Its Challenge, Development and Problems

Seismic Design for Structures, 22 – 26 October 2007,Taipei

Indonesian participants:

Andreas TriwiyonoDevy Kamil Syahbana

MulatnoSri Atmaja P. Rosyidi

- Introduction

- Microzonation and Site Measurements

- Earthquake Effects in Geotechnics

- Lessons learned from Tsunami Caused by Earthquake

- Earthquake Disaster Management in Indonesia

- Lesson learned from Structural Damages

Outlines of PresentationOutlines of Presentation

Indonesia in Indonesia in Earthquake AreaEarthquake Area

SeismicitySeismicity inin IndonesiaIndonesia

Source: USGS

PGA PGA inin IndonesiaIndonesia

Source: USGS

Earthquake Vulnerable Map in IndonesiaEarthquake Vulnerable Map in Indonesia

(Source: PVG, 2006)

Current Condition:Current Condition:Indonesia in Earthquake Hazard PotentialIndonesia in Earthquake Hazard Potential

Source: USGS

Earthquake Impact in Nusa TenggaraEarthquake Impact in Nusa Tenggara

Alor 1982.

Dompu 2003.Lombok 2004.

Lombok 2004.

Alor 2004.

Bima 2006.

Socialization

Quick Respond Team on Earthquake

STRATEGY MITIGATION ON EARTHQUAKE

If some earthquake occured in some area, in the future earthquake can occurs but we don’t know when the earthquake occur.

Mitigation strategy: Identification earthquake vulnerability and empowering community.

Earthquake Vulneribility Mapping

Activ Fault Monitoring/Micro Zonation

Very Low

Low

HighAnticipation of Community and Local GovernmentOn Earthquake Vulnerable Area Historical earthquake

occuredMMI > VIII

No Building Code ForInfrastructureand settlement

Potential occurs of earthquakeBuilding code for infrastructure

and settlement

Earthquake intensity Map

Historical earthquake occured

MMI VI - VII

Historical earthquake occured

MMI IV - V

Historical earthquake occured

MMI < IV

Medium

Building code forinfrastructure

and settlement

Building code forinfrastructure

and settlement

Dominant Frequency

Amplified

VERY HIGH Amplified Zone (>9 times) – REDHIGH Amplified Zone (7-9 times) – YELLOWMODERATE Amplified Zone (4-6 times) – BLUELOW Amplified Zone (1-3 times) – GREEN

Singkarak

Utara Singkarak

Koto Timur

Sumani

Padang Panjang

Data Correlation

Fault Investigation and Liquefaction Identification Fault Investigation and Liquefaction Identification

Geo-resistivity or Geo-soundingBore-Holes Soil PropertiesSeismic Analysis

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Source: UMY Report

Fault Mapping and Geotechnical Fault Mapping and Geotechnical DamagesDamages

Source: UMY Report

Lessons learned from Lessons learned from JogjaJogja earthquakeearthquake

Why the damage is very severe ?Layers of shallow, unconsilidated sediments are commons in volcanic island. In Jogja they are result of erosion processes and merapi volcano eruption material. Young sediment around Bantul and Jogjabasin overlie more consilidated rock. The seismic produced by the May 27, earthquake encounter this low velocity, near surface sedimentary layer: the amplitude of the wave increases, the wave is bent toward vertical, and the wave becomes trapped in the near surface layer. This wave amplification produced very intensive damage around Bantul and Jogja.

Why the damage is very severe ?Layers of shallow, unconsilidated sediments are commons in volcanic island. In Jogja they are result of erosion processes and merapi volcano eruption material. Young sediment around Bantul and Jogjabasin overlie more consilidated rock. The seismic produced by the May 27, earthquake encounter this low velocity, near surface sedimentary layer: the amplitude of the wave increases, the wave is bent toward vertical, and the wave becomes trapped in the near surface layer. This wave amplification produced very intensive damage around Bantul and Jogja.

Source: Irwan Meilano 2006

Displacement ModelDisplacement ModelCross section of subduction zones the indo-australia plate subducting southern segment of eurasia plate (including java island). The earthquake data is 1976-2006 Magnitude larger than 5. The down-going slab produced earthquake, loss of volatiles and magmatism.We assume that the fault is a left-lateral planar surface across which relative motion accuredduring earthquake. Parameter of the fault is : Strike =50 degree, Dip =45 degree, Length = 25 Km, Width = 15 Km, Slip = 60 Cm, Mag = 6.4 Mw.Estimated horizontal displacement from model :Bantul 10 CmJogja 6.8 CmImagiri 3.5 CmKalasan 2.5 CmKlaten 1 Cm

Learned from Jogja’s earthquake

Contribution by Dr. Irwan Meilano

Cross section of subduction

Source: Irwan Meilano

Ground CrackingGround Cracking

One clear feature of the Jogja’searthquake was the lack of surface fault rupture.

The impressive cracks shown in the figures are superficial features caused by the strong shaking.

Fact: Numerous ground failures occurred around east of Bantul, stretching over 15 km.

Learned from Jogja’s earthquakeContribution by Dr. Irwan Meilano

LiquefactionLiquefactionLiquefaction phenomena can usually be found at many places. The liquefaction has formed long fissures along road, riverbed and also be found in some buildings.

