IUCN-WCPA TASK FORCE ON OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA … · OTHER EFFECTIVE AREA-BASED CONSERVATION MEASURES COLLATION OF CASE STUDIES SUBMITTED TO THE TASK FORCE (2016-2017) NOTE This is

IUCN-WCPATASKFORCEONOTHEREFFECTIVEAREA-BASEDCONSERVATIONMEASURES

COLLATIONOFCASESTUDIESSUBMITTEDTOTHETASKFORCE(2016-2017)

NOTE

This is a collation of case studies submitted to the IUCN-WCPA Task Force on Other Effective Area-based Conservation MeasuresforconsiderationaspotentialOECMs.

Thecasestudieshaveneitherbeeneditednorfact-checkedandremaintheintellectualpropertyoftheauthors.WhetherornottheseareasqualifyasOECMswilldependonmorerigorousevaluationonacase-by-casebasisusingthedraftGuidelinesandrapidassessmentscreeningtool.AllthecasestudieshavebeenincludedastheyshowtherangeanddiversityofsituationsforconsiderationasOECMs.

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CONTENTS1. NORTHAMERICA

• StraitofGeorgiaGlassSpongeReefFishingClosures,BritishColumbia(Canada)-SabineJessen• CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve,BC(Canada)-SabineJessen• RockfishConservationAreas,BritishColumbia(Canada)-SabineJessen• 3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador(Canada)-SigridKuehnemund• NetworkofAreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterestintheClarionClippertonZoneinthePacific,intheInternationalSeabedAreaoftheEastern

CentralPacificbetweenMexicoandHawaii(USA)-KristinaGjerde• Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingArea,NorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii(USA)-MimiD’Iorio• NationalWaterReservesProgram(Mexico)-NinelEscobar• AreasVoluntarilyDestinedforConservation(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• FishingRefugeAreas:Akumal,QuintanaRoo(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• ForestManagement(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• ProgramofPaymentforEnvironmentalServices(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• UnitsfortheConservation,ManagementandSustainableUseofWildlife(Mexico)-AndrewRhodes• PrivateProtectedAreasCertification(Mexico)-WCPAPrivateProtectedAreasSpecialistGroup• NorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganizationVulnerableMarineEcosystem,NorthwestAtlantic,NAFORegulatoryArea(outside200milelimit)-

KristinaGjerde2. SOUTHAMERICA

• ForestCode(Brazil)-AllisonPritchard• Bita,ProtectedRiver,ColombianOrinocoBasin(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• SpecialManagementAreaofAfroColombianCommunitiesoftheupstreamoftheAmurrupaRiver,Risaralda(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro(Santander)(Colombia)-Humboldt

Institute• CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElOasis”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute

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• CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• WaterReciprocalAgreements,aCaseofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• “ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark,LocalProtectedArea(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• CerroSancancio,CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute• ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelRíoPastaza(Peru)-MarinaRosales• “ElBreo”ConservationConcession(Peru)-JeffPradel

3. EUROPE

• ScapaFlow(UK)-DanLaffoley• PartofHopeQuarry,PeakDistrictNationalPark,Derbyshire(England)-NigelDudley

4. AFRICA

• HuntingZonesinNorthCameroon(Cameroon)-PaulScholte• Yélisoubé,LoosIslands,Conakry(Guinea)-AlkalyDoumbouya• MabasoCommunityStewardshipProject,KZNProvince(SouthAfrica)-OnkemetseNteta

5. ASIA

• HutanHarapan,Sumatera(Indonesia)-AgusB.Utomo• Community-basedMPA:AyandRhunIsland,Maluku(Indonesia)-HestiWidodo• Tana’UlenLapanRiver(Indonesia)-CristinaEghenter• MountCandalagaDumutICCA(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles• DanjuganIsland(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles• MountApoKBA(thePhilippines)-NicoleBendsenandGünterMühlbauer

6. PACIFIC

• BradfieldFieldTrainingArea,NorthernTerritory(Australia)-MarcHockings• CableZone,HaurakiGulf,SouthwestPacificOcean(NewZealand)-MarcCostello

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• ZairaCommunity,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince(SolomonIslands)-JoeMcCarterandSimonAlbert

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1.

NORTHAMERICA

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StraitofGeorgiaGlassSpongeReefFishingClosures,BritishColumbia(Canada)–SabineJessenOverview

Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

Full,legal,bottom-contactfishingclosureswereputinplacetoprotectnineglassspongereefsintheStraitofGeorgia,offthesoutherncoastofBritishColumbia.Thefishingclosuresprohibitallbottomcontactfishingactivities,includingbottomtrawling,bottomlongline,andtrapfisheries(prawnandcrab),within150moffthereefs.Theclosurescoverallfishingactivities:commercial,recreationalandaboriginal(food,social,ceremonial).Thebufferzonewasdeterminedfollowingconsultationwiththecommercialandrecreationalfishingsectors,conservationgroupsandFirstNations.Initiallya200mbufferwasproposedinkeepingwiththeproposed“adaptivemanagementzone”aroundtheHecateStraitandQueenCharlotteSoundMPA.Itisworthnotingthattheoriginalrecommendationbygovernmentscientistswasfora5-8kmbufferzonefortheMPA.Thoughttohavegoneextinctaround40millionyearsagolivingglassspongereefs(bioherms)werefirstdiscoveredinBritishColumbiain1987.JustahandfuloflivingglassspongereefshavebeenfoundinBritishColumbiaandonlyasinglesmallreefinAlaska.Thereefsareaveryimportantbiogenichabitat,creatingrefugiaandnurseryhabitatforcommerciallyimportantandthreatenedspecies,includingrockfish,spotprawns,halibutandherring.Inadditiontothisongoingscientificstudiesofthereefsarerevealingthesignificantrolethereefsplayinnutrientcyclingandfilteringbacteriafromwaterwhentheyfeed.Glassspongesareveryfragileandeasilycrushedbyfishinggear.Asfilterfeedersthereefsarealsovulnerabletosedimentation,whichcansmotherandchokethesponges,reducingtheirabilitytofilterfeedandeffectivelystarvingthesponges.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Thereareclosuresaroundfourteenglassspongereefbiohermstotaling

51km2(breakdownforindividualreefsbelow)

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BiohermName/LocationForeslopeHills

Size(km2)0.89

OuterGulfIslands 2.85OuterGulfIslands 1.62HalibutBank 7.35Sechelt 7.82EastofHornbyIsland 3.08HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh. 5.85HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh. 0.70GabriolaIsland 0.72OuterGulfIslands 1.33HoweSound-DefenceIslands 0.96Parksville 2.71HoweSound-QueenCharlotteCh(alt.) 7.71Sechelt-alternative 8.23

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Thefishingclosuresaredefinedbypolygons,whichencompasstheentiretyofeachreefwitha150mbuffer.Thepolygonsweredesignedwithminimalcornersandsimplisticshapesforoptimalcoverageandenforcement.Thecoordinatesfortheclosuresweremadepubliclyavailableandincludedinthegroundfishintegratedfisheriesmanagementplans(IFMPs)foreacharea.

3.GovernanceTypeDescriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.

TheclosuresweredesignatedfederallybytheFisheries,OceansandCanadianCoastguardwhohavejurisdictionovermarinefishingactivitiesandthewatercolumn.Theclosuresweredesignatedthrougha“FisheryNotice”andincludedintheIntegratedFisheriesManagementPlans(IFMPs)whichareproducedforeachfishery.FirstNationshaveconstitutionallyprotectedrightstoaccessresources.DFOpolicystatesthat“afterconservationneedsaremetFirstNations’FSCrightsandtreatyobligationstoFirstNationshave

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firstpriorityinallocationdecisions”.Asallbottomcontactfishingactivitieswillhavedetrimentalimpactsonthereefs,nobottom-contactfishingactivityisdeemedtobeconsistentwiththeconservationobjectivesofthefishingclosureandsoallFirstNationsbottom-contactfisheries,includingFood,SocialandCeremonial(FSC)areprohibited.RestrictionsonFirstNationsfishingactivitiescameintoeffecton1April2016.AtleastoneFirstNationvoicedstrongsupportfortheclosures.

Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?

Tothebestofourknowledge.FirstNationsconsultationswerebilateralsowedonotknowthediscussionsandoutcomeforeachNation.

4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)

TheFisheryNoticeandIFMPsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? TheFisheryNoticestatesthattheclosurewillbeinplace“Untilfurthernotice”.DFOstaffhasindicatedtheintentionfortheclosurestobepermanenthoweverasitisimplementedasafisheriesclosureitlacksthefirmnessoflegislatedprotectionsandcouldbeoverturnedatanytime.IFMPsforcrabandgroundfisharerenewedannuallyandprawnandshrimptrapandtrawlfisheriesarerenewedeverytwoyears.The

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Year-round

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themanagementobjectiveistheprotectionandconservationoftheglass

spongereefs.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Implicit.Theclosuresareintendedtoprotectthereefs,whichcomprisea

fewspecies,howeverthereefssupportagreatmanymorespeciesandsoprotectionofthereefswouldbenefitthebiodiversityconservationofanumberofspecies.

Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittake Protectionoftheglassspongereefsistheprimaryobjectiveandit

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primacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict? supersedesallotherconsiderations.AsperDFOpolicy,FirstNationsFSCfisheries,althoughconstitutionallyprotectedrightsarenotconsistentwiththeconservationobjectiveandthereforenotpermitted.

Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?

Theclosuresareintendedtoprotectthereefs,whichcompriseafewspecies,howeverthereefssupportagreatmanymorespeciesandsoprotectionofthereefswouldbenefitthebiodiversityconservationofanumberofspecies.

Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?

Managementeffectivenessintermsofadherencetotheregulations,ismeasuredthroughregularpatrolsoftheareasbyDFOenforcement.Reefsurveyswillalsobeconductedtomonitorreefhealthandbiodiversity(seebelow).

6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?

Thereefsaretobesurveyedoverthesummer,thiswillbeusedtoprovideabaselineforfuturemonitoringofreefhealth.ThereareobviousissuesinusingcurrentsurveydataasabaselineforreefhealthandwehopethatDFOwilltakeintoaccount“shiftingbaselines”.

Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Thefishingclosuresonlyaddressbottomcontactfishingactivitiesanddonotdictateanyothermarineorcoastalactivitiesthatoccurnearthereefs.Bottomcontactfishingactivitiesweredeemedtobethemostsignificantthreattothereefs.Theclosureswereintendedtoprotectthereefsfromdamagefromdirectimpactandalsofromindirectimpactslikesedimentplumes.Thereefsarestillatriskfromotheractivities,inparticularanchoring(ofrecreational,commercialand/orindustrialvessels)andthelayingofunderwatercables,whicharepressingthreats.Theseactivitiescancausedirectharmiftheycontactthereefsandcanimpactthereefsindirectlybyscouringsediments.Somereefsareatgreaterriskthanothersintermsoftheseactivitiesduetotheirproximitytorecreationalareasandpopulationcentres.

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Since1972therehasbeenafederalmoratoriuminplaceregardingoffshoreoilandgasexplorationandproductioninBritishColumbia,howeverthemoratoriumisnotlegislatedandthereforecouldbeeasilyoverturned.Itisnotknownhowseismictestinganddrillingwouldaffectthespongesbutintheleast,sedimentationissuesarelikely.Otherfishingactivitiesstilloccurinthewatercolumnaboveandaroundthereefs.Midwatertrawlingdatashowsthatgroundfishareoccasionallycaught,whichshowsthatthegearmustperiodically(unintentionally)touchtheseafloor(Boutillierreference).Thereforethereremainsasignificantriskofdamage.Evenwherepelagicandsurfacefishingactivitiesdonotdirectlyaffectthespongereefstheremaybeecologicaleffectsthroughremovalofbiologicalmatterandtheresultantconsequencesonnutrientflowandcyclingtodeepwaterecosystems.TheseconnectionsarepoorlyunderstoodbutpresentagreatenoughconcernthattheIUCNguidelinesforapplyingprotectedareamanagementcategoriestoMPAsstronglyadvisesagainstverticalzoning(Dayetal).Theirpositionalsoreflectsthechallengeswithmanagingandenforcingverticalzoning.Thefishingclosuresalsodonotprohibitotheractivitiessuchasdumping,dredgingorcoastaldevelopmentsornearshoreactivities(suchasoutflowsandpointsourcepollution,dockconstruction,etc.)thatwouldalsopotentiallyaffectthereefs.

CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve,BC(Canada)–SabineJessen

OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

ProvincialMarineParksandEcologicalReservesarealreadyincludedinCanada’sofficialprotectedareastatisticsasMPAs.However,theprovincial

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governmentdoesnothavejurisdictionovermaritimeactivitieslikefishing,shipping,andoilandgasdevelopment.Thereforetheabilityofaprovincialprotectedareatoeffectivelyprotectbiodiversityisquestionable,withoutfederalengagement.Forthisreason,CPAWSdoesnotconsiderthemtobefullyimplementedMPAs.

Ecologicalreservedareestablishedto“preserverepresentativeandspecialnaturalecosystems,plantandanimalspecies,featuresandphenomena”1andtheprincipalusesareforresearchandeducation.Ecologicalreservescanbeterrestrial,marineoracombinationthereof.Thereareover20ecologicalreservesinBCwithamarinecomponent.Ecologicalreservesarenotcreatedforrecreationbutmanyareopentolowimpact,non-extractiveactivities.

CheclesetBayEcologicalReserve(CBER)isalmostentirelymarineandhasthelargestmarinecomponentofallecologicalreservesinBCat331km2.TheoriginalpurposeofCBERwastoprovidehighqualityhabitatforthereintroductionofseaotters.TheprimaryroleoftheCBERistoprotectarepresentativemarineecosystemonthewestcoastofVancouverIsland.Thesecondaryroleistoprotectahighdiversityofmarinehabitatsthatinturnsupportahighdiversityofspeciesfromalgaetoseaottersandnorthernsealions,whales,porpoises,pinnipeds,seabirds,finfishandshellfish.Therearealsoanumberofterrestrialmammalsthatusetheislands.ThetertiaryroleofCBERistoprotectandpreserveculturalheritagefeaturesincludingarchaeologicalsites,tiedtoarichheritageforFirstNationsandsettlers.Thequaternaryroleistosupportopportunitiesforscientificresearchonseaotters.

1http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/eco_reserve/

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Thenorth-eastportionofCBERisincludedinaRockfishConservationArea(RCA)(seeothercasestudy).

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ThemarinecomponentofCBERis331.50km2intotal,(anadditional15km2

isterrestrial,comprising40smallislands)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Themapshowingtheparkboundaryandcoordinatesareavailableonthe

BCMinistryofEnvironmentwebsitehttp://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/eco_reserve/checleset_er/checleset_bay_map.pdf?v=1466697569277


EcologicalreservesareimplementedbytheBCprovincialgovernmentundertheEcologicalReservesAct.Theprovincialgovernmentdoesnothavejurisdictionoveractivitiesthatoccurinthewatercolumn,whichincludesfishing,marinetransportationoroilandgasactivities.DFOhasestablishedaRockfishConservationAreathatoverlapsthenorthernportionoftheecologicalreserveandprohibitsthefollowingactivitiesaccordingtoHaggerty(2014).2Therecreationalfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbyhookandline•salmontrolling,jiggingormooching•spearfishingCommercialfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbottomtrawl•groundfishhookandlineforhalibut,insiderockfish,outsiderockfish,lingcod,dogfish•sablefishbytrap•salmontrolling

2http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/RockfishConservationAreas-OurCurrentStateofKnowledge-Mar2014.pdf

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OutsidetheRCA,therearenorestrictionsonfishingactivitiesintherestoftheecologicalreserve.FirstNationshaveconstitutionallyprotectedrightofaccess.

ThepurposestatementforCBERstatestheProvincialgovernmentintendstoworkwithFisheriesandOceansCanadatoseekcooperationregardingthemanagementoffisheriesandwithFirstNationsto“reachamutualunderstandingofecologicalreservemanagementinterests.”


ThepurposestatementforCBERstatestheProvincialgovernmentsintentiontoworkwithDFOtoseekcooperationregardingthemanagementoffisheriesandwithFirstNationsto“reachamutualunderstandingofecologicalreservemanagementinterests.


ThePurposeStatementfortheCBERoutlinesmanagementissuesandconservationobjectives.TheEcologicalReservesActoutlinesthelegalframeworkandjurisdictionforecologicalreservesincludingrestrictionsondisposition,permitrequirements,conservationobjectivesandpowertomakeregulations.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AnecologicalreserveestablishedundertheEcologicalReservesActislegislatedandnoteasilyoverturned.FishingrestrictionsinplacethroughtheRockfishConservationAreaareestablishedthroughfishingclosuresandmaybeoverturnedatanytime.


Year-round

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheprimaryroleoftheCBERistoprotectarepresentativemarine

ecosystemonthewestcoastofVancouverIsland.Thesecondaryroleistoprotectahighdiversityofmarinehabitatsthatinturnsupportahighdiversityofspeciesfromalgaetoseaottersandnorthernsealions,whales,porpoises,pinnipeds,seabirds,finfishand

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shellfish.Therearealsoanumberofterrestrialmammalsthatusetheislands.ThetertiaryroleofCBERistoprotectandpreserveculturalheritagefeaturesincludingarchaeologicalsites,tiedtoarichheritageforFirstNationsandsettlers.Thequaternaryroleistosupportopportunitiesforscientificresearchonseaotters.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitobjective.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

TheCBERdoesnothavejurisdictiontoaddressconflictsregardingfishingactivities,includingshellfishharvesting.AccordingtothepurposestatementstheCBERdoeshave“cooperativemanagementarrangementsforcommercialfisheryclosuresspecifictothereserve:Harvestingisprohibitedforanchovy,surfperch,pileperch,seacucumber,geoduck,horseclam,octopus,scallop,redandgreenurchins.”Howevernosupplementaryinformationisavailablepertainingtothenatureandpermanenceofthesefisheriesclosures.Accordingtoa2011analysisoffishingactivitiespermittedwithinMPAsthefollowingfisheriesarepermittedwithinatleastpartofCBER:BottomTrawl,Clam,Crab,Halibut,HerringSU,MidwaterTrawl,OpalSquid,PrawnTrap,RockfishH&L,Sablefish,Sardine,Schedule2,ShrimpTrawl,Surfperch,andTuna.3FortheportionoftheCBERthatfallswithinaRockfishConservationArea(RCA),onlycertainfisheriesarerestrictedandrestrictionsdonotapplytoFirstNations.Thereareconcernsaboutenforcementofrockfishconservationareas,especiallyinmoreremotelocationslikeCheclesetBay.TheCBERcanaddressimpactsfromtourismandrecreation:vessellandingalongtheshorelineofCBERisrestrictedandpermitsarerequired.ThePurposeStatementalsoincludesanobjectivetoworkwiththeMinistryofForeststoensureuplandactivitiesdonotimpacttheecologicalreserveandmitigate

3Robb,C.,Bodtker,K.,Wright,K.&Lash,J.2011.CommercialfisheriesclosuresinmarineprotectedareasonCanada’sPacificcoast:theexception,nottherule.MarinePolicy(35)pp.309-316

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risks.


AsCBERdoesnothavejurisdictionoverfishingactivitiesandvesseltrafficitisnotabletoadequatelyprotectspeciesfromdisturbanceandtrophicimpacts.Itofferssomespecies,someprotections.


BCParkswardensenforceregulations,howeverasisthecaseforDFOenforcementofRockfishConservationAreasandfisheriesclosures,limitedfundingandlogisticalcapacityrestrictmanagementeffectiveness.ThePurposeStatementincludesanobjective“Inthelongterm,reviewthedesignationtoensurethatobjectivescanbemet”.Thereisnomonitoringplanoutlined.BCParkshasvery,verylimitedstaffingtoensureadherencetoregulations.


AllthoughtheCBERhasstrongconservationobjectivesandisbuiltongoodintentions,itdoesnothavethejurisdictiontoprohibitextractiveordisruptiveactivitieslikefishingandvesseltraffic,andthereforeitdoesnoteffectivelyconservebiodiversity.Itisnotclearfromtheavailableinformationwhetherorhowconservationeffectivenessismeasured.


CBER–likeotherecologicalreservesinBC–failstoaddresskeyactivitieslikefishingandtransportationthatareknowntohavemultipleandsignificantimpactsonmarineecosystems.Sincetheecosysteminquestionhasbeenaffectedbyactivitiesandcontinuestobe,theecologicalreservedesignationisnoteffectiveorencompassing.Fisheriesclosuresareinplacetoaddresssomeissuesbutthereisalackofclarityaroundthenatureandpermanenceoftheclosureswhichpreventseffectiveintegratedmanagementandimpedesproperassessmentoftheeffectivenessoftheconservationmeasure.

RockfishConservationAreas,BritishColumbia(Canada)–SabineJessen

Overview

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Between2004and2007164RockfishConservationAreas(RCAs)wereestablishedthroughouttheBCcoast.AccordingtotheFisheriesandOceansCanada’s(DFO)rockfishconservationstrategy,37speciesofrockfishcaughtinfisheriesofftheBCcoastandinshorerockfish(yelloweye,quillback,copper,china,tiger,black,brown,andbluerockfish)areat“lowlevelsofabundance”.RCAswereestablishedspecificallytoprotectinshorerockfish.4RCAsareintendedtoprotectrockfishwithintheirboundariesfromaccidentalortargetedcatchbyrecreationalandcommercialfisheries.RCAsarelargelylocatedininshorerockyreefareas,andhavebeenestablishedbothinremoteareasandclosetohumancommunities/populations.DFOliststhefollowingrecreationalandcommercialfishingactivitiesaspermittedwithinRCAs,theydonotprovidealistofprohibitedactivities.Therecreationalfishingactivitiesallowedare:•invertebratesbyhandpickingordive•crabbytrap•shrimp/prawnbytrap•smeltbygillnetCommercialfishingactivitiesallowedare:•invertebratesbyhandpickingordive•crabbytrap•prawnbytrap•scallopsbytrawl•salmonbyseineorgillnet•herringbygillnet,seineandspawn-on-kelp•sardinebygillnet,seine,andtrap

4Yamanaka,K.L.,Logan,G.,2010.DevelopingBritishColumbia'sinshorerockfishconservationstrategy.MarineandCoastalFisheries2,28-46.

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•smeltbygillnet•euphausiid(krill)bymid-watertrawl•opalsquidbyseine•groundfishbymid-watertrawlThefollowingactivitiesareprohibitedinRCAsaccordingtoHaggerty(2014).5Therecreationalfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbyhookandline•salmontrolling,jiggingormooching•spearfishingCommercialfishingactivitiesprohibitedare:•groundfishbottomtrawl•groundfishhookandlineforhalibut,insiderockfish,outsiderockfish,lingcod,dogfish•sablefishbytrap•salmontrolling

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 164RCAscoveratotalareaof4847.2km2.Theyrangeinsizefrom0.1km2to

493km2.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? EachRCAhaslegallydefinedboundariesandGPScoordinatesareavailable

onlineandinprintedmaterialsaimedatcommercialandrecreationalfishers.RCAboundariesaredesignedwithminimalcorners/sidestoaidnavigationandenforcementandareboundbyshorelinestosomeextent.ThelocationandcoordinatesforRCAsarepublishedontheDFOwebsite,inabooklet,andarealsolistedinIntegratedFisheriesManagementPlans(IFMPs)forcommercialfisheries.Commercialgroundfishfishershaveonboardobservers

5http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/RockfishConservationAreas-OurCurrentStateofKnowledge-Mar2014.pdf

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andVMS,andcomplywiththeboundaries,butcompliancebyrecreationalfishersispoor(seebelow).6


RCAsarefederallydesignatedfisheriesclosuresestablishedbythefederalfisheriesagency,DFO.


RCAstheoreticallyhavethepowertoexcludeactivitiesharmfultorockfish.However,DFOhasnothadthecapacitytoenforcethoseexclusions,especiallyforrecreationalfishers.WhiletherewasanextensiveoutreachandconsultationprocesssurroundingtheestablishmentoftheRCAs,theyremainacontentiousissueforsomeusergroups.ThefisheriesclosuresdonotapplytoFirstNationsconstitutionallyprotectedrightstofishforFood,SocialorCeremonialfisheries(FSC).DFOdoesnothavethejurisdictiontograntorexercisesubsurfacerights.


RCAsareestablishedunderthefederalFisheriesAct.TheareasandregulationsarelistedontheDFOwebsite,inabooklet,andintheIFMPsforcommercialfisheriesandtheSportfishingGuideforrecreationalfishers,whichareallpubliclyavailablefromDFO.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AccordingtoDFO,RCAsareintendedtobelong-termclosures(andmanyhavebeeninplacefortenyears).However,fishingclosuresareimplementedthroughregulation,andcanbeoverturnedorchangedbytheMinisteratanytime.


Year-round

5.ManagementObjectives

6Lancaster,D.,Dearden,P.,Ban,N.,2015.Driversofrecreationalfishercomplianceintemperatemarineconservationareas:AstudyofRockfishConservationAreasinBritishColumbia,Canada.GlobalEcologyandConservation4,645-657.

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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themanagementobjectiveistheprotectionandconservationofspecificinshorerockfishspecies.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityisnotspecificallymentioned.Rather,RCAsareintendedtoprotectrockfish,butmayhavetheaddedbenefitofprotectingotherspeciesfoundinthesamekindofhabitatandsubjecttothesamefishingmethods.

Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

FirstNationsfood,socialandceremonialfisheries(FSC)arepermittedwithinRCAs.RCAsallowsomekindsoffishingthatmaycatchrockfishasbycatch(e.g.,commercialprawnbytrap,scalloptrawl,groundfishmid-watertrawlareallowedwithinRCAs).


Theclosuresonlyprovideprotectionfromfisheriesmortalitytorockfishandsimilarspecies.


MonitoringandenforcementofRCAsisgenerallypoor,particularlyforrecreationalfishers.AstudyinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiafoundthatthemajorityofrecreationalfisherseitherarenotawareoftheexistenceofRCAs(26%),ordonotknowwheretheboundariesare(60%),resultinginlowcompliancewithRCAsbythissector.Otherstudieshavefoundthat,onaverage,recreationalfishingoccurrencedidnotchangeafterRCAimplementation,7andthat79%ofRCAsinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiahadconfirmedorsuspectednon-compliance.v


ThereislittleinformationavailabletoassesstheeffectivenessofRCAs.BaselinestudieswerenotconductedpriortotheimplementationoftheRCAs.Whilesomesurveyshavesincebeenconducted,itisdifficulttodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaneffectonrockfishpopulationsduetotheRCAs.SomestudieshaveshownsomeRCAstobeeffective,whilemosthaveshownnodifference.iiFurthermorethesestudieshaveonlylookedat

7Haggarty,D.R.,Martell,S.J.,Shurin,J.,2016.LackofrecreationalfishingcompliancemaycompromiseeffectivenessofRockfishConservationAreasinBritishColumbia.CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences.

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theeffectsofRCAsonrockfishnumbers,notwiderbiodiversitywithintheRCA.Furtherstudiesareplannedtodetermineeffectivenesshoweverthelackofbaselinedataandnewdatawilllimitthevalidityandreliabilityoftheseassessments.


RCAstheoreticallyhavethepowertoexcludesomeactivitiesharmfultorockfish.However,theyonlyrestrict/preventfisheriesmortalitytorockfishandsimilarspecies.ThemechanismusedforRCAs,fishingclosures,donotcompelDFOtoprohibitactivitiesincompatiblewithconservation.ThefishingclosuresonlyapplytoasubsetoffisheriesthatcanoccurwithinRCAssothereisstillpotentialbycatchofrockfishinotherfisheries,andtheregulationsdonotprotecthabitatorconsidertrophicrelationships.Forexample,anumberofRCAsoverlapglassspongereefswhichactasimportantrefugiaforrockfish,howeversomebottomcontactfishing(althoughnotgroundfishbottomtrawling)isstillpermittedwithintheRCAwhichisamajorthreattothereefs.FurthermoreitisnotclearhoweffectiveRCAscurrentlyareasaconservationmeasure.Alackofbaselinedataandlackofmonitoringcontinuestohamperattemptstoevaluatetheireffectiveness.DFOhasnothadthecapacitytoenforceexclusions,especiallyforrecreationalfishers.Studieshavefoundthat,onaverage,recreationalfishingoccurrencedidnotchangeafterRCAimplementation,andthat79%ofRCAsinthesouthernStraitofGeorgiahadconfirmedorsuspectednon-compliance.8

3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador(Canada)-SigridKuehnemund

1.Overview

8Lancaster,D.,2015.Conservationandcompliance:aquantitativeassessmentofrecreationalfishercomplianceinRockfishConservationAreasInSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies.UniversityofVictoria,Victoria.

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Nameandlocationofthearea 3OCoralClosure,offNewfoundlandandLabrador,CanadaBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

The3OCoralClosureisacoralprotectionzoneintheNorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(NAFO)conventionarea,whichstraddlesbothnationalandinternationalwaters.Thisareahasthehighestdensityofcold-watercoralsinthearea,includingbrittle,slow-growingcorals,andhasbeenidentifiedasaVulnerableMarineEcosystem(VME)byNAFO9,andaSensitiveBenthicArea(SBA)byFisheriesandOceansCanada(DFO).10Coralandspongecommunitieshavehighspeciesrichnessandbiodiversity,andprovideanimportantecologicalroleinmaintainingdiverseandhealthyaquaticecosystems.11Almost50%ofthisclosureoverlapswiththeSouthwestShelfEdgeandSlopeEcologicallyandBiologicallySignificantArea(EBSA)foundinthePlacentiaBay/GrandBanksArea.1213Inadditiontocoralsandsponges,thisareaisimportantforgroundfish,seabirdsandleatherbackturtles.Deep-seacoralsarevulnerabletotheimpactsofbottomcontactfishinggear,thereforeanygearthathasthepotentialtoimpactthebottomhasbeenprohibitedfromuseatthissite.14ThefisheriesclosurewasinitiatedbyCanadain2007-thefirstfishingclosurecreatedtoprotectdeep-seacoralswithintheNewfoundlandandLabradorregion,andsubsequentlyimplementedbyNAFOcontractingpartiesin2008.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Theareais14,040km2.Nearly75%(10,396km2)ofthatisinsidethe9NAFO(2017).Vulnerablemarineecosystemsclosures.Retrievedfromnafo.int/Fisheries/VME10DFO(2009).PolicyforManagingtheImpactsofFishingonSensitiveBenthicAreas.Retrievedfrom:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/reports-rapports/regs/sff-cpd/benthi-eng.htm#n111DFO(2015).CoralandspongeconservationstrategyforEasternCanada2015.Retrievedfrom:http://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/363832.pdf12DFO(2007).PlacentiaBay-GrandBankslargeoceanmanagementareaecologicallyandbiologicallysignificantareas.CSASResearchdocument2007/052.Retrievedfrom:http://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/331779.pdf13DFO(2016).RefinementofinformationrelatingtoecologicallyandbiologicallysignificantareasinidentifiedintheNewfoundlandandLabradorbioregion.CSASScienceResponse2016/032.Retrievedfrom:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas-sccs/Publications/ScR-RS/2016/2016_032-eng.pdf14NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf

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CanadianExclusiveEconomicZone(EEZ),withtherestinareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction(ABNJ).

