Ivanisevic - Barbarian Settlements in the Interior of Illyricum the Case of Caricin Grad

The Pontic-Danubian Realm

in the Period of the Great Migration

ARHEOLOŠKI INSTITUTBEOGRAD

POSEBNA IZDANJA, KNJIGA 51

COLLÈGE DE FRANCE – CNRS CENTRE DE RECHERCHE D’HISTOIRE

ET CIVILISATION DE BYZANCE

MONOGRAPHIES 36

The Pontic-Danubian Realm in the Period of the Great Migration

edited by

Vujadin Ivanišević & Michel Kazanski

Paris – Beograd 2012

Suivi de la publicationEmmanuelle Capet

Composition et infographieArtyom Ter-Markosyan-Vardanyan

© Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance (ACHCByz) – 201052 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine – 75005 Paris

ISBN 978-2-916716-31-2 978-86-80093-78-9ISSN 0751-0594

ACHCByz Arheološki Institut Beograd

Published with a support of the

Ministry of Education and Science of Republic of Serbia

(Project n° 177021)

Вiдповiдальний редактор: Костянтин Цукерман

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Vujadin Ivanišević, Michel Kazanski. Préface .................................................... 7

I. The Balkans and the Middle Danube

Ivan Bugarski. Occupation of the south Pannonian soil during Antiquity and the Migration period: Šajkaška revisited ...................................... 11

Perica Špehar. The Danubian limes between Lederata and Aquae during the Migration period ................................................................................ 35

Vujadin Ivanišević. Barbarian settlements in the interior of Illyricum: The case of Caričin Grad .................................................................... 57

Tina Milavec. Late Antique settlements in Slovenia after the year 600 ........... 71

Federico Montinaro. Byzantium and the Slavs in the reign of Justinian: Comparing the two recensions of Procopius’s Buildings ...................... 89

Jaroslav Tejral. Cultural or ethnic changes? Continuity and discontinuity on the Middle Danube ca A.D. 500 ................................................... 115

Zuzana Loskotova. An early- 5th-century skeleton grave with gold neck-ring from Charváty (Moravia) ............................................ 189

Eszter Horvath. Cloisonné jewellery from the Langobardic Pannonia: Technological evidence of workshop practice ..................................... 207

Dieter Quast. Martial writers – Intellectual warriors: Remarks on a group of Late Antique male graves ............................................................... 243

II. The Occident

Joan Pinar Gil. Ponto-Danubian traditions of dress in early Visigothic Hispania: Chronology, dissemination, contexts and evolution . ........... 265

Eduard Droberjar. A propos des contacts entre l’empire d’Orient et les Germains de l’Elbe au vie siècle ................................................. 297

Dieter Quast. The Alamanni and Byzantium from the 5th to the 7th century ...... 317

III. The Northern Pontus

Aleksandr Ermolin. Džurga-Oba – a cemetery of the Great Migration period in the Cimmerian Bosporus ............................................................... 339

Damien Glad. The Empire’s influence on the barbarian elites from the Pontic region to the Rhine (5th-7th centuries): A case study of lamellar weapons and segmental helmet .......................................................... 349

Alekseï Fourassiev. Byzance et la Crimée du Sud-Ouest au vie siècle : relations culturelles et particularités du costume féminin .................... 363

Michel Kazanski. Radaigaise et la fin de la civilisation de Černjahov .............. 381

BARBARIAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE INTERIOR OF ILLYRICUM: THE CASE OF CARIČIN GRAD

Vujadin Ivanišević

The published finds from Northern Illyricum clearly point to a settlement of barbarian tribes on the frontier. Most of the finds originate in the main urban centers: Sirmium, Singidunum and Viminacium (Bjelajac, Ivanišević 1993; Popović M. 1988). But also between these centers, along the border, small cemeteries and sporadic finds bear witness to a barbarian presence, chiefly in fortifications and their immediate surroundings. The barbarians, enrolled as foederati to defend the frontier, resided there from the end of the 4th to the first half of the 5th century, and then again during the 6th century. The necro polis of Singidunum and the necropolis 2 in Viminacium (Više Grobalja) are the best examples for the two periods respectively, each showing a distinctive presence of barbarian warriors (Ivanišević, Kazanski 2009; Ivanišević, Kazanski, Mastykova 2006, 129- 136). By way of contrast, the second half of the 5th century, when the Hun invasion of 441/3 put Northern Illyricum beyond the reach of the Roman administration, occupies a special place in the history of the region. It was ruled by Hunnic, Sarmatian and Germanic tribes, who left distinct archaeological traces.