Learned from Jogja’s earthquake

Soil boiling were also found in some location.

TsunamiTsunami Vulnerable MapVulnerable Map

(Sumber : PVG, 2006)

Tsunami Controlling FactorsTsunami Controlling Factors1. Submarine Earthquake

Examples : Tsunami in Bali ,NTB 1977, Banyuwangi 1994, Biak 1996, NAD 2004.

2. Submarine Volcanoes eruptionExamples : Sunda Strait Tsunami generated byKrakatau Eruption,1883.

3. Submarine Landslide Examples : Buru Island Tsunami 14-3-2006

Aceh TsunamiSunda Strait Tsunami Buru Island Tsunami

TSUNAMIVULNERABLE MAPPING

TSUNAMIGENICIDENTIFICATION

SOCIALIZATION

QUICK RESPONSETSUNAMI MITIGATION STRATEGY

Low

Runup > 5 m

High

Limited area for settlement & With evacuation route and

location

Restricted for settlement.Greenbelt zone

TSUNAMI VULNERABLE MAP

Runup 1 – 5 m

Runup 0 – 1 m

Infrastructure and settlement withEvacuation route and location

Medium

Anticipation of Community and Local GovernmentOn Tsunami Vulnerable Area

Tsunami AcehTsunamiTsunami ModellingModelling

Sumatera Barat

TSUNAMI VULNERABLE MAPTSUNAMI VULNERABLE MAP115◦05’E

8◦37’S115◦20’E

115◦20’E

8◦50’S

8◦37’S

Legend:

8◦50’S115◦05’E

Bali Island

SukabumiRegency

Early Warning SystemEarly Warning System

Recent focal point in Disaster Recent focal point in Disaster ManagementManagement– BAKORNAS PB (National)– SATKORLAK PB (Province)– SATLAK PB (District and Municipal)– Satgas PB (Sub District and Villages)

Shifting the paradigm and approaches in Shifting the paradigm and approaches in disaster management from:disaster management from:

• Structural Mitigation to Structural and Non-Structural Mitigation

• Response to Prevention• Sectoral to Multi-sector • Centralized to Decentralized• Conventional to Holistic / Comprehensive• Government driven to Community based

NonNon--Structural MitigationStructural Mitigation

National Action Plan for Risk ReductionCBDRMStrengthen Early Warning SystemSOPTrainingetc

Preventive and Mitigation PlanPreventive and Mitigation Plan

Passive MitigationActive Mitigation

Active Mitigation ActivitiesActive Mitigation Activities

Constructing the sign for “caution”, “danger” and “prohibit” to enter hazards area.Monitoring the laws and regulations enforcement in requirements for building construction, space plan and other regulation related to hazards mitigation.Basic training in hazards mitigation to public and regional official.Public evacuation from hazards area. Campaign to public for hazards mitigation and increasing alertness.Designing shelters and evacuation corridor.Developing the seismic resistant structures for preventing and reducing the hazards impacts such as dam, tripod-sea waves, seismic resistant building and etc.

Passive Mitigation ActionPassive Mitigation Action

Laws and regulations complementDeveloping hazards and problems mapping.Developing quidance/standard/procedureDeveloping leaflet/posterResearch and development in hazards characteristicsRisk analysis on hazardsLocal curriculum of hazards mitigationDeveloping sub-district hazards mitigationStrengthen social units in communityMainstreaming hazards mitigation in development programs

CONDUCTED ACTIVITIESCONDUCTED ACTIVITIES

“Warning Stage”Activation involved units in district.Training / simulation/ rehearsal / technical training for involved sectors in hazards mitigation such as SAR, social bureau, health units, public works, etc.).Preparing support/logisticsDeveloping information system and communication in fast and integration for supporting the hazards mitigation works. Preparing early warningComposing contingency planResources Inventory in emergency responseDeveloping standard guidance for aids and services.

ACTION PLANACTION PLAN

Study and observationsResources organizationInformation and communication ManagementTraining and Rehearsal Education and community awarenessNetwork, Cooperation and Coordination

DISASTER

Education and Information for PublicEducation and Information for Public

UpUp--dated Earthquake Disaster Information:dated Earthquake Disaster Information:Official (Government) WebsiteOfficial (Government) Website

Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigationhttp://portal.vsi.esdm.go.id/joomla/

Information Center for Research on Natural Disaster www.pirba.ristek.go.id

Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisikawww.bmg.go.id

BAKORNAS BPwww.bakornasbp.go.id

Current Earthquake Current Earthquake -- BengkuluBengkulu

Source: USGS

Current Earthquake Current Earthquake -- BengkuluBengkulu

Current Earthquake Current Earthquake -- BengkuluBengkulu

Acknowledgment Acknowledgment

Bakornas Penanggulangan BencanaMinistry of Energy and Mineral Resources

Department of Geological Eng., Gadjah Mada UniversityCenter for Infrastructures and Disaster Management, Muhammadiyah Univ.Yogyakarta

LKPT, Muhammadiyah Univ.YogyakartaDepartment of Civil and Env.Eng., Gadjah Mada UniversityCenter for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation

Dr. Irwan MeilanoMr. Ir. Joko Wintolo, DEA

Mr. Ir. Surya Budi Lesmana, M.Eng

Its Challenge, Preparedness and Problems

The End of Presentation Slide

Thank You