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ITALIAN 1
1. BASIC PHRASES / FRASI SEMPLICI
Buon giorno
bwon zhor-noHello / Good morning/afternoon
Buona sera
bwoh-nah seh-rahGood evening
Buona notte
bwoh-nah noht-tehGood night
CiaochowHi / Hello / Bye (informal)
Arrivederciah-ree-vuh-dehr-cheeGoodbye
ArrivederLaah-ree-vuh-dehr-lahGoodbye (formal)
A pi tardiah pyoo tar-dee
See you later
A presto / A dopoah press-toh / ah doh-poh
See you soon
A domaniah doh-mahn-ee
See you tomorrow
Per favore / Per piacerepehr fah-voh-reh / pehr pee-ah-cheh-reh
Please
Grazie (mille)graht-zee-eh (mee-leh)Thank you (very much)
Pregopreh-gohYou're Welcome
Mi dispiacemee dee-spyah-cheh
Sorry
Scusi / Scusaskoo-zee / skoo-zah
Excuse me(formal / informal)
Andiamo!on-dee-ah-mo
Let's go!
Come sta? / Come stai?
koh-meh stah / koh-meh styHow are you? (formal / informal)
Sto bene.
stoh beh-nehI am fine / well.
Non c' male.
nohn cheh mah-lehNot bad.
Abbastanza bene.ah-bah-stahn-tsah beh-neh
Pretty good.
Cos cos.koh-zee koh-zee
So so.
S / Nosee / noh
Yes / No
Come si chiama?koh-meh see kee-ah-mahWhat's your name? (formal)
Come ti chiami?koh-meh tee kee-ah-mee
What's your name?(informal)
Mi chiamo...mee kee-ah-moMy name is...
Piacere / Molto lieto.pee-ah-cheh-reh / mohl-toh lee-
eh-tohPleased / Nice to meet you.
Signore, Signora, Signorinaseen-yoh-reh, seen-yoh-rah, seen-yoh-reen-ahMister, Misses, Miss
Di dov'?dee doh-veh
Di dove sei?dee doh-veh seh-ee
Sono di...soh-noh dee
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Where are you from? (formal) Where are you from?
(informal)
I am from...
Quanti anni ha?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah
How old are you? (formal)
Quanti anni hai?kwahn-tee ahn-nee ah-ee
How old are you? (informal)
Ho venti anni.oh vehn-tee ahn-nee
I am 20 years old.
Parla italiano?par-lah ee-tahl-ee-ah-noDo you speakItalian? (formal)
Parli inglese?par-lee een-gleh-zeh
Do you speakEnglish?(informal)
Parlo italiano. / Nonparlo inglese.par-lo ee-tahl-ee-ah-no /
non par-loeen-gleh-zehI speakItalian. / I
don't speakEnglish.
Capisce? / Capisci?kah-pee-sheh / kah-pee-shee
Do you understand?(formal / informal)
[Non] capisco.[non] kah-pees-kohI [don't] understand.
Non so. / Lo so.non soh / low sohI don't know. / I know.
Pu aiutarmi? / Puoi aiutarmi?pwoh ah-yoo-tar-mee / pwoh-ee
ah-yoo-tar-meeCan you help me?
(formal / informal)
Certamente / D'accordo.cher-tah-mehn-teh / dah-kohr-doh
Sure / OK.
Come?koh-meh?What? / Pardon me?
Desidera? / Desideri?deh-zee-deh-rah / deh-zee-deh-ree
May I help you?(formal / informal)
Come si dice "house" in italiano?koh-meh see dee-cheh "house" een ee-tah-lee-ah-nohHow do you say "house" in Italian?
Dov' / Dove sono...?doh-veh / doh-veh soh-nohWhere is / Where are... ?
Ecco / Eccoli...eh-koh / eh-koh-leeHere is / Here are...
C' / Ci sono...cheh /chee soh-nohThere is / There are...
Cosa c'?koh-zah cheh
What's the matter? / What'swrong?
Non importa. / Di niente. /Di nulla.nohn eem-por-tah / dee nee-
ehn-teh / dee noo-lah
It doesn't matter.
Non m'importa.nohn meem-por-tah
I don't care.
Non ti preoccupare.nohn tee preh-ohk-koo-pah-reh
Don't worry. (informal)
Ho dimenticato.oh dee-men-tee-kah-toh
I forgot.
Devo andare adesso.deh-voh ahn-dah-reh ah-
des-sohI have to go now.
Ho fame. / Ho sete. Ho freddo. / Ho caldo. Mi annoio.
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oh fah-meh / oh seh-teh
I'm hungry. / I'm thirsty.
oh freh-doh / oh kal-doh
I'm cold. / I'm hot.
mee ahn-noh-ee-oh
I'm bored.
Salute!
sah-loo-tehBless you!
Congratulazioni!kohn-grah-tsoo-lah-tsee-oh-
neeCongratulations!
Benvenuti!
behn-veh-noo-teeWelcome!
Buona fortuna!bwoh-nah for-too-nahGood luck!