The main zone of barbarian settlement on the northern frontier of the Empire, along the Danube and in the region gravitating towards this natural boundary, is well docu-mented by large cemeteries and by remains of settlements in important cities. The accu-mulated material, however, now allows us to identify a second zone of settlement, in the interior of Illyricum, where the traces of habitation and sojourn of barbarians are more sporadic (Milinković 2006). The native inhabitants remained in this territory, surviving thanks to a dense network of fortresses, mainly hilltop refugia. This was the base for the brief “renaissance” of Northern Illyricum under the reign of Justinian I. The renewal of cities, forts and refugia, as well as the construction of new fortifications attest to this revival (Kondić 1984; Petrović, Vasić 1996; Milinković 2007). One of its ventures was the construction of a new city, Justiniana Prima, the ruins of which we situate in Caričin Grad (Kondić, Popović 1977; Bavant, Ivanišević 2003).

The traces of barbarian settlement in the interior of Illyricum are rare even in large urban centers, such as Naissus and, deeper within the Empire’s territory, Stobi. In Naissus, destroyed in the great Hun invasion, and its vicinity the remains of barbarian

Vujadin Ivanišević and Michel Kazanski eds, The Pontic-Danubian Realm in the Period of the Great Migration (Centre de recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 36 / Arheološki institut, Posebna izdanja, Knjiga 51), Paris-Beograd 2012.

58 VUJADIN IVANIŠEVIĆ

presence are few and far dispersed; they belong in the late 4th and the first half of the 5th century. A bronze fibula with an arc-shaped head was found nearby, in the region of Mediana; it may have originated in a small necropolis in the area (Ivanišević 1999, 97-98, Fig. 1 : 2). The presence of barbarian soldiers in Ulpiana in Dardania is attested by Procopius (BG IV, 25), who describes their intervention, on Justinian’s order, in order to put an end to religious disturbances. Nevertheless, they are only attested archaeologically by a grave of a highborn woman (Milinković 2003).

The extreme rarity of literary references to the presence of barbarians and the role they played in the interior of Illyricum enhances the significance of the rare remains of the material culture. A major site like Caričin Grad presents itself as a perfect case study for this purpose. Studied by archaeologists for several decades, it displays city life in its continuity, from its foundation in the 530s until its abandonment in the early 7th century (Kondić, Popović 1977, 367-374; Bavant, Ivanišević 2003, 44-50).

I. Finds of Germanic cultural context

Among the few published objects, correctly identified as foreign to the Roman tradition, one finds a comb case, which V. Popović (1984, 161-178) linked to the “Merovingian” circle (Fig. 1 : 3). New investigations, as well as revision for the publication of material from earlier years, yield a number of new items that can be connected with the Germanic material culture.

The earliest among them is a belt-buckle, now lost, which may be fairly reliably classified thanks to a drawing in the inventory register. It shows part of a belt buckle: a rectangular plate made of bronze and decorated with cabochons (Fig. 2 : 1). A similar find originated from Singidunum, necropolis 3, grave 1 (Ivanišević, Kazanski 2002, 116- 117, fig. 11, t. I.3). These belt-buckles, most often found in Italy and Dalmatia, are com monly linked to the Ostrogoths and dated by V. Bierbrauer (1975, 142-149, 152) ca 500 (Type B). This unique find of a belt-buckle of Germanic origin from Italy or Dalmatia can be connected with the sojourn of troops or an individual in the region after its conquest by the Byzantine army.

