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ITP330ITP330TEKNOLOGI BARU PENGOLAHAN PANGAN
Purwiyatno [email protected]
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
History of Food Process Engineeringwwww www.ift.orgRef.: Original C.J.K. Henry, Proc. Nutrition Soc 56:855-863, 1997;
5)
g y2011 IFIC Communication Summit – Dave Schmidt, “Alliance to Feed the Future, 24 May 2011
4
5
(bill
ions
1976
3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
• Fiber crates• Cellulose packaging
• Gable-top, waxed milk cartons
• Sliced bread5)
• Jell-O• Regulations e.g. Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act4
5
(bill
ions
1976and Cosmetic Act
1930s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Automation
•Mass production5)
•Frozen foods
•Vending machines4
5
(bill
ions
1976
1940s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Frozen dinners•Foreign foodsg
•Food for bomb shelters•Frozen, ready-to-eat bakery
5)
goods•Targeted markets
•Controlled-atmosphere4
5
(bill
ions
1976Controlled atmosphere
packaging1950s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Diet foods
P t l t•Process control computers
•Clean-in-place5)
•Aseptic canning
•Drying improvements 4
5
(bill
ions
1976
1960s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Energy efficiency
W t / t tili ti•Water/waste utilization
•Membrane processing5)
•Health/organic foods
•Environmentally robust 4
5
(bill
ions
1976
computers1970s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Dechemicalization
•Automation
•Aseptic processing5)
•Irradiation
•Packaging4
5
(bill
ions
1976
1980s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
History of Food Process Engineering
•Intelligent Packaging
•Low Carb
•Sachet Packaging5)
•Functional Foods4
5
(bill
ions
1976
1990s3
pula
tion
1960
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
•SafeWh l
Driving Force of Food Science/Food Technology
•Wholesome•Nutritious
•“Functional”+
•Green”
5)
4
5
(bill
ions
1976
•Cheap•Abundant•Available
3
pula
tion
1960
Available
1
2
rld’s
Pop
1850
1930Introduction ofFood technology
Hunter-Gatherer Agricultural Industrial
4 million 10 000
1
Wor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
4 millionYears ago
10 000Years ago 1800 20001900
•SafeWh l
Driving Force of Food Science/Food Technology
•Wholesome•Nutritious
•“Functional”+
•Green”
•Cheap•Abundant•AvailableAvailable
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Driving Force of Food Science/Food Technology
•Alternatives Food Processing
TechnologyTechnology
Food TechnologyProviding better value of foods
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
g
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm100158.htm
Emerging Processing TechnologiesEmerging Processing Technologies
• Microwave and Radio FrequencyMicrowave and Radio Frequency• Ohmic and Inductive Heating• High Pressure Processingg g• Pulsed Electric Field• High Voltage Arc Discharge• Pulsed Light• Ultraviolet Light• Ultrasound• X-Rays
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
http://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm100158.htm
Status of the Report on Technologies (1)
FDA Questions Technology
Ohmic Heating Microwave
Process Description Well described Well described
Mechanism of Activation Well described Well described
C i i l F d W ll d ib d W ll d ib dCritical Factors and Quantification
Well describedHard to predict cold zone
Well describedHard to predict cold zone
Process deviations As in conventional thermal As in conventional thermalProcess deviations As in conventional thermal processing
As in conventional thermal processing
Organizms of concern As in conventional thermal i
As in conventional thermal iprocessing processing
Indicator organizms As in conventional thermal processing
As in conventional thermal processingp g p g
Main reseacrh need Prediction of cold zone Prediction of cold zoneand Uniformity of heating
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Status of the Report on Technologies (2)
FDA Questions Technology
Ultra Sound High Pressure
Process Description Well described Well described
Mechanism of Activation Described Well described
C i i l F d S d W ll d ib dCritical Factors and Quantification
Suggested Well describedProposed Models
Process deviations Not identified1 Well describedProcess deviations Not identified Well described
Organizms of concern Not identified1 Identified
Indicator organizms Not identified2 SuggestedIndicator organizms Not identified Suggested
Main reseacrh need Multiple combination with other technologies
Validation kineticsInfluence of synergistic processing conditions
1. Lack of critical process factors quantification does not permit suggested responses to process deviations
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
2. Must identify pathogen of concern before indicators are finalized
Status of the Report on Technologies (3)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
PENGGUNAAN GEL MIKRO (MICROWAVE/MW)
BerpeluangGelombang mikroPenggunaan MW
( )UNTUK KEPERLUAN INDUSTRI :
Berpeluangmengganggu
proses
Berdekatan danTumpang tindihD ki
Penggunaan MWperlu diaturoleh badanp oses
komunikasiDengan kisaranGelombang radio
yang berwenang,
Mis. Di AS : Federal Communication Commissionmemperbolehkan pemakaian 4 frekuensi MW :p p22150, 5800, 2450 dan 915 MHzPaling banyak : 915 dan 2450 MHz
Inggris : 915 dan 2450 MHz Jerman : 27,12; 433,92 dan 2450 MHzEropa Timur: 2375 MHz
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Eropa Timur: 2375 MHz
PEMANASAN DIELEKTRIK (& GEL MIKRO)
dipantulkan oleh metaldiserap (diubah menjadi panas) oleh dielektrik : internal heating
(Molecular friction).(Molecular friction).