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareaanditsboundarieshavelatitudesandlongitudesdefinedbyNAFO.15Thatbeingsaid,thissiteisinessenceverticallyzoned,asthemanagementtoolonlyprotectsbenthicspeciesandhabitats,anddoesnotmanagespeciesintheremainderofthewatercolumn.Geographicalspaceinthecontextofmarineprotectedareas(andothermarineconservationtools)isa“generalpresumptionagainsttheuseofverticalzoning,duetothefactthatthereisincreasingevidenceofstrongecologicalbentho-pelagiccouplingandthesubsequentverticallytieredmanagementisparticularlydifficult,ifnotimpossible,toeffectivelypoliceandenforce”.16

3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?

Thearea’sgovernanceisthroughgovernment:underDFOinCanada’sEEZ,andunderNAFOinABNJ.

Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail

UNResolutionA/RES61/105(2006)17calledforidentificationofVMEsandaninvestigationintotheirprotection.Thesecommitmentswerere-affirmedin2009viaA/RES64/72.18NAFO’sregulatorypowersarelimitedtotheNAFORegulatoryArea,whichistheABNJportionoftheNAFOConventionArea,andcanconsequentlyidentifyandprotectVMEswithintheirjurisdiction.Canada,asaContractingPartytoNAFO,hasregulatorypowersinsideitsEEZ,

15NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Article1.7.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf16Day,J.,Dudley,N.,Hockings,M.,Holmes,G.,Laffoley,D.D.A.,Stolton,S.,&Wells,S.M.(2012).GuidelinesforapplyingtheIUCNprotectedareamanagementcategoriestomarineprotectedareas.IUCN.Retrievedfrom:https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/uicn_categoriesamp_eng.pdf17UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.(2006).UNResolutionA/RES61/105.Retrievedfrom:https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/500/73/PDF/N0650073.pdf?OpenElement18UnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.(2009).UNResolutionA/RES64/72.Retrievedfrom:https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/466/15/PDF/N0946615.pdf?OpenElement

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andcanidentifyandprotectSBAsusingFisheriesClosuresundertheFisheriesAct.19

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThegovernancepreventsthedestructionofVMEsbyprohibitingbottomcontactfisheries.TheprohibitionisoverseenbythegoverningbodiesofNAFOandDFO.Thegovernancearrangement,however,doesnotconsiderotheractivitiesbeyondfisherieswhichmaypotentiallyimpactthemarineareas,speciesandecosystems,includingshippingandoilandgasdevelopment,andonlyprotectsaportionofthewatercolumn(inthiscasethebenthicenvironment).


Asthemeasurecoversbothnationalandinternationalwaters,differentlegaltoolsareusedtoconservethearea.FortheportioninABNJ,NAFOConservationandEnforcementMeasures,Article17(2017)isused.20FortheportioninsideCanada’sEEZ,aFisheriesActvariationorderisused.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NAFOVMEmanagementisa“continuousprocess”,meaningthatclosuresarereviewedperiodicallyandaresubjecttochange.The3Oclosurehasbeenreviewedtwicepreviously,attheendsofboth2012and2014,andissettobereviewedagainin2020.Theclosurecurrentlyexpiresthe31stofDecember,2020,thoughtheclosurecanberenewed.

TheCanadianportionoftheclosurecouldbereversedbyMinisterialorderbytheMinisterofFisheries,OceansandtheCanadianCoastGuardatanytime,thoughthisisthoughttobeunlikelyforcoralandspongeclosures.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term TheclosurehasbeeninforceunderNAFOsince2008,andwillbereviewedagainin2020.ItisinterestingtonotethattheNorthEastAtlanticFisheries

19FisheriesAct,RSC1985,cF-14.Retrievedfrom:http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/F-14.pdf20NAFO(2017).NAFOConservationandenforcementmeasures2017.FCDoc.17-01.Article1.7.Retrievedfrom:http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/mul163879.pdf

25

Commission(NEAFC)haspermanentVMEclosures,unlikeNAFOthatperiodicallyreviewsitsVMEclosures.

Isthemeasureinplaceyear-roundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Themeasureisinplaceyear-round.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?

ThesolemanagementobjectiveistoprotectcoralVMEsbyclosingtheareatoallbottom-contactfishingactivities.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?

TheprotectionofthecoralVMEisthesoleandexplicitmanagementobjective.Assuch,thesoleobjectiveistheconservationofbenthicbiodiversity.


AstheconservationoftheofcoralVMEisthesoleandexplicitmanagementobjective,itcanbearguedthatitwouldtakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesinthecaseofconflictastherearenootherobjectives.However,thetoolsusedtoprotectthissiteareonlyfisheriesmanagementtools,andareonlybeingusedtomanagespecifictypesoffisheries.Otherimpactsfromoilandgasdevelopmentandshipping,forexample,arenotbeingmanagedbythetoolanddevelopmentsinothersectorsmaytakeprecedencetobiodiversityconservationiffutureconflictsarise.Also,thistoolisnotconservingbiodiversityasawhole,asitisonlyprotectingbenthicbiodiversity.


Themeasureonlyprotectsthebenthosandspeciesassociatedwiththebottomhabitatsinthearea.WhilethecoralVMEandassociatedbiotaarebeingprotectedfromtheirmainthreat(bottomcontactfishing),non-bottomcontactfishingisstillopenforsomeotherspecies,andotheractivities,suchasshipping,arenotmanagedfortheconservationofbiodiversity.Thetoolcannotbesaidtoprotectbiodiversityasawholesincetheareaisverticallyzonedandthetoolisnotprotectingtheentirewatercolumn.Thereisaneedtoconsiderthebiodiversityoftheentirespaceandnotjustbenthichabitats.


Managementeffectivenessforthissiteismeasuredintermsofifvesselsareadheringtotheprohibitionsagainstbottom-contactfisheries.ManagementismeasuredusingVesselMonitoringSystems(VMS),whichrecordsvessel

26

presence,typeofvessel,andactivity(speed,course)withintheclosure.21Areviewof2016VMSdata22showsthatclosedareaswererespectedbyvessels,while201523showedtwovesselswhichfishedinsidetheclosedarea.By-catchinnon-bottomcontactfisheriesisalsoreportedtoensurethatsensitivebenthichabitatsarenotbeingdamaged(i.e.thatcoralisnotbeingcaught).Itcouldbearguedthattheeffectivenessofthetooltoconservebiodiversityisn’tbeingmeasured,butthattheadherencetorulesisbeingmeasured.Assuch,itappearsthattherulesarebeingfollowedforthemostpart,meaningthatthebenthicenvironmentisnotbeingdisturbedbytheimpactsofbottomcontactfishing.

6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?

EffectivenessofthespatialcoverageoftheclosurehasbeenraisedbyNAFO,andgivenamoderatepriorityforreviewofboundaries.2425Advicehasbeengiventhatthe400mdepthcontourwouldbeamoreecologicallyappropriateboundaryforthisclosureratherthanthecurrent800mdepthcontourthatisusedtoidentify/delineatethesite.Concentrationsofsmallandlargegorgoniancorals,inadditiontoextensiveseapenfields,arenotprotectedfromtheanthropogenicimpactsofbottomcontactfishinggear,astheyexistatshallowerdepthsthanarecurrentlyprotected.Theareadirectlyoutsidetheclosure,wherethesepotentiallyvulnerablespeciesarelocated,isalsosubjecttohighfishingpressure.

Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,do ThisclosureisasectoralmeasurelimitedtoNAFOandDFOregulatory

21FAO(2017).NAFOVMEdatabasesummary.Retrievedfromfao.org/in-action/vulnerable-marine-ecosystems/background/vme-tools/en/22NAFO(2016).Annualcompliancereview2016(compliancereportforfishingyear2015).NAFO/FCDoc.16/19.Retrievedfrom:https://archive.nafo.int/open/fc/2016/fcdoc16-01.pdf23NAFO(2015).Reportofthe8thMeetingoftheNAFOScientificCouncilWorkingGrouponEcosystemScienceandAssessment.NAFOSCSDoc.15/19.Retrievedfrom:https://archive.nafo.int/open/sc/2015/scs15-19.pdf24NAFO(2013).Reportofthe6thMeetingoftheNAFOScientificCouncilWorkingGrouponEcosystemScienceandAssessment.NAFOSCSDoc.13/024.Retrievedfrom:https://gadcap.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/report_wgesa_2013.pdf25NAFO(2014).ScientificCouncilreports2014.Retrievedfrom;https://www.nafo.int/Portals/0/PDFs/rb/2014/SC-parte-2014.pdf?ver=2016-02-19-111738-023

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conservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?

powers,andisonlylimitedtomanagingtheimpactsoffishing.Itwouldnotnecessarilytakeprimacyincaseofconflictwithotheractivities.Thatsaid,currentlythemainhumanactivityisfishing,andthatactivityisbeingmanagedinthearea.Asstatedpreviously,thereisonlyasingleexplicitconservationobjectiveandthereforenoconflictamongmanagementobjectives.Theconflictwouldcomefromactivitiesoutsidethefisheriessector,suchasshipping(whichhaslimitedbenthicimpactbutcouldimpactotherspeciesfoundintheareasuchasendangeredleatherbackturtles)oroilandgas(whichisn’tcurrentlyhappeninginthearea,howeverlicensesexisttothewestofthesite).

Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?

Thecurrenteffectivenessoftheareaisduetogovernanceandmanagement;howeverotherpotentiallydamagingactivitiessuchasoilandgascouldoccurinthefuturewhichcouldimpacttheeffectivenessofthemeasure,andwhichthecurrentmanagementhasnoauthoritytocontrol.

7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?

InitscurrentformthisareawouldNOTcountasanOECM.Itdoes,however,havethepotentialtobecounted,butonlyifmanagementisstrengthened.

- Thetoolneedstoprotecttheentirewatercolumn.VerticalzonationgoesagainstCBDguidanceasmentionedpreviously.Theentirewatercolumnneedstobeprotectedtoachievetheconservationofbiodiversityasawhole.

- Managementneedstoconsiderothersectoralactivitiesoutsideoffishing,especiallyoilandgas.Itisquestionablewhetherconservationoutcomescanbesustainedifchallengedbyuseoftheareabyanothersector,asNAFOandDFOdonothavetheauthoritytomanageotheractivitiesbeyondfishing.

- Thereareconcernswiththepermanenceofthismeasure,asfisheriesclosurescanbeoverturnedinCanadianwatersbyavariationorderfromtheMinister(althoughunlikely),andNAFOVMEclosuresareperiodicallyreviewedandcanbeoverturned(as

28

opposedtoNEAFCVMEclosureswhicharepermeant).ItwouldbemoreappropriatetocountthisclosureunderAichiTarget11(withthecaveatsincludedabove)ratherthananotherAichiTarget(6forexample),becausewhilemostfisheriesclosuresareputinplaceforstockmanagementpurposes,thisclosurewasimplementedtoprotectbenthicbiodiversity.

Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.

Thistoolcouldimproveitseffectivenessifitweretoexpandtheareaprotected.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthe400mdepthcontourwouldbeamoreecologicallyappropriateboundaryfortheclosureasnumerouscoralsandseapensarefoundoutsideofthe800mdepthcontour.

NetworkofAreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterestintheClarionClippertonZoneinthePacific,intheInternationalSeabedAreaoftheEasternCentralPacificbetweenMexicoandHawaii(USA)-KristinaGjerde


Nineso-called“AreasofParticularEnvironmentalInterest”wereadoptedonaprovisionalbasisinJune2012bytheInternationalSeabedAuthority(ISA)aspartofanenvironmentalmanagementplan(EMP)fortheClarionClippertonZone(ISBA/18/C/22).Theprimaryconservationobjectiveistomaintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrossapoorlystudiedbutrichlybiodiverse,fragileandslow-torecoverdeepseabedinthefaceoffuturemineralmining;Theplanistobeimplementedoveraninitialthree-yearperiod.Thedetailsofthesize,locationandnumberofrequiredareasofparticularenvironmentalinterestaresubjecttobeingredefinedbasedonimprovedscientific,technical,environmentalbaselineandresourcesassessmentdata.Theprimaryconservationmeasureisthatnoapplicationforcontractofworkforexplorationorexploitationistobegrantedforaperiodoffiveyearsoruntil

29

furtherreviewbytheInternationalSeabedAuthority.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Eachofthe9sitesis400kmx400km,includingabufferzoneof100km2

extendingineachdirection.Thuseachsiteisapproximately160,000km2insize.ThetotalareaoftheCCZnoduleprovinceisapproximately6000,000km2.ThenineAPEIscover1440,000km2,orapproximately25%ofthemanagementarea.TheCCZisbroadlycomparabletothesizeofEurope,witheachAPEIbeingaboutthesizeofEngland.

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareasarelocatedsoastoincludeawiderangeofthedifferenthabitattypespresentintheCCZthatarefarenoughandlargeenoughtoberelativelyimmunetotheimpactsofmininginthelargerregion.TheareasaredefinedbygeographicCoordinateslistedinanAnnextotheCouncilDecision.


ByaninternationalorganizationconsistingofUNCLOSmemberStates--theInternationalSeabedAuthority.


Yes,the9APEIsarecontainedinanEnvironmentalManagementPlanfortheClarionClippertonZoneadoptedbytheISACouncilin2012thatappliestoexistingaswellaspotentialfuturecontractors.


ThereisalegalinstrumentthatapprovestheEnvironmentalManagementPlananditsarrangements:DecisionoftheCouncilrelatingtoanenvironmentalmanagementplanfortheClarion-ClippertonZone,ISBA/18/C/22.TheactualplanissetoutinISBA/17/LTC/7.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Unclear.TheEMPwasadoptedforaninitialthreeyearperiod,whichincludedthedesignation,“onaprovisionalbasis,ofanetworkofAPEIs.TheAPEIsaresubjecttofurtheradjustmentbasedontheresultsofworkshopsthathaveyet

30

tobeconvened,butareplannedforeitherthisyearornext.Theplanitselfissubjecttoperiodicreview,everytwotofiveyears,andisintendedtobeupdated.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Unclear,theDecisionsaystheyareinplaceforfiveyearsoruntilfurtherreview.TheLTCistokeeptheAPEIsunderreviewanddeterminetheirsuitabilityorneedforamendment.TheDecisiondoesenvisagethatanydecisiontoamendtheareasshouldbebasedontheoutcomesofexpertworkshopsandnewdataandinformationfromthecontractors,andtakingintoaccounttheviewsofrecognizedexperts.

Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yearround

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Inordertoprotectthefullrangeofhabitatsandbiodiversityacrossthe

Zone,destructiveseaflooractivitiesmustbeexcludedinparticularareasdistributedacrossthosegradients.ThegoalsofthepresentEnvironmentalManagementPlaninclude:(a)Facilitateexploitationofseabedmineralresourcesinanenvironmentallyresponsiblemanner,consistentwiththelegalframeworkandenvironmentalguidelinesoftheInternationalSeabedAuthorityformanagingdeep-seanoduleminingandprotectingthedeep-seaenvironment;(b)ContributetotheachievementofthemanagementgoalsandtargetssetforthinthePlanofImplementationoftheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment,including:haltingthelossofbiodiversity;establishingecosystemapproachestomanagement;anddevelopingmarineprotectedareas,inaccordancewithinternationallawandbasedonthebestscientificinformationavailable,includingrepresentativenetworksby2012;(c)Maintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrosstheClarion-ClippertonZone;

31

(d)ManagetheClarion-ClippertonZoneconsistentwiththeprinciplesofintegratedecosystem-basedmanagement;(e)Enablethepreservationofrepresentativeanduniquemarineecosystems;…(j)Avoidoverlapbetweenthecontractorareas,reservedareasandanyareasofparticularenvironmentalinterest

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Anexplicitmanagementobjective:Maintainregionalbiodiversity,ecosystemstructureandecosystemfunctionacrosstheClarion-ClippertonZone;


Yes,butonlyonaprovisionalbasis.TheCouncildecisionalsospecificallyretains“flexibility”iethat“Anydesignofareasofparticularenvironmentalinterestallowsfortheabilitytomodifythelocationandsizeofsuchareas,basedonimprovedinformationaboutthelocationofminingactivity,measurementofactualimpactsfromminingoperations,andmorebiologicaldata”,withanexplicitreferencetotheneedtoapplytheprecautionaryprinciple.Incaseofapotentialconflict,individualAPEIsmaybemovedunderspecificconditions:“Anyproposaltoalterthelocationornatureofanareaofparticularenvironmentalinterestwillrequireinformationonanysuggestedalternativetoensurethatthestrategicandoperationalobjectivesaremaintained.”


No.Itdoesnotcoverareasofecologicalorbiologicalsignificance(EBSAs)“Areasofspecialsignificancefortheiruniqueness,biologicaldiversityorproductivity,aswellasareasofspecialimportancetothelifehistoriesofnon-fishspeciesreferredtointhecriteriaoftheConventiononBiologicalDiversityhavenotbeenincorporatedinthescientificdesign.Thenetworkdesignprinciplesarebasedonareasrepresentativeofthefullrangeofecosystems,habitats,communitiesandspeciesofdifferentbiogeographicregions;andhavingareasofsufficientsizetoprotectandensuretheecologicalviabilityandintegrityofthefeaturesforwhichtheywereselected.Thiswasduetolackofknowledgeatthetime.Thenetworkdoesnotcoverbiodiversityinthewatercolumn.Itisexplicitly

32

aimedatconservationoftheseafloor.ThebufferzonearoundeachsiteishoweverintendedtoputtheAPEIsawayfromanypotentialimpactsfromsedimentplumesraisedduringminingoperationsandhencewillprovideincidentalprotectiontothewatercolumn.Itonlyaddressesasingleactivity:seabedmining,anddoesnotaddressotherpotentiallyharmfulactivitiesorimpactsfromegfishing,shipping,oceandumping.No.Theareasweredesignedtoexplicitlyavoidoverlapwiththecurrentdistributionofclaimantandreserveareasandhencescientificdesignprinciplesforrepresentativenetworkscouldnotbefullyapplied,butneededtoadjusttoavoidexistingclaims.


Yes,theLTChasconductedapreliminaryreviewofthestatusoftheimplementationofthePlan,basedonanindependentassessment.Therecommendationswereprimarilyfocusedonimprovingresearchanddataavailabilityanddatamanagement.Amongtherecommendationswereafurtherscientificworkshopin2016,anditisunclearifitwilltakeplace.


Conservationeffectivenesswillbedifficulttomeasureuntilminingbegins.Intheinterim,theAuthority,StatesPartiesandcontractorsareencouragedtosupportandconductmarinescientificresearchintheseareastoenhanceknowledgeandunderstandingoftheecosystemstructuresandfunctions.TheLTCisencouragedtodevelopsuitablemechanismsformonitoringtheachievementoftheconservationobjectivesfortheareabutitappearsthishasnotbeendone.

Howencompassingisthemeasure,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Themeasuredoesnotenvisageactivesitemanagement,butdoesencouragescientificresearch,thesupplyofavailabledata,andregularreportsontheimplementationoftheplan.

Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingArea,NorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii(USA)-MimiD’Iorio

33

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea

Ha'enaCommunity-basedSubsistenceFishingAreaNorthwesterncoastofKaua‘I,Hawaii,USA


AreadesignatedtosustainablysupporttheconsumptiveneedsoftheHā'enaahupua'athroughculturally-rootedcommunity-basedmanagement,ensurethesustainabilityofnearshoreoceanresources,particularlyinordertopreserveandprotectthisnurseryhabitatforjuvenilereeffishes,andrecognizeandprotectcustomaryandtraditionalnativeHawaiianfishing.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 9km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Hā‘enaCommunity-BasedSubsistenceFishingAreaincludesthat

portionofthenorthwesterncoastofKaua‘iconsistingofallStatewatersandsubmergedlandsboundedbyalinedrawnalongtheshoreline;astraightlinethatextendsseawardfromtheshorelineattheboundarybetweenHā‘enaStateParkandNaPaliStatePark,asdrawnthroughthepoints22°12’42.50”N,159°35’44.50”Wand22°13’21.62”N,159°36’22.27”W;alinethatfollowsthecontoursoftheshorelineatadistanceofonemileseawardfromtheshoreline;andastraightlinethatextendsseawardfromtheshorelineattheboundarybetweenHā‘enaandWainiha,asdrawnthroughthepoints22°13’28.00”N,159°33’13.50”Wand22°14’19.91”N,159°33’6.21”W;


Stategovernment(HawaiiDeptofAquaticResources)andcommunity


COMMUNITY-BASEDSUBSISTENCEFISHINGAREADESIGNATIONSrepresentanagency-recognizedavenueforlocalcommunitygroupstotakecareoftheceanbyproposingmanagementmeasuresinformedby

34

traditionalandcustomaryfishingandmanagementpracticesthatwereintegraltosustainingthehealthandabundanceofmarineresourcesforgenerationsintheHawaiianIslands.Inthisway,CBSFAdesignationrepresentsacollaborativeco-managementapproachtofisheriesmanagementthatisplace-based,communitydriven,andculturallyrooted.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?

CBSFAsprovideamechanismforcommunitygroupstorecommendregulationsandcarryoutmanagementactivitiestosupporttheState’smanagementofnearshoremarineresources(i.e.monitoring,outreach),theDLNRmustdeterminethebalanceofinterestsandactionsnecessarytomanagemarineresourcesandprotecttraditionalandcustomaryfishingpractices,andisultimatelyresponsiblefordesignatingandadoptingandenforcingrulesforCBSFAs


HARChapter13-60.8andSiteManagementPlanhttps://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/files/2016/08/Haena_CBSFA_Mgmt_Plan_8.2016.pdf

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? UnknownOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term

Assumedlong-term


Yearround.


• SustainablysupporttheconsumptiveneedsoftheHā‘enaahupua‘athroughculturally-rootedcommunity-basedmanagement;

• Ensurethesustainabilityofnearshoreoceanresourcesintheareathrougheffectivemanagementpractices;

• Preserveandprotectnurseryhabitatforjuvenilereeffishes;• RecognizeandprotectcustomaryandtraditionalnativeHawaiianfishing

practicesthatareexercisedforsubsistence,cultural,andreligious

35

purposesinthearea;and• Facilitatethesubstantiveinvolvementofthecommunityinresource

managementdecisionsforthearea.Toachievethesegoals,thefollowingmanagementobjectiveswillguidemanagementactivities:

• Establishrulesthatreflecttraditionalfishingandmanagementpractices.• Establishrulestoaddressadverseimpactsoftourismandocean

recreationactivitiesonmarineresourcesandassociatedsubsistencepractices.

• Increasetheabundanceofnativefishspecies,limukohu,he‘e,urchins,lobsters,‘ōpihiandothershellfish.

• Increasepercentcoralcoverbyreducinghumanuseimpactsoncoralreefresources.


Explicitbutthroughlensesofcommunity-basedsubsistence


Probablynotoversubsistence,butlikelyovereverythingelse.


Mostelements


Newlyestablished,sonoresultsofyet.Seemonitoringmeasuresbelow.


ToinformtheadaptivemanagementofmarineresourceswithintheHā‘enaCBSFA,ThefollowingindicatorswillbeusedtoassessthestatusofmarineresourceswithintheHāʻenaCBSFA:1.Abundanceoffishpopulationsbyspeciesinsideandoutsideofthemakuapu‘uhonuaarea.2.Abundanceoflimukohu,urchins,andlobsters.3.‘Ōpihiabundancewithinthe‘ōpihirestorationarea.4.Percentcoralcover.DARandotherswillseekfundingandtechnicalsupporttomonitortheabundanceoffish,shellfish,andcoralcoverinaccordancewithDAR

36

supportedmonitoringprotocols.Community-basedmonitoringmethodsmayinclude:•‘Ōpihimonitoringusingtheōpihirapidassessmentmethod.•Limumonitoringusingthe“OurProjectinHawaii’sIntertidal”(OPIHI)method.•Logsoffishcatch,spawningseasons,andlunarcycles.•Waterqualitymonitoring.

Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?

Unknown,but…Asappropriate,DLNRmayprovideanindependentavenueforresolvingconflictsbetweenoceanresourceuserswithinCBSFAstoensurevolunteerandpublicsafety,andpromotetheeffectivemanagementofpublictrustresources.Thismayincludeholdingmeetingstofostercommunicationamongdisputants,facilitatecooperativeproblemsolving,and/orarbitratesolutionstointractableconflictsbetweenoceanusers.Ifneeded,legalactionmayalsobetaken.


Notyetknown.


Afterselectingthissite,IrealizeditiswithintheHumpbackWhaleNationalMarineSanctuary,soitwouldbedisqualifiedunderStep1oftheScreeningTool,butthereareothersitessimilartothisthatdonotliewithinanotherprotectedarea,soisstillvalidfordiscussion.IfthiswouldnotaprotectedareaoranOECM,thenmaybecandidateforT18?


Thishasbeenavaluableexercise.EvenafteryearsofworkingwiththeIUCNdefinitionandcategoriesandreviewingsitesfromsomanydifferentmanagementagencies,IstillstrugglewithwhatshouldbeconsideredanIUCNprotectedareasandnowsimilarlyanOECMdefinition.Andassuch,evenafterselectingandreviewingmysamplepotentialOECMsiteindetail,IamstillunsureifthisisapotentialOECM.Orifitcouldbeconsideredaprotectedarea!Orneither!

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NationalWaterReservesProgram(Mexico)–NinelEscobarOverview


TheNationalWaterReservesProgram(NWRP)isaninitiativelaunchedbyMexico’sWaterCommission(ComisiónNacionaldelAgua,CONAGUA),theNationalCommissionofNaturalProtectedAreas(ComisiónNacionaldeÁreasNaturalesProtegidas,CONANP)andWorldWildlifeFund-Mexico.Itaimstowardstheestablishmentofanationalsystemofwaterreservesfortheenvironment,thatentailsalegalallocationofwaterforecologicalprotectionundertheNationalWaterLaw.Watervolumeisestimatedbasedonecologicalflowassessments,andwhenneeded,additionalvolumesareallocatedtoprotectwaterrightsanddownstreamecosystemservices.ThefirststageoftheNWRPtargeted189basinsthatwereselectedbasedontheirhighbiologicalrichnessandconservationvalues,andlowwaterusers’demand.Themainbenefitsoftheprogramarethe:i)improvementinthehydrologicalandecologicalconnectivityinprioritystateandfederalconservationareas;ii)conservationofwetlands’hydrologicalregime;iii)enhancementofresilienceconditionsagainstextremeweatherevents(droughtsandfloods).Inasecondstageoftheprogram,Mexico’sFederalGovernmentcommittedtodecreewaterreservesin356riverbasinsbySeptember2018;nearhalfofthetotalnumberofbasinsinthecountry..TheNWRPisapowerfulenvironmentaltoolthatwillfillabigwatermanagementgapinMexico’sconservationstrategies.Therefore,itshouldbeconsideredasOECM,becauseofitseffectiveness,conservationobjectivesandscope.Effectiveness:Atthetimeawaterreserveisestablished,ripariancorridorsareinevitablyprotectedbysecuringecologicalfunctions,theprovisionof

38

ecosystemservicesandpreventingimpactsderivedfromhumanactivitiesand/orirregularsettlements.Migratoryroutes,connectivitywithuplandareas,energytransportandgeneticresourcesarealsosafeguarded.Intermsofwaterresourcesmanagement,theNWRPiseffectivebecauseitsecureswaterfortheenvironmentbylockingwaterallocationsforanyotheruse.Thelastinadditiontothecreationofsynergieswithnaturalprotectedareas.Fromthelegalperspective,theNWRPisofficiallygazettedbyMexico’sfederalgovernmentthroughtheNationalWaterProgram2014-2018,theNationalEnvironmentalProgram2013-2018,andtheSpecialClimateChangeProgram(2012-2018).Area-Based:Waterreservesdecreesprotectthenaturalhydrologicalregimeofariver.Theyprotectawatervolumerunningonriverbeds,ageographicalareadefinedbylawasafederalzoneandthatismanagedbythefederalgovernment.Federalzonescoincidewithripariancorridors,floodplains,deltas,coastallagoons,andotherfreshwaterecosystems,andprovidenaturalconnectivityalongbioregions.Conservation:TheNWRPtargetstheconservationoffreshwaterecosystemsinselectedbasinswithhighbiodiversityvalue.Duringthefirststage(i.e.189riverbasins),theNWRPwillstrengththeprotectionofexisting97NaturalProtectedAreasand55Ramsarsites.Other:Inadditiontobiodiversityconservation,waterreservesbenefitindigenouscommunitiesbecausetheysafeguardwateravailability,securingtheprovisionofculturalecosystemservices.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? BasedonestimationsmadebytheNWRP,ripariancorridorsinpotentialwater

reservescoveraround2.6millionhectares.

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Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Federalzones,aredefinedbytheNationalWaterLawas:“Theinundatedareathatoccurswithanordinarymaximumwaterlevelofa5-yearreturnperiodstorm,plus10meterswidebandsadjacenttobothsidesofriverbeds.”Thisisdelimitationisconsideredasabaselinefortheestablishmentofwaterreserves.


Waterreservesareestablishedthroughapresidentialdecreeafterfollowingaparticipatoryprocess.CONAGUAisresponsibleof:1)estimatewatervolumes;2)informRiverBasinsCouncilsinapublicconsultationprocess,and3)ensurecomplianceoftheprogram.


RiverBasinsCouncilsareintegratedbywaterusers’representativesaswellasnational,regionalandlocalgovernmentinstitutions,privatesector,academics,NGOsandinvitedexperts.Waterreservesarerecognizedbyriverbasinscouncils.


Waterreservesareincludedinthemanagementplanofnaturalprotectedareas,toensuretheirpermanenceandtheestablishmentofdirectlinksbetweenlanduseandwatermanagementforconservation..Area-basedprotectionfollowsatierapproach,startingwiththelegaldefinitionofthefederalzone,followedbytheprotectedrunoffestablishedbytheNWRPandatthetop,theoptionofincludingadditionallandprotectionintheformofaspecificdecreeoffederalzonewithdetailusesandcoordinates.Federalzonescanbelicensedtolocalgovernmentsorlegalorganizationsforspecificpurposes.Insomecases,itcouldbeneededtofurtherdevelopamoredetailedregulatoryframeworktospecifywatermanagementrules.Thisforexample,inthepresenceofactivitiessuchashydropoweroperation).

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Presidentialdecreescanberemovedonlybythepresident.FederalProtectedAreasinMexicoarealsoestablishedbypresidentialdecrees.Awaterreservedecreeisthehighestlevelofprotectionforawatervolume.

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Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Awaterreservedecreecomesintoeffectthedayafteritisreleasedanditiseffectivefor50years.


Itisapermanentmeasurewhilethedecreeisineffect(50years)

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheMexicanNormofEnvironmentalFlowsassignsanenvironmental

objectivetoeachwaterreserveincludingthefederalzone(ripariancorridorsandfloodedhabitats).Accordingtothenorm,“ObjectiveA”receivesthehighestlevelofprotectionwhereas“ObjectiveD”isthelowestone.Theseobjectivesdesignateaspecifichydrologicalregimetoprotectbiologicalvalues,suchasriparianvegetation,fishandmacroinvertebratepopulations,migratoryprocesseswithinothers.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Itisexplicitlybecausethetechnicaljustificationofthewaterreserve,considersthepresenceofspeciesofnationaland/orinternationalrelevanceaswellashabitatintegrity.


TheNWRPwasdesignedtoreinforcecurrentnationalconservationstrategiesbymakinglandandwatermanagementtocoincideonacommonenvironmentalobjective.Currently,thereisalackofoverlappingbetweenlandandwatermanagement.


Itshowsastrongcoverageonfreshwaterecosystems.Italsosupportsecologicalprocessesofrelatedecosystemssuchasforest,mangrove,orevencoralreefs.