Objects connected with the military presence in Caričin Grad form a conspicuous group. They include numerous finds of officers’ helmets of the Baldenheim type (Bavant 2008, 327-353), pieces of armor, parts of shields, spears, bows and other items (Kondić, Popović 1977, 405-105, nos. 89-105; Bavant 1990, 229-235, nos. 237-261; Bavant, Ivanišević 2003, 70-74, nos. 34-44). Some of these objects find parallels in the barbarian context, principally, in warriors’ burials. We believe that many of them, like the numerous umbos and shield handles of iron with analogies in primarily Germanic cemeteries, are, nevertheless, parts of Byzantine military weaponry. But this might not be the case with decorative elements of shields. These little circular plates, which adorned the crest of a shield, were made of copper plated with gold and ornamented by punctuated dots and triangles (Fig. 2 : 2). Executed in the same technique is an ap-pli cation of fine sheet bronze, also gold-plated, decorated along the edges with rows of

59BARBARIAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE INTERIOR OF ILLYRICUM

punctuated dots, semi circles and rhombuses (Fig. 2 : 3). Both items were excavated in the house near the west portico in the Lower Town. We encounter such material in cemeteries of the Germanic cultural circle. The umbos from the graves 1 and 7 from the Gepidic cemetery in Hódmezővásárhely- Kishomok provide parallels for the little circular plate (Bóna, Nagy 2002, 114-116, figs. 56-57.1-2, t. 6.13c, 9.21 c). The early- 7th- century circular fibula from the grave 2/1980 from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta carries the same ornament (Müller 2010, 92, 207, t. 67.4). The decorative elements of umbo from Caričin Grad find parallels also in Lombard materials from the cemeteries in Lucca, Stabio (Giostra 2008; Duntze 2008, 365-366, cat. no. 176), Campochiaro (Ceglia 2008), Boffalora d’Adda (Theisen 2008, 367- 368, cat. no. 177), as well as Castel-Trosino, grave 9 (Paroli, Ricci 2007, 35-36, t. 24.3a, c-l, 227; Bierbrauer 2008, 131, fig. 33).

Combs and comb cases discovered in Caričin Grad also find analogies outside the Byzantine circle. They are mostly single-row combs, made of several pieces of antler, with a characteristic semicircular ending decorated with an ornament in the form of arcades (Fig. 2 : 4-5). Comb handles and comb cases carry the same ornament (Fig. 2 : 6). Only this type of object carries such an ornament in Caričin Grad, which otherwise abounds in finds made of bone. Similar comb cases were discovered in a foederati settlement from the last quarter of the 6th century in Viminacium, at the site of Svetinja (Popović M. 1988, 1-35) and in grave 52, in an Alamanni necropolis at Friedingen on the Danube in Bavaria (von Schnurbein 1987, 121-122, t. 12/7). Such decoration of cases and combs with arcades or semicircles is to be found, following Michel Petitjean (1995, 164), on the cases and combs of Alamann origin (cemeteries of Oberflacht, Oberolm, Hailfingen, Schretzheim, Weilbach and others). They are also present in Gaul in cemeteries of Bulles (Oise), Aulnizeux (Marne) and Tocane-Saint-Apre (Dordogne). Parallels can be observed also in the material from Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (Heinrich- Tamaska 2008, 293, cat. no. 87/3).

One could attribute to the same circle another plaque made of bone, fragmented, with a completely different ornament in the form of a highly stylised animal head; such a decor is rare in the Byzantine milieu (Fig. 2 : 7).

A unique iron belt fitting ornamented with spiral incrustations (Fig. 2 : 8), dated by V. Bierbrauer (2008, 132, figs. 18, 33) in 610-620/30, also originated in a Germanic con-text. The cemetery Kölked-Feketekapu B, grave 470, identified by A. Kiss (2001, 211- 213, 405, t. 86.2-8, 151.2-4) as Germanic and dated in 620-640, delivers a close parallel to this kind of decoration. More parallels can be found in the cemetery in Castel Trosino (Paroli, Ricci 2007, 103-104, t. 134.2a-m). Another find, an iron mounting of a bag, has direct parallels in the material from the cemetery Kranj, tomb 180 (Stare 1980, t. 60.6) (Fig. 9).