Tocca a me! / Tocca a te!tohk-kah ah meh / tohk-kah
ah tehIt's my turn! / It's your turn!
(informal)
Ti amo.tee ah-mohI love you. (informal)
pazzo! / Sei pazzo!eh pats-soh / seh-ee pats-soh
You're crazy! (formal / informal)
Sta zitto! / Stai zitto!stah tseet-toh / sty tseet-toh
Be quiet / Shut up!(formal / informal)
Va bene!vah beh-nehOK!
Notice that Italian has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is becausethere is more than one meaning to "you" in Italian (as well as in many otherlanguages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animalsor children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do notknow well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, forexample.) There is also a plural you, used when speaking to more than one person.
Also, the words pazzo and zitto refer to men. If you are talking to a woman, use pazzaand zitta. If you are talking to more than one person (all men, or a group of men and
women), use pazzi and zitti. If you are talking to more than one person (all women),use pazze and zitte.
2. PRONUNCIATION / LA PRONUNCIA
Italian is a very phonetic language, so pronunciation should be easy. Most words arepronounced exactly like they are spelled. There are only seven pure vowels, butseveral diphthongs and triphthongs. The English samples given are not pronouncedexactly as in Italian because English vowels tend to be diphthongized (there's an extrayuh or wuh after the actual vowel). Make sure to only say the pure vowel and not the
diphthong when pronouncing Italian.Italian Vowels English Pronunciation
[i] vita ee as in meet
[e] vedi ay as in bait
>@ era eh as in bet
[a] cane ah as in father
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[u] uva oo as in boot
[o] sole oh as in boat
[] modo aw as in law
Semi-Vowels[w] quando, uomo wuh as in won
[j] piano, ieri, piove yuh as in yes
In spelling, the letter e is used to represent both [e] and >@; while the letter o is used torepresent both [o] and []. If the vowel is stressed, then the pronunciation is alwaysclosed [e] and [o]. If the vowel is not stressed, it is always open >@and []. This canchange according to regional dialects in Italy, of course, but this is the standardrule. Italian semi-vowels are always written ua,ue,uo,ui for [w] and ia,ie,io,iufor[j]. If another vowel precedes u or i, then it is a diphthong: ai,ei,oi,au,eu. The
combination iu + another vowel creates a triphthong.
Italian consonant + vowel combinations
c + a, o, u, he, hi k amica, amico, amicheah-mee-kah, ah-mee-koh, ah-mee-keh
c + ia, io, iu, e, i ch bacio, celebre, cinemabah-cho, cheh-leh-breh, chee-neh-
mah
g + a, o, u, he, hi g gara, gusto, spaghetti gah-rah, goo-stoh, spah-geh-tee
g + ia, io, iu, e, i dj Giotto, gelato, magico djoh-toh, djeh-lah-toh, mah-djee-koh
sc + a, o, u, he, hi sk scala, scuola, scheda skah-lah, skoo-oh-la, skeh-dah
sc + ia, io, iu, e, i sh sciarpa, sciupato, scemo shar-pah, shoo-pah-toh, sheh-moh
The consonant his always silent. Double consonants must be pronouncedindividually: ilnonno (eel nohn-noh) is pronounced differently from ilnono (eel noh-noh).
Stress falls on the second-to-last syllable in Italian. If stress falls on the last syllable,the vowel is written with an accent mark (la citt). However, it is also possible for thestress to fall on the third-to-last syllable (America, telefono) and even the fourth-to-lastsyllable (telefonano) in third person plural verb conjugations.
3. ALPHABET / L'ALFABETO
a ah q koo
b bee r ehr-reh
c chee s ehs-seh
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d dee t teh
e eh u oo
f eff-eh v voo
g zhee z dzeh-tah
h ahk-kah
i ee Foreign Letters
l ehl-eh j ee loon-gah
m ehm-eh k kahp-pah
n ehn-eh w dohp-pyah voo
o oh x eeks
p pee y ee greh-kah (or) eep-see-lohn
4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES / ARTICOLI E DIMOSTRATIVI
All nouns in Italian have a gender (masculine or feminine) and the articles must agreewith the gender. Masculine words generally end in -o and feminine words generallyend in -a. Words that end in -e may be either, so you will just have to memorize thegender. Keep in mind that articles are used before nouns or before an adjective + anoun.
Definite Article - The
Masculine Feminine
il eel sing., before consonantsla lah sing., before consonants
lo low sing., before z, gn, ps, or s + cons.
l' l sing., before vowels l' l sing., before vowels
i ee plural, before consonants
le lehplural, before consonantsand vowelsgli lyee
plural, before vowels, z, gn, or s +
cons.
Indefinite Articles - A, an, some
Masculine Feminine
A, Anun oon before consonant or vowel una
oon-ah
before consonants
uno oon-oh before z, gn, ps, or s + un' oon before vowels
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6. TO BE & TO HAVE / ESSERE & AVERE
Essere - to be
I am sono soh-noh we are siamo see-ah-moh
you are sei say you are siete see-eh-teh
he/she/it is eh they are sono soh-noh
You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the different conjugations imply thesubject, but they are included in the recordings.