Managementeffectivenessismeasuredbythelimitationsonwaterusageandthepresenceofspecificactivitiessuchasagriculturalfields,hydraulicinfrastructureprojects,andindustrialoperations.Currently,duetoawaterreservedecreeahydropowerdamauthorizationwasrejected.


Asapartoftheprogram,amonitoringsystemhasbeendevelopedbasedonecologicaljustificationofthewaterreservesintermsofspeciesandhabitat.

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AreasVoluntarilyDestinedforConservation(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes


Certification isatoolthathelpsownerstotheestablishment,administrationand management of their private protected natural areas. It is a unilateralprocess by the applicant, CONANP participates as a notary of the will topreservetheirlandandpolicies,criteriaandactionsthattheapplicantintendsto make to achieve their ends. This process is ideal for society in theconservationofforests,jungles,swamps,desertsandthewildlifethatinhabitsthem.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? By2016thereistotalof404,238.46hainAVDCsHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Depends on the scope of environmental services, and the preservation of

representative natural environments of different geographical regions andecologicalandmostfragileecosystems.Nowadays,thereare370AVDCin20states.


These properties are considered as productive areas dedicated to a publicinterest function, but there are several categories: Public, Private, Public-Centralized,Public-Parastatal,andSocial-Communalland.


Yes.Ca.78,675peopleparticipateintheecosystemsrestauration,includingindigenousandlocalcommunities.

4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasother

GeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection(http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/148_130516.pdf)

Currently,theNWPRisonanearlystagetoshowresults.Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Waterreservesisquiteencompassingsinceitlimitsalleconomicactivitiesinariverbasin.

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factors(below) Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Preserverepresentativenaturalenvironments.

• Safeguardthegeneticdiversityofwildspecies.• Ensurethepreservationandsustainableuseofecosystems.• Provideanenablingenvironmentforscientificresearchfield.• Generate,rescueanddisseminateknowledge,practicesand

technologies,traditionalornew.• Protectvillages,roads,industrialfacilitiesandagricultural

exploitations.• Protectnaturalenvironmentareas,monumentsandarchaeological,

historicalremainsandartisticandtouristareasIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes


Yes


Yes,theNationalCouncilofProtectedAreasisanorganizationofconsultationand support of theMinistry of Environment andNatural Resources and theNational Commission for Protected Areas in the formulation,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of public policy for theestablishment, management and monitoring federal Protected NaturalAreas(PNA).

6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservation Yes.EachAVDCworkswithinaframeworkormanagementplanwhichguides

43

effectivenessmeasured? theactionsandassessmentsfocusedonbiodiversityconservation.Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Notavailable.

FishingRefugeAreas:Akumal,QuintanaRoo(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes


In2015anagreementestablishingafishingrefugeareainmarinewatersunderfederaljurisdictionwasissuedfortheconservationofseveralspecies.FishingRefuge:Definedareasinwatersunderfederaljurisdiction,withtheprimarypurposeofconservingandcontribute,naturallyorartificially,tothedevelopmentoffisheriesresourcesontheoccasionofreproduction,growthorrecruitment,andtopreserveandprotectthesurroundingenvironment.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Couldextendtomorethan9.88km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AlongthecoastoftheRivieraMaya,inthemunicipalityofTuluminthestate

ofQuintanaRoo,itislocatedAkumal,whichcomprisestheAkumalBaySouth,AkumalBayNorth,JadeBayandCaracolesBay,withdepthslessthan5metersthatconstitutereeflagoons,sincetheyarelinedwithbarrierreefsandseagrassbeds.


NationalFisheriesCommission(CONAPESCA,byitsacronyminSpanish)andtheNationalFisheriesInstitute(INAPESCA,byitsacronyminSpanish).


Yes


Agreementestablishingafishingrefugeareainmarinewatersunderfederaljurisdiction,locatedintheareaofAkumalinQuintana(2015)(http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5388585&fecha=13/04/2015)

44

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term:Ithasbeenconsideredaperiodofsixyearsastheminimumtime

tobeabletoassessthegrowthoffishstocksandotherresourcesthatinhabittheareasestablished.


Temporarypartialfishingrefuge:Itcanonlybecarriedoutsportsandrecreationalactivities,aswellascommercialfishingordomesticconsumptionofoneormorespeciesofaquaticfloraandfauna,foradefinedperiodoftimeandonlybyusinghighlyselectivespecificfishingmethods.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Therecoveryofbiomasslevelsofcommercialexploitationspeciesregulated

bytheGeneralLawonSustainableFisheriesandAquacultureIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes


Yes,naturalresourcesthatconstitutethefloraandfaunawhosetotal,partialortemporarylifeiswater.Exceptions:CommercialfishinganddomesticconsumptionofPteroisvolitansisallowed.


Yes.Todate,thereisnoinformationavailableofresults.


Notavailable


Notavailable

ForestManagement(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes

OverviewBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasons Consists on the sustainable use of resources of forests, jungles and arid

45

forconsideringtheareaasanOECM vegetation,providingfinancialsupporttoforestownerstohirethenecessarytechnical assistance to develop studies that allow them to obtainauthorizationsforuseoftimberandnon-timberresources

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 1,708,000haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Itisimportanttoincorporatenewforestproducerstolowplanned,legaland

sustainablemanagement.3.GovernanceType

Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenousetc.

TheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources.


Yes.


• NationalStrategyforSustainableForestManagementforIncreasingProductionandProductivity2013-2018:AimstomeetthegoalsofincreasedtimberproductionestablishedintheNationalDevelopmentProgram,andthenumberofjobsinthesector,accesstocredit,thenumberofhectaresundermanagementplannedandthenumberofhectareswithsomesortofcertification.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelated.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Economic resources are granted to people performing harvesting (timber,

non-timberandwildlife)tocarryoutpracticesthatallowtheestablishmentofnaturalregenerationandrecoveryofthepopulationsinthoseareassubjecttouseandalsotoimproveroadinfrastructureandmodernizeequipmentusedintheprocessofobtainingrawmaterials.

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Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes


Coversforestelementsofthearea.


Yes.


Yes,basedontheassessmentoftheimplementationoftheNationalStrategyforSustainableForestManagement.


Informationnotavailable.

ProgramofPaymentforEnvironmentalServices(Mexico)–AndrewRhodesOverview


The Payment for Environmental Serviceswas designed to provide economicincentivesto forest landowners (communitiesandsmallowners) tosupportconservationpracticesandavoidusechange(deforestation)offorests.ItaimstobuildcapacitytodevelopmarketsforenvironmentalservicesinMexico.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Morethan2millionhaHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Definedbypropertiesthatmaintainforestcoveringoodcondition,including

thosewithalegallyauthorizedforestmanagementanduse.3.GovernanceType


Inthecountry,theNationalForestryCommission(CONAFOR,by itsacronyminSpanish) is theresponsible for theoperationand forestpolicy,aswell fortheproductiveactivities,conservationandrestorationofforests,junglesand

47

vegetationinaridandsemi-aridregions.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?

Yes.Ithasbenefited4,893communities.


• NationalForestryProgram:aimstoimprovethequalityoflifeofownersandownersofforestland,andcontributetotheconservationofecosystems.(file:///D:/Downloads/Reglas%20de%20Operaci%C3%B3n%20PRONAFOR%202015%20(1).pdf)

• BiodiversityEndowmentFund:Instrumentforfinancinglong-termconservationofforestecosystemswhosebiodiversityisconsideredofglobalimportance,throughpaymentschemesforenvironmentalservices.

• ConcurrentFundScheme:Promotetheconcurrenceoffundsfortheexpansionoftheprogram“PaymentforEnvironmentalServices”.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NoneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheProgram.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Increaseandpreservebiodiversity,andprotectforestecosystemsandglobally

significantmountains,throughimprovedtargetingcurrentprograms,andtheestablishmentofanEndowmentFundtoprovidelong-termfinancingforthepaymentofenvironmentalservices.


Yes


Yes

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Yes. SomeofOpportunitiesare: Thereareareasoflandwithagro-ecologicalconditions suitable for the development of highly productive CommercialForest Plantations; The program is part of a comprehensive forestrydevelopment policy with clear and achievable objectives, and with acontinuous assessment which translates into greater efficiency in theirbusinessprocesses.


Yes,theactionshaveallowedthepermanenceof98.8%oftheforestareaofthecountrywithinfiveyears(2005-2010).SeveralassessmentshavebeenmadeinjointworkbetweentheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,theNationalForestryCommissionandtheNationalCouncilofPolicyDevelopmentAssessment.


CONAFOR is currently carrying out the work needed tomeasure the forestareaofMexicoby2015, so that99%ofpermanenceof the country's forestarea is estimated.Also, the1.37%of the susceptible forest area restorationsupported by actions of conservation and restoration of soil and/orreforestation representing a compliance rate of 86.7% compared to theannualtargetsetandastayof98.3%ofregisteredsurfacesupportedbyPESfortheperiod2009-2012withafulfillmentof99.3%comparedtothetarget.

UnitsfortheConservation,ManagementandSustainableUseofWildlife(Mexico)–AndrewRhodes


The Units for the Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use ofWildlifeaimtopromotespacescompatiblewith theconservationofwildlifealternativeproductionschemes,andareintegratedintoaNationalSystem.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Informationnotavailable

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Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Conductactivitiesofconservationandsustainableuseofspecimensofwildlifedeveloped under natural conditions without imposing restrictions on theirmovements,orconditionsofcaptivityorconfinement.


TheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources.


Yes.


• RegulationtotheGeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection

• ManagementPlan:Theydescribeandprogrammanagementactivities.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelated.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.


Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Promotealternativeproductionschemescompatiblewithcareforthe

environmentthroughrationaluse,orderlyandplanneduseofnaturalresources,renewablecontentinthem,andsloworreverseenvironmentaldegradationprocesses.


Yes


Yes

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Yes, throughAssessmentsProjects.Someoftheassessmentsconcludedthatthere is a need for consistent Management Plans; the need for morebiologicalmonitoring;managementfocusedona fewspeciesandessentiallybasedoneconomicincentives.


Yes.ThroughtheAssessmentsofManagementPlans.


Informationnotavailable.

PrivateProtectedAreasCertification(Mexico),WCPAPrivateProtectedAreasSpecialistGroup


Certification isatoolthathelpsownerstotheestablishment,administrationand management of their private protected natural areas. It is a unilateralprocess by the applicant, CONANP participates as a notary of the will topreservetheirlandandpolicies,criteriaandactionsthattheapplicantintendsto make to achieve their ends. This process is ideal for society in theconservationofforests,jungles,swamps,desertsandthewildlifethatinhabitsthem.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? By2016thereistotalof404,238.46hainAVDCsHowaretheareaanditsboundariesdefined? THEAREAANDITSBOUNDARIESAREDEFINEDINAPRECISEMANNERINTHE

CERTIFICATEDepends on the scope of environmental services, and the preservation ofrepresentative natural environments of different geographical regions andecologicalandmostfragileecosystems.Nowadays,thereare370AVDCin20states.

3.GovernanceType

51


These properties are considered as productive areas dedicated to a publicinterest function, but there are several categories: Public, Private, Public-Centralized,Public-Parastatal,andSocial-Communalland.ADVCs BECOME PRIVATELY MANAGED FEDERAL PROTECTED AREAS WHENCERTIFIED


Yes.Ca.78,675peopleparticipateintheecosystemsrestoration,includingindigenousandlocalcommunities.


GeneralLawofEcologicalBalanceandEnvironmentalProtection(http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/148_130516.pdf)

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Noneasyduetotheseveralregulationsthatarerelatedtotheagreement.THECERTIFICATIONINSTRUMENTCANBEOVERTURNEDUNILATERALLYBYTHEOWNWERATANYTIMESINCEITIS100%VOLUNTARY.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-term.ADVCsCANBECERTIFIEDFORAMINIMUMOF15YEARS,TOAMAXIMUMOF99YEARS,ALTHOUGHSOMEOFTHEMWERECERTIFIEDFORPERPETUITYATTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEPROGRAM.THISCREATESAPROBLEMWITHWHATISSTATEDINTHEFUTUREOFPPAs,WHERE25YEARSISINTERPRETEDASPERMANENT,WHICHMAYRESULTINTHATTHOSEBELOW25YEARLIMITBECOMEOECMsANDTHOSEABOVETHATLIMITPPAsANDICCAs,NEVERTHELESSSINCEADVCsAUTOMATICALLYBECOMEFEDERALPROTECTEDAREASWHENCERTIFIED,THEYAREREPORTEDTOTHEWCMCASSUCH.


Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? ·Preserverepresentativenaturalenvironments.

·Safeguardthegeneticdiversityofwildspecies.

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·Ensurethepreservationandsustainableuseofecosystems.·Provideanenablingenvironmentforscientificresearchfield.·Generate,rescueanddisseminateknowledge,practicesand

technologies,traditionalornew.·Protectvillages,roads,industrialfacilitiesandagriculturalexploitations.·Protectnaturalenvironmentareas,monumentsandarchaeological,

historicalremainsandartisticandtouristareasIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes


Yes


NOTREALLYDUETOCAPACITYPROBLEMSYes,theNationalCouncilofProtectedAreasisanorganizationofconsultationand support of theMinistry of Environment andNatural Resources and theNational Commission for Protected Areas in the formulation,implementation, monitoring and evaluation of public policy for theestablishment, management and monitoring federal Protected NaturalAreas(PNA).


Yes.EachAVDCworkswithinaframeworkormanagementplanwhichguidestheactionsandassessmentsfocusedonbiodiversityconservation.


Notavailable.

NorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganizationVulnerableMarineEcosystem,NorthwestAtlantic,NAFORegulatoryArea(outside200milelimit)-KristinaGjerde

Overview

53


NAFOhasclosed20areastobottomfishingoverthepast12years,withaparticularfocusoncorals,spongesandseapenconcentrationsidentifiedfollowingtheUNGAResolution61/105.Whileinitially“closed”tofishingin2004,seamountareaswerefullyclosedtoallbottomfishingin2015.Closuresareallforvulnerablemarineecosystemelementsorindicatorspeciesandareonlyclosedtobottomfishingandnottoanyotheractivity.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? (NAFOtoconfirmtotalarea)VMEareas~25,000km2,needkm2for

seamounts)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Seemapincludedbelow.Areasaredefinedintwoways–VMEclosuresand

seamountclosuresandincludedintheNAFOConservationandEnforcementMeasureswithspecificcoordinatesaswellasadefinedmap.


NAFOisthegovernancebodyforstraddlingstockfisheriesandallbottomfishingactivitiesarerestrictedwithintheclosedareas,howeverthemostsignificantimpactonclosedareasremainsongoingscientifictrawlsurveysthatcontinuewithintheclosedareas,despitecallsforareviewoftheimpactofthesesurveysandevidencethatsignificantcatchesofVMEsoccuronanannualbasiswithintheclosedareas.TheareaalsooverlapswiththeInternationalConventionfortheConservationofAtlanticTunas(ICCAT),aswellasCanada’sextendedcontinentalshelfwheregovernanceofoilandgasresourcesisbytheCanada-NewfoundlandOffshorePetroleumBoard(CNOPB),InternationalMaritimeOrganizationgovernsshippingactivityandshippinglanesintheareaandtherearenorestrictionswithintheclosedareas.


Currently,thereisnomechanismtoensurethattheclosuresareprotectedfromotherhumanimpacts,exceptforbottomfishingunderNAFO’sjurisdiction.Thisisproblematic,asthereisexploration,seismictestinganddrillingforoilandgaswithinatleastoneclosedareaasof2016.ICCATdoesnotrestrictfisheriesforhighlymigratoryspecieswithintheclosedareas.

54


UNGA61/105SustainableFisheriesResolution,non-bindingsoftlawtriggeredtheclosuredecisions,NAFO’sConservationandEnforcementMeasuresincludetheclosuresaspartofNAFO’sfisheriesregulation.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Closurescouldbeopenedwiththeagreementof2/3rdsofNAFO’sContractingParties.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Generally,theclosuresareviewedaslongtermhowevertherearesomeContractingPartieswhorefusedtoagreetonewclosuresanddonotconsidertheclosuresnecessarilypermanent.


Yearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? NAFOmanagesstraddlingstocks,howeverunderUNGA61/105para83they

arerequiredtoavoidimpactsofbottomtrawlingonVMEs.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ImplicitinVMEindicatorsandelementsasidentified.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

VMEprotection


OnlybenthicVMEspecies.Closuresarespecifictocorals,spongesandseapensandseamountspecies,howevertheseareaslikelybenefitdemersalfishspeciesaswell.


IncursionsandfishingvesseltrafficwithintheclosedareasismonitoredviaVMSandreporteduponviaannualcompliancereports.Todate,therehasbeenlittleevidenceoffishingwithintheVMEsclosedareas,withtheexceptionofoneseamountareawheremidwatertrawlingcontinuesforalphonsino.


TheVMEclosuresprovideconsiderableprotectionforsomeVMEspecies(corals,sponges,seapens)andassociatedbenthicfaunaaswellasassociated

55

demersalmarinefishspecies.EffectivenessismeasuredthroughtheAnnualNAFOComplianceReviewwherefishingvesselactivityismonitoredviaVMS.Tracksthroughtheclosedareasareassessedforvesselspeedtodetermineiffishingactivitymightbetakingplace.


Themeasureonlyrestrictsbottomactivities,currenteffectivenessisduetoagreementbyContractingPartiesthattheirflaggedvesselsabidebyNAFOs’CEM.Theareasusedtobeopentofishingactivityandarenowclosed.TherearenorestrictionsonotheractivitiesandoilandgasactivityisoccurringnearbyandwithinsomeVMEareas.Non-bottomfishingisallowed.ThereisnomechanismtoclosetheseareastooilandgasdrillingorexplorationwithinNAFOandnogovernancemechanismtoengagewiththeCanada-NewfoundlandOffshorePetroleumBoardonsharedprotections.

56

2.

SOUTHAMERICA

57

ForestCode(Brazil)-AllisonPritchard1.Overview

Nameandlocationofthearea

AreasofPermanentProtectionandLegalReserveonprivatelandundertheForestCodeinBrazil.


AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTION(APP)APPsareBrazil’sprimarymechanismforachievingREDD+objectives.Theyareareasthatarephysicallyandecologicallyfragile,coveredbynativevegetationornot,withtheenvironmentalfunctiontopreservewaterresources,landscapes,geologicalstabilityandbiodiversity,facilitategeneticflowsoffaunaandflora,protectthesoil,andensurehumanwellbeing.ExamplesofAPPsareasriparianareas,springs,hilltops,mountainslopes,andmangroves.LEGALRESERVE(LR)LRistheportionoflandthatmustbesetasideinnativevegetation,dependingonpropertysizeandlocation.LegalReservecanhelptoensuresustainableeconomicuseofnaturalresources,supportconservationandprovisionofecologicalprocesses,andpromoteconservationofnativefaunaandflora.ThesizeofaLegalReservedependsonwherethepropertyislocated.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Dependentonpropertysize(seebelow).Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTION:

WatercoursesRiparianstripsalongsideanyperennialandseasonalwatercoursemustmaintainthefollowingminimumwidthsfromtheedgeofthechannel:

• 30metersforwatercoursesthatarelessthan10meterswide• 50metersforwatercoursesthatare10to50meterswide• 100metersforwatercoursesthatare50to200meterswide• 200metersforwatercoursesthatare200to600meterswide• 500metersforwatercoursesthataregreaterthan600meterswide

Reservoirs

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Areassurroundinglakesandnaturalreservoirsmustmaintainastripof:• 100meters,exceptforwaterbodieswithlessthan20hectaresof

surfacearea,whichmustmaintainastripof50meters• 30metersinurbanareaswheretherearemanmadelakesor

reservoirsAreasinthevicinityofperennialsprings,regardlessoftopographicalsituation,mustmaintainastripof:

• Aminimumradiusof50metersPlateaus,hilltops,mountains,ridges,mangroves

• Areaswithaslopeofatleast45degreesorhighermustmaintainnativehabitat

• Areaswithsaltmarshes,dunes,ormangrovesmustmaintainnativehabitat

• Areasuptotheedgeofplateausmustbemaintainedatnotlessthan100metersfromahorizontalprojection

• Areasonhilltops,mountains,andridgeswithaminimumheightof100metersandanaverageslopegreaterthan25degreesmustmaintainnativehabitat

• Allareaswithanaltitudeexceeding1,800metersmustmaintainnativehabitat

• Areasalongswampsandwetlandsmeasuredhorizontallyfromtheedgeofthefloodedareamustmaintainaminimumwidthof50meters

LEGALRESERVEThesizeofaLegalReserverequirementdependsonwherethepropertyislocated.PercentoflandcoverthemustbesetasideintheLegalAmazonbylanduse:

• Forest:LegalReserve80%andProductiveUse20%• Cerrado:LegalReserve35%andProductiveUse65%

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• Grasslands:LegalReserve20%andProductiveUse80%FortherestofBrazil(i.e.outsidetheLegalAmazon):LegalReserve20%andProductiveUse80%Itshouldbenotedthatnothinginthelegislationspecifiesalocationorboundary–landownersareonlyrequiredtomeettheproportionalarearequirement.Thisalsomeansthatlandownerscan“move”thatareaovertime.Incaseswherethishappens,theseareaswillnotmeettheOECMguidance.AlllandinAPPsandLRsareregisteredinTheRuralEnvironmentalRegistry(CAR,theacronyminPortuguese)whichwillprovideprovideshighresolutionsatelliteimagesofallAPPsandLRs.


Governmentssetoutoverarchingrulesandregulations.Privatelandownerscontributetogovernancewithintheirprivateproperty.


WhiletheForestCodeisfederallegislation,itsimplementationdependsonthestates’legislation,whichmayvarysignificantly.Stateshaveflexibilitytoaddresstheirprioritiesandaddressregionaldifferencesastheycreatetheirownrulesandmechanisms.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? AREAOFPERMANENTPROTECTIONOwnersofAPPsthathavebeenconvertedmaynotusecompensationtobecomecompliantand,instead,mustrestoretheAPP.Reforestationmustbecompletedwithin20years,withatleast10%ofthetotalarearehabilitatedeverytwoyears.LEGALRESERVEWhendecidingthelocationofLegalReserveinruralproperties,thefollowingcriteriamustbeconsidered:

• ConnectivityandthecreationofecologicalcorridorswithotherLegalReserves,APPs,ConservationUnits,oranyotherlegallyprotected

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areas;• Theareasofgreatestimportanceforbiodiversityconservation;• Theareasofgreatestenvironmentalfragility;• Thewatershedplan;and• Ecological-EconomicZoning(ZEE)

Itisunknownwhatmechanismsareinplacetoensurethattheabovecriteriaaremetandconsidered.MediumandlargelandownersandwhodeforestedmorethanwhatwasallowedbeforeJuly22,2008,areobligatedtotakeaction.TheymusteitherrestoretheirLegalReservesonthepropertyitselforviaan“offset”throughacompensationprocessinareasofequivalentsizeinthesamebiome.Compensationoptionsinclude:a)theEnvironmentalReserveQuota;b)adirectleasefromanotherpropertyowner;orc)alandpurchaseforordonationtothestateorfederalgovernmentofaprivateareawithinaConservationUnit.ThenewForestCodeestablishesthatcompensationofLegalReservesoutsidethestateinwhichthepropertyislocatedshouldbeinpriorityareasidentifiedbythefederalorstategovernments.ThenewForestCodeprovidesthefollowingdefinitionforselectionofpriorityareasforLegalReservecompensation:a.Recoveryofwatershedbasinswhichhavebeenexcessivelydegraded;b.Creationofecologicalcorridors;c.Conservationoflargeprotectedareas;andd.Conservationorrecoveryofthreatenedecosystemsorspecies.Itshouldbenotedthat,inreality,itislargelystatedependentwhetherornotcompensationareasarelocatedinpriorityareas–somestatesmandatethatcompensationareasmustbeinpriorityareaswhereasthisisnottrueforotherstates.Privateinitiativeshavesprunguptosupportcomplianceintheformof

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internationalcertificationstandards,commodityroundtables,andboycottsofproductsproducedonnewlydeforestedland.


Privatepropertyrightsapplytothearea’sgovernance.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? NoteasilyasAPPsandLRsarelegallybindingprotectioninstrumentsforconservationonprivatelands.IflandownersdonotcomplywiththelawssetoutbytheForestCodetheywillincurfinesandpenalties.WhenunauthorizedremovalofvegetationhasoccurredonAPPs,thelandownerwillbefinedandobligatedtorestoreit

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yearround


AreasofPermanentProtectionTheobjectiveofAPPsaretopreserveareasthatarephysicallyandecologicallyfragile.LegalReservesTheofobjectiveofLRsaretoensuresustainableeconomicuseofnaturalresources,supportconservationandprovisionofecologicalprocesses,andpromoteconservationofnativefaunaandflora.


Biodiversityisanexplicitmanagementobjective;however,otherthanselectingthelocationofLR,managementactionsdonothaveexplicitbiodiversitygoals(forexample,thereisnowaytoensurethatpoachingdoesnottakeplace).


Unclear.Theframeworklargelycoversvegetationcover,butdoesnotaddressotherconservationissuessuchashuman-wildlifeconflicts.Thereisno

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legislationpreventingthelandownerfromprioritizingnon-conservationobjectivesthatdon’tinterferewithvegetationcover.


Themeasurecovershabitat;however,therearenoregulationsonhowtomanagethesetasideareasforbiodiversity.


TheRuralEnvironmentalRegistry(CAR,theacronyminPortuguese)isamandatorynationalpublicenvironmentalregistryfortheintegrationofenvironmentalinformationofallruralproperties.RegistrationintheCARaredonethroughtheRuralEnvironmentalRegistrySystem(SICAR)whichispartoftheNationalEnvironmentalInformationSystem(SINIMA),managedbytheMinistryofEnvironment.TheCARisusedtocontrol,monitorandcombatthedestructionofforestsandotherformsofnativevegetationinthecountryandtofacilitateenvironmentalandeconomicplanningforruralproperties.DataprovidedbytheCARwillhelptoidentifydeficitswithrespecttotheareaslegallyrequiredtobeconserved,monitorareasunderrestorationand,ingeneral,contributetotheenvironmentalmanagementcapacityofthecountry.ThegoaloftheCARistoprovideanintegrateddatabasewithinformationabouteachpropertyandtheirenvironmentalsituationthatallowsmunicipalities,states,andthefederalgovernmenttocontrol,monitorandidentifyenvironmentaldeficits,conductenvironmentalandeconomicplanning,andcombatdeforestation.TheCARwillhelplandownersandpossessorstoprotectnaturalresourcesandimprovetheplanningoftheirproduction.TheCARsystemisanationalelectronicsystemoperatedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentthatprovideshighresolutionsatelliteimagesthatlandownerscanusetolocateandregistertheirproperty.

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TheCARsystemonlymonitorsforestcovertoensurethatareasarebeingsetaside,butdoesnotgivedetailedinsightintothestateofbiodiversity.


Yestheareaisconservingbiodiversityeventhoughthemainconcernisforestcover.Thereisnoonthegroundmonitoringofconservationeffectivenessorbiodiversity.


Yes–inlegalreserveslandcollectionoftimberandnon-timberforestproductsisstillpermittedaslongasitdoesnotjeopardizetheconservation.SustainablemanagementofthevegetationinLegalReserveareasmaybeimplementedinoneoftwoways:1.Sustainablemanagementfornon-commercialpurposes:

• Mustbeforconsumptionwithinthepropertyitself;• Maybeimplementedindependentlyofauthorizationbyresponsible

agencies;• Mustbedeclaredtotheenvironmentalagencypriortoactivityand

statethereasonandthevolumestobeextracted,upto20cubicmetersoftimberperyear.

2.Sustainablemanagementforcommercialpurposes:• Requiresasustainableforestrymanagementplanandauthorization

fromresponsibleagencies;• Shouldguaranteeconservationofadiversityofspecies;• Shouldnotdisfiguretheplantcoverorharmconservationofnative

vegetationinthearea;and• MayinvolvetheintroductionofexoticspecieswhentheLegal

Reservesareunderrestoration,ifplantingsareinterspersedwithnativespeciesanddonotexceed50%ofthearea.


Theeffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.

7.Assessment

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Bita,ProtectedRiver,ColombianOrinocoBasin(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute


TheBitariverbelongstotheColombianportionoftheOrinocoBasinandhasatotallengthof500km.WithouthydrologicalconnectionwiththeAndeanregion,itisablackwaterriver,richinhydrobiologicalresourcesbuthighlysensitivetochangestowaterconditions.Sparselyinhabitedandisolatedfromtherestofthecountry,theregionremainsinagoodgeneralconservationcondition.Mainfeaturesofthebasinaretropicalsavannas,grasslands,temporarywetlandsandriparianforests,resultoftheextremeseasonalclimaticregimeandriverpulse.SpeciespresentintheregionincludeBotosorOrinocoRiverDolphins(Iniageoffrensishumboldtiana),GiantOtters(Pteronourabrasiliensis)WestIndianManatee(Trichechusmanatus),Capybara(Hydrochaerishydrochaeris),Tapir(Tapirusterrestris)andJaguar(Pantheraonca).Fish:Brycon(Bryconmelanopterus),bocachico(Prochilodusmariae),piranha(Serrasalmusmanueli),Blackarowana(Osteoglossumbicirrhosum)andBlackSpotpiranha(Pigocentruscariba).Reptiles:OrinocoCrocodile(Crocodylusintermedius),SpectacledCaiman(Caimancrocodilus),Cuvier’sDwarfCaimanandSmooth-frontedCaiman(Paleosuchuspalpebrosus

Inrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?

TheseareascouldqualifyasOECMs;however,notalllandownersarecompliant,sonotallAPPsandLRswillqualifyasanOECM–amethodofdetermininggoodmanagementofAPPsandLRstoclassifythemasOECMsisneeded.Overall,APPsaremorelikelytobeOECMsthanLRs.


FormoreinformationontheForestCodecanbeaccessedfrom:https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/859/files/original/wwf_brazils_new_forest_code_guide.pdf?1455912714https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Policy-Brief-Part-I-How-to-Navigate-the-Complexity.pdf

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andPaleosuchustrigonatus),ArrauRiverTurtle(Podocnemisexpansa)andYellow-spottedAmazonRiverTurtle(Podocnemisunifilis)whileitboastsalmost200speciesofplantsbelongingto114generaand41families.Theregion,originallyinhabitedbyindigenouspeoples(mainlysikuani,amorúa,Piaroaandpiapoco)wasdestinationforimmigrationwavesfromthecountries’inlandduringtheXIXandXXcenturies,maineconomicactivitiesincludedcattleranching,farmingandfisheries(includingornamental).Nevertheless,duringthelast10to15years,theregionhasbeenscenarioofafasttransformationprocess,drivenmainlybythedevelopmentoflargescaleforestryandagribusinessprojects,accompaniedlandacquisitionprocesses.Thistransformation,evenifanopportunityintermsofeconomicdevelopment,posesarisktobiodiversity,hydrologicalcyclesandthesocioculturaltissue.Inthissetting,theproposedmanagementstrategy,ProtectedRiver;basedintheEcologicalIntegrityapproach,aimstopreservethecontinuityoftheriverinesystemasawholeandfocusesinthemaintenanceoftheecologicalflow,fromaninitialobservedstateorbenchmark.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Around8500sqkm.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundarieshavebeendefinedexclusivelyafterhydrologicalaspects,

includingonlythewatershedarea,aftertheNationalGeographicService.Nevertheless,itcanbereviewedasaresultoftheassessmentofbioticandsocioeconomicconnectionsanddynamics.