Oδ-
/
H HO
δ+δ+δ+δ+
“Perub.Orientasi
l i i”
Generator(Oscilator)
+/-Bahanpangan
H HO
δ+δ+
δ-
polarisasi”
( )+/-
+ Ionic
+ displacement
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Listrik Panas Konversi Energi
P = 2π(εo)( ε’) tan δE2fP = 5 56x10-13 (ε’) tan δE2fP 5.56x10 ε ) tan δE f
P = jumlah panas yang diproduksi per satuan volume [=] W/m3
= permitivity of free spaceεo= permitivity of free spaceε’ = konstanta dielektrik
(sifat fisik bahan yang berhubungan)dengan polaritas atau Σ dipole)
δ = loss angleE = kekuatan medan listrik [=] volts/mf = frekuensi (hz, s-1)ε’ tan δ = ε’’ = loss factor
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
LOSS FACTOR ∈ε” = f (SUHU, FREKUENSI)
30
35160 450 MHz
MashedPotatoes
20
25
30
100120140Cooked
carrots
10
15
20
406080100
900 MHz
-20 0 20 40 600
5
-20 20 40 6002040 900 MHz
2700 MHzH2O
SUHU (oC) SUHU (oC)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
DAYA PENETRASI GEL MIKRO = d
λd o
tanδε'2πd o=
λ j l bλo = panjang gelombang
Kedalaman penetrasi, d[=] cmKadar air ε’ 915 MHz 2450 MHzKadar air ε 915 MHz 2450 MHz
tinggi 15 8,4 3,1sedang 4 11,7 4,4grendah 1,5 22,1 8,2
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
PENINGKATAN SUHU DALAM PRODUK
Jumlah panas yang diperlukanuntuk meningkatkan suhu produk sebesar ΔT
QQ = mc ΔTQ = ρVcΔT atau ΔT= Q/ρVcdimana V = volume
Jumlah panas yang diproduksi oleh pemanasan gel mikro :p y g p p gQ = PVΔtQ = (5.56 x 10-13 ε” E2 f)VΔt
Jadi, ε”,ΔT = 5.56 x 10-13
untuk pemanasan gel mikro yang sama,
ε
ρc E2 f Δt
ΔT = ≈ ε”ρc
= f (Komponen bahan pangan)
homogenitas pemanasan homogenitas bahan pangan
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
homogenitas pemanasan = homogenitas bahan pangan
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO (UMUM):( )
•Rumah tangga : microwave oven
•Komersial4Pemanasan tanpa merubah sifat-sifat dasar produk :
thawing & defrosing (tempering)
4Pemanasan dengan merubah sifat-sifat dasar produk :Pengembangan adonan & pemangganganPemblansiran buah/sayuran : inativasi enzimPemblansiran buah/sayuran : inativasi enzimPemasakan (cooking)Roasting (untuk kacang-kacangan)
4Pengeringan : Dehidrasi pada tekanan normalDehidrasi pada tekanan vakum
4Inaktivasi Mikroba :Sterilisasi & Pasteurisasi (kurang sukses ! :
masih dalam penelitian!)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
masih dalam penelitian!)
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO PADA PROSES PEMANGGANGAN
Utama : ~ membantu proses pengeringan lanjut
Proses pemanggangan dimulai dengan oven tradisional (menggProses pemanggangan dimulai dengan oven tradisional (mengg. udara panas) :
Efektif untuk produk dengan kadar air tinggiEfektif untuk produk dengan kadar air tinggi
Dengan semakin menurunnya kadar air :efektifitas oven menurunefektifitas oven menuruncase hardening?!