Past & Future ofEssere
I was ero we were eravamo I will be sar we will be saremo
you were eri you were eravate you will be sarai you will be sarete
he/she was era they were erano he/she will be sar they will be saranno
Avere - to have
I have ho oh We have abbiamo ahb-bee-ah-mo
you have hai eye you have avete ah-veh-teh
he/she has ha ah they have hanno ahn-noh
Past & Future ofAvere
I had avevo we had avevamo I will have avr we will have avremo
you had avevi you had avevate you will have avrai you will have avretehe/she had aveva they had avevano he/she will have avr they will have avranno
Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the verb "to be" inEnglish:
avere fame - to be hungryaveresete - to be thirstyavere caldo - to be warmavere freddo - to be cold
avere fretta - to be in a hurryavere paura (di) - to be afraid (of)avere ragione - to be rightavere torto - to be wrongaveresonno - to be sleepyaverebisognodi - to needavere vogliadi - to want, to feel likeavere20anni - to be 20 years old
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When avere is followed a word beginning with a consonant, the final -e is oftendropped: aver ragione
7. USEFUL WORDS / PAROLE UTILE
and e eh always sempre sehm-preh
or o oh often spesso speh-soh
but ma mah sometimes qualche volta kwal-keh vohl-tah
not non nohn usually usualmenteoo-zoo-al-mehn-
teh
while mentre mehn-treh especially specialmentespeh-chee-al-mehn-teh
if se seh except eccetto eh-cheh-toh
because perch pehr-kay book il libro lee-broh
very, a lot molto mohl-toh pencil la matita mah-tee-tah
also, too anche ahn-keh pen la penna pehn-nah
although bench behn-keh paper la carta kar-tah
now adesso, oraah-deh-so, oh-rah
dog il cane kah-neh
perhaps, maybe forse or-seh cat il gatto gah-toh
then allora, poiahl-loh-rah,poy
friend (fem) l'amica ah-mee-kah
there is c' cheh friend (masc) l'amico ah-mee-koh
there are ci sono chee soh-noh woman la donna dohn-nah
there was c'era che-rah man l'uomo woh-moh
there were c'erano che-rah-no girl la ragazza rah-gat-sah
here is ecco ehk-koh boy il ragazzo rah-gat-soh
C' can also mean is here, as in Nek's famous song: Laura non c' - Laura's not here.
8. QUESTION WORDS
Who Chi keeWhose Di chi dee kee
What Che cosa keh koh-sah
Why Perch pehr-keh
When Quando kwahn-doh
Where Dove doh-veh
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How Come koh-meh
How much Quanto kwahn-toh
Which Quale kwah-leh
When dove, come,andquale are followedby (is), doveand come contract to dov' and com'; and qualedropsitse to become qual .
9. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS
0 zero dzeh-roh
1 uno oo-noh
2 due doo-eh
3 tre treh
4 quattro kwaht-troh
5 cinque cheen-kweh
6 sei say
7 sette seht-teh
8 otto aw-toh
9 nove naw-vay
10 dieci dee-ay-chee
11 undici oon-dee-chee
12 dodici doh-dee-chee
13 tredici treh-dee-chee
14 quattordici kwaht-tohr-dee-chee
15 quindici kween-dee-chee
16 sedici seh-dee-chee
17 diciassette dee-chahs-seht-teh
18 diciotto dee-choht-toh
19 diciannove dee-chahn-noh-veh
20 venti vehn-tee21 ventuno vehn-too-noh
22 ventidue vehn-tee-doo-eh
23 ventitr vehn-tee-treh
30 trenta trehn-tah
40 quaranta kwah-rahn-tah
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50 cinquanta cheen-kwahn-tah
60 sessanta sehs-sahn-tah
70 settanta seht-tahn-tah
80 ottanta oh-tahn-tah
90 novanta noh-vahn-tah
100 cento chehn-toh
101 centouno chehn-toh-oo-noh
110 centodieci chehn-toh-dee-ay-chee
200 duecento doo-eh-chehn-toh
1,000 mille mee-leh
2,000 duemila doo-eh-mee-lah
million un milione mee-lee-oh-neh
billion un miliardo mee-lee-ar-doh
If a number ends in -tre, you need to add an accent: -tr. When you have a word thatends in a vowel, like venti, and another word that begins with a vowel, like uno; thefirst word loses its vowel when putting the two words together. Venti(20) and uno(1)make ventuno (21). One exception is cento; it does not lose its vowel. Cento (100)and uno (1) make centouno(101). Notice that cento does not have a plural form,but milledoes (mila). And be aware that Italian switches the use of commas anddecimals.