Finds of characteristic ceramics are another sign of Germanic material culture in Caričin Grad. Like the items already mentioned, they are extremely rare. When viewed out of context of the other ceramic material, they can be interpreted as an indicator of a barbarian settlement (Milinković 2006, 45-262). A completely different picture emerges if we take into account the following fact: out of 86.000 ceramic fragments excavated in the settlement in the southwestern part of the Lower Town, only two are stamped with the characteristic ornament in form of a honeycomb that we encounter


in Gepid and Langobard environments (Tóth 2006, 79-93; Werner 1962, 51, figs. 4, 54-57, 176-178, t. 18-19; von Hessen 1968) (Fig. 3 : 1-2). In 2009, another fragment of this type was discovered during preliminary excavations on the northern plateau in the Upper Town. This fragment of a pot with a spout, carrying an oval-shaped stamp filled with a web-like motif, was one in about a hundred of fragments discovered. If this statistically higher proportion of such pottery among the finds from the Upper Town marks a trend confirmed by future investigations, it could point to a slightly denser presence of barbarians, as is the case at Svetinja near Viminacium, or Gradina near Jelica.

II. A find of nomadic cultural context

We attribute a different origin to a massive bone buckle, which belongs to the nomadic tradition (Stepi Evrazii 1981, t. 3.53, 15.19-21, 19.73, 20.54) (Fig. 2 : 10). A similar item was discovered in Viminacium at the Svetinja locality, inside a foederati settlement from the last quarter of the 6th century (Popović M. 1988, 25, fig. 20.1). Somewhat earlier are the belts from the Avar cemeteries Zamárdi-Rétiföldek - grave 515 (Báros, Garam 2009, 76, t. 65.2, 214.7) and Szekszárd-Bogyiszlói street – grave 193 (Rosner 1999, 32, t. 15.7, 74.1).

III. Finds of Slavic cultural context

Excavation reports from Caričin Grad frequently mention items of Slavic material culture, but these objects most often belong to the Byzantine cultural circle. This is probably not the case for the two fibulae believed to be Slavic by V. Popović (1975, 455- 457, fig. 2.2-3) (Fig. 1 : 1-2). Both were unearthed, judging by the excavations data, in early Byzantine layers. In J. Werner’s classification (1950, 150–172), the first specimen belongs to the group II C and the second to the group I G. The group II C is represented in Pastyrske (Prihodnjuk 2005, 37, fig. 31.1) and many other sites east of the Dnieper, in Moldavia, Crimea, the Tisa River Basin and in Avaric Pannonia (Curta 2001, 266- 268, figs. 55-57). The specimen from Caričin Grad is the only one found in the imperial territory south of the Danube. It small size points to its Pannonian origin; yet, while typologically distinct, it is still very similar to the massive Ukrainian prototypes. The second Caričin Grad fibula, which belongs to the group I G, has numerous parallels, including an identical fibula found with Antic ceramics of the Penkovka type in the Ukrainian settlement of Demianiv (Curta 2001, 261-262, figs. 50-52; 2006, 93-123); two similar specimens originate from Pastyrske hillfort (Prihodnjuk 2005, 35, figs. 31.11, 34.1). F. Curta (2001, 247-275) has recently contested the Slavic attribution of the fibulae from Caričin Grad, but we believe that one should maintain with V. Popović (1978, 634- 635, figs. 14-15) their Slavic or Antic origin.

Most hand-made vessels unearthed at Caričin Grad, particularly in the Principia in the Upper Town, are product of local potters; their shapes, as Lj. Bjelajac (1990, 164, 185, table 12) shows, imitate protobyzantine forms (Fig. 4 : 1-5, 8). Some finds of handmade pottery, however, indicate the presence of Slavs. All fragments of a spherically shaped


pot are preserved (Fig. 3 : 3), as well as fragmented pots decorated with finger impressions or notches on the lip (Fig. 3 : 4-5) and fragments of clay pans (Fig. 3 : 6-7). F. Curta (2001, 290-297, Figs. 69-72) has linked the provenance of hand made pottery of the two latter types with Romanian regions east of the Carpathians, Ukraine, Moldova, and, to a lesser degree, Bulgaria. Analogies for these items, as well as for the fibulae, can be found in Pastyrske hillfort (Prihodnjuk 2005, figs. 75,2, 77.2, 83.1, 6-7). The rare finds of Slavic fibulae and pottery do not constitute, in our view, decisive evidence for the Slavic settlement in Caričin Grad. However, these finds complete the image of the “Barbarians,” among whom the Slavs played an important role in the second half of the 6th century (Popović V. 1975; 1978; 1980).