Pengeringan/pemanggangan selanjutnya : g g p gg g j yoven gel. Mikromengeringkan bag dalam (tanpa “overcooked” di permukaan)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
p )
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO PADA PROSES THAWING :
☺ Konduktivitas panas air < konduktivitas panas esp pProses pencairan : menurunkan proses pindah panas
☺ Loss factor air > loss factor es☺ Loss factor air > loss factor es
Proses pencairan : menaikan kadar air dan loss factor>>mempercepat proses pemanasan
☺ Problem : Pada bahan baku yang ukuran besar☺ Problem : Pada bahan baku yang ukuran besar- proses pencairan tidak seragam- mengakibatkan overcooked pada bagian ttt
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO PADA PROSESAPLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO PADA PROSES DEFROSTING :
Menaikan suhu produk beku: -20oC menjadi -3oC
Untuk daging dan mentega mempermudah penanganan (slicing)g g g p p g ( g)
Minimum overcooked
Cepat : ....................> daging dapat didefrost selama 10 menitCepat : > daging dapat didefrost selama 10 menit (tradisional: beberapa hari pada cold room)
Minimum perubahan phase Minimum drip loss (kehilangan karena penetesan)
Mutu meningkat: lebih higienik, lebih cepat, dapat dilakukan di d l b ( )dalam box (pengemas)
Ruang yang diperlukan sedikit
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Ekonomis
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO PADA PROSES DEHIDRASI :DEHIDRASI :
VS. PEMANASAN TRADISIONAL/UDARA PANAS :
Pindah panas turun : thermal conductivity turun pada bahan pangan kering
Semakin lama waktu pengeringan mutu sensori dan mutu gizi turunturunOksidasi tinggi : mengakibatkan warna dan vitamin menurun. Untuk produk dengan kadar pufa tinggi, terjadi ketengikanCase hardening : perubahan karakteristik permukaan
>> keras, susah ditembus oleh panas/uap air (kualitas produk menurun)air (kualitas produk menurun)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO PADA PROSES DEHIDRASI :DEHIDRASI :
M k b h d i d l
VS. PEMANASAN GELOMBANG MIKRO :
Memanaskan bahan dari dalam :Tidak ada masalah ttg konduktivitas panasTidak memanaskan udara : mrengurangi ksidasi rendahTidak memanaskan udara : mrengurangi ksidasi rendahTidak terjadi case hardening
(pindah massa/uap air .........> lancar)
Umumnya dipakai untuk mengeringkan semi/partly dried foods, dimana gel. Mikro akan tetap memanaskan daerah yang masih basah, tanpa mempengaruhi daerah/bagian yang sudah kering.
Mahal
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
APLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO : LAIN-LAINAPLIKASI PEMANASAN GEL. MIKRO : LAIN LAIN
Masih dalam taraf penelitian: Bl i P t i i St ili iBlansir, Pasteurisasi, Sterilisasi
PENGARUH GELOMBANG MIKRO TERHADAP BAHAN PANGAN :
tidak ada pengaruh langsung pada mikroorganismetidak ada pengaruh langsung pada mikroorganismewaktu proses menurunretensi gizi lebih baik (prinsip HTST)
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
PEMANASAN OHMICPEMANASAN OHMIC
elektrodaelektroda
SS PowerPowerSupplySupply
BAHANBAHAN
P : laju jumlah panas yang diproduksi P : laju jumlah panas yang diproduksi P = IP = I22RR j j p y g pj j p y g pper satuan volume (W.mper satuan volume (W.m--33))
E : kekuatan medan listrik (Volt cmE : kekuatan medan listrik (Volt cm--11))kkee : konduktivitas listrik (ohm: konduktivitas listrik (ohm--11/m/m, , S/m)S/m)
P IP I R R P = IP = I22kkee
--11
I = kI = keeELEL--11ee (( ))
I : densitas arus listrik (amps/mI : densitas arus listrik (amps/m22))R : tahanan listrik (ohmR : tahanan listrik (ohm--11))