Ordinal Numbers
first primo / prima
second secondo / seconda
third terzo / terza
fourth quarto / quarta
fifth quinto / quinta
sixth sesto / sesta
seventh settimo / settima
eighth ottavo / ottava
ninth nono / nona
tenth decimo / decima
eleventh undicesimo / undicesima
twentieth ventesimo / ventesima
hundredth centesimo / centesima
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October ottobre oht-toh-breh
November novembre noh-vehm-breh
December dicembre dee-chem-breh
week la settimana lah sett-ee-mah-nah
month il mese eel meh-zeh
year l'anno lahn-noh
Days and months are not capitalized. To express the date, use il(number)(month). May 5th would be il5(orcinque) maggio. But for the first of the month,useprimo instead of 1 or uno. To express ago, as in two days ago, a month ago, etc.,
just add fa afterwards. To express last, as in last Wednesday, last week, etc., justadd scorso(for masculine words) orscorsa (for feminine words) afterwards.
unasettimana fa - a week ago
lasettimanascorsa - last weekunmese fa - a month ago
l'annoscorso - last year
12. SEASONS / STAGIONI
Summer l'estate leh-stah-teh
Fall l'autunno low-toon-noh
Spring la primavera lah pree-mah-veh-rah
Winter l'inverno leen-vehr-noh
To say in the (season), just use in. Inestate is in the summer, in primavera is inspring. D'estate and d'inverno can also be used instead of in estate or in inverno.
13. DIRECTIONS / DIREZIONI
right destra
left sinistra
straightdiritto
North nord nohrd
South sud sood
East est est
West ovest oh-vest
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14. COLORS & SHAPES / COLORI E FORME
white bianco/a square il quadrato
yellow giallo/a circle il cerchio
orange arancione triangle il triangolo
pink rosa rectangle il rettangolo
red rosso/a oval l'ovale
light blue azzurro/a cube il cubo
dark blue blu sphere la sfera
green verde cylinder il cilindro
brown marrone cone il cono
grey grigio/a octagon l'ottagono
black nero/a box la scatola
Colors are adjectives and must agree with the nouns they modify; -o is the masculineending, -a is the feminine ending. For example, rosso is masculine and rossaisfeminine. Color words always go afterthe noun they describe:
una casagialla - a yellow houseil cubo rosso - the red cube
To ask the color of something: (not yet recorded)
Di che colore il cielo?What color is the sky?Di che coloresonoi tuoiocchi? What color are your eyes?
15. TIME / IL TEMPO
What time is it? Che ora ? / Che ore sono? keh oh-rah eh / keh o-reh soh-noh
At what time? A che ora? ah keh oh-rah
It's 1:00 l'una eh loo-nah
at 1:00 all'una ahl-loo-nah
(at) noon (a) mezzogiorno (ah) med-zoh-zhor-noh
(at) midnight (a) mezzanotte (ah) med-zah-noh-teh2:00 Sono le due soh-noh leh doo-eh
3:10 Sono le tre e dieci soh-noh leh treh eh dee-ay-chee
4:50 Sono le cinque meno diecisoh-noh leh cheen-kwah meh-noh dee-ay-chee
8:15 Sono le otto e un quarto soh-noh leh awt-toh eh oon kwar-toh
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7:45 Sono le otto meno un quartosoh-noh leh aw-toh meh-noh un kwar-
toh
1:30 l'una e mezza eh loo-nah eh med-zah
6:30 Sono le sei e mezzo soh-noh leh say-ee eh med-zoh
sharp in punto een poon-tohin the morning di mattina dee maht-teen-ah
in the afternoon di pomeriggio dee poh-mehr-ee-zhee-oh
in the evening di sera dee seh-rah
at night di notte dee noht-teh
16. WEATHER / IL TEMPO ATMOSFERICO
What's the weather today? Che tempo fa oggi?
It's nice Fa bel tempo / bello
bad Fa brutto tempo / brutto
raining Piove / Sta piovendo
thundering Tuona
snowing Nevica / Sta nevicando
hailing Grandina / Sta grandinando
cold Fa freddo
cool Fa fresco
hot Fa caldo
freezing Fa un freddo gelido
foggy C' nebbia
sunny C' sole / assolato
windy C' vento / ventoso / Fa vento
cloudy nuvoloso
humid umido
muggy afoso
stormy burrascoso
17. FAMILY & ANIMALS / FAMIGLIA E ANIMALI
family la famiglia relatives i parenti dog il cane
parents i genitori father-in-law il suocero cat il gatto
mother la madre mother-in-law la suocera bird l'uccello
father il padre son-in-law il genero mouse il topo
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son il figliodaughter-in-
lawla nuora rabbit il coniglio
daughter la figlia brother-in-law il cognato horse il cavallo
brother il fratello sister-in-law la cognata cow la mucca
sister la sorella stepfather il patrigno donkey l'asinograndfather il nonno stepmother la matrigna goat la capra
grandmother la nonnastep/half
brotheril fratellastro sheep la pecora
grandson/nephew il nipote step/half sister la sorellastra goose l'oca
granddaughter/niece la nipote married sposato duck l'anatra
uncle lo zio divorced divorziato pig il maiale
aunt la zia separated separato hen la gallina
cousin (m) il cugino single (man) celibe deer il cervo
cousin (f) la cugina single (woman) nubile
husband il marito bachelor lo scapolo
wife la moglie widow la vedova
man l'uomo widower il vedovo
woman la donna godfather il padrino
boy il ragazzo godmother la madrina
girl la ragazza twinsi gemelli / le
gemelle
18. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS
conoscere-to know, be acquainted with sapere-to know (facts)
conosco conosciamo so sappiamo
conosci conoscete sai sapete
conosce conoscono sa sanno
Conoscere is used when you know people and places. It is conjugated regularly.Sapere is used when you know facts.Saperefollowed by an infinitive means to know
how. In addition, the object must be expressed in Italian when using sapere. Youcannot simply say I knowas in English, but ratherI knowit: Loso.
