, ( ihtaepdez)

yÇ imÇ n vStVy< yÇ naiSt ctuòym!,

\[data vE*í zaeiÇy> sjla ndI, ( ihtaepdez)

AatRÇa[ay v> zô< n àhtuRmnagis, (AiÉ}anzak…Ntl ) fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

idys;Hd.; mdGhkays wka;¾.; Wodr pß; ms<sn| bÈßm;a lr we;s NdId jHjydrh myodfokak'

ixialD; idys;Hd.; pß; ms<sn| j ks¾udKd;aul f,i lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

iuQy jYfhka idys;Hd.; pß; ms<sn| wOHhkhl kshef<kak'


53

idys;H uQ,dY%hhkays wka;¾.; NdId ffY,Ska y÷kdf.k ,shd olajhs'

tu NdId ffY,Sska fjka fjka jYfhka j.=.; lrhs' ks¾ÈIag lD;sj, tk wë; pß; ;=< we;s .=Kdx. pß;dnoaO lrhs' .%ka:d.; jeo.;a f;dr;=re weiqßka ,sms iïmdokh lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï úúO NdId ffY,Sska fjka lrk ,o j.=jla idys;Hd.; pß; wdY%fhka w¢k ,o is;=jï lsysmhla

idys;Hd.; pß; úia;r flfrk ,sms lsysmhla jeä ÿr .fõIKh (-

wka;¾cd,h

54

24' tallh - ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh

9'0 ksmqK;dj ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh lrhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ksje/È w¾:h ,efnk fia ixialD; NdIdfjka udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs' ld,Éfþo - 15

b.ekqï m, ks¾ÈIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd.;a .oH-moH mdG ksje/È f,i udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh

lrhs'

wks¾osIag lD;sj,ska Wmqgd .;a .oH-moH mdG ksje/È f,i udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

Wmqgd.;a mdGj, ÿrjfndaO jpk ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'

,ehsia;= .; l< ÿrjfndaO jpkj,g w¾: imhhs' mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia

NdIdjl m%ùK;dj uekSu i|yd mßj¾;k ld¾hh uy.= ñkqï oKavla jkq we;' tu ksid ks¾ÈIag-wks¾ÈIag fNaohlska f;dr j mßj¾;k ld¾hfhys yelshdj Wmojd.ekSug fuh uy`.= msájy,la jkq we;'


ixlS¾K ixialD; jdlH udOH NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï § mek ke.sh yels .eg¨ y÷kd.ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

fï i|yd ks¾ÈIag fyda wks¾ÈIag fyda lD;sj,ska úúO ixlS¾K jdlH lsysmhla ksoiqka jYfhka mßj¾;kh lr fmkaúh hq;= nj

tys § mek k`.sk .eg¨ úi|Sfï l%fudamdhhka oelaùu i|yd tn÷ u ixlS¾K jdlH mßj¾;kh lsÍug wNHdi Èh hq;= nj

úNla;s m%fhda. yd ldrl m%fhda. úYaf,aIKh lrñka jdlH rgd wjfndaO lr.ekSug u`. mEosh hq;= nj

y%iaj fyda §¾> fyda iudfidamhqla; rpkd m%fhda. u`.ska ixlS¾K jdlH f.dvkef`.k whqre m%lg l< hq;= nj

iïnkaëldrl fyda idfmalaIl fyda mo Ndú;h ixlS¾K jdlH ks¾udKh i|yd Wmldr jk nj f;areï .ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

.oHfhka yd moHfhka bÈßm;a flfrk ixlS¾K m%ldYj, Wla;dLHd; mo iïnkaOh;a úfYaIK-úfYaIH iujdhh;a .%yKh lr.ksñka mßj¾;kh lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh l< hq;= nj

f;dard.;a tjeks mdG mßj¾;kh isiqka iu`. tla j isÿ l< hq;= nj

ixialD; NdIdfõ jHdlrK Í;s yd iïm%odhhka ukd fldg y÷kd.ksñka udOH NdIdfõ o tu wx. W,a,x>kh fkdjk mßÈ mßj¾;kh lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd.ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