k t t t d il i kk t t t d il i k b hb h-- kecepatan pemanasan tergantung pada nilai kkecepatan pemanasan tergantung pada nilai kee bahan panganbahan pangan-- kkee bahan pangan =f(kadar air, garam ionik dan asam)bahan pangan =f(kadar air, garam ionik dan asam)-- kkee bahan pangan cair >> kbahan pangan cair >> kee bahan padatbahan padat
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
-- minyak dan lemak mempunyai nilai kminyak dan lemak mempunyai nilai kee sangat rendahsangat rendah
Arah perambatan panas, QArah perambatan panas, Q
== PrPrQ(r)Q(r)
⎥⎥⎤⎤
⎢⎢⎡⎡
⎟⎟⎞⎞
⎜⎜⎛⎛−−==−−
2222
00rr11PrPrTTTT
22Q(r)Q(r)
rr⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎦⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎣⎣
⎟⎟⎠⎠
⎜⎜⎝⎝00 RR
114k4k
TTTT
k = konduktivitas panask = konduktivitas panas
Kenaikan suhu maksimumKenaikan suhu maksimumPRPRTTTT
22
Kenaikan suhu rataKenaikan suhu rata--ratarata4k4k
PRPRTTTT oomaxmax ==−−
Kenaikan suhu rataKenaikan suhu rata ratarata
8k8kPRPRTTTT
22
00 ==−−
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
8k8k
Contoh :Contoh :Sebuah bahan berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 2R dan panjangSebuah bahan berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 2R dan panjangSebuah bahan berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 2R dan panjang Sebuah bahan berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 2R dan panjang L. Berapa L. Berapa Δ Δ voltase (E) yang perlu diberikan supaya terjadi voltase (E) yang perlu diberikan supaya terjadi peningkatan suhu di pusat bahan sebesar (Tpeningkatan suhu di pusat bahan sebesar (Tmaxmax--TT00))ooC, dimana suhu C, dimana suhu awal = Tawal = Tawal = Tawal = T00..
Jawab :Jawab :G kG k 4k4k
PRPRTTTT22
00maxmax ==−−Gunakan Gunakan persamaan persamaan peningkatan suhupeningkatan suhu LL
EEkkII,,kk4k4k
RRIITTTT ee2222
00maxmax ====−−
4k4k
kkRREERR
LLEEkk
222222
22ee
⎞⎞⎛⎛⎟⎟⎞⎞
⎜⎜⎛⎛⎟⎟
⎠⎠⎞⎞
⎜⎜⎝⎝⎛⎛
LLkk4k4kee
JadiJadikkkk
4L4LRREE
kk4k4kLLTTTT ee
22ee
00maxmax ⎟⎟⎠⎠⎞⎞
⎜⎜⎝⎝⎛⎛
⎟⎟⎟⎟⎠⎠
⎞⎞⎜⎜⎜⎜⎝⎝
⎛⎛==⎠⎠⎝⎝==−−
))TT(T(TTTTTkk
kkRRLL22EE
Jadi,Jadi,
00maxmax00 −−⎟⎟⎠⎠⎞⎞
⎜⎜⎝⎝⎛⎛==
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
))((TTkkRR 00maxmax00
00ee⎠⎠⎝⎝
PERBANDINGAN ANTARA PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO DAN OHMICPERBANDINGAN ANTARA PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO DAN OHMICPERBANDINGAN ANTARA PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO DAN OHMICPERBANDINGAN ANTARA PEMANASAN GEL MIKRO DAN OHMIC
KriteriaKriteria PemanasanPemanasan PemanasanPemanasanKriteriaKriteria PemanasanPemanasan PemanasanPemanasanGel MikroGel Mikro OhmicOhmic
K d kti it li t ikK d kti it li t ik 0 250 25 44 0 0050 005 1 21 2Konduktivitas listrikKonduktivitas listrik 0.250.25--44 0.0050.005--1.21.2(siemen/m)(siemen/m)Generasi Panas untukGenerasi Panas untukGenerasi Panas untukGenerasi Panas untukmedan listrik 20 V/mmedan listrik 20 V/m 11--1616 0.020.02--55(W/cm(W/cm33))Kenaikan suhuKenaikan suhu 0.250.25--4*4* 0.0040.004--1.2*1.2*((ooC/sec)C/sec)
* kenaikan suhu di permukaan kaleng pada proses pemanasan* kenaikan suhu di permukaan kaleng pada proses pemanasanretort adalah sekitar 0.2retort adalah sekitar 0.2ooC/secC/sec
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
PEMANASAN OHMICPEMANASAN OHMIC VSVS GELOMBANG MIKROGELOMBANG MIKROPEMANASAN OHMIC PEMANASAN OHMIC VS VS GELOMBANG MIKROGELOMBANG MIKRO
Mirip dengan pemanasan gel. Mikro :Mirip dengan pemanasan gel. Mikro :K i i li t ik j di iK i i li t ik j di iKonversi enegi listrik menjadi energi panasKonversi enegi listrik menjadi energi panas
Penetrasi panas/daya penetrasi : tidak terbatasPenetrasi panas/daya penetrasi : tidak terbatasS h d l b h t (S h d l b h t (∇∇TT 0)0)Suhu dalam bahan pangan merata (Suhu dalam bahan pangan merata (∇∇T T ≈≈ 0)0)Tidak perlu “pengadukan”Tidak perlu “pengadukan”C k t k k b h i d tik l tC k t k k b h i d tik l tCocok untuk memanaskan bahan pangan cair dgn partikulat : Cocok untuk memanaskan bahan pangan cair dgn partikulat :