Io conosco Mario. I know Mario.
Voi conoscetela Francia.You know (have visited) France.
Tusainuotare.You know how to swim.
Lorosanno cantare. They know how to sing.
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fare - to do / make
faccio ah-cho facciamo ah-chah-moh
fai ah-ee fate ah-teh
fa ah fanno ahn-noh
Che cosa fa? What do you do (as a profession)?Io faccioil contabile. I'm an accountant.Che facolt fa? What's your major?Faccioarchitettura. I'm studying/majoring in architecture.
Idomatic expressions used with fare:fareunadomanda - to ask a questionfareun viaggio - to take a tripfareunbagno - to take a bathfareuna passeggiata - to take a walk
fareattenzione - to pay attentionfareun piacere - to do a favorfareuna conferenza - to give a lecturefarel'attrice/ il cantante - to be an actress / a singerfarel'universit - to study at university / be in college
Notice than in English we use the indefinite article (a or an) when talking aboutprofessions, butin Italian, you must use the definite article.
22. WORK & SCHOOL
architect l'architetto teacher (m) il maestroauthor l'autore teacher (f) la maestra
banker il banchiere professor (m) il professore
waiter il cameriere professor (f) la professoressa
waitress la cameriera hair stylist (m) il parrucchiere
saleswoman la commessa hair stylist (f) la parrucchiera
salesman il commesso secretary (m) il segretario
accountant il contabile secretary (f) la segretaria
doctor (m) il dottore soldier il soldatodoctor (f) la dottoressa journalist il/la giornalista
musician il/la musicista office worker (m) l'impiegato
barber il barbiere office worker (f) l'impiegata
When stating your job or profession, use the verb fare + the definite article: Faccioilprofessore. I'm a professor.
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biology la biologia architecture l'architettura
chemistry la chimica business il commercio
economics l'economia law la giurisprudenza
philosophy la filosofia engineering l'ingegneria
physics la fisica literature le lettere
geography la geografia political science le scienze politiche
foreign languages le lingue straniere sociology la sociologia
mathematics la matematica astronomy l'astronomia
medicine la medicina dramatic arts l'arte drammatica
accounting la ragioneria computer science l'informatica
history la storia communication
la scienza della
comunicazioni
psychology la psicologia physical education l'educazione fisica
When talking about your major or specialization, use the verb fare withoutthe definitearticle: Facciogeografia. I study geography.
course, class il corso oral exams gli orali
department la facolt written exams gli scritti
subject la materia semester / trimesteril semestre /
trimestreListen Ascoltate Correct! Giusto!Read Leggete Wrong! Sbagliato!Repeat Ripetete All together! Tutti insieme!Answer Rispondete One more time. Ancora una volta.
Write Scrivete How do you pronounce...?Come sipronuncia...?
Open your books Aprite i libri. How do you write...? Come si scrive...?Close your books Chiudete i libri. How do you say...? Come si dice...?Do the exercise Fate l'esercizio What does ... mean? Cosa vuol dire...?Attention! Attenzione! Repeat, please. Ripeta, per favore.
Very good! Molto bene / Benissimo! OK. Va bene.
23. PREPOSITIONS & ADVERBS OF PLACE Words in italics are not yetrecorded.
at, to a over / above sopra
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in in under / below sotto
on / up su inside dentro
from, by da around intorno a
of di between tra
with con among fra
without senza near vicino a
for per far lontano da
next to accanto a before prima (di)
behind dietro after dopo (di)
in front of davanti a against contro
across attraverso toward verso
Down gi outside uori
24. PREPOSITIONAL CONTRACTIONS
il lo l' la i gli le
a at, to al allo all' alla ai agli alle
dafrom,by
dal dallo dall' dalla dai dagli dalle
di Of del dello dell' della dei degli delle
in In nel nello nell' nella nei negli nelle
su On sul sullo sull' sulla sui sugli sulle
con With col collo coll' colla coi cogli colle
The only contractions forcon that are still used nowadays are coland coi, but eventhese contractions are optional.
Usually no article is used within before words denoting rooms in a house orbuildings in a city.
Di is also used when showing possession. Italian does not have the -'s constructionthat English uses, so you must say that whatever is possessed is ofthe person.
Questo cane di Marco. This dog is Marco's. / This is Marco's dog. (Literally: Thisdog is of Marco.)