* * *

The presumably “barbarian” finds in Caričin Grad are mainly concentrated in two broad zones. Data from earlier excavations show that many such finds – including the two Slavic fibulae, single-row combs and the comb case – were clustered around the central square in the Upper Town in buildings, portico and street. The other zone of concentration can be localized in the area of the settlement in the Lower Town, which has been systematically excavated in the recent decades (Ivanišević 2010, 747-775). Out of the over 15,000 items (excluding shreds of pottery and fragments of glass) unearthed in this area, only a small portion can be related to the barbarian culture. These finds, which are particularly interesting, are concentrated next to the southern and western defense walls, mostly outside the buildings, apart from the decorative parts of the shields (Fig. 5). The rarity of these finds and their location show that the bearers of this material culture did not live inside the settlement in the Lower Town.

The sporadic finds of barbarian material culture in Caričin Grad legitimize the conclusion that a small number of individuals resided in the town, but did not settle there permanently. The broad dispersal of finds and the absence of a specific necropolis discovered thus far (the town cemetery has been only briefly examined) corroborate this supposition. The social status of the barbarians is hard to define. Parts of weapons and personal items suggest that these were soldiers and members of their families. As for their ethnicity, the origin of the finds – Germanic, nomadic and probably Slavic – provides the only indication. We cannot reject the Slavic component, despite the recent attempt to reinterpret the Slavic fibulae (above). The Slavs’ involvement in the life of the Empire, most often as mercenaries, is amply attested by Procopius (BG I 27, 130,9-17; II 26, 268, 14-19) and other authors.

These finds also pose the important question of when these groups resided in Caričin Grad. Based on the dating of the items, the stratigraphic data and dispersion of the finds, one can clearly fix their residence to the period of the city’s duration, from the year 540 AD to the first decades of the 7th century. There are no definite traces that the barbarians, primarily Slavs, remained in the city after the collapse of the Byzantine administration in Illyricum.


Despite the presence of barbarian finds, we can suppose that the autochthonous population, romanized during centuries, stayed behind in parts of the city even after the collapse of the Byzantine rule in Illyricum around 615 (Popović V. 1975, 488-490; Popović V. 1978, 626-631). The clearest indicator of this is a separate group of ceramic vessels found in the ruins of the Principia, in the southwestern quarter of the Upper Town (Fig. 4). It includes hand-made vessels imitating the forms of proto-byzantine ceramics from the 6th and the early 7th century, which can be dated roughly to the first half of the 7th century. The find of a hexagram of Heraclius, struck in Constantinople from 615 to 625 (Popović V. 1994, 135, 354, cat. no. 330), can also be assigned to the same horizon. A solidus of Constans II (Constantinople, 661-663), found in Oblačina near Niš (Crnoglavac 2005, 111, cat. no. 167), attests to the inhabitation of the central parts of North Illyricum.

The presented material displays the full complexity and the many aspects of the archaeological material’s interpretation. Let us hope that future research of Caričin Grad and of other archaeological sites in northern Illyricum will shed more light on the crucial moments of the end of Antiquity and of the shaping of the new communities that arose upon its foundations.

Fig. 1: 1-2 – “Slavic” bow fibulae; 3 – Comb case.

1 2

3

3 cm0


Fig. 2: 1 – Belt buckle; 2-3 – Decorative elements of umbo; 4-5 – Combs ; 6 – Comb case; 7 – Bone plaque; 8 – Belt fitting; 9 – Iron mounting of a bag; 10 – Bone buckle.

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9 10

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Fig. 3: 1-2 – Stamped pottery; 3-5 – Handmade pottery; 6-7 – Clay pans.

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Fig. 4: 1-8 – Handmade pottery.

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Fig. 5: Distribution of “Barbarian” artefacts in the intramural housing in the Lower Town.


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Documents

Ivanisevic - Barbarian Settlements in the Interior of Illyricum the Case of Caricin Grad