55

fhdað; b.ekqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

mßj¾;kh i|yd iqÿiq mdG lsysmhla f;dard § YsIHhka mßj¾;k ld¾hfhys fhdojkak'

mßj¾;kh i|yd iqÿiq mdG myla f;dard.ekSug YsIHhkag wjia:dj ,nd § tu mdG mßj¾;kfhys ,d YsIHhka fhdojkak'

YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï fldg mßj¾;k bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

mQ¾fjdala; l%shdldrlï wdY%hfhka fmdÿ .=Kfodia úfõpkhl fhfokak'

;lafiarej yd we.ehSu WoaOD; mdGhla Yío k.d lshjhs'

.oH fyda moH fyda fldgil wkajh ,shd olajhs'

Wmqgd.;a mdGfha jpk ;=< we;s úNla;s m%fhda. fjka lrhs'

fok ,o fþohl ÿrjfndaO jpk fjka lr olajhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka: rEm igyka $ j.= $ úNd. m%Yak m;%

wka;¾cd, myiqlï jeä ÿr .fõIKh

lreKd;s,l" ví'tia': iqrNdr;S" f.dvf.a m%ldYk" 2005'

ixialD; YsCIlh 1" 2" 3" mQcH wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ" n<kaf.dv'(kqf.af.dv" 2002'

56

25' tallh - udOH NdId.; ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh

9'0 ksmqK;dj ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdG mßj¾;kh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 udOH NdIdfjka ixialD; NdIdjg jHdlrKdkql+, j mßj¾;kh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo - 15 bf.kqï m,

udOH NdIdfjka fokq ,nk ir, fþohla ksje/È j ixialD; NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

mßj¾;k ld¾hfhys § ixialD;hg wdfõKsl mo m%fhda." jdlH m%fhda. yd NdId m%fhda. Ndú; lrhs'

ks¾ÈIag yd wks¾ÈIag mdGj, tk ÿrjfndaO jpkj,g jHdlrK úNd. imhhs'

Wmqgd.;a .oH-moH mdG jHdlrKdkql+, j ixialD; NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï i|yd Wmfoia isiqkaf.a NdId m%ùK;dj ±k.; yels jk fia udOH NdIdfjka ixialD; NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu fuys § isÿ úh hq;= h' tys § flá jdlH Ndú; fldg Wla;dLHd; mo iïnkaOhg wjOdkh fhduq lrñka tu ld¾hh isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a h' wk;=re j by; wdldrhg ksrka;r wNHdij,g isiqka Wkkaÿ lrjkak'


udOH NdIdfjka we;s ixlS¾K jdlH ixialD; NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu ûdOH NdIdfjka lshefjk woyi ixialD; NdId iïm%odhhg .e<fmk mßÈ mßj¾;kh l< hq;= nj

ixialD;fhys m%p,s; iÿla;s wdY%fhka udOH NdIdfjka j.ka;s ilia fldg tajd ixialD;hg mßj¾;kh lsÍu i|yd YsIHhka fhoúh hq;= nj

udOH NdIdfõ we;s ir, l;kaor ixialD;hg mßj¾;kh lsÍug fm,Uúh hq;= nj fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh

udOH NdIdfjka ixlS¾K jdlH 10la YsIHhka ,jd ks¾udKh lrjkak' udOH NdIdfjka ir, l;kaorhla YsIHhka ,jd ks¾udKh lrjkak' ^YsIH ks¾ñ;& tajd Tjqka ,jd u ixialD;hg ke.Sug i,iajkak'

lKavdhï jYfhka mßj¾;kh lrk ,o mdG bÈßm;a lrjkak' tfia bÈßm;a lrk ,o mßj¾;s; mdGj, .=Kfodia idlÉPd lrkak'

;lafiarej yd we.ehSu udOH NdId.; fþohla ixialD;hg wdfõKsl ffY,shlska mßj¾;kh lrhs'

fokq ,nk ÿrjfndaO jpk i|yd jHdlrK úNd. imhhs'

mo m%fhda." jdlH m%fhda. yd NdId m%fhda. úia;r lrhs' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

ks¾ÈIag .%ka:

úNd. m%Yak m;%

wka;¾cd, myiqlï jeäÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; YsCIlh 1" 2" 3" mQcH wdkkao ffuf;%h kdysñ" n<kaf.dv'(kqf.af.dv" 2002