If the adjective is referring to a language, it will always be the masculine form. If theadjective is referring to a woman instead of a man, then the adjectives ending in -o
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change to end in -a. The adjectives ending in -e do not change for gender. Also, theadjective americanousually refers to someone living anywhere in the Americancontinent, but many people do use it to mean a person from the United States, insteadofstatunitense.
When talking about your country of origin, it is more common in Italian to use the
adjective of nationality. For example, instead of saying She is from Denmark, youwould say She is Danish.
26. TO AND FROM PLACES
To From
Country (singular) in da (+ contraction)
Country (plural) negli da (+ contraction)
City a da
Vadoin Francia. I'm going to France.
Vengodalla Francia. I come from France.
Vadonegli Stati Uniti. I'm going to the United States.
Vengodagli Stati Uniti. I come from the United States.
Vadoa Parigi. I'm going to Paris.
Vengoda Parigi. I come from Paris.
27. TO COME AND TO GO
Venire - to come Andare - to go
vengo vehn-goh veniamoven-ee-ah-moh
vado vah-doh andiamoahn-dee-ah-moh
vieni vee-en-ee Venite ven-ee-teh vai vah-ee andate ahn-dah-teh
viene vee-en-eh vengonoven-goh-noh
va vah vanno vahn-noh
To make a verb negative, add nonbefore it:
Non vengoascuolainmacchina. I don't come to school by car.
Ifandare is followed by another infinitive, then a must be used before the infinitive:
Vadoamangiareadesso. I'm going to eat now.
Other verbs conjugated in the same pattern as venire are:avvenire - to happen, to occur
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convenire - to convenedivenire - to becomeprovenire - to come from, to proceedsovvenire - to helpsvenire - to faint
Tenere (to hold, keep) verbs are conjugated very similarly to venire too, except the voiform ends in -ete instead of -ite:appartenere - to belongcontenere - to containintrattenere - to entertainmantenere - to maintainottenere - to obtainritenere - to retainsostenere - to sustain, to supporttrattenere - to withhold, to detain
28. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS
To conjugate regular verbs, take off the last three letters (-are, -ere, or -ire) and addthese endings to the stem:
Regular Verb Endings
-are -ere 1st -ire 2nd -ire
-o -iamo -o -iamo -o -iamo -isco -iamo
-i -ate -i -ete -i -ite -isci -ite
-a -ano -e -ono -e -ono -isce -iscono
Verbi Regolari / Regular Verbs
-are 1st -ire
parlare to speak dormire to sleep
cantare to sing partire to leave
arrivare to arrive sentire to hear
abitare to live aprire to open
amare to love offrire to offer
ascoltare to listen (to) servire to serve
cominciare to begin
domandare to ask
giocare to play (a game/sport)
guardare to look (at)/watch
imparare to learn
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insegnare to teach
lavorare to work
mangiare to eat
pensare to think
studiare to study
-ere 2nd -ire
scrivere to write finire to finish
vedere to see capire to understand
credere to believe preferire to prefer
conoscere to know/be acquainted with colpire to hit
leggere to read costruire to build
mettere to put pulire to clean
perdere to lose sparire to disappearprendere to take
rispondere to answer
scendere to go down/get off
vendere to sell
vivere to live
correre to run
dipingere to paint
ricevere to receive
Sample Regular Verb
Parlare-to speak
Parlo parliamo
Parli parlate
Parla parlano
The present tense and the preposition da may be used to describe an action whichbegan in the past and is still continuing in the present. The present perfect tense isused in English to convey this same concept.
Daquanto tempo Leistudial'italiano? How long have you been studying Italian?Studiol'italianodadueanni. I've been studying Italian for two years.
Proprio can be used to emphasize something and it translates as reallyorjust.
Ho propriosonno. I'm really sleepy.Arrivodallabanca proprioadesso. I just now got back from the bank.
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29. REFLEXIVE VERBS
Reflexive verbs express actions performed by the subject on the subject. Theseverbs are conjugated like regular verbs, but a reflexive pronoun precedes the verbform. This pronoun always agrees with the subject. In the infinitive form, reflexiveverbs have -si attached to them with the final e dropped. Lavare is to wash,
therefore lavarsiis to wash oneself. (Note that some verbs are reflexive in Italian, butnot in English.)
Reflexive Pronouns
Mi ci
Ti vi
Si si
Common reflexive verbs:
to be satisfied with accontentarsi dito graduate (fromcollege) laurearsi
to fall asleep addormentarsi to wash up lavarsi
to get up alzarsi to put on mettersi
to be bored annoiarsi to get organized organizzarsi
to get angry arrabbiarsi to make a reservation prenotarsi
to be called chiamarsi to remember to ricordarsi di
to forget to dimenticarsi di to make a mistake sbagliarsi
to graduate (from high
school)diplomarsi to feel (well, bad) sentirsi (bene, male)
to have a good time divertirsi to specialize specializzarsi
to shave (the face)farsi la barba /
radersito get married sposarsi
to stop (oneself) fermarsi to wake up svegliarsi
to complain about lamentarsi di to get dressed vestirsi
Iomilavo. I wash myself.Noi cialziamo presto. We get up early.Sisvegliaallesette. She wakes up at seven.
