Ivan Waterman

Janey Fisher

CSEC® is a registered trade mark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). SOCIAL STUDIES FOR CSEC® EXAmInATIOnS 3rd edition is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.

Social StudieS for cSec® examinationS

3rd edition

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macmillan EducationBetween Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PPA division of macmillan Publishers LimitedCompanies and representatives throughout the world

www.macmillan-caribbean.com

Text © I L Waterman and J Fisher 2007, 2012Design and illustration © macmillan Publishers Limited 2007, 2012

First published 2007Third edition 2012

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Designed and typeset by J & D Glover Ltd.Illustrated by Pete Smith c/o Beehive Illustration, Tech Type and mark Walker DesignCover design by John BarkerCover photograph courtesy Photographic Art Jamaica / Devon ShawPicture research by Thomas Bonsu-Dartnell

The author(s) and publishers are grateful for permission to reprint the following copyright material: material from Barbados Family Law by Aaron Charles, reprinted with permission from www.eHow.com.; material from the Caribbean Development Bank reprinted with approval; Information from website www.bviports.org reprinted by permission of the British Virgin Islands Port Authority; material from http://caribbean-guide.info/past.and.present/religionreprinted by permission of Interactive Internet Websites, Inc.; Information used from the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas from www.caricom.org reprinted by permission of Caribbean Community (CARICOm) Secretariat; Information taken from website www.bnsi.bb, reprinted by permission of the Barbados national Standards Institution; material from website www.gnbsgy.org, reprinted with permission of the Guyana national Bureau of Standards; material from website www.bhahotels.com, reprinted by permission of Bahamas Hotel Association.

The author and publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce their photographs:4 Corners/Guido Cozzi p73(d), 4 Corners/Riccardo Spila/SImE p70; Alamy/George Brewin p22(b), Alamy/michael Dwyer p262, Alamy/A Eastland p335(t), Alamy/Robert Fried pp74, 90(t), Alamy/Jeff Greenberg p264(bl), Alamy/Blaine Harrington III p326, Alamy/Pixel Youth movement p217(b), Alamy/TH Foto p266(tr), Alamy/Richard Wareham Fotografie p108, Alamy/Wilmar Photography p217(t); Art Directors and Trip p174, Art Directors and Trip/David Davis p132, Art Directors and Trip/Juliet Highet pp178, 202, Art Directors and Trip/Rod Panicheli p22(t), Art Directors and Trip/Dave Saunders p96(t); Bahamas Hotel and Tourism Association p344;Caribbean Conference of Churches p93;

Caribbean Development Bank p88;Corbis pp73(b), 206(bl), Corbis/Bruce Adams/Eye Ubiquitous p(i),Corbis/Bettman p119, Corbis/Olivier Coret p209, Corbis/marco Baroncini p56(b), Corbis/Owen Franken p315, Corbis/JGI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images p301, Corbis/Kit Kittle p128, Corbis/Bob Krist pp200, 265, Corbis/Larry Williams pp1(br), 2; Clare Eastland p325(b); Eye Ubiquitous/Hutchison pp72, 73(c), 168(t, br), Eye Ubiquitous/David Cumming p203, Eye Ubiquitous/James Henderson p283, Eye Ubiquitous/Philip Wolmuth p218; Getty Images pp58, 120(b), 142, 148(1), 248, Getty Images /Bruno Barbier. p148(4), Getty Images/Alex Craig p148(5), Getty Images/Jerry Driendl p206(tl), Getty Images/Robert Harding p159, Getty Images/Hulton Archive p314, Getty Images/national Geographic p264(br), Getty Images/Jorge Rey p229, Getty Images /Roberto Scmidt/AFP p111, Getty Images/Stone p206(br), Getty Images/Robert Warren p1(bl); The Gleaner/Carl Gilchrist p68(br); Glow Images/All Canada Photos/Thomas Santalab p71, Glow Images/Eye Ubiquitous p203; Robert Harding/Age Fotostock pp236, 335(b), Robert Harding/Gina Corrigan p148(3), Robert Harding/Richard Cummins p334, Robert Harding/Jeff Grenberg pp259(bl), 295; Image Source p148(1); Liat Caribbean Airline/ Soje/Lonsdale Communications p87(b);Norman Livingston p41; Macmillan Education pp90(bl, br), 299; Mary Evans Picture Library p68(t); Doug McKinlay p36; Courtesy Onyx (The David Boxer Collection) pp14, 15; John Pallister pp325(t), 327; Photo Edit/Illene macDonald p96(b);Photographic Art Jamaica/Devon Shaw pp139(br), 215; Press Association/AP pp 98(l, r), 120(t), Press Association/Shirley Bahadur/AP p122, Press Association/Amr nabil p79(tr), Press Association Images/James Jim James p82; Rex Features pp79(b), 179, 266(b); Michelle Rhone p357(all), 358(l, r); Alex Smailes pp1(t), 12(t, b), 20(all), 28(all), 56(m), 73(a), 75, 85, 89(t, b), 139(bl), 160(t, b), 173(t, b), 175, 176, 181(t, b), 185, 259(bl, br), 272, 285, 298(t, bl, br); Superstock p323, Superstock/Robert Harding Picture Library pp23, 79(tl), Superstock/Silvio Fiore p266(tl), Superstock/melvin Longhurst p69(b),Superstock/Oleksiy maksymenko /Age Fotostock p284, Superstock/Travelshots pp139(t), 165; Bob Swan p282; Topfoto/AP p228; Tropix/Roland Birley p69(t), Tropix/L.Brydon p206(tl), Tropix/m.Fleetwood p168(tr),University of the West Indies p87(t).