Therearenotyetanyspecificofficialorunofficialgovernancearrangementsonplace,oneofthemainweaknessesantthreatsofanareafacingarapidtransformationprocess


Thereisnotanagreementaboutthisissueyet,perceptionsarefragmented.

4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’s Needtobedeveloped.Oneofthemainoutcomesofthecurrentstageisto

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governanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)

promotethedevelopmentofthenecessaryinstitutionalframework.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Asthereisnotyetaformalinstrument,butitisprocessinconstruction,thereisnotyetanydecisiontooverturn.Asamanagementstrategylargelybasedonvoluntaryagreements,thoseareasstrongasthewillofeachmember.Wearestillinavulnerablestageasthesocialtissuehasnotbeenfullydeveloped,butthisstrengtheningisalsooneofthemaingoalsoftheproposal.


Yearround

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? theProtectedRiverinitiativeseekstoestablishbasesforaprocessof

integratedmanagementofthebasinbasedonsocioeconomicknowledgeofthelandscape,informationmanagement,andthecreationofscenariosforparticipation,learning,communicationandgovernance.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? BiodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

No.Itaimstoallowaprudentandagreed-ontransformationprocesswithinboundariesidentifiedas“safe”.


AsetofEcologicalIntegrityindicatorshasbeenidentified,includingbiodiversityandlandscapemetrics,asaproxytomeasureandmonitorEcologicalIntegrity


Theprocessisstillinaninitialphase(baseline,indicatorsetting,developmentofthefirstsconservationagreements,andcommunicationstrategy)andthereisnotyetenoughdataavailabletomeasureeffectiveness.


Biodiversityislessstillingoodconditioninthearea,mainlyasaresultofastatingtransformationprocess;lessthan10%ofthebasin,butthegoalistoavoiddegradationbeforeitreachesanirreversiblethreshold.Currentlyitismeasuredthroughthenumberofstakeholders(organizationsorindividuals)

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willingtojointheinitiativeHowencompassingthismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Itisastraightforwardmeasureeasilycollected,butitdoesnotyetincludealltheactors,anddamagingactivitieshavenotbeencompletelytargeted.

SpecialManagementAreaofAfroColombianCommunitiesoftheupstreamoftheAmurrupaRiver,Risaralda(Colombia)–HumboldtInstitute


ThisisaspecialmanagementarealocatedonacollectiveterritoryofafroColombiancommunities,atthenorthwestoftheRisaraldadepartment,whichispartoftheChocoBiogeographicRegion.Approximately80%oftheareaiscoverbynativetropicalrainforest,10%iscoverwithsecondaryforestandtheremainingareaisusedforcrops.TheterritoryisinhabitedmainlybyindigenouspeoplefromtheEmberaChamiethnicgroupandafroColombians.TheChocoBiogeographicregionisrecognizedasoneofthemostbiologicallyandculturallydiverse,inpartbecauseisinbetweentheAndeanandtheAmazonregions.Ithasmorethan11.000vascularplantsand900speciesofbirds.IntheareaoftheAmurrupaRiver,thereare80speciesofbryophytes,1.900speciesofvascularplants,fromwhich330speciesareorchids.Thecommunitiesrecognizeatleast43plantswithmedicaluses.Regardingthefaunasomestudiessuggestthatintheareacouldinhabitabout500speciesofbirdsand83mammals.Forothergroupsinformationisstillmissing.Theareaismanlyusetoestablishagroforestalsystemsandtimberextractionthatisthemaineconomicactivityofthecommunities.Atleast19treespeciesareusedfortimber.TheareacouldbeconsiderasanOECM,becauseithasalegalbackground,acommunitythatsupportsitmaintenance,ithasclearconservationobjectives,

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hasaclearlydefinedlimitsandamanagementplan.Theareaisnotconsideraprotectedarea,butisrecognizedasaspecialmanagedarea.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 10.823hectaresHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheareaincludetheupstreamoftheAmurrupáRiver,itslimitareestablished

inamapcontainedinanagreementoftheregionalenvironmentalauthority.3.GovernanceType


Theareaismanagedbyacommunitycouncilsupportedbytheregionalenvironmentalauthority.


Thecommunityproposedthecreationoftheareatotheenvironmentalauthority,sotheyrecognizedtheprotectedstatus,andagreewiththeconservationobjectives.


Thereisanagreementoftheregionalenvironmentalauthoritythatcreatesthearea.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thedecisioncannoteasilybeoverturned.Therewillbenecessarytosignanewagreementwiththecommunitiesandotherstakeholdersoftheregion.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Theagreementthatcreatesthisareaswassignin1999,sotheexpectedtimeframeisforalongterm.


Themeasureisinplaceyearround.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Conserveandrecoverthebiologicaldiversity,habitatsand

ecosystemspresentinthearea.• PromotetheparticipationoftheafroColombiancommunityonthe

managementofthearea.• Preservethetraditionalknowledgeofthecommunitythatinhabitthe

area.

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• Supportasustainableeconomicgrowthofthecommunity.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Biodiversityisanexplicitobjective.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Theagreementdoesnotgivemoreimportancetoanyoftheobjectives.


Itcoverallthebiodiversity,butwithanemphasisonspeciesusedfortimber.


Theareahasamanagementplan,whichprogressismeasuresporadically,inparticulartheregionalauthorityhasidentifytheprincipaldifficultiestoitimplementation.Themainproblemsarehowtoreallyworkincooperationwiththecommunityandtakingintoaccountalltheirnecessities.


Thetropicalrainforestoftheareaiswellconserved,buttherearenotperiodicalmeasuresofthestateoftheforestandthemanagementplandonotseteffectivenessindicators.


Toanswerthisquestionmoreresearchhastobedone,theregionalauthorityandthecommunitycouncilbelievesthattheareaiseffective,butthereareotheraspectsthatmayinfluencethestateof,suchasthedifficultyforaccessandpresenceofarmedgroups.NowadaysthewholeChocobiogeographicregionphasesthreatscausedbyillegaldeforestationandmining.

JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview

Nameandlocationofthearea-Nombreyubicacióndelárea

Sacredsite–JabaTañiwashkakadelaLineaNegra,SierraNevadaofSantaMarta.DepartmentofLaGuajira;municipalityofDibulla,Punticaregion,locatedbytheJerezrivermouthacrosstheCaribbeanbeaches.

Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasons LineaNegrasacredsiteculturalvalue;thissitecontainsworkingmaterialssuch

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forconsideringtheareaasanOECM-Brevedescripción,incluidoslosvaloresnaturales,culturalesysociales,yrazonesparaconsiderareláreacomounOECM

asshellsandseeds.ItconnectsthelagoonthatservesastheJerezRiversource,ithascoastallagoonsthathaveaspiritualconnectionwiththeSierraNevada,ithasmarshlandsinprocessofrecovery;oxbowlakesusedasnestingplacebyalligators,turtles,andfish;mangroveareasanddryforests,itisamigratorybirdsite.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea?-¿Dequétamañoeselárea? 230haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined?-¿Cómosedefineeláreaysuslímites?(Limitesdefinidos)

ItisthefirstseashoresacredsiterecoveredfortheindigenouspeopleoftheSierraNevada-PtoBrisa;atotaloffourpropertieswereacquired.PartoftheJerezrivermouthisconnectedtoprivatepropertiesandislocatednexttoamileandahalflongbeach;itiscurrentlyfenced;beforebeingacquiredin2012,thisterritorywasagarbagedump,itwasfrequentedbyhunters,andslashandburnwasacommonpractice;thecommunityworkcarriedoutinthisplacehascontributedtoitstransformation.

3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?-¿Cuáleseltipodegobernabilidaddelazona,deacuerdoconlaorientacióndelaUICN:esdecir,elgobierno,lospuebloscompartidos,privadosolospueblosindígenas/comunidadeslocales?

ThisterritoryisintheprocessofbeingincorporatedintotheKoguiMalayoArhuacoreservation.Althoughtheownershipofthisplacebelongstofourdifferentcommunities,theKoguipeopleareinchargeofitsmanagement;theterritorialmanagementissupportedbydifferentorganizationssuchastheAmazonConservationTeam(ACT).

Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail-Porfavordescribaelarreglodegobiernomásdetalladamente

TheKoguipeopleareinchargeofitsmanagementandtheindigenousorganizationGonawindùaTayronahasspecificancestralstructuringfunctions,,itaisapagamento(traditionalretributionrite)sitethatrequiresthepresenceofaSiteGuardian–mamoallocatedbytheothermamos–tobeinconstantcontactwithothersacredsitesandreporttotheelderauthoritieswholiveuphill;thelowerareaisruledbythegoverningcouncilthatrepresenttheorganization;thedecisionsinrelationtothemanagementoftheareaarecollectivelytakenduringanassembly.Internalagreementsareestablished,followupactivitiesaremade;thewhat-to-doandhow-to-dodecisionsareconditionedbytheirownworld-view

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principles;sincetherearepartnershipdecisionsthatalsoneedtobetaken,thereservationsignedanagreementwithACTtosupportbiologicalandculturalconservation;thematerialworldisstrengthenedbyspiritualagreements;asthisprocessisstillnew(fouryears),therearemanyneedsthatneedtobecovered.Constructionshavebeendevelopedalongwithcrops,watersources,educationfortheyouth,afive-memberfamilylivesinthearea,therearemeetingsthathavebeenattendedby50oreven100people,shellsforthepoporoarecollected,biodiversityisused,themamosareconsulted;differenttypeofinfrastructureisbeingconstructedsuchascasasmarias,alongwithcommunity,meeting,andaccommodationfacilities.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?-¿Cómoelgobiernodelazonapromuevelosresultadosdelaconservación?

Themanagementofthesitehastwoprinciples:governmentalandterritorial.Everythingrevolvesaroundmaintainingabalancewithnature,keepinginmindconservationandrecoveringnature;thegovernmentorientationhasthesameguidelines;theimpactoftheactionsstillneedtobemeasured;however,theyareclearlyvisible,therearephotographs,drones,watermeasurementsthatshowtheevolutionandtheecosystemservicesrecovery.Thefaunaisreturning,therehavebeensightingsofcapybaras,thecowshavebeenremoved.Observationhasbeenthetraditionalmethodusedbytheindigenouspeopletomeasuretheworldaroundthem,thishasallowedthemtorealizethatthenaturalorderisbeingrestored.Thestategovernment/authorityisnotinvolved,CorpoguajirahasshowntheinterestinturningitintoaProtectedArea;however,theindigenousgovernmentanditscommunitiesarenotinterestedinbeingaProtectedArea,onlyareservation.ThatiswhytheindigenousorganizationhasproposedtoestablishtheProtectedAreaontheupperpartofthemountain,bythewaterstreamsthatfeedtheriver.

4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasother

ThelandisintheprocessofbeingallocatedtotheKoguiMalayoArhuacoreservation;in2012theMinistryofCulturedeclaredthisterritoryaNational

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factors(below)-¿Existeuninstrumentoodecisiónlegalodeotrotipoqueestablezcalosarreglosdegobernabilidadyconservacióndelazona,asícomootrosfactores(acontinuación)

CulturalAssetduetothehistorical,aesthetic,andsymbolicvalueofthisnaturalandtraditionalarea,resolution2873of2012.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?-¿Conquéfacilidadpuedevolcarseelinstrumento/decisión?

Theyareintheprocessofbeingimplementedsothattheseinstrumentsencouragetheprotectionofthesacredterritory;sincetheindigenouscommunitiesownthem,theyareprotectedbythenaturallaw;otherlandsarealsoconsideredtobeincludedinordertoestablishamanagement/protectionplanoftheareaofinfluence.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term-¿Cuáleselmarcodetiempoenelqueseencuentralamedida:largo/medio/cortoplazo

Itissetoverthelong-termperiod;however,itisexpectedtobecomepermanentafteritisdeclaredanindigenousreservation.

Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?-¿Estálamedidaenvigortodoelañoosólopartedelaño?Siestaúltima,¿quéprácticasdegestiónseaplicancuandolamedidanoestáenvigor?

Allyearlong

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?-¿Cuálessonlosobjetivosdegestióndelárea?

Maintainthespiritual,materialand,protectionobjectivesofthesite;instilltheunderstandingoftheculturalandnaturalimportanceamongthepopulationsothatthestrategyofprotectionoftheLineaNegrasacredsitesattheSierraNevadaofSantaMartacanbeextended.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?-¿Eslaconservacióndelabiodiversidadunobjetivodegestiónexplícitooimplícito?¿Ohayotramaneradedescribirlaformaenqueseplanteaestacuestiónenlagestióndelárea?

Thegoalisalsoexplicit.Tourism,garbage,logging,andcropsrepresentseriousthreads;thereisaverystrikingcontrastbutthisareaisconsideredveryimportantwithintheconservationefforts.Thisstrategyhascontributedtotheacquisitionofknowledgeonhowtorecoversacredindigenousseashoresites,soilrecoveryefforts,andcropslocatedindegradedland,relearnthepreviouslylostmanagementofthedownhillareaanddifficultenvironmentalconditions;thisinitiativeaimsto

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providelearningandreconnection.

Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?-Sihayunobjetivoexplícito/implícitodeconservacióndelabiodiversidad,¿tomaprimacíasobreotrosobjetivosencasodeconflicto?

Conservationtakesprimacy.Theplacentaofthemotherearthisinthemangrove.EveryelementofbiodiversityhasitsownmeaningandmustbemanagedinaccordancewiththelawoforiginoftheindigenouspeoplesoftheSierraNevada,sothatthebalanceinthecyclesofnatureandthewelfareoftheterritoryisensured.

Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?-¿Lamedidacubretodosolamayoríadeloselementosdelabiodiversidadeneláreaosólodeciertasespecies?

Alltheelementsofbiodiversityaretakenintoconsideration,astheyprovidetheresourcestomaintaintheconnectionswithothersacredsites.

Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?-¿Semidelaefectividaddelagestión?Siesasí,¿cómoycuálessonlosresultados?

Theyaremeasuredinaquantitativeway,throughtheconfrontationofbefore/afterphotographs,samplingtakingtoanalyzethequalityofwater,directobservation,recordbookstokeeptrackofanychangeinnaturedynamics;growingobservationofanimaltracks,developmentofcovermapstoestablishacomparisonpointofreference,establishmentofconnectionsbetweenmangrovepatches;sixyoungindigenouspeopleweretrainedtomanagethesacredsite;theMamosvisitthecommunityonamorefrequentbasistoconducttraditionaltasksandtokeeptrackoftheconnectionsthathavebeenreestablishedwiththeuphillsites,strengtheningmeetingsarebeingheldwiththeindigenousunitandthesupportteam;anincreasingnumberofindigenouspeopleisparticipatingintheactivitiesandthevisits.

6.ConservationEffectivenessIstheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?-¿Estáeláreaconservandoefectivamentelabiodiversidadycómosemideymonitorealaefectividaddelaconservación?

Althougheffectivenessisnotbeingmeasured,thereareinputsthatshoweffectivenessintermsofconservation,itisnotmeticulousmonitoring,butonethatisbasedontheperceptiongatheredduringthecommunityprocessesandareinagreementwiththeneedsandtheinterestofthoseestablishedbytheconservationstrategy.

Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,

Theconservationobjectivestakeprimacy.Thisprimacyisbasedonthecreationandmanagementofthesacredsites.

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managementapproachesoractivities?-Independientementedesieláreatieneonoobjetivosdeconservación,¿losresultadosdelaconservacióntienenprimacíaenloscasosdeconflictoentreobjetivos,enfoquesdemanejooactividades?Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?-¿Laefectividadactualsedebealagobernabilidadygestióndelárea,odebidoalhechodequeaúnnosehanproducidoactividadesperjudiciales?

Yes,itrespondstotherulingofthisareabytheindigenouscommunities.Adifferentdecisioninrelationtotherecoverywouldhaveresultedinadisastroussituation,astheconnectionandthenaturalvalueofthesacredsitewouldhavebeenlost.

7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?-Enrelaciónconelproyectodeguía(Sección3)yelproyectodeherramientadeselección(Sección4),¿creeustedqueeláreaesunOECM?Sinoesasí,¿esunáreaprotegidaounamedidaquecontribuyeaotroobjetivodeAichi?

ItisanOECMasitstayscompliantwiththecriteria;forthecommunity,itrepresentitslifeobjective,itsmissionandrepossessionoftheancestralterritory,therecoveryofthemanagementandconnectionwithnatureandthesacrednessoflife,theyarenotindependent.

Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.-Porfavor,agreguemáscomentariosaquí.Muchasgracias.

BothOECMandtheguidelineshaveveryinterestingpointsofviewinrelationtothebiodiversityconservationmanagement,anissuethatmustcontinuebeinganalyzedwiththecommunitiesandthelocalgovernment.Thereareseveralinterestingissuessuchasmonitoring,effectivenessandparticipatoryfollow-up,especiallyinexperience-sharingscenariosandknowledgeexchange.

Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro(Santander)(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea-Nombreyubicacióndelárea

The coverage of the conservation/production agreements at the Roblesconservationcorridorreachesfourmunicipalities:Duitama(Boyacá),Encino,CharaláandCoromoro (Santander); this corridor is formedofnational andregional protected areas, and private lands. Andean forest, High-Andeanforestandmoorlandecosystems.

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Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM-Brevedescripción,incluidoslosvaloresnaturales,culturalesysociales,yrazonesparaconsiderareláreacomounOECM

Thisisacomprehensiveconservationstrategythatgatherssocial,productiveand environmental aspects along with conservation concepts andlandscaping tools aimed at creating connectivity, such is the case of thedesign of living fences, pastureland division, performance maximization,grassland improvement; it takes into consideration renewable/cleantechnologieswhichentailsmanagingapieceof landformedofnaturalandproductiveareas thatbringsalongabenefit to the local communities, andtheprotectionoftheEcosystemServices.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea?-¿Dequétamañoeselárea? Dimensionrange:Between1.5haand40ha(small-scaleproducers);

between200haand300ha(productivearea);and1hectare(forest).Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined?-¿Cómosedefineeláreaysuslímites?(Limitesdefinidos)

Privateproperty,landtenureandlimits;thedocumentationprovidedconfirmsandvalidatestheprivatenatureoftheselands(entitlement,possession,ortenure).

3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?-¿Cuáleseltipodegobernabilidaddelazona,deacuerdoconlaorientacióndelaUICN:esdecir,elgobierno,lospuebloscompartidos,privadosolospueblosindígenas/comunidadeslocales?

Thegovernanceisexertedbyindividualsandprivateorganizations(usuallytheowners).Producersinconjunctionwithcivilsocietyorganizations.

Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail-Porfavordescribaelarreglodegobiernomásdetalladamente

Acivilcontract(legal)toolallowsreachinganagreementwhichprovidesthat,inexchangefortheconservationofnaturalecosystemsareas,orthegenerationoftherestorationand/orreconversionlandscapingtool,theproducersreceivelandplanningsuppliesandtechnicalsupportaimedatthedevelopmentoflandscapeconservation,preservationoftheEcosystemServices,reductionofthepressureexertedovertheforest,andencouragementofthesustainabilityoftheproductiveactivitiestoimprovethequalityoflifeofthefamilies.Thesecontractsapplycommunity-relatedgovernanceandconflictresolutionconcepts.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes?- Theseagreementsgeneratetheconditionsfortheinterventionofthe

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¿Cómoelgobiernodelazonapromuevelosresultadosdelaconservación? forestsandthewatersourcesofeachproperty;byconservingtheforests,theprivateownersalsoprotectthewaterspringsthatsupplythemunicipalaqueducts;thistypeofeffortnotonlyreducesthecostsoftheactionsthattheownerwouldhavetopayfor,butgeneratesasocialinterestonconservationtopics,encouragingthepermanenceoftheseactionsandthecreationofenvironmentalandsocialsolutions.

4.PermanenceIstherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)-¿Existeuninstrumentoodecisiónlegalodeotrotipoqueestablezcalosarreglosdegobernabilidadyconservacióndelazona,asícomootrosfactores(acontinuación)

Therearenoconceptsonthismatter,theonlyapproachiscarriedoutbyactionboardsandlocal-basedorganizationswithascopethatonlyreachesonesegmentofthecommunity;astheconservationdecisionisindividualandbasedonthecomprehensionoftheproducer’necessities,thecompliancewiththecommitmentsthathavebeenagreeduponareguaranteed.Theinstrumentaltoolistheregulationoftheprojectcontainedinsomearticlesoftheagreement,whichstipulatethereturnofthesuppliesoritseconomicvalueincaseofnon-compliance,aswellascomplianceprocessoftheagreementsestablishedbetweentheparties,theimportanceofthesocial/collectiveawarenessandconcerntowardstheneighbors,thedecisiontogivetothecommunitiestheresourcesthathavebeenreturnedduetonon-compliance,theoversightandreportingprocessexertedbytheproducersovertheimprovementoftheproductivesystem,andtheinstallationofrelevantandnecessarytechnologiesaimedatthecommunitiesthatwouldbeaffectedincaseofnon-compliance.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?-¿Conquéfacilidadpuedevolcarseelinstrumento/decisión?

Theagreementsdependontheexpectationsoftheownersonissuesrelatedthewaytheseactionsgivevaluetothefarms,aswellastheconfidenceontheproductivesystem,theprincipleoftrustbetweentheparties,landtenureandheir-relatedissues.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term-¿Cuáleselmarcodetiempoenelqueseencuentralamedida:largo/medio/cortoplazo

Itissetoverthelong-termperiod;theeverydaylanguageandschemeoftemporalityagreeduponwiththeproducersisbasedontheecologicalfunctionalitycontemplated.ForREDD+itis30years.Butmostoftheagreementsaresetona10year-longtermthatbyyear5musthaveshowed

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progressonrestorationandreconversionissues.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?-¿Estálamedidaenvigortodoelañoosólopartedelaño?Siestaúltima,¿quéprácticasdegestiónseaplicancuandolamedidanoestáenvigor?

Allyearlong.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?-¿Cuálessonlosobjetivosdegestióndelárea?

Accordingtotheagreement:conservationandprotection,sustainableuseoftheresourcesbasedoncombinedlandscapestrategies.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?-¿Eslaconservacióndelabiodiversidadunobjetivodegestiónexplícitooimplícito?¿Ohayotramaneradedescribirlaformaenqueseplanteaestacuestiónenlagestióndelárea?

Itisexplicit;thebaseinstitutions,organizationsandindividualsareawarethattheagreementsaresignedwithanenvironmentalorganizationandwithaconservationandproductiveobjective.Themanagementobjectivesareaseriesofforestrelicts,creeks,waterspringsandecosystemsoilandwaterservices.

Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?-Sihayunobjetivoexplícito/implícitodeconservacióndelabiodiversidad,¿tomaprimacíasobreotrosobjetivosencasodeconflicto?

Thechallengeliesingivingequalprevalencetotheconservationandproductiveactivities;however,theencouragementofthelatterbringsalongtheriskofovergrowingitinordertomakeitmoreprofitable;suchsituationhasnotoccurredintheagreementssignedinrelationtothecorridor;anadditionalchallengeistheoneassociatedwiththedifficultytofindworkersinthearea,theydonotliveinthecountrysideorwanderfromoneplacetotheotherdependingonthedemandofwork,thisfavorsconservation;anotherchallengefortheorganizationisthatofthebalancebetweenproductionandenvironment,thelanguageestablishedwiththeproducerisproductiveandservesthepurposeofestablishingthemostappropriateprocessestoachieveabettermanagementwithoutgeneratingenvironmentalimpact;differentschemesarecreated.

Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?-¿Lamedidacubretodosolamayoríadeloselementosdelabiodiversidadeneláreaosólodeciertasespecies?

ItThepropertycoverseverything,alongwiththeexistingcomponents.

Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?-¿Semidelaefectividaddelagestión?Siesasí,¿cómoycuálesson

Notinthelongterm,theimplementationisbasedonindicatorsalongwithempiricalimpactobservation;however,themeasuringofeffectiveness

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losresultados? neverexceedsthefiveyear-longlimit;thereisalackofon-goingsupport.6.ConservationEffectiveness

Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?-¿Estáeláreaconservandoefectivamentelabiodiversidadycómosemideymonitorealaefectividaddelaconservación?

Accordingtotheopinionsexpressedbythepeople,theyhaveperceivedmajorchangesandprocessesintheirpropertieswhichhavehadaninfluenceintheprocessofrecoveryofareasatalandscapescale;therehavebeensightingsofalargernumberofanimals,therearespeciesthathavestartedtoreturntothearea,thereisanumberofusefulforestspeciesthatweretotallyorpartiallyinexistent;ontheotherhand,whiletherearereportsofanimalspeciesthatgenerateanegativeimpactontheproductivesystems,therearealsomethodsofwildlifedisplacement.

Irrespectiveofwhetherornottheareahasconservationobjectives,doconservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?-Independientementedesieláreatieneonoobjetivosdeconservación,¿losresultadosdelaconservacióntienenprimacíaenloscasosdeconflictoentreobjetivos,enfoquesdemanejooactividades?

Despitehavingapriority,thereisamultiscalesustainabilityproductivelanguage;theproductiveproblemisreducedinfavoroftheprotectionofthebiodiversity.Intheabsenceofalternativestothelocaleconomy,theproductivesystemprevails.Implementationoffunctionalcorridorsandfinanciallysustainableproductivesystems;anyeffortexertedovertheproductivesystemprovidesabalancetoachievingconservation/production.

Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement,orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?-¿Laefectividadactualsedebealagobernabilidadygestióndelárea,odebidoalhechodequeaúnnosehanproducidoactividadesperjudiciales?

Thereisgovernance,andtheagreementsareresponsibleforgeneratingtheactionsofconservation,theyareanadditionaleffort.

7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?-Enrelaciónconelproyectodeguía(Sección3)yelproyectodeherramientadeselección(Sección4),¿creeustedqueeláreaesunOECM?Sinoesasí,¿esunáreaprotegidaounamedidaquecontribuyeaotroobjetivodeAichi?

ItisanOMEC,itstayscompliantwiththeruraldevelopmentstrategies;thelivelihoodactivitiesdogenerateanimpact;theimpactislowerinthepresenceofdifferentandsustainablerules.Theimplementationofongoingsupport,landmanagementandtheuseofaneasy-to-understandlanguageguaranteesthereciprocityofthebenefits;itisfundamentaltohaveenvironmentalbenefitsandfarmproductiveactivitiesaimedatthewelfareofthefamilies.

Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.-Porfavor,agreguemáscomentariosaquí.Muchasgracias.

Theproducersaremuchmorethanjustagroupofbeneficiaries,theircontributionisusuallythemostimportantofall;opportunitycosts;the

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conservation/productionagreementsareactivatorsofeffectiveconservationactionsintheterritories.

CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElOasis”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute


CivilSocietyNaturalReserveElOasisIt is located southeast side of Armenia (capital of Quindio department).Between1.550and1.890metershigh,thenaturalreserve issituatedonehourandahalfbycarfromArmenia.


ThisnaturalreserveispartofapeasantfamilyownersinterestedonbiodiversityconservationofAndeanforest,inanareathathasbeenstronglydestroyedandfragmentedinthelastdecades,duetosinglecropsandextensivecattleranching.Inthenaturalreserve,thereisalsocoffeeproductionandfarming,undergoodenvironmentalpractices.Culturalvaluesarerelatedtotraditionsofapeasantfamily,itswayoflivingandfarmingunderfriendlyenvironmentalpractices,theassociativeandcommunitynetworkwithneighborsand,inparticular,withpeasantwomenthatproducecoffee.Thereisalsoarqueologicalremainsinthenaturalreserveanditssurroundings.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 53.7ha(Andeanforest,agroforestrysystemsandpasturearea)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisdefinedthroughpublicdeed,thatincludesonlyoneproperty.


C.Privategovernance.civilsocietynaturalreserveThenaturalreservehasitsownmanagementplanupdatein2012,withthe

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support of the regional authority and the NGO called Orquidea). Its mainobjectives are conservation of Andean forest and sustainable coffeeproduction.


Theownersareafamilygroupmembersthatliveinthereserve.Theyhavebeeninterestedinthelast100yearstoconservebiologicaldiversityandecosystemservicesofthearea.Theactivitiesinthereservearewellplannedandimplementedbytheowners,accordingtothemanagementplan.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? The natural reserve owners encourage conservation of biodiversity at thelandscapelevelaswellasagroecologicalproduction.InconjunctionwiththelocalNGOOrquidea, they promote other conservation processes from thecivilsociety inthesurroundingsofthenaturalreserve,throughcommunitywork with coffee producers that use environmental sustainability criteria.They are also raising awareness through an environmental educationprogramfocusedonvisitorsthatstayinthenaturalreserve.Since2004,thenaturalreserveisanassociateoftheColombianNetworkofCivilSocietyNaturalReserves(Resnatur),anassociationformerlyrecognizedbytheNationalNaturalParkofColombiaasanarticulationorganizationofprivatenaturalreservesatthenationallevel.


Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland.Ithasbeenapropertyofthesamefamilyforthelast100years.Sincethen, theyhavekeptanarea forAndean forest conservation forvolunteerand consciousness decision. They have also decided to plant coffee underenvironmentalfriendlypractices.Themanagementplanincludesaclearzonationwhereproductivityactivitiesare defined in space, as well as the conservation areas. Forest areas areneverdestructedforproductionuse.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? The land has been inherited for several generations under the sameprinciples of conservation biodiversity and friendly productivity practices

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withtheenvironment.Thefamilyisnotinterestedinsellingtheproperty.Contrary,theyaregettingpreparedforthenextgenerationalreplacement.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Itisameasureinplaceyear-round.


Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:- to conserve the natural ecosystems of the natural reserve throughpreservationandrestorationactions.- To strengthen the agroecological management in the natural reserve,diversifyingfarmingproductionandrenovatingcrops.- To continue the community network through strengthen different localactorswithimpactinconservationissues.


Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective.


The biodiversity conservation objective is the main goal defined for thenatural reserve management. There are no conflicts identified within thenaturalreserve.


Themeasurescovermostelementsofbiodiversitywithseveralconservationobjectivesdefined for thecivil societynatural reserve:ecosystemsservicesrelated to water production, its regulation and conservation, a bird(Dendroicacaerulea),threetrees(Pouterialúcuma,Juglansneotropica,Billiarosea),ethnicandarqueologicalhistoryofthereserveanditssurroundings,localandnaturalmedicalknowledge.


Managementeffectivenesshasnotbeenmeasured,butmultitemporalanalyseshasbeenruntodetectchangesinvegetalcover,showingthatnaturalvegetationhasexpandedoverthearea.

6.ConservationEffectiveness

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Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?

Conservationbiodiversityinthenaturalreservehasbeenassessedthroughamultitemporalanalysisofvegetationcoverchangeinthearea.Inventoriesofbirdspecieshavedetectedchanges inbirdcomposition,andidentifiedtheincreaseoffloraandfaunaspeciesinthenaturalreservearea.


Thereisnoconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities,becausethemanagementplanhasaclearzonationthatdefinedthelandusesandbecauseallactivitiesaredirecttobiodiversityconservation.


Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.There is clear work focused in achieving conservation objectives.Environmentaleducationonconservationissueshasallowedengaginglocalpeoplefromthesurroundingareaincivilsocietyconservationprocesses,inordertoreducethreats.


This natural reserve applies to steps 1 to 3.Nonetheless effectiveness hasnot been directly measured. The area is not recorded over theenvironmentalauthority(inthiscaseNationalNaturalParksofColombia).Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:development activities have priority over conservation efforts, in manycases.