The plural reflexive pronouns (ci, vi, si) can also be used with non-reflexive verbs to
indicate a reciprocal action. These verbs are called reciprocal verbs and areexpressed by the words each otherin English.
to embrace abbracciarsi to run into incontrarsi
to help aiutarsi to fall in love with innamorarsi
to kiss baciarsi to greet salutarsi
to understand capirsi to write to scriversi
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to meet conoscersi to phone telefonarsi
to exchange gifts farsi regali to see vedersi
to look at guardarsi
Ciscriviamoognisettimana. We write to each other every week.
Vi vedetespesso? Do you see each other often?
30. IRREGULARITIES IN REGULAR VERBS
Verbs ending in -care and -gare add an hbefore the-iand -iamo endings to keep thehard sound. Verbs ending in -ciareand -giaredo not repeat the iin front of the -iending. Notice that these verbs are only slightly irregular in spelling, while thepronunciation still follows the normal conjugation pattern.
cercare - to look for cominciare - to start
cerco cerchiamo comincio cominciamo
cerchi cercate cominci cominciate
cerca cercano comincia cominciano
31. PRESENT PERFECT (PASSATO PROSSIMO)
The present perfect tense is used to express something that happened in the past,and which is completely finished (not habitual or continuous). To form this compoundtense, which can translate as something happened, something has happened, orsomething did happen, conjugate avereor sometimes essereand add the pastparticiple. To form the past participle, add these endings to the appropriate stem of
the infinitives:
-are -ato
-ere -uto
-ire -ito
Verbs that can take a direct object are generally conjugated with avere. Verbs that donot take a direct object (generally verbs of movement), as well as all reflexive verbs,are conjugated with essere and their past participle must agree in gender and numberwith the subject. Avere uses avere as its auxiliary verb, while essere uses essere asits auxiliary verb. Negative sentences in the present perfect tense are formed by
placing non in front of the auxiliary verb. Common adverbs of time are placed betweenavere/essere and the past participle.
Ioho visitato Roma. I visited Rome.Tunonhai visitatogli Stati Uniti. You didn't visit the United States.Abbiamo conosciutodue ragazze. We met two girls.Maria andatain Italia. Maria went to Italy. (Note the agreement of the pastparticiple with the subject.)
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Hosempreavuto pauradei cani. I've always been afraid of dogs.Haigi finitodistudiare? Have you already finished studying?
In addition, some verbs take on a different meaning in the presentperfect: conoscere means tomeet and saperemeans to findout (ortohear).
Reflexive Verbsin the Present Perfect Tense
Since all reflexive verbs use essere as the auxiliary verb, the past participle mustagree with the subject. The word order is reflexive pronoun + essere + past participle.
Misonodivertita. I had fun.Si sentitomale. He felt bad.
32. IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES Part 1: Part2:
The following verbs all take avere as the auxiliary:
to turn on Accendere acceso to hide nascondere nascosto
to admit Ammettere ammesso to offend offendere offeso
to hang(up) Appendere appeso to offer offrire offerto
to open Aprire aperto to lose perdere perso / perduto
to drink Bere bevuto to permit permettere permesso
to ask Chiedere chiesto to cry piangere pianto
to close Chiudere chiuso to put, place porre posto
to grant, award Concedere concesso to take prendere preso
to conclude Concludere concluso to promise promettere promessoto know (people) Conoscere conosciuto to suggest proporre proposto
to correct Correggere corretto to laugh ridere riso
to decide Decider deciso to solve, resolve risolvere risolto
to disappoint Deludere deluso to respond, answer rispondere risposto
to defend Difendere difeso to break rompere rotto
to say, tell Dire detto to choose scegliere scelto
to direct, run Dirigere diretto to write scrivere scritto
to discuss Discutere discusso to suffer soffrire sofferto
to distinguish Distinguere distinto to turn off spegnere spento
to destroy Distruggere distrutto to spend spendere speso
to divide Divider diviso to push spingere spinto
to exclude Escludere escluso to translate tradurre tradotto
to express Esprimere espresso to draw, pull trarre tratto
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to do Fare fatto to kill uccidere ucciso
to insist Insistere insistito to see vedere visto / veduto
to read Leggere letto to win vincere vinto
to put Mettere messo
Sample Avere Verb: avere - to
have
(io) ho avuto (noi) abbiamo avuto
(tu) hai avuto (voi) avete avuto
(lei) ha avuto (loro) hanno avuto
Hoavuto can mean I have, I have had, orI did have.
