IX OL Bio Paper 1st Term 2015

IX OL Bio Paper 1st Term 2015

1 The diagram shows a section through the human eye. Different parts of

the eye have

been labelled A to G.

The table lists some health problems that affect the eye and describes how

they are caused.

Complete the table by choosing the correct label letter for the part of the eye

linked

with each health problem. The first one has been done for you.

(4)

(Total for Question 1 = 4 marks)

2. Humans regulate the amount of water contained in the body. This means that the volume

of water entering the body must equal the volume of water leaving the body.

(a) (i) Water enters the body through food and drink. Give one other source of water for cells

in the body.

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(ii) Water leaves the body in the urine and in the faeces. Give one other way that water is lost

from the body.

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(b) The body is also able to regulate its temperature.

(i) Describe how the skin contributes to temperature regulation when the body is exposed to an

increased external temperature.

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(ii) Explain how increased external temperature can affect the water balance in the body.

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(c) Suggest two advantages of being able to regulate body temperature.

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Q 2 (Total 10 marks)

3. A symptom of many human infections is fever. Fever raises the body temperature and can help

the body defend itself from infection. Human pathogens thrive best at 36.8 °C.

Raising the temperature a few degrees can help to defend against pathogens by activating the

immune system to make more white blood cells. However, very high fevers, with temperatures

above 40 °C, can cause brain damage.

(a) Explain how white blood cells help defend against infection.

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(b) Suggest two ways that someone with a very high fever can be treated to lower their

body temperature in order to avoid brain damage.

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Q3 (Total 6 marks)

4 Emperor penguins live in the southern Polar Regions. The temperature

here can be

as low as –30 °C.

They have a number of adaptations that enable them to survive in such a

cold climate.

(a) Fully grown penguins are large, often weighing up to 30 kg. Most other

birds are

much smaller.

Explain how being large helps the penguin to survive at very low

temperatures. (4)

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(b) Penguins also have soft downy feathers and a thick layer of fat just below

the skin.

Suggest how these features help penguins to survive.

(3)

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(c) One part of the penguin that is especially exposed to the cold is their

feet. The muscles that operate the feet are located in the penguin’s body

rather than in the feet themselves.

(i) Suggest how this benefits the penguin. (3)

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(ii) The penguin’s feet move when the muscles pull on string-like structures

called tendons.

Suggest a property that these tendons should have.

(1)

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(d) Penguins huddle together to maintain their body temperature.

Explain how this behaviour is an advantage to penguins.

(4)

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(Total for Question 4 = 15

marks)

5 (a) The table lists some structures that provide a large surface area for the

diffusion

of substances.

Complete the table by naming the organ in which each structure is found.

The first one has been done for you.

(3)

(b) What is meant by the term diffusion?

(2)

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(c) The nephron is involved in the removal of substances from the blood.

Describe how substances are removed from the blood into the nephron.

(2)

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6 The human kidney removes urea from the blood.

(a) Name two other substances the kidney removes from the blood.

(2)

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(b) The diagram shows a simple kidney machine that uses dialysis to remove

urea from the blood.

Dialysis allows small molecules to be removed from the blood. This is done

by passing the dialysis solution over the tube containing the blood. The small

molecules move from

a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

(i) Give one way in which dialysis is similar to diffusion.

(1)

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(ii) Give one way in which dialysis is similar to osmosis.

(1)

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(iii) Describe how the kidney machine removes urea from the blood.

(2)

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(iv) Another function of the kidney machine is to maintain normal blood

glucose concentration.

Suggest how the concentration of glucose in the dialysis solution helps to

maintain a normal glucose concentration in the blood.

(2)

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(v) Describe two processes that take place in the kidney but not in the

kidney machine.

(4)

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(c) Kidney failure can be treated by transplanting a healthy donor kidney

into the patient.

(i) The procedure involves connecting two blood vessels and a tube to the

transplanted kidney.

Name the two blood vessels and the tube.

(2)

Blood vessel

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blood vessel

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tube .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Suggest why the transplanted kidney is placed in the lower abdomen

instead of in the kidney’s usual location.

(2)

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marks)

7 What are the changes which Adrenaline produces to prepare the

body for fight or flight?

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8 Complete the following table by writing Receptor or type of

energy they transduced.

Receptor Type of energy transduced

Eye

Sound

Tongue

chemical

Skin

Mechanical (kinetic)


9 Explain the structure of motor neurone.

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marks)

10 The photograph shows an Arabian oryx.

Arabian oryx live in the desert where there is no free-standing water. Most of

their

habitat is sand. Plants, such as grass and small trees, cover only a small

area. Oryx

feed mainly on grass.

Summers are hot. Daytime temperatures can be as high as 41 °C and

temperatures

at night only fall to 24 °C. Oryx are less active in summer than in winter. In

summer,

they reduce their energy use by changing their behaviour and body

processes.

(a) Suggest why oryx are less active in summer than in winter.

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(b) In summer, oryx rest under trees during the day and feed at night.

Suggest why

they do this.

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(c) Suggest where the oryx get their water from in the absence of free-

standing water.

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(d) Oryx and humans can control water loss by making their urine very

concentrated.

Describe how this is done.

(6)

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IX OL Bio Paper 1st Term 2015