57

26' tallh - ixialD; uydldjH idys;Hh

10'0 ksmqK;dj ixialD; idys;Hd.; lD;s yd l;=jreka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu

10'1 wYajf>daI ysñ" ld,sodi iy l=udrodi hk lùkaf.a uydldjH lD;s y÷kd.kshs'

ld,Éfþo 07

bf.kqï m, wYajf>daI ysñ" ld,sodi yd l=udrodi hk uydldjH rplhka y÷kd.kshs' Tjqkaf.a uydldjH lD;s y÷kd.kshs'

wka;¾.;h" rpkd ffY,sh yd uydldjH ,CIK Ndú;h wdÈh weiqßka Tjqfkdjqka w;r mj;sk iu-úIu;d y÷kd.kshs'

mdvï ie,iqï iòyd Wmfoia

Ndr;Sh jYfhka o Y%S ,dxflah jYfhka o uydldjH rpkfhys wkkH;dj y÷kd.ekSfuys ,d wYajf>daI" ld,sodi yd l=udrodi hk rplhkaf.a uydldjH ks¾udK úIhfhys we;s lr.kakd ksmqK;ajh fnfyúka w;HjYH fjhs'


rplhka ;sfokd ms<sn| ld,h yd Ôjk f;dr;=re ieflúka idlÉPd l< hq;= nj

ks¾ÈIag uydldjHhkays jia;=úIh ieflúka ±k.; hq;= nj

uydldjH ,CIK yd tajd Ndú; fldg we;s wdldrh idlÉPd l< hq;= nj

rplhka ;sfokd w;r mj;akd iudk;d yd wiudk;d ms<sn| j ye¢kaúh hq;= nj

ixialD; uydldjH lafIa;%h úIhfhys rplhka ;sfokdf.a odhl;ajh m%udK l< hq;= nj

fhdað; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%uh wYajf>daI" ld,sodi" l=udrodi hk uydldjH rplhkaf.a jeo.;alu" Tjqkaf.a

ks¾udK wdY%hfhka idlÉPd lrkak'

fï rplhka ;sfokdf.a uydldjH u`.ska ixialD; uydldjH idys;Hfhys tlsfklg fjkia hq. ;=kla m%lg lrk nj úia;r lrkak'

by; rplhka ;sfokdf.a uydldjH wdY%hfhka uydldjH ,CIK yd tajdg WodyrK iys; j jd¾;djla ms<sfh< lrjkak'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu wYajf>daI wdÈ uydldjH l;=jreka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd fjk fjk u ,shd

olajhs'

fuu lD;sj, uydldjH ,CIK wka;¾.; nj lshhs; ,shd olajhs'

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

uydpd¾h chfoaj ;s,lisß" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh

58

27' tallh - LKavldjH idys;Hh


ksmqK;d uÜgu

10'2 ld,sodihkaf.a yd chfoajhkaf.a LKavldjH y÷kd.kshs ld,Éfþo 07

bf.kqï m,

R;=ixydr" fï>¥;" .S;f.daúkao hk LKavldjH lD;s yd tajdfha l¾;D" ld,h yd wka;¾.;h ms<sn| j ieflúka y÷kd.kshs'

ixialD; idys;Hfha tajdg ysñ ia:dkh ms<sn| j y÷kajd §ug iu;a fjhs'

LKavldjH rplhka jYfhka ld,sodi" chfoaj hk fofokdf.a lú;ajh ieflúka y÷kd.kshs'


LKavldjH m%fNaoh ixialD; idys;H jDlaIfhys tla YdLdjls' LKavldjHhl ,laIK iu`. tu idys;H m%fNaoh y÷kd.ekSu ixialD; idys;Hfhys wkkH;d ,laIK wjfndaO lr.ekSfuys ,d uy;a fia Wmldr fjhs' ldjH ú,di jYfhka fuka u ri ú,di jYfhka o LKavldjH úfYaIdx.h m%uqL ia:dkhl mej;Su tys ,d tla fya;=jls'


R;=ixydrh yd fï>¥;h ld,sodi úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o LKavldjH folla nj