Thecivilsocietynaturalreserveworkstogetherwithlocalandregionalgovernmentalconservationprojects.ItispartofthelocalgroupEjeCafeterofromResnatur.

CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute


CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“ElSilencio”.ItislocatedattheeastsideofBogota(capitalofColombia-departmentofCundinamarca),inageographicalareaknownas“theescarpment”.ThenaturalreserveissituatedatonehourandahalfbycarfromBogota,and

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between2.700and3.000metershigh.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

ThisnaturalreserveispartofagroupoflandownersinterestedinbiodiversityconservationofAndeanforest,aswellasmilkproductionundergoodenvironmentalpractices.ItislocatedinthemostimportantcorridorofAndeanforestremnant,thatenhancethebiologicalconnectivityfromnorthtosouthoftheeastsideofCundinamarcadepartment.Itisthelastviablerefugeonthelongtermfortheconservationofmanyfaunaandfloraspecies.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 118ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisdefinedthroughpublicdeed,thatincludesonlyoneproperty.


C.Privategovernance.CivilSocietyNaturalreserve


Theownersofthereserveareafamilygroupmembersinterestedinthelast50yearstoconservebiologicaldiversityandecosystemservicesofthearea.TheyaresurroundingbyotherfivenaturalreservesthatconservetheAndeanforestinconjunctionwithmilkproduction.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theownersofthenaturalreservehavesetupactivitiessuchasisolationofnativeforest,ecologicalrestorationinstrategiczoneoftheland(likewatersprings,riversandcreeks),lifefencesinstallationandrecoveryofdegradedzones.Alltheseactivitiesarecarriedoutinparallelwithproductionpracticesthatappliedcriteriaofsustainableandenvironmentalresponsibility.


Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland. It is part of theColombianNetworkof Civil SocietyNatural Reserves(Resnatur),anassociationformerlyrecognizedbytheNationalNaturalParkof Colombia, as an articulation organization of private civil society naturalreservesatthenationallevel.

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Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thelandhasbeenmanagedforthreegenerationsunderthesameprinciplesofconservationbiodiversityandfriendlyproductivitypracticeswiththeenvironment.Thecurrentyounggeneration(under18yearsold)isalreadywithahighlevelofconsciousnessinconservationissuesandhaveasensealandbelonging.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?



Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:-toconservethenaturalecosystemofhighAndeanforests.-toprotectoakforestoftheAndesofthethreatenedspeciesQuercushumboltii.-toproducemilkwithfriendlyenvironmentstandards(thisreserveiscurrentlyrecognizedbythecattlegroupoffriendlymilkproduction).




Thenaturalreservehasaclearzonationareaswhereproductivityactivitiesaredefinedinspace,aswellastheconservationareas.Forestareasareneverdestructedforproductionuseandtheyexpandinmorethan60%oftheland.


Themeasurescovermostelementsofbiodiversityincludingecosystemsservicesrelatedtowaterproduction,itsregulationandconservation.


Managementeffectivenesshasnotbeenmeasured.Nevertheless,therestorationareahasincreasedinthelast10yearsin10newhectaresthatareincludenowintheconservationareaofthereserve.


Conservationbiodiversityisclearlyassessedbythefactthemorethan500plantspecieshavebeenrecordedintheareaaswellas100birdspecies.

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Someofthesespeciesareonlyfoundinhealthyforest.Thefactthatwaterisalwaysavailableevenduringdrierseasons,makeclearthatthewatercyclingandforestprocessesareundergoodconditions.


Conservationoutcomestakeprimacyincasesofconflictwithmilkproduction,whichhasneverbeenthecase.InColombia,civilsocietynaturalreserveshaveadoublefocus:biodiversityconservationandsustainableproduction.


Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.ThereisclearinterestedofthereserveownerstoprotecthighAndeanforest.Thisisobservedinthefactthatmorethan60%ofthereserveareaisunderconservationstatus.


Thisnaturalreserveappliestosteps1to3.Theareaisnotrecordedovertheenvironmentalauthority(inthiscaseNationalNaturalParksofColombia),becausetheownersdonotfeelcomfortablewiththisregistrationsystemthatmayimplylimitationsandthenottrulyrecognitionoftheirvolunteerconservationefforts.Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:developmentactivitieshavepriorityoverconservationefforts,inmanycases.


ThevolunteerandconsciousnesseffortsthroughnaturalreservesfromthecivilsocietyarerequiredtoberecognizedasOMECtomakevisibletheircontributiontoconservationbiodiversityandregionalplanning,aswellascontributetonationalconservationobjectives.

CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“AguaClaraandValleLindo”(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute


CivilSocietyNaturalReserve“AguaClaraandValleLindo”

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This natural reserve is located south of Armenia (capital of Quindiodepartment), insideaprotectedareacalled“RegionalDistrictof integratedManagement-DRMIParamosandHighAndeanForestofGenova".Between2.850 and3.900meters high, thenatural reserve is situated twohoursandahalfbycarfromArmeniafollowedbythreehourswalking.


TheownerofthenaturalreserveisanNGOcalledEcologicalFoundationLasMellizas. Apart from being located inside a DRMI, the natural reserve hasbeenrecognizedasanImportantBirdandBiodiversityArea(IBAs).In Colombia, paramo ecosystems are considered strategic ecosystems forwater provision and have specific law regulation for delimitation. TheNatural Reserve Agua Clara and Valle Lindo is within the protected anddelimited paramo of Chilí-Barragán that has an area of 80.708 ha. Thiswhole area, including the natural reserve, functions as an importantecosystem and socio-cultural connector that enhances the biologicalconnectivity of two national natural parks: Las Hermosas y Los Nevados.Cultural values are found in the natural reserve buffer area, associated tocoffeeplantations.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 395,4ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaandtheboundariesaredefinedthroughpublicdeedwhichincludes

threeproperties. Eachhas its ownpublic deed:Valle Lindowith 246,6 ha,AguasClaraswith70,5haandBuenaVistawith78,3ha.

3.GovernanceTypeWhat is the area’s governance type, as per the IUCN guidance: i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?

C.Privategovernance.civilsocietynaturalreserveThenaturalreserveis insidetheregionalprotectedarea(DRMI),thathasamanagement plan not yet implemented because the environmentalauthority (Corporación Autónoma Regional del Quindío) executive

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committeehasnotyetapproved it. In contrast, theNaturalReserveAguaClaraandValleLindohasitsownmanagementplanformulatedin2012.Itsmainobjective is thepreservationofnaturalecosystems:paramoandhighAndeanforest.


TheEcologicalFoundationLasMellizasisanenvironmentalNGO,focusedonpromoting the conservation of natural areas, especially high mountainecosystems located in the Quindio department. The NGO bought thepropertiesin2000.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThenaturalreserveisanassociateoftheColombianNetworkofCivilSocietyNatural Reserves (Resnatur), an association formerly recognized by theNationalNaturalParkofColombiaasanarticulationorganizationofprivatenaturalreservesatthenationallevel.TheNGOEcologicalFoundationLasMellizascontributedto thedeclarationoftheregionalprotectedarea,theDRMIParamosandHighAndeanForestofGenova.Theareaencompasses8.300ha.DuetothemanagementoftheNGO and in collaboration with other organization such as Resnatur, thecreationandestablishmentofnewcivil societynatural reserveshavebeenpromotedinGenovaandthroughoutthecoffeeareaknownasEjeCafetero.TheEcologicalFoundationLasMellizashasalsoinfluencedthecreationandstrengthened the local and regional systems of protected areas, inconjunctionwithdifferentpublicandprivateorganizations.

4.PermanenceIs there a legal or other instrument/decision that sets out the area’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)

Thelandwherethenaturalreserveis locatedisunderthefigureofprivateland.Itincludesthreepropertiesthathavebeenformallybought.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? In the statutes of creation of the Ecological Foundation Las Mellizas aredefinedthatiftheNGOisliquidated,thenaturalreservewillbepassedtoanNGOwithsimilarconservationobjectives. Itmaynotbesoldtochangethe

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conservationlanduse.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Themeasureisinplaceoveralongterminsituconservation.Is themeasure in place year roundor only part of the year? If the latter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?



Themainobjectivesoftheareaare:-toconservethenaturalecosystemofhighAndeanforestsandparamo.-Toincreasethebioticandabiotic,aswellasthesocio-culturalinformationofthenaturalreserve.-Tocreateanenvironmentalspacetoenjoynature.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oris there another way of describing the way this issue arises in the area’smanagement?


If there is an explicit/implicit biodiversity conservation objective, does ittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

The biodiversity conservation objective is the main goal defined for thenaturalreservemanagement.


The measures cover most elements of biodiversity. Five conservationobjectives have been defined for the civil society natural reserve: a palm(Ceroxylon parvifrons), two bird species (Hapalopsitaca fuertesii, andGrallariculalineifrons),andtwonaturalecosystems,highAndeanforestandparamo.Eachoneofthefiveconservationobjectiveshasitsownstrategiesandgoalsdefined.

Is management effectiveness measured? If so, how and what are theresults?

Management effectiveness has not been measured, but multitemporalanalyses has been run to detect changes in vegetal cover, showing thatnaturalvegetationhasexpandedoverthearea.

6.ConservationEffectivenessIs the area effectively conserving biodiversity and how is conservationeffectivenessmeasuredandmonitored?

Conservationbiodiversityinthenaturalreservehasbeenassessedthroughamultitemporalanalysisofvegetationcoverchangeinthearea.Inventoriesofbird species between 2012 and 2014 have detected changes in birdcomposition, and identified the increase of flora and fauna species in thenaturalreservearea.

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Irrespective of whether or not the area has conservation objectives, doconservationoutcomestakeprimacy incasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities?

Thereisnoconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities,because the area of the natural reserve is exclusively devoted toconservation.


Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea´sgovernanceandmanagement.ThereisclearinterestoftheNGOtoprotecthighAndeanforestandparamoecosystems. Environmental education on conservation issues has allowedengaging local people from the buffer area in civil society conservationprocesses.

7.AssessmentIn relation to the draft guidance (Section 3) and the draft screening tool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?

Thisnaturalreservedoesnotapplytosept1,becauseitislocatedinsidetheDRMI High Andean Forests and Paramos of Genova, a declared regionalprotected area. Nevertheless, the civil society natural reservewas alreadymanagedasaconservationarea13yearsago,whiletheDRMIwasdeclaredonly fouryearsago.TheDRMIhasaweakgovernance, sincemanagementhasnotformallyappliedandfinancialresourceshavenotyetbeenallocated.Thenaturalreserveappliestosteps2and3.Nonethelesseffectivenesshasnotbeendirectlymeasured.The area is not recorded by the environmental authority (in this caseNationalNaturalParksofColombia).Miningcouldbeapotentialthreat,becauseColombianlegislationisunclear:in many cases development activities have priority over conservationefforts.


DespiteAguaClaraandValleLindoNaturalReservebeinginsideadeclaredregional protected area, it is considered that the volunteer andconsciousnessraisingeffortsof theNGOshouldberecognizedasOMECtomake their contribution to conservationbiodiversity and regional planningvisible,asanexampleofeffectiveprivategovernance.

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WaterReciprocalAgreements,aCaseofPaymentsforEcosystemServices(Colombia)–HumboldtInstitute


WaterReciprocalAgreements–WRA:acaseofpaymentsforecosystemservices–PESTheproject’sareaofinfluenceislocatedbetweentheurbancenterofSanVicentedeChucurímunicipality,inSantanderProvinceandQuebradaLasCruceswatershed,NortheasternColombia.Withanestimatedextensionof5,737hectares,theWRAstrategyhasbeenchampionedbyFundaciónNaturaColombiasince2009inordertofindsolutionsandalternativesforthewaterqualityandregulationproblemsinthissmallwatershed.QuebradaLasCrucesoriginatesinthenorthernsectoroftheNationalNaturalParkSerraníadelosYariguíes(PNNSEYA)andiscompletelywithinthemunicipalitylimitsofSanVicentedeChucurí.Thiswatershedsupplieswaterfor14,000inhabitantsintheurbancenterandmanysmallruralaqueductsaswell.


TheWaterReciprocalAgreementsarecontractswhichlandownerssignwiththeWaterAdministrationCompany(inthiscaseAguasparaChucurí-APC);therearecurrently61signedAgreementswhichcoveratotalareaof1,194ha,with490,5haofforestsandgalleryforestsunderaconservationandrestorationmanagementstrategyand703,5haofcacao,coffeeandpasturesystemswhereGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)areapplied.FundaciónNaturaisathirdpartyintheseAgreementsactingasanoverseer.Aimedtoprotectthewatershedwhichmaintainsthewaterregulationbenefit,theseagreementsinvolvelandownersonthewatershedwhocompromisethemselveswiththeurbaninhabitants,themainwaterresourceusers.

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TheseAgreementsareaComplementaryStrategyforPESmechanisms.TheWRAaresignedinregionswithinthebufferzoneoftheSerraníadeLosYariguíesNationalNaturalPark,thenaturaldistributionzoneofthequailOdontophorusstrophium(Perdizsantandereana),theregion’smostrepresentativespecies,andmanyotherthreatenedspecies(DoneganyHuertas,2005).In2005,SerraníadelosYariguíeswasproposedasanImportantBirdArea(IBA)(Boyla&Estrada,2005)andasitefortheAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)(Rickettsetal.,2005).Theculturalandproductionpractices,theculturalviewsabouttheterritory,thewatershed,theforest,faunaandfloraresources,aswellasthewaterresourcewereidentifiedasconservationobjectives.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? TheseAgreementsinvolvepropertiesbetween1haand90ha,withan

averageextensionbetween2to7ha.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Boundariesaredefinedaccordingtothelegaldelimitationoftheproperties

involved,andeachofthemhaswelldefinedconservationandproductionzones.


Theareahasprivategovernancebecausethedecisionistakenbythelandowner.However,it’simportanttorememberthatAPCisapartyintheAgreementsandithasitsrightsanddutiestherein.


TheAgreementcontractissignedbythelandownerofthepropertyinquestionandanorganizationwhichisresponsibleformanagingthequalityanddistributionofwaterresourcescalledAPC.TheAgreementinvolvesotherorganizationsrepresentingcommoninterestsinurbanspacessuchasthecityhall,municipalcouncil,anOverseeingCommitteeandFundaciónNatura.TheOverseeingCommitteeincludesrepresentativesfromtheColombian

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NationalNaturalParksService,Ecoagrotours,NuestraSeñoradelaPazSchoolandAsogalaxia(toursandmarketingtasks).APCdirectsparticipativemonitoringactivitiesandinvolvesyoungpeoplemainlyfromruralareas.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Bymeetingobjectivesregardingconservation,financialsustainability,monitoringandfollow-up,socialoverseeing,behavioralchangesandinter-institutionalarticulation.


Yes,theWRAgreementplusaframeworkagreementbetweenAPC,theCityHallandFundaciónNatura.ThereisalsoanEnvironmentalServicesContractrepresentedinthewaterbillwhichpeople,inhabitingtheurbanarea,pay.Also,therearespecificagreementsforfundsandinternalregulationsfortheAgreementoperation.Alloftheabovementionedarelegalsupportinstruments.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? It’snotthatsimplebutithasbeenachievedbecausetheFrameworkAgreementpreventsthatpolicyandstaffchanges,withchanginginterests,disrupttheAgreements’continuity,whichderivesinagreatersustainabilityandstabilityforthetermsoftheAgreement.Thisisthemostimportantachievementinthisregard.SpecificAgreementsallowforprivateandpublicfundingandtheinternalregulationdefinedtherulesfortheAgreements.TheEnvironmentalServicesContractlegalizesthedonor’sgrant.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm:5years


Permanent


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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?

Topreservewaterregulatingforests,torestoreareassetforlandusechange,GoodAgriculturalPracticeshaveagroforestrysystemswithrichbiodiversityandwillnotwidentheagriculturalfrontier.SpecificconservationobjectivessuchastheOdontophorusstrophium(Gorgetedwood-quail)arealsoadded.


Yes,waterregulationandwildlifeandecosystemandagriculturalsystems.


Yes.IntheAgreements’termsisclearthatwideningtheagriculturalfrontierisprohibitedandthezoningmustberespected,whichareappendicesoftheAgreements.Ifthereisforestuse,thelandownermustreportit.


Yes,itiswideandit’smorefocusedontheecologicalfunctionofwaterregulation(quality)andwithanecosystemfocusinsteadofaspeciesfocus.


Yes,becauseeffectivenessinthefulfillmentofthetermsoftheAgreementismeasured,aswellasgovernance(bothassociatedpartiesaswellasotherspacessuchasOverseeingCommitteeandexternalevaluations)andtwoeconomicindicatorsareused:onemeasuringwhethertheeconomyofthefamilyhasimprovedandothermeasuringwhethertheAgreementhasimpactedtheproductionsystemsandhasinducedbehavioralchangesfourtimesinsevenyearsoftheAgreementoperation.Ecosystemmonitoring,waterqualityindicators,sedimentationandmicroorganismpresence,superficialdischarge,watervolumeenteringtheplant,forestecosystemconnectivity.


Yes,itisbeingperformedandismeasuredbythemonitoringdescribedintheprevioussegment.It’sbeingperformedin12pointsofthewatershed,naturalregenerationprocessesandrestorationinthepropertyandmonitoringplotsofland.

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Theforestquailisbeingmonitoredanditsforestuseisbeingobservedasanindicatorfortheecosystemquality.


No,therearebehavioralchangesinthepeopleanddirectbenefitsandthereisfearoflosingduetotheriskofchangingbehavior.It’sthewaytheyseetheirterritory:thewaterresourceanditsprotectionisparamount.


Yes,effectivenesshasbeenachievedthankstotheactivitiestakenplaceontheterritoryandontheimplementationoftheAgreement.


Yes,itisaOEMC.Itisn’tofficiallyincludedinRUNAP.Itsimpacthasbeenmeasured.Ithasatypeofgovernancetailoredtothelocalconditionsandinvolvesawiderangeofinstitutions.


“ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview


“ElMorron”RuralpropertyoftheMunicipalityofLaCelia,RisaraldaDepartment(Colombia)


Itisarealestateboughtfortheconservationofthewaterresourceinordertocomplywithanationallaw(Ley99de1993).Itisprohibitedtoperformanyproductiveactivityintheareaandthatisapermanentstatus.MostofitsextensioniscoveredbyanAndeansubmontaneforestandtherestiscoveredbyotheragriculturalactivities.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 30haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? ThemappedlimitsaredefinedwiththeMunicipalLand-useOutline

(Spanish:EsquemadeOrdenamientoTerritorial)ofLaCeliaandaccordingtoitsMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem.

3.GovernanceTypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e. GovernancedependsonthecityhallwithintheframeworkoftheMunicipal

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government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities? ProtectedAreaSystemsupportedbythelocalenvironmentalorganizations.Itisagovernmenttypegovernance.


Thecityhallbuystherealestatefortheconservationofwatersupplyingwatershedsforruralaqueducts,asaresultoftheimplementationofalawof1993thatmandatemunicipalitiestoinvest1%oftheirannualbudgetonlandacquisitionforwatershedconservation.Theestateismanagedbythecityhallwhichidentifiesactivitiestobeperformed,thataremainlyrepresentedinestablishingfencesforprotectionagainstencroaching.Thepropertyisnotalwayssupervised.Sometimesenvironmentalorganizationsperformactivitiesinthisarea;however,therearenoformalconservationoradministrationagreementsonsuchestates.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Conservationresultsarenotmeasured.


ThereisalegalbindingdocumentintheCityCouncil,whichcreatestheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystemandidentifiesthezonewheretheestateas“protectionsoil”(alegalconservationstatusgiventoazonewithinthemunicipalterritory).

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Theinstrumentcannotbeoverturnedbecauseitissupportedbyalaw.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Longterm.Therealstatecannotbesellbythemunicipality.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Thismeasureispermanent,allyearround

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Toconservethewaterspringswhichsupplyhumanconsumption.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?

Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective


Theestatemustremainintimeasaconservationspaceandshallnotbeusedforanyproductiveactivity.

Doesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaor Allelementsofbiodiversity.

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onlycertainspecies?Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?

Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured.


Nobiodiversitymonitoringactivitiesareperformed.Thereisnosupervisionofconservationactivitieseither.


Yes,conservationisthemainactivity,butnotfocusonbiodiversitybutonecosystemservices.


Theeffectivenessisduetothelegalstatusofthearea,butalsodependonthemanagementmadebythemunicipalityandtheresourcesinvestedtodoso.


TheareaisanOMEC


DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark,LocalProtectedArea(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview


DosQuebradas,NapolesSiteNaturalMunicipalPark–LocalProtectedArea,PalmiraMunicipality,ValledelCauca


Itisdescribedbythemunicipalityasanarearepresentingthemunicipalecosystems,expressedinlandscapes,biomes,ecosystemswithspecialscientific,esthetic,educationalandrecreationalvalue,whoseexistencemustbesustainedorwhosenaturalconditionsmustberestoredbyadedicatedregimeofdeclarationandmanagement.Theareainparticular

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containsmoistforestanditispropertyofthemunicipality.2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace

Whatsizeisthearea? 72,43haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? BoundariesaredefinedandmappedaccordingtothePalmiraLandUsePlan

andtheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem3.GovernanceType

Whatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?

GovernanceisexercisedbythePalmiracityhallaccordingtotheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem.Governancebythegovernment.


Thelocaladministrationallocatestheresourcesandraisesotherfundswiththedepartment’senvironmentalauthority(CVC)andwiththerestofstakeholdersfromtheDepartment’sProtectedAreaSystem(Spanish:SIDAPValledelCauca).

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Themunicipalityownsftheland,soitisprotectedfromthreatsthatcouldincludeencroachmentanddeforestation.


ThereisalegallybindingdocumentissuedbytheMunicipalCouncilwhichcreatestheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem,withinwhichthisareaisdeclaredasalocalprotectedarea.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Itcannotbeeasilyoverturnedbecausetheareaispublicpropertyofthemunicipality,boughtfortheconservationofwatersupplywatershedsforaqueducts(accordingtoLaw99of1993)andlaterdeclaredasamunicipalprotectedarea.


Themeasureispermanentallyearround.


Tomaintaintheneededlandcoversforwatersupplyregulationaswellastopreventandcontrolerosionandmassivesedimentation.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Or Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective

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isthereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Thepropertymustkeepitsstatusasaconservationspaceandcannotbeusedforanyproductivepurpose.


Allelementsorbiodiversity


Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured




Yes,conservationisaprioritybecausethecityhallislegallybound.


Itisduetothearea’slegalstatus.


TheareaisanOECM

Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks. TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea ZEPA:TraditionalFishingExclusiveZone.Chocócoast,ChocóDepartment.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

ZEPAoriginatedasaproposalbothfromagroupoflocalfishermenfromthenorthernpartofChoco’sPacificCoastandfromConsejoDelfines(Council).Theproposalwasalsosupportedbyregionalfishermenorganizations.Since2008,thisinitiativehasbeenaimedatavoidingconflictwithindustrial

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fisherieswhoseshipswerefishingtooclosetothecoastwhichwascausingnegativeimpactsinthezoneintermsofareducedfishingoutput.Foundedin1998,theFishermen´scouncilbringstogetherseveralorganizationsinthreelevels.Itisadecisionmakingfacilityintheterritory,whichisafisheriesdecisionco-responsibilityandcoordinationspace.Values:Speciesandecosystemconservation,improvementofthetraditionalfishermenlivingconditions,CaboMarzorockyshoreecosystems,villagebeachesandmangrovezones,seabeads(e.g.ichthyoplankton’simportance,etc.)andcetaceans’migrationzones.ZEPAwascreatedin2005withanareaof2.5nauticalmileswheretourism,spearfishingandtraditionalfishingtakeplace,whichareactivitiesimprovingthequalityoflifeifresponsiblefishingcriteriaareapplied.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Delimitationisprecise:fromthePanamaborderinPuntaArdita(northern

limit)untilthenorthernlimitoftheUtríaNationalNaturalPark(NNP)and2.5nauticalmilesoffthecoastline.Thissumsatotalof250.000ha.

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheZEPA’sboundariesareclearlydefined.ZEPAispartofamosaicofseveralotherconservationareas,suchasaFishingManagementExclusiveZone,UtríaNNPandtheTribugayCaboCorrientesRegionalIntegratedManagementDistrict(alegallyrecognizedregionalprotectedareacategory).


Isamixedtypegovernance.


ThemixedgovernanceofZEPAdependsontheAUNAP(NationalAquacultureandFishingAuthority)whichisthefishinggoverningbodyinColombia.Thereisalsoacoordinatingcommitteechairedbythefishermen´scouncil,whichrepresentsallsectors,especiallytraditionalfisheries.ZEPAincludesaplanforajointmanagementagreementwithsharedactivities.

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Otherorganizationsinvolvedare:Fedepesca(representingtheChocoanfishingsectorincludingtheindustrialfisheries).Meetingsareregularlyscheduledwhereseveraltopicsareaddressed:e.g.proposalsforsurveillanceandcontrol,monitoring,etc.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theinstitutionaljurisdictionscontributetothegovernance.Forinstance,AUNAPispartiallyresponsibleforsurveillanceandcontrol,Codechocó:partiallyresponsibleforsurveillanceandcontrolanditisinchargeoftheenvironmentalcomponentofthezone,fishermenmonitorfishingresourcesandthereissocialoversightregardingbigopportunisticfisheries,whichareusingprohibitednets.


Yes,itisrecognizedbyaResolutionissuedbyAUNAPItissupportedby:thearea’smanagementplan,thefishingplanningschemeandtheGICPAAssembly.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Ithasbeensustainedandbenefitshavebeenmeasured.However,therearestillsurveillanceandcontrolproblems,duemainlytotheinstitutionalweaknessofAUNAPandCodechocó.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termandfortheentireregion.


ItisallyearroundandisstricterthantheRegionalIntegratedManagementDistrict(SpanishDRMI)becauseitisfocusedontraditionalfishing.Thissituationmakesitmorevulnerablebecausefishermenexertsignificantpressurestoaccessthefishingresource.


Toreplacehigh-impactfishinggearsfortherestorationoffishpopulationspecies,suchastheYellowfintuna(Thunnusalbacares),theGreenjack(Cranaxcaballus),theBigeyetrevally(Caranxsexfasciatus),theYellowsnapper(Lutjanusargentiventris),thePacificdogsnapper(Lutjanusnovemfasciatus),theBluestripedchub(Sectatorocyurus),theAlmacojack

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(Seriolarivoliana),theSpottailgrunt(Haemulonmaculicauda),theRockhind(Epinephelussp.)andPacificbeardedbortula(Brotulaclarkae).Toimprovethetraditionalfishermenlivingconditions.


Yes,itisexplicitbecausetheextinctionthreatforlocalspecieswasclear.Nowadays,itspositiveeffecthasbeenmeasuredinthefishpopulations.


Yes,itisapriorityoverotherconflictsandopportunities.


Measuresshowarecoveryinfishpopulations.Therearenomeasuresregardingecosystemrecoverybutitispartoftheobjective.


Yes,therearemeasuresfocusedmainlyonfishsizesandpresence/absenceofgroupersspecies.Socialandeconomicindicatorshaveimprovedinthezone.Thereisvisibleimprovementonthequalityofthefishingoutputandonthequalityoflifeofthepeople.However,thereareproblemswiththedistributionofbenefitsamongfishermenbecausenotallofthemarepartoftheguildnorparticipateontheestablishedproductivechain,whichmanagesqualityandpricecontrolissues.


Thereinfishingandfishingartsmonitoring.Itisperformeddirectlybythefishermenandbyaccompanyingnon-governmentalorganizations.


Yes,thecoordinatingcommitteerepresentstheinterestsfromthefishermencommunitiesandtheconservationobjectivehasprevailedoveroccupationattemptsfromindustrialfishingvessels.Thereisconstantpressurebutthemanagementmeasuresaremaintained,suchasthelowerimpactfishinggears(handlineandtypesofhooks).


Thegovernancemodelisintheprocessofbeingsettled.Significantthreatstothemanagementandgovernancemodelhavebeenovercome,suchas

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complexprocesseslikethepressureexertedbyindustrialshrimpingandfisheries.WithintheChocoanmarineconservationportfolio,ZEPAservesaprotectionfunctionandithasmetitsintendedobjectives.NothingelsehasbeendeclaredinthisplaceandthereareexpectationsfortheZEPAtocontinuestrengthening.


ItisanOECM.ZEPAisapioneerinitiativebecauseistotallycommunitybasedandhasoriginatedfrommanyyearsofcommunitywork,whereAUNAPandCodechocoareinvolvedinasocialinitiative.ThisisaOECMwithstrongeruserestrictionsthanothersurroundingprotectedareas,whichmakesitveryspecialaswell.


AUNAPneedsmoreresourcesforsurveillanceandcontrolactivities.Theshrimpingindustriesshouldcontributeaninstallmentforthemanagementofthesezones.ThefishingtechniquesshouldbeexpandedtomorepelagicspeciesintheFishingExclusiveZone.Thefinancialsustainabilityshouldalsobeconsidered.

CerroSancancio,CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment(Colombia)-HumboldtInstitute1.Overview

Nameandlocationofthearea CerroSancancio(CityofManizales,CaldasDepartment)Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

CerroSancancioisahillwithanaltitudebetween1,910and2,220MAMSL,locatedwithinpremontanewetforestandlowermontanewetforestlifezones.ItwasdeclaredasagreenareaofpublicinterestbyMunicipalAgreementNo.107of1995.Later,itwasalsodeclaredbytheregionalenvironmentalauthority(Corpocaldas)asa“municipalzoneforculturalandecologicalpreservation”byResolution471of2009.Thezoneincludesseveralforestsandtheirfaunaandfloraspecieshavebeenidentified.Cerro

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SancancioisoneofManizales’landmarkhillsandisatriskforlandslidesduetodeforestationandgrazing.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 74,22haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? BoundariesaredefinedandmappedaccordingtotheManizalesLandUse

Plan3.GovernanceType


GovernanceisexercisedandsharedbyManizalesEnvironmentDepartmentandtheCerroSancancio’slandownersinaccordancetotheMunicipalProtectedAreaSystem(Spanish“SIMAPManizales”).


ThereisanenvironmentalmanagementplandefinedbytheManizalesEnvironmentDepartmentandactivitiesarecoordinatedwithlandowners.Inaddition,thereisanagreementoftheMunicipalCouncilbywhichlandownersareexemptedofpropertytaxes.Therearealsolanduseagreementswiththelandownerstoconservesteeplyslopedareaswhereforestryisthemainlanduse.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Throughconservationagreementswiththeprivatelandowners4.Permanence

Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)

Thereisalegallybindingdocumentfromtheregionalenvironmentalauthority(Corpocaldas)whichdefinestheareaaspartoftheManizalesMunicipalMainEcologicalStructure(SpanishEEP)anditisdeclaredasanareaforthepreservationanddefenseoftheecologicalheritage.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Itcanbeeasilyoverturnedbecauseitdependsontheregionalpoliticalwill.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term MediumIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Themeasureispermanentallyearround.


TheareaispartoftheManizalesMunicipalMainEcologicalStructure(SpanishEEP)anditisdeclaredasanareaforthepreservationanddefenseoftheecologicalheritage.

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Biodiversityconservationisanexplicitmanagementobjective


Althoughbiodiversityconservationisthemainobjectiveofthearea,therearepressurefactorsgeneratingconflictswiththisobjectivesuchasdeforestation,livestockfarmingandurbanization.


Theareacoverallelementsofbiodiversity.