These materials may contain links for third party websites. We have no control over, and are not responsible for, the contents of such third party websites. Please use care when accessing them.

Although we have tried to trace and contact copyright holders before publication, in some cases this has not been possible. If contacted we will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.

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ISBN 978-0-230-46572-5 AER

Acknowledgements iv

Preface iv

SECTION A – Individual, Family and Society

1 Interaction within the family 2

2 Family law and social issues 31

3 Our cultural diversity, social groups and institutions 65

4 Government 105

Section A End of term test 136

SECTION B – Sustainable Development and Use of Resources

5 Human resources 140

6 Physical resources 190

7 Regional integration, trade and cooperation 224

Section B End of term test 256

SECTION C – Options

8 Communication 260

9 Consumer affairs 292

10 Tourism 319

Section C End of term test 348

Appendix 1 School Based Assessment (SBA) 351

Appendix 2 Private Candidates’ Paper 03/2 361

Appendix 3 The Choose-a-Job Flowchart 363

Answers to multiple-Choice Questions 369

Further reading 370

Index 371

ContentS

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iv

The authors wish to thank all those who have contributed in some form or other to the production of the first edition of this book. Special thanks are owing to the following persons and organisations:

mr I Douglas of the Caribbean Association of Industry and Commerce

Dr R Buckmire of the Caribbean Development Bank

The Caribbean Development Bank for the use of their library

The Statistical Office of Barbados

The Caribbean news Agency

mrs L Carruthers and miss E Parris who helped Ivan Waterman by typing manuscripts

miss C E Fisher and mr m J Fisher who helped Janey Fisher with research

Charonne Prosser who copy-edited the manuscript and read the proof on behalf of the publishers.

The publishers would like to thank David Gilbert, michelle Rhone, Vashty Gooding, Agatha Joseph, Vassel Reynolds, Salomie Ramsay-Williams and Dwight Dean for their assistance in compiling this edition.

CSEC Social Studies is designed for students in the upper forms of secondary schools in the Caribbean, especially for those studying for the CXC examination in Social Studies.

While the topics covered in this book follow, as closely as possible, those set out in the syllabus for the CXC Social Studies, it must be remembered that Social Studies is a dynamic discipline reflecting changes in the social, political and economic environment which are taking place constantly. Individual research and awareness of current affairs are important aspects of the subject which students must employ in order to cover the whole syllabus adequately.

The teacher of Social Studies should be a guide and facilitator rather than a mere giver of information, since students need an opportunity to find things out for themselves if they are to understand the topics fully. The activities in this book are intended to foster the required skills, attitudes and values for Social Studies and to act as a stimulus for further enquiry.

I L WJ F

aCknowledgementS

prefaCe

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