R;=ixydrh Ndr;Sh mßirhg fkdfyd;a fmrÈ. jHjydrhg wdfõKsl j¾Id" Yr;a" fyauka;" YsYsr" jika; yd .%SIau hk R;= ms<sn| ;;a;aj{dkh ,nd fok riNdjmQ¾K lD;shla nj

f,dalfha m%:u ikafoaYldjHh jYfhka iïNdú; fï>¥;h mQ¾jfï>" wmrfï> he hs ldKav oajhhlska o ms<sfj<ska 66" 55la jYfhka jk moH 121lska o iuqfma; jk nj

idys;H f,dalfha .S;uh ldjHh jYfhka iïNdjkdjg m;a .S;f.daúkaoh i¾. 12lska iukaú; jk nj


R;=ixydrfhys R;= ifhys olakg ,efnk úfYaI ,laIK my ne.ska jk jd¾;djla iQodkï lrjkak'

fï>fhys .uka u`. ms<sn| is;shula ilia lrjkak' zchfoaj lúhd i;= ix.S; risl;ajhZ hk uefhka ks¾udK tl;=jla lrjkak'

;lafiarej yd we.hSu LKavldjH lD;sj, l¾;D" ld,h yd wka;¾.;h ms<sn| flá igykla ,shhs'

ld,sodihkaf.a yd chfoajhkaf.a LKav ldjH lD;s ms<sn| mqj;am;a ,sms imhhs'

wë; LKavldjH ms<sn| flá úia;r lsÍula isÿ lrhs'

59

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

wk;¾.; lreKq iys; j ilik ,o fmd;a msxpla

.dhkh lr ilik ,o Y%jH ixhqla; ;eáhla

jeäÿr .fõIKh

jd,aóls rduhKh" wkq - ví' ta' is,ajd" ud;r" 1961

60

28' tallh - ixialD; Y;lldjH idys;Hh


ksmqK;d uÜgu

10'3 Y;l idys;Hh ms<sn| j ±kqula ,nd.kshs

ld,Éfþo : 06

bf.kqï m,

Y;l idys;Hh ms<sn| j ye¢kaùug iu;a fjhs' Y;lldjH wdlD;sh ms<sn| j ye¢kaùug iu;a fjhs'

Y;lldjHhl úúO f;aud hgf;a ix.%y jk wdma; f.kyer mEfuys iu;a fjhs'

Y;lldjHj, iÿmfoaY m%dfhda.sl Ôú;h iu`. iïnkaO lr.ekSug iu;a fjhs'


WmfoaYldjH idys;Hh yereKq úg mdGl f,dalhd fj; iÿla;s fyj;a wdma;odkh lrk idys;Hh jkafka Y;lldjH idys;Hh hs' rpkd wdlD;sl wkkH;djlska fYdaNudk jk Y;lldjH idys;Hh mqoa., O¾u" iudc O¾u yd f,dal O¾u yd ne¢ úúO úIhhka ms<sn| ±kqu iïfm%aIKh lrk {dkud¾.hla jYfhka o iudc ixiaÓ;sh" hy meje;au ms<sn| jHjia:d ud,djla jYfhka o ye¢kaúh yels h' Y;lldjH idys;Hh yeoEÍfuka ffoksl Ôú;hg ,efnk jákdlï ms<sn| j lreKq meyeÈ,s lr§u jeo.;a fõ'


Y;lldjH ,laIK y÷kd.; hq;= nj Y;lldjHhkays wka;¾.; f;aud meyeÈ,s lr.; hq;= nj Ndr;Sh Y;lldjHhka yd Y%S ,dxlsl Y;lldjHhka w;r mj;akd iu-úIu;d

iudf,dapkh l< hq;= nj mqoa., yd iudc ixj¾Okh úIhfhys Y;lldjHhkays Wmfhda.s;ajh wjfndaO

lr.ekSug bv ie,ish hq;= nj

ridiajdoh iïnkaOfhka Y;lldjHj, odhl;ajh úu¾Ykh l< hq;= nj


Y;lldjH ,laIK ieflúka ±lafjk jd¾;djla ms<sfh< lrjkak' YsIHhka lKavdhï follg fnod Ndr;Sh yd Y%S ,dxlsl Y;lldjHhkays iu-úIu;d