Managementeffectivenessisnotmeasured




ConservationisindeedaprioritythankstothestrongcommitmentofthecityhallandtheregionalenvironmentalauthorityCorpocaldas


Itisduetothegovernanceandmanagementofthezone.


TheareaisanOMEC


ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelRíoPastaza(Peru)-MarinaRosales1.Overview

Nameandlocationofthearea ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelríoPastazaBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

ComplejodehumedalesdelAbanicodelríoPastaza.05/06/02;Loreto;3,827,329ha;04°00'S075°25'W.Anenormousalluvialfancomposedof

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volcanicsedimentsbroughtdownfromtheAndesofEcuadoranddepositedalongtheriverPastazaandassociatedstreamsandsecondaryriversleadingtotheriverMarañon.Thesitecontainsanextraordinarydiversityofbothpermanentandseasonalwetlandtypes,withabundantlakesandremnantislands.Some9speciesoffaunafromCITESAppendixIaresupported,aswellas70fromAppendixII,and17speciesfoundinIUCN'sRedListarepresent.PartsofthesiteneartheriverUrituyacuareparticularlyimportantforthepalmsPhytelephastenuicaulisandAphandranatalia,andthePastazasupportsalargepopulationofthepalmElaeisoleifera,seenonlyafewplaceselsewhereinPeru.Nearly300speciesoffishhavebeenrecorded.Humanoccupation,largelyrestrictedtothebanksoftheprincipalrivers,isalow-densitymixofindigenousandsettlercommunitieswhocultivatebanana,cassava,andmaize.StudiesoftheareabyWWFPerúandtheCentrodeDatosparalaConservaciónoftheUniversidadNacionalAgrariaLaMolinafacilitatedthepreparationofthesite'sdesignation.Ramsarsiteno.1174.TheAbanicodelPastazainLoretoisthelargestRamsarsite(wetlandofinternationalimportance)inthePeruvianAmazon.Itishometoabout300fishspeciesandfoodsourcefordozensofAchuar,Kandozi,Quechua,CocamaCocamillaandUrarinaindigenouscommunities.Over300indigenouscommunitieswerelivingthere.ReasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM:

• Itisageographicallydefinedspace,notrecognizedasaprotectedarea.Itwasdeterminedthatthebiologicaluniquenessoftheareadidnotjustifyanaturalprotectedareaatthenationallevel.However,ithasalsobeenrecognizedbythePeruviangovernmentasaprioritysiteforbiodiversityconservation.

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• Itsisgovernedandmanagedoverthelong-terminwaysthatdelivertheeffectiveandenduringin-situconservationofbiodiversity,withassociatedecosystemservicesandculturalandspiritualvaluessinceitisaRamsarSite.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ThePastazaRiverWetlandComplex(alsoknownasAbanicodelPastaza)is

locatedinLoretoandcoversover3.8millionhectaresoffloodedforests,riversandlakesat100-200metersabovesealevel.

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? In2002,theAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportanceespeciallyasWaterfowlHabitat,duetothevarietyandimportanceoflocalwetlandsfortheconservationofvariousspecies.Definedbygeographicalriversboundaries.


Governed,indigenouspeoplesandNGO–WWF.


WWFhasworkedcloselywiththelocalpopulationasawhole,especiallywiththeAchuar,QuechuaandKandozipeoples,promotingthepropermanagementoftheirresourcesinclosecollaborationwithvariouscivilsocietyorganizations,andlocal,regionalandnationalauthorities.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? TheAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportance.WWFworkedonlocalcapacitybuilding.ThecommunitiesareregularlymonitoringthewaterqualityoftheCorrientesRiverthemselvesandtherebyassertingtheirrightstoahealthyandproductiveenvironment.Itisdevelopedthefollowingactions:

• ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,ina

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sustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.

• Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.

• Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.


TheAbanicodelPastazawasdeclaredbytheRamsarConventionasaWetlandofInternationalImportance.Todriveabetterlandmanagement,WWFfosteredthecreationandstrengtheningofspacesforbothconsultationandcoordination.Thesespacesfacilitatedcommunicationamongkeystakeholdersthroughoutthebasin,bothinPeruandEcuador,withsupportfromFundaciónNaturaandFundaciónPachamama,andpromptedthecreationofthePastazaRiverBasinCommitteeinPeru,in2005.ThecommitteewasledbyCORPISLandconsistedofindigenousfederationsfromtheKandozi,QuechuaandAchuarpeoplesinthePastaza-Tigreareaandtheircommunities.Thecommittee’smainpurposewastocontrolandmonitorthevariousactivitiestakingplaceinthearea,inordertodetectearlyonthosethatcouldjeopardizethenaturalresourcesintheRamsarsite.Inthiscontext,thecommitteecontributedtothedebateforthepropositionofanewWaterLawandthe

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regionalordinanceregardinghydrocarbonactivitiesinindigenousterritories.Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? WWF,togetherwiththePeruvianAmazonResearchInstitute(IIAP),the

ConservationDataCenteroftheUniversidadNacionalAgrariaLaMolina(CDC-UNALM)andtheNaturalHistoryMuseumoftheNationalUniversityofSanMarcos(MHN-UNMSM),focuseditseffortsondevelopingthetechnicalassessmentsthatshowedthehighbiologicalandsocio-culturalvalueoftheAbanicodelPastaza.Inthisway,theoriginalmechanismproposedtoguaranteetheconservationoftheareawastheestablishmentofanaturalprotectedarea.However,afterconsultingwithlocalcommunities,itoptedforafigurethatwouldnotlimittheterritorialaspirationsofthepeopleandthatwouldsomehowconferprotectiontotheplace.Therefore,thewholeAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplex,coveringanareaof3.8millionhectares,wasdeclaredaRamsarsiteonJune5,2002.


ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,inasustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.•Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.•Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.

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AbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplex,coveringanareaof3.8millionhectares,wasdeclaredaRamsarsiteonJune5,2002.ItthusbecametheonlyoneinPeruthatdoesnotcorrespondtoanaturalprotectedarea,whichhighlightstheimportanceofthisdesignation,sinceitimpliedthatthePeruviangovernmenthadcommittedto:•Ensurethemaintenanceofitsecologicalcharacteristics•Promotearationaluse•Conductenvironmentalimpactassessmentsbeforemakingchangesinthearea•Promotetrainingfortheresearch,managementandrationaluseofwetlandsConservethefollowingecosystems(7ofthe20wetlandtypesdescribedbytheRamsarConvention):1.Permanentfreshwatermarshes/pools2.Freshwater,tree-dominatedwetlands3.Shrub-dominatedwetlands4.Seasonal/intermittentfreshwatermarshes/poolsoninorganicsoils5.Permanentrivers/streams/creeks6.Seasonal/intermittentfreshwaterlakes7.PermanentfreshwaterlakesLargecommunitiesofvaluabletimberspeciessuchascedarandceibatrees,45palmtreespecies,andover800treeandshrubspecies.Additionally,thewidevarietyoffreshwaterecosystemsishabitatforspeciessuchasthepinkriverdolphin(Iniageoffrensis)andtheAmazonianmanatee(Trichechusinunguis).

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’s

Itisexplicitmanagementobjective

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management?Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes,ittakesprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict.


Yes,itdoes.


ACHIEVEMENT:WetlandProtection• ConservationanddesignationoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexasthelargestRAMSARsiteinthePeruvianAmazon

•EstablishmentofthePastazaRiverBasinCommittee,comprisingrepresentativesoftheKandozi,QuechuaandAchuarpeoples•Localenvironmentalagendaandparticipationofindigenousorganizationsinthecorrespondingdecisionmakingprocess•StartofEcological-EconomicZoning(EEZ)inthePastazabasinandtheDatemprovince,withparticipatoryandinterculturalapproachACHIEVEMENT:WetlandRestoration• Fisheriesmanagement•Decadesofmistrustbetweenindigenouscommunitiesandfisheriesauthoritiesreversedasaresultofbetterculturalunderstanding•Nearly200artisanalfishermenformalizedandrecognized•Implementationof2fisheriesmanagementplans,2007-2011and2011-2015•2fisheriessurveillancegroupsrecognizedbythegovernmentandempoweredtorepresenttheminfisheriescontrolandsurveillance•Reductioninfishspawncommercialization(illegalfishingindicator)from7544kgin2005tolessthan1895kgin2011•Stablecapturesizesfor5ofthe8speciesofcommercialimportance•Conservationpolicymeasuresinlinewiththelocalrealityandbasedonscience:1)Identificationandestablishmentofpotentialspawningareas;2)

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fishingbanduringreproductiveseason;and3)capturesizedefinitionfortheboquichico(Prochilodusnigricans)ACHIEVEMENT:Managementofthetaricaya•Over40,000turtlesreleasedintotheirnaturalhabitatbetween2004and2011•Firsttaricayamanagementplanapprovedoutsideanaturalprotectedarea•Incomeincreasebyuptofourtimesfromthesaleofmanagedturtles•Increasedhatchingsuccessundermanagementpractices,from42%in2004to82%in2011•Increasesinabundanceindices:from8taricayafemales/kmin2010to18females/kmin2011•ReplicationofmanagementexperiencebyQuechuaandAchuarcommunitiesinthePastazabasinACHIEVEMENT:Socialandenvironmentalcommitments•ThepresenceofheavymetalsinthewaterandinthebloodoflocalresidentsoftheCorrientesRiverbasinwasprovenforthefirsttime.•AcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystemwithFEDIQUEPandFECONACO,whichidentifiesliabilitiesandoilspills,wasimplemented.•IndigenousfederationsintheareapresentedtheircasetotheCongressoftheRepublicofPeruforthefirsttime.•Thecompanyinvolvedadmittedtheimpactsofoilactivitiesandcommittedtoreinject100%ofitswastewaterintoundergroundformations.


ProtectionoftheAbanicodelPastazawetlandcomplexthroughthedesignationofaconservationmechanism,andthepromotionofanintegratedmanagementofthebasinwithkeystakeholders’involvement.•Communitymanagementofnaturalresources,inasustainableandparticipatoryway,withemphasisonfisheriesandriverturtlesmanagement,

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forthebenefitofindigenouscommunitiesand,atthesametime,toensuretheconservationofcriticalhabitatsforimportantspecies.•Advocacyforbestpracticesinoilextractionactivities,bygeneratingtechnicalinformationabouttheeffectsofpollutionandthemeasuresinplacetoreduceitsimpacts,favoringtheorganizationalstrengtheningoftheAchuar(Corrientes)andQuechua(Pastaza)peoples,promotingmechanismsofdialogueandnegotiationamongallstakeholders,andimplementingcommunityenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.•Organizationalstrengtheningtoaddresshealthissues,withemphasisontheproblemofhepatitisthataffectsthepeopleandtheirrelationshipwithnaturalresources.


Conservationobjectivestakeprimacyincasesofconflictamongobjectives,managementapproachesoractivities.


Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.ItisimportantrecognizethestrongworkdevelopedbyWWF.ThisNGOhasbeenleadingconservationandsustainablemanagementactivitiesthere.


ItisanOECM.


Source:Germaná,C.,Lozano,L.,Montoya,M.,Nielsen,K.,Soto,A.,Tumi,A.,Valqui,M.,Moya,L.andH.Flores.2013.10+yearsintheAmanicodelPastaza.Nature,culturesandchallengesinthenorthPeruvianAmazon.WWWF.Lima.Peru.Luglio,Ch,Nielsen,KandPérez,D.(Eds).Retrievedfromhttp://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/pastaza_en_1.pdfRamsar.2002.FichainformativadelosHumedalesdeRamsar.ComplejodeHumedalesdelAbanicodelPastaza.Retrievedfromhttps://es.scribd.com/document/65961770/RAMSAR-Complejo-de-humedales-del-Abanico-del-rio-Pastaza

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“ElBreo”ConservationConcession(Peru)-JeffPradel

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea Conservationconcession“ElBreo”,locatedinRegionSanMartin,Peru.Briefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

ThisconcessioncoverstheYungasEcoregion,alsoknownasSelvaAlta,locatedbetween800and3800masl.Itischaracterizedbyitshumidorsubhumidsteepslopesforests,withdensetosemi-densevegetation,treeswhoseaverageheightvariesbetween9and25m.ThisconcessionhasbeenincludedintooneofthepriorityhotspotsfortheTropicalAndes.ItispartoftheconservationcorridorofAbiseo-Cóndor-Kutukú,andislocatedwithinoneofthe9conservationpriorityareasofthePeruvianYungas.Afeaturethatstandsoutisthepresenceofendemicmammals,amphibiansandbirdsofthemontaneforest.Itispartofanimportantsectorconsideredofhighpriorityforconservation,intheterritorialplanningproposalsofSanMartíndepartment.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 113thousandhectares.Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theareaisaforestanditsboundarieshavenbeenclearlystatedinthe

settlementresolution.ThecriteriaappliedinthisdelimitationweretheverylimitsoftheHuayabambariverbasinanditsmaintributaries.


Privategovernance.


Thegovernmentgrantstheconcessiontoaperson,companyorNGO,foraperiodof40years.

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Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Theconcessionaireisresponsibleforimplementingbiodiversityconservationprojects,inaccordancewiththeconcessionscope.


Resolutionissuedbytheadministrativeauthority(DirectorialResolutionNo.034-2010-DRASAM-DRNYAAA)andthesigningofaconcessionagreement.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Forcontract-breachingbehavior,orexpirationoftheconcession(40years).Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term 40years,renewable.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?


Theprimaryobjectiveistheconservationof‘biologicaldiversity’.


Itisanexplicitprimaryobjective.


Yes.


Allbiodiversityelementsinthearea.


Yes,itisunderevaluationbytheForestMonitoringAgencyinPeru,whichhasnotissuedanyreportsonsignificantdeforestation.


Ithasnotbeenreportedanysignificantdeforestationinthearea.


Yes.

Isthecurrenteffectivenessduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement, Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement.

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orduetothefactthatdamagingactivitieshavenotyettakenplace?7.Assessment


Ibelievethat,withtheexceptionofthecriterionof"longterm",whichshouldbesethigher(40years),itdoesmeetallthecriteriaoftheGuide.

Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks. Nofurthercomments.

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3.

EUROPE

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ScapaFlow(UK)-DanLaffoleyOverview


ScapaFlowhasalonghistoryasasafeharbourintheNorthofScotlandwitheasyaccesstoboththeNorthSeaandtheAtlanticOcean.IthasbeenthebaseforthealliedNorthAtlanticFleetintwoWorldWars.ItisalsoanimportantcommercialharbourtothisdaywithanoilterminalonFlottaoneoftheislandsinScapaFlow.Itisalsoanimportantfishingareaespeciallyforcrabsandlobstersusedbylocalinshorefishermen.PerhapsitsmostrecentclaimtofameisasanimportantscubadivelocationforthosewhowishtoexplorethewrecksoftheFirstWorldWarGermanfleetthatwascapturedandheldinScapaFlowbeforetheywereallscuttledbytheircrews.Thishasprovidedlocalfishermenwithadditionalincomeandhelpedthemdiversifyintoprovidingdivingtrips.AtthesametimethesewrecksandotherhistoricalwreckssuchastheRoyalOaktheflagshipoftheNorthAtlanticFleetwhichwassunkbyaGermansubmarineandisnowawargraveprovideprotectionfrommobilegearandassuchenhancethenaturalbenthicbiodiversity.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? ScapaFlowcoversanareaof324.5sq.kmandcontainsintheorderof1

billioncubicmetresofwaterHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Scapaflowisanaturalharbourwithanentranceonthewestbetweenthe

islandsonMainlandOrkneyandHoyandinthesouth-eastHoxaSound,thatliesbetweentheislandsofSouthRonaldsayandHoy.Therewereupuntil1943fourothernarrowentrancesintoScapaFlowonitseasternboundarybutthesewereblockedwiththebuildingoftheChurchillBarriersthatweredesignedtopreventfurtherU-boatattacks.Thesebarriersremain.


TheareaisunderthejurisdictionoftheOrkneyIslandsHarbourAuthority.

Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognize Theimportanceoftheprotectionofthenaturalandhistoricalheritageof

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andsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure? ScapaFlowisrecognizedbyOIHAandtherearevariousmeasuresinplacetoenhanceitsprotectionandgoodmanagementsuchasanon-tivesmonitoringprogramme,anannualmonitoringprogrammeofselectedsites,goodpracticeguidelinestomanagethedivingtourismindustry,etc.


OrkneyIslandsCouncilHarbourAuthorityisthestatutorybodywhooverseetheoperationsinScapeFlowandtherearevariousdirectionsandbyelawsinplacetomanagethevariousactivities.E.g.• TheOrkneyPilotageDirection(2.6Mb)• GeneralByeLaws(160k)• OrkneyHarbourAreas(Vehicles)Byelaws(134k)• TheOrkneyHarbours[Petroleum]Byelaws(157k)TheOrkneyHarbours[LiquefiedGases]Byelaws(251k)

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thesearestatutorymeasuresthatcannotbeeasilyoverturned.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Year-round

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Themainobjectivesarethesafemanagementoftheharbourareawhilstat

thesametimeconservingthenaturalandculturalheritageIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Itisimplicit.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

AreasofScapaFlowandthesurroundinglandaredesignatedforthenaturalandculturalheritage,e.g.historicwrecksites,SpecialareasofConservationandSpecialprotectionAreasaswellasadjacentlocalandnationalnaturereservesonland


Thedifferentdesignationscoverarangeofdifferentspecies.


Thequalityofthenaturalenvironmentandissuessuchasintroductionofnon-nativespeciesfromballastandshiphullfoulingaremonitoredonaregularbasisthroughvariousmonitoringschemesthatareundertakenat

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regularintervals.Thereisalsomonitoringfortoxicalgalbloomstoinformtheshellfishfisherywiththepowersinplacetoclosesuchfisheriesiftoxicbloomsoccur.


WiththeareasaroundthevarioushistoricwreckseffectivelyclosedtoalltypesofmobilegeartherehasbydefaultbeenahighdegreeofprotectionaffordedtopartsofthebenthicecosystemwithinScapaFlowandthereisevidenceintheseareasofthrivingmaerlbeds,flameshellbeds,horsemusselreefsandevenfanshellswhichareveryrareelsewhereinScotland


Thesituationandtheconditionoftheseabedhabitatisentirelyduetothefactthatthedesignationthatareinplacehaveprovidedthenecessaryprotectionforaroundthelast100years.

PartofHopeQuarry,PeakDistrictNationalPark,Derbyshire(England)-NigelDudley


ThelimestonequarryandcementworksexistwithinthePeakDistrictNationalparkandwasestablishedbeforethePAwassetup.Aroundhalftheareaisaquarryandworks,andclearlynotofconservationvalue(althoughperegrinesnesthappilyveryclosetowherestoneisstillbeingblasted).Aroundhalfthequarryisnolongerworkedandismanagedasanaturereserve,withhighcliffs,importantcalcicoleplantspeciesandreturningwoodland.Extensiverestorationhastakenplace.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace

Whatsizeisthearea? ThereservecoversafewhectaresHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? ThewholesiteisownedbyLafargeCompany,nowmergedwithHolcim,

purchasedfromtheoriginalUKowner.3.GovernanceType

Descriptionofthearea’sgovernancearrangementse.g.private,indigenous Privatelymanagedwithinthenationalpark

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etc.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?

Thecementworksoccupiesanambiguousposition–animportantemployerbutalsoasourceofnoise,dustandheavylorries.ThenationalparkauthoritiesalmostcertainlywishitwasnotwithinthePAborders.Thenatureconservationaspectisknownandrespected.


Theareaismanagedbythecompany.Lafargehasexpressedformalcommitmenttorestorationandconservationwithinitssites,hasamonitoringsystemandhasinvestedtimeandmoneyintoconservation.Themanageris,inprivatelife,anactiveraptorconservationvolunteer.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Thecompanycanchangeitspolicieswheneveritlikes,althoughwouldsuffernegativepublicity.Theareasetasideasareserveisnotinanyparticulardanger;itisworkedoutandeffectivelywasteland,unlikelytobeusedforotherpurposesbutwithsignificantconservationvalue.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm;thereservehasbeenmanagedforconservationalreadyformanyyears.


Yearround

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TomaintaincliffhabitatandcalcicoleplantcommunitiesIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Yes


Itisasmallarea,importantforbirds,plantsandsomeinsectspecies.


Notformally;itisprobablysubjecttobirdmonitoringbyvolunteergroups


Itiseffectivelyconservingbiodiversitywithinthelimitsoutlinedabove

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Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothecompany’sdecisiontorestoretheareaandmanageasanaturereserve.SeveralotherformerquarrysiteswithinthenationalparkareownedandmanagedbyTheDerbyshireWildlifeTrust

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4.

AFRICA

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HuntingZonesinNorthCameroon(Cameroon)-PaulScholte1.Overview


HuntingzonesinNorthRegionCameroonNotethatinSouth-EastCameroon,huntingzonesoverlapwithproductionforests,reasonwedonotincludethemhere.


2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 26Huntingzones(2.384.714ha)

7Communityhuntingzones(283.723ha)ThistotaIs5.6%ofthenationalterritory

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Boundariesaremappedandgenerallyfollownaturallimits3.GovernanceType


Government


Governmenthasleasedtheareatoprivateenterprises(huntingzones)ortocommunities(representedbylocalgovernment)(communityhuntingzones),manyofwhichhavebeenleasedtoprivateenterprises.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Eachprivateenterpriseshouldproduceanannualreportofitsactivitiesfollowingtheoutlineofitsmanagementplan(tobeupdatedevery5years).Oneshouldnotehoweverthatthisisnotalwaysenforced


YeshuntingzonesarepaInCameronbothnationalparksandhuntingzonesarepartsofthe‘permanentforestestate’,highlightingthepermanentlandusecharacterofwildlife.Whereasnationalparksarerelativelyclearlydefined,huntingzonesarenotunequivocallydefinedwithrespecttolandusesuchaspastoralismandpermanentsettlements.Onemayassume,howeverthatlandusesarelimitedtotheonesthatdojeopardizethepermanentcharacterofthe

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‘wildlifeestate’.Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Verydifficult,needsdecisionatprimeministerlevelOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Long-termIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Year-round

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? HuntingisregulatedthroughIsbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective?Oristhereanotherwayofdescribingthewaythisissuearisesinthearea’smanagement?

Iwouldsayimplicit,althoughonecanalsoreasonthatthereisaclear(hunting)interestinhavingbiodiversityconservation(limitedtothelargemammals)



Targetingthemain(hunted)mammals.Onshouldaddhoweverthatseveralofthese(elephant,hippo,lion)arealsokeyspeciesthat


Formallyitis,asthereshould(every5years)awildlifeinventory,thatishoweverconductedinonlyanumberofhuntingzones


Mosthuntingzones(underactivemanagement)are(seepublicationsbelow)Awildlifeinventoryismandatoryevery5years


Strictlyspeaking,huntingobjectiveswillprevail(butmostlyconcurwithconservationobjectives)


Duetogovernanceandmanagement,althoughtheremotenessofmosthuntingzonesalsocontributestotheireffectiveness


YesIdo,Resultsofthisstudyhighlighttheimportanceofyear-roundpresenceofconservationagentsforthesurvivalofhippopotamusandlikelyotherlargemammalsaswell.Increasingnumbersofparkguards,anddeployingthem

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effectivelyinthefieldshouldthereforebeapriority.Theeffectivenessofparkguardsisintrinsicallylinkedtothestateofroadinfrastructures.Itwillbeessentialtokeepthehuntingzones2and3operationalandtore-establishsporthuntinginzone9,toreinforcepatrolling.Thisisincontradictionwiththecurrentdecliningimportanceofsporthunting(UICN,2009),showingtheneedtodevelopnewperspectivesforsustainableuseofthehuntingzones.


Referencesandabstracts/conclusions:

Lescuyer,G.,J.N.Poufoun,L.Defo,D.BastinandP.Scholte2016.DoestrophyhuntingremainaprofitablebusinessmodelforconservingbiodiversityinCameroon?Int.ForestryReview18(S1):108-118http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/ALescuyer1602.pdfSUMMARY:InCentralAfrica,trophyhuntingconstitutesanincentive-basedapproachforsustainablewildlifemanagement.Wecollecteddatafromthewildlifeadministration,safarihuntingenterprisesandlocalwildlifemanagementcommittees,toprovideanorderofmagnitudeofthefinancialperformanceofthissectorinCameroon.In2012,trophyhuntingwaslikelytogenerateanannualturnoverof€7.5millionanditsaddedvaluecouldamounttoonly0.0001%ofGDPalthoughthesehuntingzonescover12%ofthenationalterritory.Theprofitmarginforprofessionalguideshadbecomenegative,withanetannualprofitaround€–0.5million.Theseverecrisisinthetrophyhuntingsectorismainlyduetoanincreaseinthemanagementcostsofthehuntingzonesandthediminishingpriceofhuntingsafaris.TheStateplaysacrucialroleinenhancingthefinancialattractivenessoftrophyhuntingbytherestorationofsecurityintheNorthernregionandbytechnicalmeasuresto(1)clarifytheallocationprocessforhuntingareas,(2)simplifyregulationsand(3)establishanincentivessystemforlaw

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enforcementatnationalandlocallevels.

HiolHiol,F,A.Larzilliere,F.PallaetP.Scholte2015.RépubliqueduCameroun.Pp.41-66In:DoumengeC.,PallaF.,ScholteP.,HiolHiolF.&LarzilliereA.(Eds.),2015.Airesprotégéesd’Afriquecentrale–Etat2015.OFAC,Kinshasa,RDCetYaoundé,Cameroun:256p.http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/edAP2015.php

Scholte,P.andE.Iyah2016.DecliningpopulationoftheVulnerablecommonhippopotamusHippopotamusamphibiusinBénouéNationalPark,Cameroon(1976–2013):theimportanceofconservationpresence.Oryx50:506–513.

Scholte,P.,F.NguimkengandE.Iyah2017.GoodNewsfromNorth-CentralAfrica:LargestPopulationofVulnerableCommonHippopotamus(Hippopotamusamphibius)isstable.Oryx51:218-221.North-CentralAfrica,i.e.Cameroon,CAR,Chad,usedtoholdimportantpopulationsoflargemammals,includinghippopotamus.Theirstatusandtrendsremainpoorlyknown,leadingtosuspensionofhippopotamustrophyexportsfromCameroon.Usingthesamemethodologyasin2000and2008,wecountedhippopotamusinFaroNationalParkandborderinghuntingzonesin2014.Wecounted685individualsover97kmofriver,comparedto647and525in2000and2008respectively.ThestabilitycontraststhedeclinesinlargemammalpopulationsacrossNorth-CentralAfrica.Weattributethisconservationsuccesstoprivate(safarihunting)effortscomplementingdeclinedstateprotection.Aninfluxoftranshumantcattleandgolddiggershighlightsthefragilityofthepresentsituationhowever.Werecommendincreasingpublic-privateconservationefforts,includingincentivesforthesafarihuntingindustrypresentlyunderpressureaswell.

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Yélisoubé,LoosIslands,Conakry(Guinea)-AlkalyDoumbouyaOverview


LocatedNearly2km fromTamara Island Yélisoubvé (ÎleCorail)belongs toagroupof3inhabitedIslands(withÎleBlanche(8.75ha),ÎlotCabri(0.65ha))andmany others Islets (Îlot de la Bouteille, Île Poulet, Île Fousset), in a FaunaSanctuariesofLoosIslands(MarineTurtlesconservationandbirdnesting),atleast1hourfromConakry.The site is chosen for its cultural value. Ritual ceremonies are organized byindigenouspeoplesofYélisoubé(coral island) .ismadeofgraniterocks in itsperipheral area. There is a cave in themiddle part,while its central area isoccupied by a dense shrubland whose undergrowth consists mainly ofintertwinedvinesandthornyTheislandYélisoubéhasarichandvariedflora- An upper stratum is a settlement dominated by Ficus ovata with fewerstructures asTerminalia superba,Albizia zygia, Anisophillia laurina, Bombaxcostatum,Colanitida,Dialiumguineessis,Ficusexasperatas,Parkiabiglobosa,Avicenniaafricana,ElaeisguineensisThere is also a underground consisting of Vitex, Tricalcia, Pavetta, ficuscapensis and grassesmainly composedofFicus vogeli and somehalophytesgrasslands(saltflats).On the island, we find three types of wildlife for the three environmentsofferedbythearea.Itthere'sfirstaquaticfaunacomposedofdemersalfish,pelagicfish,sharks,cephalopods,crustaceans,reptiles(turtles).Sousadolphinandwhalesarealsoseeninthearea.The Wildlife consists of reptiles and avifauna. The most present reptile isVaranusniloticusandsomeunidentifiedsnakesThe traditional practices of local management of natural resources includelocalrulesforbetterheritageconservation(prohibituseandconsumptionofcertainspeciesofplantsandanimals,limitingaccesstocertainareasofsacredforests, ponds and caves, use of certain plants and animal species for

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traditionalmedicineneeds2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpace

Whatsizeisthearea? YélisoubéorCorailIslands=3.75haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? OnlyYélisoubéorCorailIslandsisconsideredassacredsitebytheindigenous

BagaandMandényiandtheyhaveestablishedboundariesbythemselves3.GovernanceType


Despite of the weak presence of a representatives of the Ministry ofEnvironment (3persons staff), Yélisoubé ismanagedby an ElderCouncil, acollegeofinsiderheadedbytheOlderOusmaneKobéléYATTARA


Accesstothissiteisregulated.Visitorsmustfirsthavetheauthorizationoftheislandofmanagersandaguideisalwaysavailableforvisitsandofferings.For the offerings, the site manager before departure made incantationsimploringforthesuccessofthetrip,oncethegiftitems(chicken,whitebread,colas,goat,ramandoxensometimes....)arehandedtothepriestbeforethecentral cavern imploring the grace of the Gods of the island to grant thewishes of the donor. Slaughtered animals are consumed locally on the siteandthosereleasedarelivingontheislandundertheprotectionofGodsofthesite.


Untilnow,thereisnoformalinstrumentforgovernanceandconservationmanagement.Butthesiteissincelongundefinedtimeunderthe

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? OntheFaunaSanctuaryofLoosIslands,theprocesshasstartedtoimplementanMPAwithmanagementplan.ButthesacredYélisoubéSite ismaintainingitsindigenousbasedmanagementmethodsandregulatedaccess.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongtimeIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

ThemeasuresareinplaceyearroundinYélisoubé


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Whatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? • Shareunderstandingofnaturalphenomenaandlimitaccesstoresources(sacred,forbidden,reservedspaces)

• Propose and enforce usage rules (limits, relationships, forms, totalprohibitionsinrespectofcertainspecies,etc.)byearlierlocalsanctions.

• Preservingthesiteofanydegradationoranycultivation• Mutualallforcesandvolunteerswithinandamongcommunities• relyonthecommunityforcollectivesolutionstodecisions• buildonsolidarityandreciprocitywithinthegroup• encouragedtospecializeindifferentdomains• perpetuatelocalreligiousandspiritualbeliefsandvalues

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? BiodiversityconservationisanimplicitmanagementobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Thebiodiversityconservationobjectivedoesnottakeprimacyoverotherobjectives.Itistheculturalvaluesoftheseanimistscommunitieswitcharemostimportant.


Yélisoubéconsideredasasacredsite,allbiodiversityelementswerealsocovered.Itisforbiddentotakeanyspeciesthere,ifnotonlytheofferingsacceptedbytheindigenoussitemanager.


Thereisnoevaluationofthemanagementeffectiveness,whichisknownonlybyformalcreatedProtectedAreas.