sop dll.sop dll.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Nilai konduktivitas listrik beberapa bahanNilai konduktivitas listrik beberapa bahan
BahanBahan nilai knilai kee (s/m)(s/m)
Nilai konduktivitas listrik beberapa bahanNilai konduktivitas listrik beberapa bahan
Air murni (25Air murni (25ooC)C) 5,7x105,7x10--66
Asam sulfat (25Asam sulfat (25ooC)C) 11Asam sulfat (25Asam sulfat (25 C) C) 1 1
kentang(19kentang(19ooC)C) 0.0370.037wortel (19wortel (19ooC)C) 0,0410,041kacang kapri (19kacang kapri (19ooC)C) 0.170.17daging sapi (19daging sapi (19ooC)C) 0,420,42daging sapi (19daging sapi (19 C)C) 0,420,42Larutan pati (5,5%, 19Larutan pati (5,5%, 19ooC)C)
+ garam 0.2%+ garam 0.2% 0,340,340 55%0 55% 1 31 3+ garam 0,55%+ garam 0,55% 1,31,3
+ garam 2%+ garam 2% 4,34,3
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressure
Juga disebut
(Ultra) high pressure processing
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureHistorical Timeline
High hydrostatic pressure
1895 H. Royer uses high pressure to kill bacteria.1899 Bert H. Hite at the West Virginia Agricultural Experimental Station
i d ff t ilk t f it d t blexamined pressure effects on milk, meat, fruits and vegetables.1914 P. W. Bridgman coagulated egg albumen under high pressure.1990 First commercial products like fruit juices jams fruit toppings and1990 First commercial products like fruit juices, jams, fruit toppings and
tenderized meats introduced in Japan.1995 Orange juice commercialized in France.1997 Market introduction of guacamole in the US and sliced cooked
ham in Spain.1999 Oysters introduced in the US1999 Oysters introduced in the US.2000 Range of salsas launched in the US market.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressureHow High ??
Two elephants balanced on aTwo elephants balanced on a piston with a cross section of a dime will create a pressure of 400 Mega Pascal (Mpa). This is approximately 60,000 pounds per square inchpounds per square inch.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressure
• High Pressure can kill microorganisms by interrupting with their cellular function
ith t th f h t th t d thwithout the use of heat that can damage the taste, texture, and nutritional value of the food
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food.
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressure
Th " h i " f hi h b d b t i kill i l• The "mechanism" of high-pressure based bacteria kill is low energy and does not promote the formation of new chemical compounds, "radiolytic" by-products, or free-radicals. y y
• Vitamins, texture and flavor are basically unchanged. • For example, enzymes can remain active in high pressure
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
p , y g pproduced orange juice.
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressure............ the system
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Preservation
Elimination or substantial reduction of spoilage microorganisms and enzymes for shelf life
t i f f i t d f d d t ith iextension of refrigerated food products with superior sensory quality, e.g. juices, jams, guacamole, salsa, meat & dairy products seafood (commercialized)meat & dairy products, seafood (commercialized)
Acidified and low-acid shelf-stable products (under development)
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development)
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Food safetyElimination of pathogens: e.g. Listeria in meat products, Salmonella in eggs and po ltr Vibrio in o sterseggs and poultry, Vibrio in oystersHypotheses for vegetative cell inactivation...