,ehsia;=jla iQodkï lrjkak' Y;lldjHhkays úIh úúO;ajh ms<sn| rpkhla ,shjkak' Y;lldjHhkays iudc Wmfhda.s;ajh hk uefhka lKavdhï jd¾;djla iïmdokh

lrjkak'


Y;lldjH hkq l=ula ±hs meyeÈ,s lrhs' Y;lldjH wdlD;sh ms<sn| ±k bÈßm;a lrhs'

61

Y;lldjHhl úúO f;aud hgf;a ix.%y jk wdma; f.kyermdñka l:djla lshhs'

úúO Y;lldjH fidhd lshjhs' ffoksl Ôú;hg wod< Y;l ldjHhkays wka;¾.; Yaf,dal lshjhs¦ ,shhs¦ m%o¾Ykh

lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

Y;lldjH iïnkaO j we;s Y%jH - oDYH ixhqla; ;eá

jeä ÿr .fõIKh

ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh" ;s,lisß" fÊ'( f.dvf.a" 1999'

62

29' tallh - ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh iy kdgH idys;Hh

10'0 ksmqK;dj ixialD; idys;Hd.; lD;s yd l;=jreka ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nhs' ksmqK;d uÜgu

10'4 WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs' 10'5 ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh ms<sn| idudkH ±kqula ,nd.kshs'

ld,Éfþo : 10

bf.kqï m, WmfoaY ldjH idys;Hh y÷kd.kshs'

WmfoaY rpkd wdlD;sh y÷kd.kshs'

m[ap;ka;%" ysf;damfoaY hk .%ka:j, l¾;D" ld,h wdÈ f;dr;=re iemhSug iu;a fjhs'

ixialD; ikao¾Nh hgf;a kdgHh hkak ks¾jpkh lsÍug iu;a fjhs' ixialD; kdgHfha wkkH;d ,laIK ye¢kaùug iu;a fjhs' ixialD; m%Odk kdgH rplhka yd m%Odk kdgH ks¾udK kï lsÍug iu;a fjhs'

Ndi" ld,sodi yd Y%S y¾I hk lùka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| j ieflúka ye¢kaùug iu;a fjhs'

ixialD; kdgH idys;Hfha w.h fmkajd§ug iu;a fjhs'


fn!oaO cd;ll:d l,dj iïm%odh.; mqrdjD;a; fuka u .=KdVHf.a nDy;al:dj" fidaufoajf.a l:diß;aid.rh wdÈ uQ,dY%hhkaf.a wdNdih ,nñka f.dvkef`.k ixialD; WmfoaY ldjH idys;Hh f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, m%p,s; j ckdorhg m;a idys;Hhls' mqreI;ajdfrdams; jk i;=ka Wmfhda.s fldg.ksñka bÈßm;a flfrk isoaê o ta yd ne¢ iÿmfoaY o id¾jld,Sk jYfhka jeo.;a ùu Bg tla fya;=jls' .%Sl kdgHh yereKq úg jákdlñka by< u kdgH idys;Hh ùfï .re;ajh yssñ jkafka ixialD; kdgH idys;Hhg h' rplhkaf.a mQ¾K;ajh o ks¾udK ms<sn| ixLHd;aul m%udKh o idys;Hd;aul úYsIag;ajh o w;ska ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh f,dj lsis ÿ idys;Hhlg fkdfojeks fjhs' kdgHO¾ó iïm%odhh .=re fldg.ksñka ìys jk ixialD; kdgH ks¾udKhl rx. Ys,amSh ,laIK" NdId idys;Hh" pß; ksrEmKh" wNskh fiajkh yd NdjksrEmKh w;sYhska ÈhqKq uÜgul mj;s' Ndi" ld,sodi yd Y%S y¾I ixialD; kdgH idys;Hfha l%u úldYfha jeo.;a wjia:d ksfhdackh lr;s'


úIaKqY¾uka yd m[ap;ka;%h y÷kd.ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

kdrdhKY¾uka yd ysf;damfoaYh y÷kd.ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