ThroughthesacredceremoniesonYélisoubésite,biodiversityiswellconservethere.Thesiteisreallypreservedaspicturescanshow.


MabasoCommunityStewardshipProject,KZNProvince(SouthAfrica)–OnkemetseNteta

Overview

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TheMgundeniCommunityproperty,ownedbytheMgundeniCommunityTrust,wasidentifiedin2006asapilotsitewithintheKZNBiodiversityStewardshipProgramme.FollowingadetailedbiodiversityassessmentonthepropertyanareawasidentifiedasqualifyingforaNatureReserve.However,duetothelandowners’desiretocontinuewithcommerciallivestockgrazing,itwasagreedtopursueaBiodiversityAgreementforaportionoftheproperty.WakkerstroomMontaneGrasslandcoversmostoftheproperty(thisgrasslandtypeisclassifiedas“NearThreatened”).Thesegrasslandsaregenerallyingoodcondition,andsupportahighdiversityofbirdsforthishabitattype.ThegrasslandprovideshabitatforfiveRedDataBookbirdspecies,beingpotentialbreedinghabitatforWattledCrane(CriticallyEndangered),andRudd’sLark(CriticallyEndangered)aswellaspotentialforagehabitatforYellow-breastedPipit(Vulnerable),GreyCrownedCrane(Vulnerable),theSouthernBaldIbis(Vulnerable)andtheSecretarybird(Nearthreatened).Also,thelandhassignificantculturalandheritagevaluetotheMgundenicommunity.ThesiteisessentialforachievingtheKwaZulu-NatalprovincialbiodiversitytargetsandqualifiedasaBiodiversityAgreementArea.OwnershipanduseofthislandbytheMgundenicommunitywasmadepossiblethroughtheLandReformprogrammeoftheSouthAfricangovernment.ThiscommunityisonemanyinSouthAfricathatweredispossessedandforcefullyremovedfromtheirlandbythepreviouscolonial/apartheidgovernments.Conservationagencieshavetotakethissituationintoconsiderationwhenengagingcommunitiesinbiodiversitystewardshipandprotectedareasexpansion.Thefocusismostlyonensuringsustainablelandmanagementthroughprovidingtechnicalandfinancialsupport,withvoluntary

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agreementsbetweenthecommunityandconservationagencies.Thestewardshipstatusrecognizestheconservationvalueofanarea,withoutplacingrestrictionssuchasthoseinformallydeclaredprotectedareas.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 1472ha(3637acres)Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? AreasurveyedbyprofessionalLandSurveyor,andaSurveydiagram

produced.Sizeoftheareaalsorecordedintitledeed.3.GovernanceType


Mgundenicommunitygottheirlandbackin1994andthecommunityiscurrentlyundertheleadershipofiNkosiZ.GMabaso.WhentheygottheirlandtheyformedtheMgundeniTrust,asaformalstructuretogoverntheland.


Yes,Therewasalengthycommunityengagementandnegotiationprocesstoexplaintheconceptofbiodiversitystewardshipandoptionssuitableforthisland.TheBiodiversityAgreementoptionprovidesaccesstoincentivesandtechnicalsupport,anddoesnotrestrictcommunitylanduse.


MemorandumofAgreementsignedbetweenthecommunity,KZNEzemveloWildlife(conservationagency)andWWF-SA.AmanagementplanwasdevelopedandaCommunityAdvisoryForumwasalsoestablished.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? ThecommunitycanoptoutwhencontractlapsesOverwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Minimumdurationof5yearsforBAoptionIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

Yes,thereisanAnnualPlanofOperationdevelopedtoguideday-to-daymanagementactivities

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheMabasoCommunityBiodiversityAgreementhasthefollowingpurposes:

•toconservetheindigenousbiodiversityontheproperty,maintainingtheecologicalintegrityandnaturalcharacterofthearea;•topromotethesustainableutilizationofthegrazingresources,basedonbestmanagementpracticeprinciples;

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•topromotemanagementactivitiestoimprovethebiodiversityvalueontheproperty;and•todevelopastrategythatwillsupporttheexistenceofappropriatebusinessopportunitiesontheland.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Explicitobjective.ThemissionoftheBAagreement:Toconservetheindigenousbiodiversityoftheproperty,anddemonstrateanexampleofaviableconservationland-useinanagriculturallandscapeinNorthernKZN.


Thefuturedevelopmentplansarediscussedattheinitialphasesofthenegotiation.PortionsoftheLandcanbeusedforotherdevelopments.However,developmentscannotinfringeonthetermssetinthecontract.


Itcoversmostelementsofbiodiversity.Thebiodiversityassessmentconductedpriortoassigningthestewardshipstatusisusedtoinformthedevelopmentandoperationalizationofthemanagementplan.


Yes.Performanceismeasuredagainsttheobjectivessetinthemanagementplan.


Yes.Theconservationagenciesconductannualassessments/auditstoensurecomplianceandtoprovideadviceonmanagementoperations.


Overall,thelandwasinagoodstatepriortothestewardshipagreement.However,theagreementaddsalayerofsecuritybyraisingawarenessofthebiodiversityontheland,establishinganadvisoryforum,assessingthebiodiversityanddevelopingamanagementplan.Thisplanincludestheclearingofalienplantsandrehabilitationofdegradedland.Thegoalistomaintainandsustainbiodiversityontheland.

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5.ASIA

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HutanHarapan,Sumatera(Indonesia)-AgusB.UtomoOverview


HutanHarapanortheRainforestofHopeisformerlycommerciallyloggedlowlandtropicalforestincentral-southSumatra,Indonesia.Despitepastintensiveloggingactivity,HutanHarapanisstillrichinbiodiversityandisanimportanthabitatforover1,350differentspecies;133ofwhicharegloballythreatened.ThisincludesseveralendangeredspeciessuchastheSumatrantigerandSumatranelephant.HutanHarapanrepresentsmorethan20%ofthisparticularforesttype-aforest“island”surroundedbyplantations.• 307birdspecies,representing49%ofSumatranbirdspeciesor72%of

lowlandbirdspeciesinSumatra.• 64 species of mammals, including Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris

sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus), Malay tapir(Tapirusindicus),andSunbear(Helarctusmalayanus).

• 55 species of amphibians, including 8 categorized as globallythreatenedspecies.

• 71 speciesof reptiles, including5 categorizedas globally threatenedspecies

• 123 species of fresh water fishes representing 20% all fresh waterfishes in Sumatra, including 4 categorized as globally threatenedspecies.

• 728 plant species representing 89% of known plant species inSumatra.

HutanHarapan’sglobalsignificanceisrecognizedinternationally:theareaformspartofSundalandbiodiversityhotspot(oneofonly34globalBiodiversityHotspots)aswellasbeingpartofBirdLifeInternational’sglobal

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networkofEndemicBirdAreas(EBAs)andImportantBirdandBiodiversityAreas(IBAs)26.HutanHarapanconsistof2IBAs.Hutan Harapan is also home to 132 families of traditional Batin Sembilanpeoplewhoselivedependonforestresources.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? HutanHarapanis98,000hasituatedinthesouthernpartofSumatra.The

northernareaisinJambiProvinceandthesouthernareaisinSouthSumatraProvince.

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? HutanHarapanisanEcosystemRestorationConcession(ERC)whichisanewcategoryof forestryconcession in Indonesia. LicenseforERC isgrantedbyMinisterofEnvironmentandForestrytomanageproductionforestareasforrestorationpurposesinsteadoflogging.EachoftheERClicensesisgrantedto a specific forest area to be managed by a specific business entity.Therefore thearea isdefined legallyundera licensingprocedurebasedonproposalsubmittedbythebusinessentitytotheministry.Oncethelicenseis granted, the boundaries on the groundwill be defined according to theareaapprovedinthelicense.

Business entitymay submit application to obtain EREC license for specificareaswithinproductionforeststhatareallocatedorERCdevelopment.


Asaforestryconcession(ERC)andasrequiredbylaw,HutanHarapanismanagedbyaprivatecompany.Therefore,thecompanyislegallyresponsibleinmanagingtheERC.Theforestareaunderwhichthelicenseisissued,however,iscategorizedunderstateforestland.Tomanagetheconcession,aland-useplanhasbeendevelopedconsistingof3mainzones:protection,production,andinfrastructure.Withintheproductionzone,

26BirdLifeInternational.2012.BirdLifeInternationalIndonesiaProgram.UK

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collaborationandlivelihoodzoneshavealsobeendesignatedtoworkwithcommunitieslivinginsidetheconcession.Thereforeinthesezones,themanagementoftheareaisbasedonagreementsestablishedwiththecommunities.


BygrantingERClicensetospecificforestareas,thegovernment(MinistryofEnvironment and Forestry) recognizes the need tomaintain the remainingnaturalforests,torestoretheecosystemfunctions,aswellasimprovingtheforest productivity. Although the ERC license is not granted forconservation, it isalsonotalicensetoextracttimbers. Hencethepurposeof the license is not to manage the designated areas for logging, but forrestorationpurposes.LocalcommunitiessuchasBatinSembilanpeoplearesupportivegiventheirdependencyto forestresources. Localgovernmentssupport the establishment of Hutan Harapan which is the first ERC inIndonesia. Recommendations from District as well as ProvincialGovernmentwerepartof therequirementtosecureERC licenseforHutanHarapan.


ThelicensingpolicyunderwhichERCisdefinedispartofgovernmentregulationapprovedbythenationalparliament.EachoftheERClicensegrantedislegallybinding.ForHutanHarapan,2ministerialdecreeswereissuedandassociatedwiththemanagementlicense.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? ERClicense,asitisalsothecaseforothertypeofforestryconcessionlicensesinIndonesia,canonlyberevokedbygovernmentiftheconcessionholderfailedtocomplywiththeobligationandorconsideredperformpoorlybasedonperiodicalassessment.Otherpossibilitythatthemanagementovertheareacometoanendisiftheconcessionholderreturnedthelicensebacktothegovernmentbeforetheendoflicenseperiod.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term TheERClicensetomanagethesouthernpartofHutanHarapanisfor100years,startingin2008.Thesecondlicensetomanagethenorthernpartis

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for60yearsstarting2017.OtherERCsinIndonesiahavethedurationoftheirlicensefor60yearswhichcanbeextendedforanother35years.


Conservationmeasuresinprotectionzonecanbeaslongasthedurationofthelicense(100or60years)andevensoduringtherestorationperiod.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? HutanHarapanmanagementhasmultiple-objectivesrecognizingthelegal

statusasproductionforestaswellastheimportanceoftheecosystemcontained.Themanagementisaimedatimprovingtheforestresourceproductivity,protecting/conservingtheremaininglowlandrainforest,sustaininglivelihoodofthecommunitiesthatdependonHutanHarapanforestresources,developinginnovativemethodsforrehabilitatingdegradedlandsandsecondaryforestsaswellasrestoringtheecosystemfunctions.

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ImplicitobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Accordingtothezonation,biodiversityconservationisbeingaddressedineachofthezone.Intheprotectionzone,biodiversityconservationtakesahigherprioritywhereasinproductionzone,theprimaryobjectiveisonforestproductivityandlivelihooddevelopment.Nevertheless,asthemanagementparadigmbeingputinplaceisanecosystembasedapproach,thezonationisnotmeanttobestrictlyapplied.


Establishing Hutan Harapan as an ERC is considered as a conservationmeasure.Withoutsuchameasure,asignificantportionoftheareasmighthavebeenconverted intomonocultureplantation. Themeasurehasbeenbenefiting the species, habitat, and the people that depend on theecosystemservicesprovided.In terms of its management, Hutan Harapan has selected key species ofmultiple-taxa tomonitorprogressof forest restoration. At thesametime,management interventions also targeting habitat restoration as part offorestrestorationstrategies.Further,byestablishingaspecificzonefortheprotection of the remaining natural forests allows Hutan Harapan to take

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measuresbenefitingmostelementsofbiodiversitycontained.Ismanagementeffectivenessmeasured?Ifso,howandwhataretheresults?

FrameworktomeasurethemanagementeffectivenessofERCsisnotyetavailable.ERCsinIndonesiaisamajorshiftofforestmanagementparadigmmovingawayfromtimber(commodity)basedtowardecosystembased.Practicalimplementationoftheapproachremainachallengeandneedtobesupportedwithknowledgeandlearningaswellasstrongregulatorysupportwhichshouldbeawayfromcommoditybasedfocused.RegulatoryonmanagementplansofERCsarebeingimprovedtoallowERCholderstoimplementtheirmanagementobjectivesaswellasdealtowithsocio,economicandphysicalconditionsontheground.


ERCsopenpossibilityforbiodiversityconservationinIndonesia’sproductionforestareasinalongrun.Iftheareasareofimportantbiodiversityareas(forexampleHutanHarapan),ERCscansupportspeciesaswellashabitatconservation.ThedefactologgingmoratoriumappliedinERCsprovidesopportunityforlongtermbiodiversityconservation.EstablishmentofERCsinimportantbiodiversityareassuchasHutanHarapanisaconservationmeasureasotherwisethedegradedforestswithinitwouldhavebeengoneduetoconversionforotheruses.ERCscanalsosupportconnectivityconservationiswell-placedinthelandscape.Itcanprovideconnectivitytoformalprotectedareas.Hence,theconservationeffectivenessofERCscanbemeasuredatspecies,site,habitat,andlandscapelevels.Availabletoolsmightbeusedorfurtherdevelopedtomeasuretheeffectivenessatthedifferentlevels.


Asnotedabove,byestablishingHutanHarapanasanERC,theremaininglowlandrainforestsinSumatracanbemaintainedorotherwisewouldhavebeenusedorconvertedintomonoculture.Thismeasureencompassesthedurationofthelicense(60or100years).ThedefactologgingmoratoriuminHutanHarapanERCistakingplacewhichmeansdegradationand/or

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deforestationcanbereduced.Thereisstillun-known,however,whatwouldhappenoncethelicenses(forERCmanagement)areexpired.ItwilldependonthefuturepolicyonERCsinIndonesia.

Community-basedMPA:AyandRhunIsland,Maluku(Indonesia)–HestiWidodo


AyandRhunIslandaretwoislandslocatedinEasternIndonesia.Inthepast,RhunorRunIslandaccordingtotheTreatyofWestminstershouldbereturnedtoEngland(1652-1654)butitfailed.AfterthesecondAnglo-DutchWarof1665-1667withtheTreatyofBredaEnglandandtheUnitedProvincesofNetherlandagreedonthestatusquotoformallylettheDutchtotakeRhunassourceofthevalueofthenutmeg(Mysticafragrant)andEnglandtotakeManhattanIsland.MarineRapidAssessmentconductedin2012showedthatAy,Rhun,andHattaIslandshashighmarinebiodiversityandhometoNapoleonwrasse.Therewere238coralspeciesidentifiedand683fishspeciesfoundinBandaSea.Sasi,traditionalwisdomforseasonalclosure,iscommonintheareatoharvestseacucumberandTrochus-coneshell.CurrentlythereisanefforttorevitalizeSasitosustainfisheries.Theestablishmentofcommunity-basedMPAinAyandRhunIslandifsucceedintheprocesswillbethefirsttomakeusenational(government)lawandAdatlawpostissuanceofLawNo.23/2014onLocalGovernment.ThezoningsystemoftheMPAintegratedSASIareaaslocalwisdom.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 47968.74haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Declaredbycommunitywithvillageregulationandtraditionallawthrough

participatoryprocess.

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Current:traditionallaw(adat)andvillageregulationThevillageismanagedundernationalgovernmentauthoritybutinAyandRhunIslandcommunityhastraditionalrightsbasedonAdatlawtomanagemarineareas.


Yes,butclearlegalaspectforestablishmentisnotsolelybasedontraditional.Itstillneedtocombinebetweentraditionallawandexistingdistrict/city/provincialgovernmentdecree


Yes.AyandRhunIslandcommunity-basedMPAareestablishedunderAdatrulesthatiswrittenintheformofvillageregulation(PeraturanNegeri).

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? AdatLawisnotawrittenrules;itneedsgovernmentrules/regulationtoofficiate.Adatlawisstrongtoseteverypartofthecommunitytofollow,AdatlawisnoteasytobeoverturnedinAyandRhunIslandthatanychangewillrequireapprovalfromallmembersofORANGLIMA(seaprotector,forestprotector,religiousleader,womenleader,youthleader).OrangLimaisstructureofAdatinAyIsland.InmakingsuchdecisionrelatedtoAdatrules,theOrangLimawillneedtodiscussinternallywithinthem,thentheyhavetodiscusswithvillagegovernment(pemerintahnegeri),thensocializetocommunity.IfcommunityisnotsupportivethenOrangLimashouldtrytoresolute.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Mediumterm;anychangeinthedecisionwillrequirelongprocessofcommunicationsandconsensuswithcommunity.


InabsenceofAdatlaw,nationalregulationtakesplace.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? 1. Tosustainfisheries

2. Todeveloptheareaasmarinetourismdestination3. Tosustaintraditionalwisdom

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Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? Yes.Theareawillprotectcoralreefs,Napoleonwrasse,hammerheadshark.Bombfishing,cyanide-poisonfishingareprohibitedinthearea.Sand,stone,woodsforgovernmentdevelopmentactivitiesareprohibitedtoexploitresourcesfromtheisland.Thoseresourcesareonlytofulfilltheneedofinternalcommunity(buildinghouse).


Itisexplicitlystatedallendangered-protected-threatenedspecies- Turtle- Hammerheadshark- Napoleonwrasse- Giantglam(Tridacna)- Cetacean

AdatlawisstrongerinthecaseofconflictDoesthemeasurecoverallormostelementsofbiodiversityintheareaoronlycertainspecies?

Mostelementsofbiodiversitycoveredintheregulationsuchascoralreefsprotection,turtleandhammerheadsharkconservation.


ItisnotyetmeasuredusingIndonesiaMPAManagementEffectivenessEvaluationtool(EKKP3K)butitwillsoonusethistool.Theplanistoevaluatemanagementeffectivenessonceintwoyear.


TheareaisjustrecentlydeclaredinDecember2015ascommunity-basedMPAwithAdatrulesapplied.AsitstillneedstogetformalacknowledgementunderIndonesiaformallaw,thereisanefforttoensuretheinitiativeandconservationeffortandlegalizeunderProvincialgovernmentdecree;aspartofProvincialZoningPlanandMarineSpatialManagement.Tomeasureeffectivenessintermofbiodiversityaspect,thereisinitialefforttotrainlocalcommunitiestoconductparticipatoryreefmonitoring.


IfIndonesiaMPAManagementEffectivenessEvaluationtoolcometouse,evaluationismoreonfillinginscorecardsondatacollectionsandactivitiesimplementedtotargetbiophysics,socioeconomic,andgovernanceaspects

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ofthearea.Tana’UlenLapanRiver(Indonesia)-CristinaEghenter


Tana’UlenLapanRiver,abranchoftheBeriniRiver,tributaryoftheBahauRiver,DistrictofMalinau,NorthKalimantan,Indonesia.


Tana’ulen,istana’,orland,whichism/ulenorrestricted,prohibited,aforestareawithrestrictedaccess.Inthepast,tana’ulenfunctionedmostlyasprimaryforestreservesmanagedbythearistocraticfamiliesonbehalfoftheentirecommunity.Theforestwasconsideredapublicgoodforwhichthearistocraticleaderswereentrustedasmanagersandkeepers.Criteriaforchoosingatana’ulenlocationincluded:agoodhuntinggroundwithabundanceofwildlife,astreamorriverwhereeasytocatchfish,valuabletimber(forconstruction),andrichinNTFPwithhigheconomicvalueforlocalpeople.Ingeneral,tana’ulenareaisstrategicallylocatednearthevillagesothatmanagementandcontrolareeasier.Tana’ulenLapanRiver(LongBerinivillage)isoneofninetana’ulenforestareasmappedanddocumentedinthewilayahadatofHuluBahauintheinteriorofKalimantan.TheareahasbeentraditionallyunderthecustomarygovernanceofDayakKenyahofvarioussub-ethnicgroups(LepoKe’LepoMaut,Nybun,LepoNdang).TheseareasarealsointheprocessofbeingregisteredasICCAsinIndonesiawithBRWA,thevoluntaryAgencyfortheregistrationofIndigenousTerritoriesandAreas(seeMAP).Tana’ulenrepresentsanexcellentexampleoftraditionalconservationpracticesbyIndigenouscommunitiesthatarewellintegratedinthegovernanceandsustainableuseofthelargercustomaryterritory.Theconservationvalueoftheareaisclear(primaryforestinpristineconditions,

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abundanceofwildlife).Moreover,themainpurposeoftheestablishmentofatana’ulenisindeedtolimitaccesstonaturalresourcesandstrictlyregulatenaturalresourceusebythecommunity(outsidershavenoaccess).

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Thetana’ulenareaofLapanRiverinLongBeriniisabout8,821hectaresand

coverstheheadwatersofseveralstreamsthatflowintotheLapanandthenBerinirivers.

Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundaryisthenaturalboundaryofthewatershedthatstretchestotheestuaryofthatstreamortributary.Thetana’ulenboundariestendtofollownaturalboundaries(ridges,mountains,andrivers)whicharethetraditionalwaytomarkandrecognizeterritoriesamongtheDayakpeopleinBorneo.Accordingly,sizevariesdependingonthestream/tributaryandsurroundingforestchosenasthetana’ulenareaofavillage.


Tana’ulenfitstheIndigenouscommunitygovernancetypeofprotectedarea.Sincethisisalong-standingtraditionamongDayakKenyah,itisakindofgovernancethatwascreated,developedandshapedbylocalpeopleovertime,basedonknowledgeoflocalcircumstancesandecologyoftheforest.


Inthepast,tana’ulenareasweremanagedbythecustomarychiefofthecommunityonbehalfofthecommunity.ThiswasacommonpracticeamongtheDayakKenyah(andKayan)peoplethatusedtohaveveryclosedsocialsystemsbasedonequivalentofcaste.Itwasthedecisionofthecustomarychiefto‘open’accesstothetana’ulenareaforaspecificperiodoftimeforuse(hunting,fishing)orharvestingofNTFP(e.g.,rattan).Thiswasalimitedperiodandjustifiedbyeithereconomicmeasures(proceedsofcollectingrattan,forexample,dividedamongall,includingspecialallocationtopoorestfamiliesandwidows),orsocialeventslikecollectiveceremoniesandrituals.Morerecently,withtheprocessofdemocratizationandwidespread

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schooling,thetraditionalgovernancemodelhasseenashifttobroaderaccountabilityandmoreinvolvementofthecustomarycounciltakingontheauthorityofmanagingthetana’ulenareasbycontinuingtoapplyregulationsthatlimituseandexploitationtospecifictimesand/orevents,andprohibitionforanymoredestructiveusesoftheforestlikeshiftingcultivation.In1998,thecommunitymappingexercisehelpeddocumentandprofiletana’ulenareas.Asageneralrule,noforestmaybeclearedintana’ulentoopenricefields,andthisistrueuntiltoday.Huntingandfishingmaybedomecollectivelyandonlyuponpermissionofthecustomarychiefandcouncil,andforspecialoccasionsonly.CollectionofspecificNTFPproductsisrestrictedwithregardtolengthoftimeofcollection,toolsandmethodsemployed.Rulesareverystrictwhenitcomesunsustainableusesofusesbyoutsiders.Inatleasttwocases(huntingmonkeysforbezoarstonesbypoisoningthesaltleakwheretheydrinkandharvestinggaharuwithnopermissionbyoutsiders),theperpetratorswereaskedtoleavethecommunityandtheirpossessionsconfiscated.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Whyaretana’ulenareassoimportantintraditionalKenyahcommunities?Inthepast,religiousbeliefsrequiredtheorganizationofcelebrationsthroughouttheyeartomarktheagriculturalcycleandothersocialoccasionslikethesafereturnofwarpartiesandmigrants/traders.Thecustomarychiefactedasprimehost.Hegavehospitalitytotravellersanddelegationsfromothercommunitiesthatvisitedthearea.Healsohadtopreparethemealsforthepeopleofthecommunityworkinginhisfields.Alltheseresponsibilitiesimpliedthatheandhisfamilyneededtoensuretherewasenoughfood,especiallyfishandgamefortheguests.Inadditiontofood,constructiontimberforlonghouseswasalsoanimportantresourceintana’

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ulen.Theprotectionofaprimaryandrichforestnearthevillagewasawaytoaddresseconomicandsocialneedsofthecommunity.Theyrefertotanaulenastheequivalentofaprotectedarea.Itisimpressivetoseethehighlevelofbiodiversityandgoodstatusoftheforestalthoughlocatednearthevillage,aclearindicationofthestrengthofthetraditionanditsconservationoutcome.Thisisallthemoreremarkablewhenwevisitcommunitiesinthelowlandswheretan’aulenforestareasaretheonlyremainingstandingforestssurroundedbyoilpalmplantationsandothercommercialuses.


Thetana’ulenofLapanRiverisundertheprotectionandmanagementofthecustomarycouncilofLongBerini,andtheauthorityvestedwiththeCustomarychiefofLongBeriniandtheHeadofthevillage.Recently,thepeopleofLongBerinidraftedinwritingtheregulationsfortana’ulen.Theyalsodraftedandendorsedavillageregulationtoprotecttanaulenareas.Thissignalsthestrongcommitmentofthecommunitytostandbythetraditionoftana’ulenandformallyrecognizeitinvillageregulationsasanadditionallegalprotection.ItmustbenotedthatvillagesinIndonesianowadaysareimportantadministrativeunitsrecognizedbyanationallaw,withnewpowersregardingthesocial,economicandculturaldevelopmentofthearea.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Tana’ulenisstillastrongtraditionamongDayakKenyahcommunities,andbasedonstrongvaluesoftheimportanceofforestforDayakKenyahcommunities.Moreover,severalinitiativesbythecommunitiestosecureadditionalprotectioninwrittentraditionalregulationsandvillageregulationsclearlyindicatethecontinuedcommitment.Thisprovidesanadditionalassurancethatthepractice/traditionalgovernancetypewillnoteasilydisappearorbeoverturned.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Longterm.Tana’ulenisalong-standingtradition,embeddedinthesocialandcultural

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contextoftheDayakKenyahcommunities,andinmanywaysdefiningalsotheiridentityasanethnicgroup.LongBeriniandtheothervillagesinHuluBahauareveryproudoftheirtana’ulentradition.Itwasoverthelastfewyearsthattheystartedtoputregulationsinwriting(beforeitwasanoraltradition)toshareinformation,supportadvocacyandprotecttheforestareasfromencroachingdevelopment(roadconstruction).Theyoungergenerationisasstrongastheoldergenerationindefendingthistraditionagainstnewthreats.


Year-round,andmulti-year-round.


Tana’ulenareasareanintegralpartofthelargerindigenousterritorywithinwhichtheyareembeddedandprovidespecificsocial,economic,andenvironmentalservices.TheIndigenousterritoryreferredtoaswilayahadat,isusuallymanagedbasedonazonationsystemthatcomprises:agriculturaareas(ricefields),forestuseddaily,grasslandsorotherspecialhabitats,forestonlyoccasionallyaccessed;protectedforestoftana’ulen,criticalwatersheds(fordrinkingwaterandirrigation);areasespeciallyrichinimportantNTFP,etc.Inthecontext,tana’ulenrepresentstheprotectedareaoftheindigenousterritory.


The‘conservationtarget’oftana’ulenisreallyatthelevelofecosystem,ortheareathatcomprisesthestream/tributaryandsurroundingforestfromthehighestridgesorwatershedtotheestuary.Thisisthebeststrategytoensurethatvaluablespeciesthereinincludingthosemostvaluabletothecommunitycancontinuetothrive.Theconservationobjectivesof‘sustainableuse’and‘inter-generational’areexplicit.Moreover,thefactthatpermissiontoenterandhuntorfishorharvestNTFPisgivenoccasionallyandforlimiteddurationofhelpstheplentifulavailabilityofgameandfishwhenneededforsomevillageceremony.Somespeciesarealsobannedfromhuntingbasedoncustomaryregulations.

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Yes,asthisisprotectedbythetraditionallawandtheprimeobjectiveofestablishingandmaintainingthetana’ulenforestarea.


Itisanarea-basedmeasure.Somerarespeciesarealsoprotectedifnecessary.Sustainabilityisguaranteedbytheapplicationoftheregulations.


Thereisnoformalsystemortoolusedformeasuringeffectiveness,butthemanagementeffectivenesscanbeevidencedbythegoodstatusoftheforestanditsbiodiversity,andthelackofthreatsandcompliancetotheregulationsbylocalpeople.Moreover,asindirectmeasureofitseffectiveness,thesuccessfulandplentifulhuntingorfishingwhentherearespecialoccasions(plentyofwildlifecaughtinshorttime)isevidencethattheareaisundisturbedandtheecosystemishealthy,


Seepreviousanswer


Biodiversityhasalsohighimportanceforlocalcommunities:subsistence,trade,andfoodsecurity.Hencetheimportanceofbiodiversityconservationisverymuchpartofthesurvivalofthecommunitythatendeavorstoensurethatproductsliketimber,wildlife,otherforestproductslikerattan,foodsources,fish,etccontinuetobeavailableforfuturegenerations.Conservationisreallyintermsofsustainableandinter-generationalusebutinthetana’ulensustainableuseisalsomorerestrictedthatinotherareasoftheterritory,henceforestcannotbecleared,andsomemethodsandtoolsregardedasmoreexploitativeordamagingarebannedintana’ulen.Theseareareasconservedandmanagedasprimaryforest.


Theconservationobjectiveisclearandexplicitbutalsoveryintegratedinthesocio-culturalandecologicalcontext.Intheworldviewofthisforestcommunity,conservationisreallypartoflivelihoodstrategyandlifeplan.Moreover,theinitiativesandstepsrecentlytakenbycommunitiestosecurestrongerlegalstatusfortheirtana’ulenisevidenceofthestrongresiliencein

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faceofincomingthreatslikeroadconstruction,oilpalmexpansion.7.Assessment


Yes,TANAULENisanOECM,IUCNgovernancetypeIV,andtraditionalmodelofconservationgovernanceofIndigenousDayakcommunitiesinBorneo.


Thisandothertana’ulenareasarebeingregisteredasICCAsinthenationalregistryandcommunitiesareseekinglegalrecognitionbytheIndonesianstateas‘customaryforestswithprotectionfunctionandvalue.’

MountCandalagaDumutICCA(thePhilippines)–TerenceDacles


TheICCAwasdesignatedbytheMansakapeoplewithintheirAncestralDomain.Nonaturalresourceuseispermitted.ItiswithinaKeyBiodiversityArea,whichishometothreatenedandrestricted-rangespecies,includingthePhilippineEagle.Thecommunityhasmultipleobjectives,includingbiodiversityconservation,butcultural/traditionalpreservation;supportingtraditionallivelihoods;andmaintainingandenhancingnaturalresourcesareprimary.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 168km2Howistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Areaisdefinedbythecommunityasa“StrictProtectionForest”withintheir

AncestralDomain.ItisdescribedintheirAncestralDomainSustainableDevelopmentandProtectionPlan(ADSDPP).


Indigenouspeoples


Yes

4.Permanence

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Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’sgovernanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)

TheAncestralDomainSustainableDevelopmentandProtectionPlanhasthesupportofthegovernment,buttheareaisnotrecognizedinlawasaprotectedarea.Theareaisgovernedthroughwrittenandoralcommunication.Leadersofthegovernancecouncilarechosenbythecommunitythroughconsensus.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Unknown.AnADSDPPisa“longtermcomprehensivespatialanddevelopmentplan”.