- denaturation of proteins and enzymes- denaturation of proteins and enzymes- damage of DNA replication & transcription- solidification of membrane (phospho)lipidssolidification of membrane (phospho)lipids- breakage of bio-membranes (cell leakage)
Spores are very resistant to pressure, but can be destroyed by combining
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pressure with elevated temperatures
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Fruit Juice treated with HHP• Juice tests have shown that food
pathogens such as salmonella and E.coli 0157:H7 can be effectively destroyed y ywithout changing the fruit juice's fresh, natural characteristics.
• A pressure exposure of 80 000 psi for 30• A pressure exposure of 80,000 psi for 30 seconds can achieve a 3-5 log reduction of all of the pathogens of concern in fresh j i
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juice
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressure
Oyster treated by HHP
Applications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
• Another example of food safety is the destruction of Vibrio bacteria in raw oysters without destroying the raw feel and taste of the
Oyster treated by HHP
in raw oysters without destroying the raw feel and taste of the oyster.
• A pressure of 200 to 300 MPa for 5 to 15 minutes at 25C inactivated :inactivated : · Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17803, · Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562, · Vibrio choleare ATCC 14035, ,· Vibrio choleare non-O:1 ATCC 14547, · Vibrio hollisae ATCC 33564· Vibrio mimicus ATCC 33653
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(from: "D. Berlin, D. Herson, D. Hicks, and D. Hoover; Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 1999“)
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressure
Oyster treated by HHP
Applications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Oyster treated by HHP
Pressure shucked raw clams. Pressure not only destroys the vibrio family of bacteria that can be found in shellfish, but also detaches the meat from the shell, saving labor and increasing g gproduction efficiency.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Styrofoam cup subjected to 40,000 psi, sliced ham, and fruit pack (with juice) subjected to 80,000 psi.
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Texturization
As an alternative to heat processing texturization can be accomplished by exposing protein (e.g. egg, whey, soy) and hydrocolloid (e.g. pectin, starch) solutions to hydrostatic pressure. The resulting gels are characterized by uniquely different texturescharacterized by uniquely different textures.
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High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are
High hydrostatic pressureApplications for High Pressure Processing are found in the areas of...
Heat-sensitive compounds
HPP ff th i t ti l t t bili d tHPP offers the unique potential to stabilize products with heat-sensitive components (e.g. flavors, nutrients biologically active compounds)nutrients, biologically active compounds).
Biotechnology
Specific enzymes can be activated under pressure leading to enhanced reaction rates and shorter
ti
Purwiyatno Hariyadi - Emerging New Processing Technology in Foods – ITP330
process times.
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressure
Jams & Fruit Toppings
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Toppings(Japan)
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressureExamples of products commercialised in Europe and treated on HYPERBAR installations supplied by ACB
ULTI / PAMPRYL (Groupe PERNOD-RICARD) - France freshey squeezed fruit juice Fresh pressed
ESPUNA - Spain –li d k d h
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sliced cooked ham
High hydrostatic pressureHigh hydrostatic pressureExamples of Food products in the USA
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High hydrostatic pressureEffect of pressure is very similar to the effect of temperature in thermal
High hydrostatic pressureprocesses
Figure. Change in inactivation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii with pressure. Note that 345 MPa = 50,000 psi. (Enrique Palou, GRA, BSysE Dept., WSU)
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High hydrostatic pressureThermally-assisted high-pressure lifts quality of shelf-stable foods
High hydrostatic pressurey g p q y
Process Variables for Optimum Quality
T P P d tTempera-ture
Pressure Products
90°C 700 MPMain meal entrees, meats, pasta dishes,
90°C 700 MPa most vegetables, sauces, cheese, soups, stews, flavored milk drinks
80°C 830 MPa Whole potatoes most vegetables80 C 830 MPa Whole potatoes, most vegetables
70°C 1,000 MPa All potato products, all vegetables, seafoodseafood
60°C 1,240 MPa Eggs, milk
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Source: Richard S. Meyer, PhD, Washington Farms, Inc.
High hydrostatic pressureThermally-assisted high-pressure lifts quality of shelf-stable foods
High hydrostatic pressure
What's needed to commercialize UHP for sterilizing shelf-stable products?
y g p q y
Two things must be done. 1. First, develop the kinetic information necessary to file a
petition with the FDA and USDA. To do that, we have to select the most heat and pressure-resistant strain of Clostridium botulinum.
2. Second, we need commercial-size, inexpensive high-lpressure vessels.
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