WmfoaYldjH ffY,sh yd tajdfha rpkd ffY,sh y÷kd.ekSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

pß; ixj¾Okhg yd iudc ixj¾Okhg WmfoaYldjHhkaf.a Wmfhda.s;ajh isÿ úh hq;= nj

63

WmfoaYldjH kdhlhka yd iudc pß; w;r we;s iïnkaOh iudf,dapkh lsÍug bv ie,ish hq;= nj

kdgHh hkak ks¾jpkh lrñka ixialD; kdgH idys;Hfhys úfYaI ,laIK wjfndaO lr.ekSug u`. mE§h hq;= nj

Ndi" ld,sodi yd Y%S y¾I hk kdgH rplhkaf.a ks¾udK y÷kd.ekSug yd we.hSug u`. mEÈh hq;= nj

ixialD; kdgH idys;H b;sydifha l%u úldYfha iqúfYaI wjia:d ;=kla by; rplhka ;sfokd u`.ska ksrEmKh jk nj wjfndaO ùug bv ie,eiaúh hq;= nj


by; i|yka WmfoaY ldjH oajhfhys l¾;D" ld,h" wka;¾.;h" m%Odk f;audj yd pß; ms<sn| jd¾;djla iQodkï lrjkak'

W.;alu" ñ;%;ajh" fl!Y,Hh" kS;sh yd iodpdrh hk YS¾I hgf;a tla .%ka:hlska WmfoaY moH fol ne.ska jk fia .%ka: oajhfhka tla YS¾Ihlg moH 4la jk mßÈ moH tl;=jla lrjkak'

zWmfoaY ldjH yd rdcH md,khZ hk uefhka jd¾;djla imhkak'

by; i|yka rplhka ;sfokdf.a ld,h yd kdgH lD;s ms<sn| f,aLkhla iQodkï lrjkak'

tu rplhka ;sfokdf.a leu;s kdgH ks¾udK ;=kla f;dardf.k ta wdY%hfhka zixialD; kdgH ks¾udKhl rpkd wdlD;shZ hk uefhka o< igykla ms<sfh< lrjkak'

zixialD; kdgH idys;Hfha iqúfYaI ,laIKhZ hk uefhka rpkhla ,shjkak' by; rplhkaf.a kdgH lD;sj, kdhl-kdhsld pß; fjka fjka j kï fldg ±lafjk ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh< lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'


WmfoaYldjH idys;Hh y÷kdf.k lshhs; ,shhs' WmfoaY rpkd wdlD;sh y÷kdf.k ,shhs' ixialD; kdgHfha wkkH;d ,laIK y÷kajdfoñka l:djla bÈßm;a lrhs'

m%lg ixialD; kdgH rplhka yd m%lg kdgH ks¾udK fjka fjka jYfhka j¾.SlrKh lr fmkajhs'

Ndi" ld,sodi yd Y%S y¾I hk lùka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| j ieflúka ye¢kaùug iu;a fjhs'

ixialD; kdgH idys;Hfha w.h fmkajd §ug ,sms ,shd bÈßm;a lrhs'

.=Kd;aul fhojqï

WmfoaYd;aul l;d we;=<;a is;=jï lsysmhla wka;¾cd,h ;=< we;s m[ap;ka;% wdÈ l;d iys; ùäfhda o¾Yk

kdgH fldgia we;=<;a o¾Yk iys; oDYH ixhqla; ;eá

ks¾ÈIag lD;s

jeä ÿr .fõIKh ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh" ;s,lisß" chfoaj'( fld<U" 1961'

64

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh

65

mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh - ye`Èkaùu

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj y`ÿkajd §fï § Tn w;g m;a lrkq ,en fuf;la Tn mßYS,kh l< .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yfhka mdi, mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh ms<snò j fï jk úg Tn ukd jegySula ,nd ;sìh hq;= h' Tnf.a myiqj iòyd fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfha o tu úia;r my; olajd we;'