Yearround

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Cultural/traditionalpreservation;Spiritual/sacredsitesprotection;

Supportingtraditionallivelihoods;Maintainingandenhancingnaturalresources;Biodiversity/speciesconservation;Territorialsecurity(controlofaccesstolandandresources);Increasingrightsforself-ruleandempowerment;Landownershipsecurity


No


All


Unknown


Unknown.Theareahadbeensustainablymanagedbythecommunityforgenerations,howeverwithpopulationchangesitbecameincreasinglythreatenedbyoverexploitation.Asaresult,thecommunitydesignateditasanareawherenonaturalresourceuseispermitted.

Howencompassingismeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargeted

Unknown.Previousdamagingactivitieshavebeeneliminated.

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thereyetDanjuganIsland(thePhilippines)-TerenceDacles

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea DanjuganIsland,BarangayBulata,CauayanNegrosOccidentalPhilippinesBriefdescription,includingnatural,culturalandsocialvalues,andreasonsforconsideringtheareaasanOECM

TogetherwithSipalayCityandtheMunicipalityofHinobaan,itformsthesouthernborderoftheprovinceandissituatedintheSuluSea,animportanteco-regionformarinebiodiversity.Theisland’ssurroundingreefisundertheDanjuganIslandMarineReserveandSanctuarieswiththreeSpecialManagementAreasorNoTakeZonesestablishedin2000throughCauayanMunicipalOrdinance99-52.Seenbothforitspotentialasabiodiversityconservationsiteanditsvulnerabilitytoexploitation,DanjuganIslandwaspurchasedin1994throughtheeffortsofthePRRCFIandtheWorldLandTrust.Itholdsanincrediblebiodiversitygivenitssmallsize.Atleast72birdspecieshavebeenrecordedontheisland,includinganestingpairofWhitebreastedSeaEaglesHeliatusleucogasterthathavebeenbreedingatopTyphoonBeachCampsince1974andTabonscrubfowlsMegapodiuscumingiwhicharecommonaroundtheisland.Atleast10batspeciesand22butterflyspecies(withPachlioptaphlegonrecordedforthefirsttimeinNegrosOccidental)havealsobeendocumented.Atleast17speciesofmangroves,572fishspeciesbelongingto139genera,244speciesofhardcorals,8speciesofseagrassesand74speciesofmacroalgaehavebeenrecorded.Commerciallyimportantmarineinvertebratessuchasthegiantclams(Tridacnacrocea,T.squamosaandHippopushippopus)areobservedinthereefs.ArestockingprogramfortheendangeredTridacnagigasisbeingimplementedincollaborationwithUP-MSI.Othercommerciallyimportant

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invertebratesobservedareAbaloneHaliotisasinineandSpinylobsterPanulirusspp.TheendangeredcoconutcrabBirguslatrostilloccurinthecoastalandmangroveforestsoftheisland.ThewesternbeachesofDanjuganIslandareknownnestingsitesoftheHawksbillEretmochelysimbricataandGreenSeaCheloniamydasturtles.TherewasonesightingofaDugonginthepastwhilesightingsofdolphinsarecommonwithinthemunicipalwatersofCauayanwhichisamigrationpathofsomelargermarinemammalspecies.DanjuganislandisbeingprotectedandmanagedbyalocalNGO,PhilippineReefandRainforestConservationFoundation,Inc.Itislocated3kilometersSouthwestoffthecoastofNegrosOccidental,Danjuganisalush,43-hectareislandrichinmarineandterrestrialbiodiversity.Thisisland,about1.5kilometerslongand0.5kilometersatitswidestpoint,has5lagoonsandiscoveredwithlimestoneforestsprovidingasylumtomanywildlifespeciesthatstruggletoexistinthemainland.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? 43hectaresoflimestoneforests,with200hectaresofcoralreefs,seagrass

bedsandlagoonsthatareprotectedunderalocalordinanceHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? TheentireislandisprotectedandmanagedbyPRRCFI,asidefromthe

MarineProtectedAreas(undertheLGUofCauayan,LocalGovernmentUnit)markedbyfloatingbuoys


PrivateprotectionbythePRRCFI,whilethesurroundingwatersisajointpatrolwiththeLGUofCauayan


PrivatelandbythePRRCFI(PhilippineReefandRainforestConservationFoundationInc.)setforconservation,whiletheMPAsaregovernedbyaLocalOrdinanceandagreementwithstakeholders

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? Strictprotectionandregulationofhumanactivities,e.g.fishing4.Permanence

Istherealegalorotherinstrument/decisionthatsetsoutthearea’s Privateownershipofnaturalresources(titledland)

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governanceandconservationmanagementarrangements,aswellasotherfactors(below)Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Atleast25yearsIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

1992


Protectionofexistinglimestoneforestsincludingfloraandfauna,seedescription,lagoonsandcavesystems


Yes


Yesstrictprotectionofallresources(e.g.hunting,fishingandtimbercollection)


Allecosystems,includingspecialfocusonislandspeciese.g.CoconutCrab,Avifauna,reptilese.g.turtlesandbats


Resourcemonitoringevery3-4yearsdependingonthebudgetbythePRRCFI


YES,resourcemonitoringe.g.birdcounts,UWcoralreefassessment


YES


Governanceandstrictprotection

7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool YESasanOECMbutdifferentform-privateinitiativee.g.privateland

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(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedareaorameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.

MountApoKBA(thePhilippines)-NicoleBendsenandGünterMühlbauer1.Overview


Unprotected(Non-NIPAS)RegionsoftheMountApoKBA(municipalitiesofArakan,Magpet,DavaoCity(BarangaysTamayong,Carmen))NIPAS:NationalIntegratedProtectedAreaSystem


MountainsadjacenttotheMountApoNaturalPark(MANP)andwithintheMountApoKBA,whicharemainlycoveredbydifferentpristineandsecondaryrainforestbiotopes(sequencesofdipterocarpforests,loweranduppermontaneandloweranduppermossyrainforests)withahighbiodiversity(morethan150plantspeciesof58families,outofthemmorethan100treespecies,morethan70birdspecies,morethan25mammalspeciesandmorethan20speciesoffrogsandreptiles),andarehabitatsofendangeredspecies(likeupto7pairsofPhilippineEagle,Brahminykite,wartypig,Philippinedeer,RufousandTarictichornbills).TheareaiscoveredbyAncestralDomains(CADTsof3Manobotribes;CertificateofAncestralDomainTitle);thetribesregardthosemountainsastheirsacredplacesandmaintainthemaccordingtotheircustomarylaws/IKSP(IndigenousKnowledgeSystemsandPractices)/Pusaka(indigenouspracticeofsanctifyingitems,animals,andlands).Furtheron,theareaprovideswatersheds,airshedsandforestecosystemsservices(timberandnon-timberproducts).CulturallyandsociallyimportantspeciesforthetribesincludePhilippineEagle,thedeer,wildpig,palmcivet,monkey,hornbills,wilddogs,brahminykite,wilddove,tarictichornbill,andwoodpecker.

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TheareacanbeconsideredasanOECMbecauseithasahighbiodiversity,itisnotoronlyextensivelyusedandwillitbeforthefutureanditfunctionsasacorridor(Biotopverbund,Trittsteinbiotop)especiallyforspecieswithalargehabitatdemand(e.g.PhilippineEagle)betweentheadjacentMANPandthecentralMindanaoMountainRange.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Morethan30,000haHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? Theboundariesoftheareaaredefinedbythevegetationtypeof

rainforestandtheboundariesofMANP,AncestralDomainsandLGUs3.GovernanceType


Indigenouspeoples/localcommunitieswiththeLGUs,DENR(DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources)


ProvisionsofIPRAlaw(IndigenousPeoplesRightsAct),customarylaws,IKSPandPusaka(seeabove)

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? LanduserestrictionsduetoAncestralDomainsandDENRprotectionforests,extensiveresourceuse/conservationduetosacredplacesandlowpopulationpressureduetoremotelocation


IPRAlaw,customarylaws

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Throughillegalactivities(mining,logging,landandwatergrabbing,encroachmentofplantations)


Themeasureisinplaceyear-round


Culturebasedconservationframework,protectionandmanagementofendangeredspecies,resourceusepoliciesandenhancement,incorporationinADSDPP(AncestralDomainSustainableDevelopment

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ProtectionPlan),FLUPs,CLUPs(Forest/ComprehensiveLand-usePlans)/CDPs(ComprehensiveDevelopmentPlans),conservationagreementpledgeswithotherinstitutions,processedanddocumentedculturalframeworksthatintegrateIKSPinBCSD(biodiversityconservationandsustainabledevelopment),bestpracticesandknowledgetransfer.




TheareaisabouttobeproclaimedasICCAs(Indigenouspeoplesandcommunityconservedareasandterritories)bytheIndigenousCommunitiesandisalsoanessentialpartoftheirlivelihood;furtheronitisintegratedintheLGUsplans.Therefore,thereisagoodchancethatthebiodiversityconservationobjectivewillprevailincaseofconflict.


Themeasurecoversmostelementsofbiodiversityasitisahabitatandbiotoperelatedapproach.


185forestguardsengagedinforestpatrollingandbiodiversitymonitoring;noresultsyet,becausestillinprocessofimplementation


AnindicatorfortheeffectiveconservationofbiodiversityisthemaintenanceofahighbiodiversitycomparedwithsurroundingareasevenwithoutofficialconservationstatusliketheneighboringMANP.Measuringandmonitoringwillbepartoftheprojectfollowup.


DuetotheproclamationasICCAandthemanagementfollowingcustomarylaws,theconservationobjectivesandoutcomeswillcertainlyhaveprimacy.


Thecurrenteffectivenessisduetothearea’sgovernanceandmanagement

7.AssessmentInrelationtothedraftguidance(Section3)andthedraftscreeningtool(Section4),doyouthinktheareaisanOECM?Ifnot,isitaprotectedarea

Yes,IbelievethattheareaisanOECM.Itisakeybiodiversityarea(KBA)andiswellmanagedbycustomarylaws.

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orameasurethatcontributestoanotherAichitarget?Pleaseaddanyfurthercommentshere.Manythanks.

Thelong-termconservationperspectiveiscrucial;additionalproclamationsasprotectedareas(ICCA,NIPAS,LCA–LocalConservationArea/CH–CriticalhabitatArea)canstrengthenthisobjective.

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6.

PACIFIC

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BradfieldFieldTrainingArea,NorthernTerritory(Australia)-MarcHockingsOverview


BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisaverylargepropertyoverwhichasinglemanagementframeworkoperates,primarilytoprovidetrainingopportunitiesformilitarytrainingactivities,butwhichsecondarilyaffordsprotectionandenhancementofnaturalvaluesthroughbothpassiveanddeliberatemanagementofthosevalues.KeyvaluesrecognisedforthesitethatindicateitsimportantroleasanOECM.Heritage:ThesiteislistedonAustralia’sCommonwealthHeritageList(CHL)fornaturalandculturalvalues.ItisalsorecognisedashavingindigenousheritagevaluesthatwarrantCHLlisting.Thesitecontainsmorethan150registeredsignificantindigenoussiteswiththeNTAboriginalAreasProtectionAuthority(AAPA)andnumeroussitesofhigharchaeologicalsignificance(rockart,stoneartefacts,hawkhides).LandscapevaluesidentifiedbytheCHLlistinginclude•Vastandruggedhabitat;•Diversearrayofplantsandanimals(withanunusuallyrichvertebratefauna,secondonlytoKakaduNationalPark);•Demonstrationofinterplayoferosionalterrainsassociatedwithcoastalandfluvialenvironments;•Topographiccomplexity;•Substantialcontributiontobiodiversityconservationbecauseofitslargesize,vertebratefaunalrichness,floraldiversity,therecentremovalofgrazing,andcontiguousrelationshipwithJutpurraNationalPark(formerlyknownasGregoryNationalPark);and•Importanceasasiteforthecollectionofinformationthatwillcontributetotheunderstandingofthelong-termeffectsoffireregimesonthefloraandfaunainnorth-westAustralia.Biodiversity:FourEPBClistedthreatenedspecieshavebeenrecordedonBFTA(GouldianFinch,CrestedShrikeTit,PurpleCrownedFairyWrenand

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NorthernQuoll)andafurther14speciesareidentifiedaspossiblyoccurringonthesite.33EPBClistedmigratoryspecieshavebeenrecordedonthesite.SeveralspeciesoffloraandfaunalistedundertheTerritoryParksandWildlifeConservationAct2007orwhicharesignificantbecauseoftheircontributiontotheCHLlistingThewetlandsonBFTAareconsideredtobewetlandsofnationalsignificance.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisapproximately870000hectares.Howaretheareaanditsboundariesdefined? The area is based on a crown land title over which a lease for Defence

purposesexists.Naturalboundariesof the trainingareaare formedby theVictoriaRiveralongthesouthernboundary,andtheFitzmauriceRiveralongthenorthernboundary.


BradshawFieldTrainingAreaisalong-termleaseforDefencepurposesmanagedbytheAustralianDepartmentofDefence.MostmanagementdecisionsaretheresponsibilityofDefenceandenvironmentalapprovalsandassessmentofactivitiesaregovernedbyeitherstandardmanagementpractices,orbyspecificapprovalunderanEnvironmentalClearanceCertificatesystem.AnIndigenousLanduseAgreement(ILUA)alsoappliesoverthewholeproperty,andtheareastraditionalownersformanintegralpartofthemanagementframeworkofthesite.BroadercommunityinvolvementisalsofacilitatedthroughanEnvironmentalAdvisoryCommitteethatincludesotherrepresentativesfromsurroundingprivateandgovernmentagencies.EnvironmentalapprovalsforalimitedsetofactivitiesarerequiredfromtheCommonwealthMinisterFortheEnvironmentwhereprescribedbytheCommonwealthEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct(1999)(EPBCAct).AsCommonwealthlandmanagedbyaCommonwealthagency,allactivities

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onthepropertyaregoverned.Dothegroupswithrights,responsibilitiesorauthorityforthearearecognizeandsupportitsstatusasanarea-basedconservationmeasure?

To be determined! This decision will be partly taken in discussion withDepartment of Environment and Energy (DoEE) and also the traditionalowners.


Duringitsestablishment,thetrainingareawasjointlyassessedbytheNorthernTerritoryandAustralianGovernmentsandaseriesofrecommendationsweresetdownina2008AssessmentReportpreparedbytheNTgovernmentundertheNTEnvironmentalAssessmentAct1982.Theseconditionsincludedprecautionarylimitationofexercisesinsomesuspectedsensitiveareasuntilfurthersurveyworkswerecomplete,andthedelineationofalargerestrictedareatoprotectsuspectedimportantGouldianFinchbreedinghabitatnearMtThymananandrequirementforaGouldianFinchmanagementplan.OngoingmanagementofthesiteisprimarilysubjecttotheEPBCAct.Anyactionsorlandusechangesthattakeplacearecontrolledbythislegislationtopreventsignificantimpactstotheenvironment.ItadditionallyempowersthedevelopmentofnationalThreatAbatementPlansandSpeciesRecoveryPlanstoguidebiodiversitymanagementoutcomesandinvestment.AsaCommonwealthagencyDefencecannottakeanactionthatcontravenesaSpeciesRecoveryPlan.ThepropertywillremaininDefencehandsunlesstheAustralianGovernmentdecidestoselltheproperty,atwhichtimethebuyerwouldalsoberequiredtoadheretotheEPBCActandadditionalNorthernTerritoryLegislationforanydevelopmentorlandusechanges.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? TheprovisionsunderrespectiveactswouldrequireanActofParliamenttobereplacedwithanewformoflegislationorspecificnewapprovals/conditionstobesoughtbeDefenceforexistingconditionstoberevoked.

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Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term LongTermIsthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

YearRound.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? TheprimarymanagementobjectiveforBradshawistosupportAustralia’s

Defencecapabilitythroughprovisionoflargelandscapessuitableforlarge-scaletrainingactivitiesusingawidearrayofweaponssystems.Akeycomponentinensuringtheareaisabletoprovidesuitabletrainingismaintainingtheenvironmentalconditions.Assuch,thelandscapeismanagedtoensureanyimpactstotheenvironmentarelimited,andwhereimpactsdooccur,theyareremediated.Thisensuresanaturalenvironmenttoconducttrainingexercisesinremainsoverthelongterm.Thismanagementofthelandscaperesultsintheareaalsoservingasaneffectiveconservationarea.Additionally,DefencedeliberatelymanagesenvironmentalvaluesthatdonotspecificallycontributetoDefenceuseofthesitebutcontributetothewidersocialandenvironmentalobjectivesofgovernmentandtoacingasaresponsiblestewardfortheland.Specificplansinplaceforthetrainingareainclude:• GouldianFinchManagementPlan• EnvironmentandHeritageManagementPlan(draft)• WasteManagementPlan• BushfireManagementPlan• LandRemediationPlan• HabitatManagementPlan:CoreHabitats• ThreatenedHabitatManagementPlan:XerochloaGrasslands• HabitatManagementPlan:Riparian,SwampandMonsoonRainforest

Habitats

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• ThreatenedSpeciesManagementPlan,AngalarriGrunter(Scortumneili)• SpeciesManagementPlan:Melaleucaminutifolia(2009)

Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? ExplicitobjectiveIfthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

Ingeneral,theconservationobjectivedoesnottakeprimacyoverthecapabilityobjectives.However,inpracticetheareaavailablefortrainingprovidedbyBradshawFieldTrainingAreameansthatimpactsonnaturalvaluesaregenerallyavoidedthroughexerciseplanninganduseoffacilitiesdevelopedtoconcentrateimpactsindedicatedareasawayfromcorevalues.RangeStandingOrdersincludearearestrictionsforlocationsthatareconsideredtobeofsufficientlyhighenvironmentalandheritagevaluethattheydotakeprecedenceoverpotentiallydamagingmilitaryactivities,includingAboriginalheritagesitesand50km2protectedareaofGouldianFinchhabitat.


Defence’s management framework including Environmental ClearanceCertificates,andRangeStandingOrderrestrictionsmeasurecoverallaspectsof the environment entire environment. Individual threatened species orissues are additionally managed in accordance with their own threatenedspeciesmanagementplans.


EnvironmentalSurveysareundertakentoascertaintheconditionoftheenvironment,aswellastotrackpopulationsofkeythreatenedandinvasivespeciesasindicatorsofoverallsystemhealth.


Conservationeffectivenessismeasuredthroughregularenvironmentalmonitoringundertakenbyspecialistconsultants

Howencompassingthemeasureis,andisthecurrenteffectivenessduetothemeasure,orjustthefactthatdamagingactivitieshaven'tbeentargetedthereyet

Measurescoverthefullareaandoutcomesresultfrommeasure

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CableZone,HaurakiGulf,SouthwestPacificOcean(NewZealand)–MarcCostelloOverview


Fishingandanchoringisprohibitedintheareabecauseamajortelecommunicationscablerunsthroughit.

2.Boundaries&GeographicalSpaceWhatsizeisthearea? Over100kmlongand10kmwideHowistheareaanditsboundariesdefined? About5Kmeachsideofthecable.


Nationalprotection.


No.Itsaimistopreventcabledamage.Conservationbenefitsareconincidental.


Yes.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned? Verydifficult.Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term Permanent.Isthemeasureinplaceyearroundoronlypartoftheyear?Ifthelatter,whichmanagementpracticesareappliedwhenthemeasureisnotineffect?

No.Ineffectallyeararound.

5.ManagementObjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives? Preventcabledamagefromtrawlingandanchoring.Isbiodiversityconservationanexplicitorimplicitmanagementobjective? No.Ifthereisanexplicit/implicitbiodiversityconservationobjective,doesittakeprimacyoverotherobjectivesincaseofconflict?

n/a


No.Mostlysubtidalsedimenthabitat.Butlikelytocoverrepresentativesofspeciespreferringthishabitat.


No.

6.ConservationEffectiveness

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Istheareaeffectivelyconservingbiodiversityandhowisconservationeffectivenessmeasured?

Preliminarysurveysindicatesomeprotectiontofishpopulationsduetoreducedfishing.However,considerablefishingatedges.


ItiseffectiveandcouldbemoresoifofficiallydesignatedaMarineReservewithappropriateboundarymarkers.

ZairaCommunity,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince(SolomonIslands)-JoeMcCarterandSimonAlbert

1.OverviewNameandlocationofthearea ZairaResourceManagementArea,VangunuIsland,WesternProvince,

SolomonIslandsBriefdescription,includingnatural,socialandculturalvalues,forincludingasOECM

TheZairaResourceManagementArea(ZRMA)isaridgetoreefcommunity-governedconservationareainabiodiversityhotspot.Basedontraditionalpractices(knownashope)andunderleadershipfromcustomaryowners,theeffortsoftheZairacommunityhaveconservedalargeandintactwatershed,representingthelargestareaofintactprimaryforestintheMarovoLagoon.Naturalheritageincludesapopulationofendangeredmonkey-facedbat(Pteralopextaki),nestingsitesforthecriticallyendangeredleatherbackturtle(Dermochelyscoriacea),andover10speciesofamphibianincludingtheendemicandvulnerableLitorialutea.ZairacommunitycontinuestoprovideanexampleofresourcegovernancethatresonatesthroughouttheSolomonIslands,wherecommercialloggingandminingremainamajorthreattobiodiversityandcommunitywellbeing.

2.BoundariesandgeographicalspaceWhatisthesizeofthearea? 5150hatotal–2850hainterrestrialarea,and2300inmarineHowistheareaandboundariesdefined? TheZRMAisgeographicallydemarcated,asitsitsinacraterbetweenthree

peaks(Tita,Olasana,andNimbri),andenclosedtothewestandeastbymajorrivers.TheZRMAiscustomarylandheldundertenurebythreetribalgroupings,theboundariesofwhichweremappedduring2010and2011inacollaborativeeffortbetweentriballeadersandtheUniversityofQueensland

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(UQ).TheboundariesandimportantculturalsitesaredocumentedinthecommunitymanagementplanfortheZRMA.

3.GovernancetypeWhatisthearea’sgovernancetype,aspertheIUCNguidance:i.e.government,shared,privateorIndigenouspeoples/localcommunities?

Indigenouspeoples/localcommunities

Pleasedescribethegovernancearrangementingreaterdetail AsacrossmuchofSolomonIslands,landandseatenureatZairaisheldundercustomarytenuregovernedbyfamilyunitsknownasbutubutu.27TheZRMAhasbeenmanagedoversuccessivegenerationsusingacustomarymanagementsystem(hope),whichallowscertainresourcestoberestrictedatcertaintimes,andconsidersconnectivityandfeedbacksbetweentheculturalinteractionsofpeoplewithlandandseasystems.In2010,customaryleadersfromthethreeZairatribesindependentlyadaptedtheircustomaryresourcemanagementmechanismstomoreformalizedplanningandimplementationunderamanagementplan.Theplancoversmanagementrulesforalllinkedecosystemswithinthecustomarylandandseatenureboundariesofthreecooperatingtribesandhasobjectivesthatarefocusedonthemaintenanceofcultureandtenure,foodsecurity,iconicspeciesandeducation.Theplanisdiscussedduringannualmeetings,witha5-yeartimelineforreview.Thedescriptionandformalizingofthisplanhasenabledthelocalmanagementcommitteetoenforcetheirauthorityonoutsiderswhoareinterestedinresourceextraction;recently,onehigh-profilecaseofapeacefulboardingofaninternationalloggingvesselthatwasillegallyenteringthemanagementareawassettledwithsignificantfinancialcompensationpaidtoZairacommunitymembers.Meanwhile,internalconflictsandpunishmentsforlocaloffendersaredealtwiththroughcustomarymechanisms.28

27Hviding,E.1998.Contextualflexibility:presentstatusandfutureofcustomarymarinetenureinSolomonIslands.Ocean&CoastalManagement40(964):253–26928Jupiter,S.D.,A.Wenger,C.J.Klein,S.Albert,S.Mangubhai,J.Nelson,L.Teneva,V.Tulloch,A.White,andJ.E.Watson.2017.Opportunitiesandconstraintsforimplementingintegrated

land–seamanagementonislands.EnvironmentalConservation(March):1–13.

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Underthemanagementplan,theZRMAisgovernedbyaleadershipsystemconstitutedofaChief'sCommittee(chiefandtwospokesmen),aConservationCommittee(chairman,secretaryandtreasurerandtribalmembersfromeachofthethreegroups).AnnualdiscussionsoftheplanareoftenheldduringDecemberholidays,whenmanycommunitymembersreturnforholidaysatZaira.Thereisalsoateamofmaleandfemalerangerswithinthecommunity,whoareappointedtoimplementmanagementactivitiesandenforcerules.

Howdoesthegovernanceoftheareapromoteconservationoutcomes? ThegovernanceoftheZRMAexplicitlypromotesconservationoutcomes.Protectionoftheconservationareaisatthecoreofmanagementplanning,includingridgetoreefconnectivityandthespecificmaintenanceofvaluedspeciesandhabitattypes(e.g.,leatherbackturtles).Becausethemanagementplanisbasedincustomaryhopepractices,thegovernanceoftheZRMAalsosupportsculturallinksbetweenthelandandsea,andseekstomaintainandtransmitanethicofconservationandresourcestewardship.


ThegovernanceoftheareaissetoutintheZRMAManagementPlan.ThePlanwasfirstdraftedin2011,andwasupdatedin2016.TheZRMAhasbeenconsultedwithneighboringtribesandsubmittedtonationalgovernmentforregistrationunderthenationalProtectAreasAct(2010).Whileformalregistrationandrecognitionhasnotoccurredtodate,theformalizationofthecustomarymanagementintoaresourcemanagementplanprovidespowerfulrecognitionofthevalidityoftheconservationarea.TheauthorityofChiefJinoisrecognizedundertriballaw.Hewas'enthroned',orrecognizedfollowingcustomarydueprocess,inDecember2016.

Howeasilycantheinstrument/decisionbeoverturned?

ThecustomaryownershipoflandandresourcesisrecognizedintheconstitutionofSolomonIslandsandrepresentsapowerfulforce.Althoughit

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ispossiblethatspecificrightsrelatingtonaturalresourcescanbesubvertedthroughcorruptlegalprocesses,themultiplelayersofmanagementinZairawithinvolvementofrangers,customaryowners,churchandNGOsmakesitunlikelythatthemanagementareacanbeoverturned.

Overwhattime-frameisthemeasureinplace:long-/medium-/short-term

ZRMAmanagementplanningisalong-terminvestmentinthemaintenanceofavibrantland-andseascapeintheZairaarea.Asnotedabove,managementplanningisexplicitlybuiltoncustomaryresourcegovernancemeasures,andseekstoensurethatconservationofthelandandseawilltakeplaceovercominggenerations.Forexample,themanagementplanincludesspecificprovisionforthetransmissionoftraditionalknowledgeandpracticeoftheforestarea,andtheconservationcommitteemakesexpliciteffortstoincludeawiderangeofyouthasrangersindecisionmakingandmonitoringoftheZRMA.


Yearround

5.ManagementobjectivesWhatarethearea’smanagementobjectives?

TheobjectivesoftheZRMAare:• Toprotecttheconservationareathroughlegaldeclarationand

registration,andensurethecontinuousassessmentofthehealthofitsnaturallandscapes,ecosystemsandhabitats,importantplantsandanimalsincludingotherharvestablestocks.

• Toproperlymanageandsustainableuseofnaturalresources(renewableandnon-renewableresources)tomeetthebasiclivelihoodneedsofthedependentlocalcommunityandnotunderminingpresentandfuturegenerationsdevelopmentaspirations

• Toprotectcriticallyendangered,endemicorrare,threatenedspecieslistedundertheIUCNRedListfoundintheconservationarea(e.g.,leatherbackturtles,dugong,NewGeorgianmonkeyfacedbat),includingtheirrangeofhabitatsfromharvestingand

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disturbances.• Toestablishaneducationlearningcenterforthecurrentandfuture

generationsthroughresearchandtrainingopportunitiesinthearea.• Tomaintaintraditionalresourcemanagementregimeandlocal

leadershipthatrecognizestheirculturalvaluesatthetimeprotectinghistoricalheritages


Asabove,biodiversityconservationisanexplicitobjective


Inthecommunitycontext,biodiversityconservationisfundamentallylinkedtosocialandculturalhealth.Thissense,thereisnoconflict–wherethreatsexisttobiodiversity,themanagementplanningconsidersthemalsothreatstocommunityvitality.Clearly,thisiscommunity-managedareaandmanagementneedstomakesenseforthecommunityasawhole,howeverconflictsaremanagedthroughthecreationofspatialzonesfordifferentusetypes(e.g.,gardenarea);theuseoftemporaryopenareasforspecialoccasions(e.g.,duringthe2015centenaryofthechurcharrivinginZaira,themarineprotectedareawasopened);andthroughanopenanddeliberativeapproachtodecisionmaking.


ManagementeffortsintheZRMAtargetspecificculturallyimportantspecies,(e.g.,leatherbackturtles)asflagshipstofocuscommunitysupportfortheinitiative.Howeverthecentralmotivationforthemanagementareaistostrengthenintegrityoftheentirebio-culturalsystemfromthemontaneforestshighontheridgestothedeepsea.


Managementeffectivenessisassessedviaamonitoringandevaluationframework,asdetailedinthemanagementplan.Thisincludesmarine,freshwaterandterrestrialmeasures.MonitoringisconductedbyatrainedgroupofrangerswithsupportfromlocalandinternationalNGOs,includingprimarypartnerstheSolomonIslandsConservationPartnershipandthe

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UniversityofQueenslandaswellasothergroups(e.g.,theAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory).Whiledataforthesesurveysdoexist(e.g.,pointcountsandvisualsurveysforamphibians,bats,andbirds;leatherbackturtlenestingsuccess;andCatchPerUnitEffortoutsidetheprotectedarea),themajorpurposeofdatacollectionexercisestodateistoprovideatraininganddiscussionforumforcommunityrangerstointeractwithnationalandinternationalecologistsandconservationscientists.IntermsofthesocialsustainabilityoftheZRMA,recentsurveysbytheAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistoryindicatedahighdegreeofacceptanceofrulesandmanagementeffortsaroundtheprotectedarea,includinghighratingsofaspectsofleaderships(>80%ofrespondentsnotingtheyare'satisfied'or'verysatisfied'withcurrentleadership)andperceptionsoffairnessandeffectivenessofmanagementplanningrules(e.g.,>90%ofintervieweesnotingthatruleswerefair).ThesamesurveyindicatedthatvernacularlanguageintheZairaareaisstrong,thatmostpeoplehaveadequateaccesstolandandsearesources,andthatrespondentswererelativelyoptimisticaboutthetrajectoryofmanagementefforts.


Yes.Asabove,monitoringandevaluationisdetailedinthemanagementplan,andincludes:

• AnnualmonitoringofCatchperUnitEffortandavailabilityofvaluedplantspecies

• Biannualmonitoringofcoralreefspecies,withafocusontargetinvertebrates

• Seasonalmonitoringofleatherbackturtles• Annualmonitoringofabundanceofvaluedplantspecies


Asabove,yes.

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Unarguably,thegovernanceoftheZairaareabyChiefJino,usingtherulesdescribedinthemanagementplan,hasbeeneffectiveindeterringdamagingactivitiesintheconservationarea.ThepressureforindustrialloggingoftheZRMAforestsisintenseandthestrengthofcustomarygovernanceistheonlyreasontheZairaenvironmentremainsintact.


Yes


Documents

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