bf.kqu" b.ekaùu iy we.hSu wOHdmk ls%hdj,sfha jeo.;a ixrpl ;=kla nj;a bf.kqfuys iy b.ekaùfuys m%.;sh ±k.ekSu msKsi we.hSu fhdod.; hq;= nj;a ieu .=rejrhl= úiska u o; hq;= meyeÈ,s lreKls' tajd wfkHdakH n,mEfuka hq;= j ls%hd lrk nj;a tfia u tlsfkflys ixj¾Okh flfrys tu ixrpl n,mdk nj;a .=rejre oks;s' ika;;sl ^ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk& we.hSï uQ,O¾u wkqj we.hSu isÿ úh hq;af;a bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu flfrk w;r;=r § h' fuh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh wdrïNfha § fyda ueo § fyda w. § fyda hk ´kE u wjia:djl § isÿ úh yels h' tf,i ;u isiqkaf.a bf.kqï m%.;sh we.hSug wfmaCId lrk .=rejrhl= bf.kqu b.ekaùu iy we.hSu ms<snò ixúOdkd;aul ie,eiaula fhdod.; hq;= fjhs'

mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< yqÿ úNd. l%uhla fyda mÍCIK meje;aùula fyda fkd fõ' th y`ÿkajkq ,nkafka isiqkaf.a bf.kSu;a .=rejrekaf.a b.ekaùu;a jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iòyd fhdod.kq ,nk ueÈy;aùula jYfhks' fuh isiqkag ióm j isáñka" Tjqkaf.a m%n,;d iy ÿn,;d y`ÿkdf.k" tajdg ms<shï fhdoñka" isiqkaf.a Wmßu j¾Okh <`.d lr.ekSug fhdod.; yels jev ms<sfj<ls'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdldrlï u`.ska wkdjrK ls%hdj,shg isiqka fhduq flfrk w;r" .=rejrhd isiqka w;r .ejfiñka Tjqka bgq lrk ld¾hh ksÍCIKh lrñka ud¾f.damfoaYlFjh imhñka lghq;= lsÍu mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § wfmaCId flf¾' fuys § YsIHhd ksr;=re j we.hSug ,la úh hq;= w;r YsIH yelshd ixj¾Okh wfmaCIs; wkaoñka isÿjkafka ±hs .=rejrhd úiska ;yjqre lrkq ,eìh hq;= fjhs'

bf.kSu iy b.ekaùu u`.ska isÿúh hq;af;a isiqkg ksis w;a±lSï ,ndfoñka tajd isiqka úiska ksis mßÈ w;am;a lr.kq ,enq we;a ±hs ;yjqre lr.ekSu h' ta iòyd ksis ud¾f.damfoaYh iemhSu h' we.hSfï ^;lafiare lsÍfï& fh§ isák .=rejrekag ;u isiqka iòyd fohdldrhl ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,ndÈh yels h' tu ud¾f.damfoaY fmdÿfõ y`ÿkajkafka m%;sfmdaIKh ^Feed Back& yd bÈß fmdaIKh ^Feed Forward& hkqfjks' isiqkaf.a m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d wkdjrKh fldgf.k tajd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu bÈß fmdaIKfhka wfmalaIs; .=re ld¾hh fjhs'

bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha id¾:l;ajh iòyd mdGud,dfõ wruqKq w;=rska ljr wruqKq ljr uÜgñka idCId;a jQfha ±hs y`ÿkd.ekSu wjYH fjhs' we.hSï jev ms<sfj< Tiafia isiqka <`.d lr.;a m%ùK;d uÜgï ksYaph lsÍu fï wkqj .=rejrekaf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r isiqka yd ikaksfõokh lsÍug .=rejreka fhduq úh hq;= h' fu iòyd fhdod.; yels fydò u l%uh jkafka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï l%uh hs'

hf:dala; wruqK iys; j ls%hd lrk .=rejreka úiska ;u b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh;a isiqkaf.a bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh;a ld¾hlaIu lsÍu msKsi jvd;a fydò ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hqla; bf.kqï-b.ekaùï iy we.hSï l%u fhdod.; hq;= fjhs' fï iïnkaOfhka isiqkag yd .=rejrekag fhdod.; yels m%fõY ms<snò m%fNao lsysmhla u;= ±lafjhs' fïjd fndfyda l,l isg .=rejreka fj; úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska o f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrk ,o l%ufõo fjhs' tfyhska tajd iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha .=rejreka ukd j ±kqïj;a ù we;hs wfmaCId flf¾'

1' mejreï

2. jHdmD;s

3. ióCIK

4. .fõIK

5. ksÍCIK

6. m%o¾Yk $ bÈßm;a lsÍu

2

7. fCIa;% pdßld

8. flá ,sÅ; mÍCIK

9. jHQy.; rpkd

10. újD; .%ka: mÍCIK

11. ks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldrlï

12. Y%jK mÍCIK

13. m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï 14. l:kh

15. iajks¾udK

16. lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï

17. ixl,am is;shï

18. oaú;aj igyka c¾k,

19. ì;a;s mqj;am;a

20. m%Yak úpdr;aul jev igyka

21. m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a

22. újdo

23. idlÉPd uKav,

24. iïuka;%K

25. CIKsl l:d

26. N=ñld rx.k

iïnJOfhka ieu úIh tallhlg u ish¨ we.hSï l%u fhdod.; hq;= hehs wfmaCId fkdflfrhs' ;u úIhg" úIh tallhg .e<fmk m%fNaohla f;dard.ekSug .=rejreka ±kqïj;a úh hq;= h; j. n,d.; hq;= h' tys § my; j.=fjys ±lafjk wdldrhg WÑ; ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k we.hSï wdOdrl ilia fldg we.hSï ld¾hh isÿ l< hq;= fõ'

bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï kso¾Yl wdOdrlh

1' mdi,a jdrh #- m<uq jdrh

2' wdOdrl wxlh #- 01

3' wdjrKh flfrk ksmqK;d uÜgu #- 01'02

4' wdjrKh flfrk úIh ikaOdrh #- j¾Kud,dfõ m%fNao

5' wdOdrlfha iajNdjh #- mejreï

6' wdOdrlfha wruqKq #-

foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dfõ ish¨ m%fNao we;=<;a jk fia j.=jla ilia lsÍu

isiqkag foajkd.Í j¾Kud,dfõ ish¨ m%fNao ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla we;s lsÍu

7' wdOdrlh l%shd;aul lsÍu iòyd Wmfoia

.=re Wmfoia #-

ks¾Kdhlj,g wod< j mejreu isÿ lsÍug wjYH Wmfoia mka;sfha isiqkag ,nd fokaak'

mejreu isÿ lsßug ksYaÑ; ld, rduqjla ,ndfokak'

wod< ks¾Kdhlhkag ,l=Kq ,nd fokak'

isiq Wmfoia #-

ud;Dldjg wod< j mejreu isÿ lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j .=rejrhdf.ka Wmfoia ,nd.kak'

ks¾Kdhl uekúka f;areïf.k Wiia f,i mejreu ksu lrkak'

ks¾Kdhlh

isiqkaf.a kï

ud;Dldjg

wod< nj

lreKqj,

ksje/È nj yd meyeÈ,s nj

m%fNao.;

ldrKh

o;a;j,

m%udKd;aul

nj

ks¾udKd;aul

nj yd ksudj

tl;=j

1

2

3

,l=Kq mrdih

b;d fydò hs 04

fydò hs 03

uOHia: hs 02

ixj¾Okh úh hq;= hs 01

uq,ska ,l=Kq 20la m%odkh fldg fojkq j th foflka fnod wjidk ,l=Kq igyka l< hq;= h' YsIHhd ,nd.;a ,l=Kq T;af;a ixLHdjla kï foflkaa fn¥ úg b;sßhla jk ksid th Okd;aul w.hlska mQ¾K ixLHdjg jghkak' fï ,l=Kq weiqfrka YsIH ksmqK;d uÜgu ;SrKh flf¾'

9-10 úYsIag uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

8- by< uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

6-7 iïudk uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

4-5 wdikak uÜgfï ksmqK;dj

---- ksmqK;djg <`.d fkdjQ

fuh kso¾Yl wdOdrlhla muKs' .=rejrhdg iajdëk j wdOdrl ie,iqï ilia lr.; yels h'

Documents

ixialD; NdIdj - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/sGr13TG Sanskrit.pdfiqux., uy msßfjk" j,,shoao" t,a,lal, 05 ta'fla'tÉ' O¾ums%h ^fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& ^rdclSh mKaä;" Ydia;%m;s& .ïmy úludrÉÑ