33. ESSERE VERBS
In general, intransitive and reflexive verbs, as well as impersonal verbs and verbsdescribing a change of state or an evolution of some sorts, take essere as theauxiliary verb in the passato prossimo. These past participles must agree with thesubject in gender and number by changing the final vowel. Irregular past participlesare highlighted.
to go andare andato
to arrive arrivare arrivato
to suffice, be enough bastare bastato
to be necessary bisognare bisognatoto cost costare costato
to depend dipendere dipeso
to regret, upset dispiacere dispiaciuto
to become, grow, turn diventare diventato
to last durare durato
to enter entrare entrato
to exist esistere esistito
to be essere stato
to arrive / to succeed giungere giunto
to get old invecchiare invecchiato
to die morire morto
to be born nascere nato
to be necessary occorrere occorso
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to leave partire partito
to be pleasing[to like] piacere piaciuto
to rain piovere piovuto
to stay, remain restare restato
to go/come back in, return rientrare rientrato
to remain, stay rimanere rimasto
to return ritornare ritornato
to succeed riuscire (a) riuscito
to seem sembrare sembrato
to serve, be of use servire servito
to disappear sparire sparito
to stay, be stare stato
to happen succedere successoto come back/return tornare tornato
to go out uscire uscito
to be worth valere valso
to come venire venuto
Sononatoa Torinonel 1965. I was born in Turin in 1965.Cosa successo? What happened?Lei statomalatamanientedigrave. She was sick, but it was nothing serious.
There are also a few verbs (some with irregular past participles) that use essere asan auxiliary when they are intransitive (no direct object), but avere when they aretransitive (with a direct object):
to change, exchange cambiare cambiato
to begin, start cominciare cominciato
to run correre corso
to grow (up), increase cresciere cresciuto
to diminish, decrease diminuire diminuito
to explode esplodere esploso
to finish, end, stop finire finito
to ripen, mature maturare maturato
to improve migliorare migliorato
to move muovere mosso
to pass, pass through/over passare passato
to worsen peggiorare peggiorato
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to go up, rise salire salito
to descend, go down scendere sceso
to live (be alive) vivere vissuto
L'inverno finito. Winter is finished.
Abbiamo finitodiguardareil film. We finished watching the film.
Sample Essere Verb: andare - to go
sono andato / sono andata siamo andati / siamo andate
sei andato / sei andata siete andati / siete andate
andato / andata sono andati / sono andate
Sonoandato can mean I went, I was going, orI did go. Remember that -o is
masculine and -a is feminine. The -i ending indicates all males or males and females;whereas the -e ending indicates only females.
Lamerenda refers to the snack that children have around 10 or 11 AM while atschool, but it can also mean afternoon snack. You can also use unospuntino to referto a snack in general.
35. PIACERE & SERVIRE
Piacere - to like / Servire - to needpiaccio piacciamo servo serviamo
piaci piacete servi Servite
piace piacciono serve Servono
Past participle:
piaciutoPast participle: servito
Piacere (a) literally means to be pleasing (to) so to form a sentence you have to invertthe word order. You must also use the prepositional contractions with a.
Maria piacea Giovanni. John likes Mary. (Literally: Mary is pleasing to John)Glistudenti piaccionoai professori. The teachers like the students. (Literally: Thestudents are pleasing to the teachers).
The most common forms are the third person singular and plural when used withobject pronouns. The object pronouns that are used with these two verbs aresomewhat similar to the reflexive pronouns:
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mi I (to me) ci we (to us)
ti you (to you) vi you (to you)
gli / le he / she (to him / her) gli they (to them)
To say Ilike something, use Mi piace if it is singular and Mi piaccionoif it isplural. Piaciuto is the past participle and it is used with essere. However, it alwaysagrees with the subject (what is liked) instead of the person.
Mi piace cucinare. I like to cook. (Literally: To me is pleasing to cook.)Gli piaccionoi treni. He likes trains. (Literally: To him are pleasing the trains.)Ci piaciutalabistecca. We liked the steak. (Literally: To us was pleasing thesteak.)Nonlesono piaciutiglispaghetti. She didn't like the spaghetti. (Literally: Not to herwas pleasing the spaghetti.)
Stressed forms also exist for the object pronouns. They are nearly identical to the
subject pronouns, except me and teare used for me and you (familiar). They arealways preceded by the preposition a.
A menon piacesciare. I don't like to ski. (Literally: To me not is pleasing to ski.)A loro piace viaggiare? Do they like to travel? (Literally: To them is pleasing totravel.)
Servire has the same construction as piacere. It is also used primarily in the thirdperson singular and plural forms and takes an indirect object. When it takes a directobject, it simply means to serve.
Tiservedella frutta? Do you need any fruit? (Literally: By you is needed somefruit?)
Il paneservea Marco. Marco needs bread. (Literally: The bread is needed byMarco.)
Mancare can be used in the same way as piacere and servire to mean tomissortolack. If used in the regular way, it means tobemissing / absent.
Mimanchi. I miss you. (Literally: To me you are missing.)Chimanca? Who is missing?
37. TO TAKE, EAT OR DRINK
Prendere - to take, eat or drink and Bere - to drink
prendo prendiamo bevo Beviamo
prendi prendete bevi Bevete
prende prendono beve Bevono
Past participle: preso Past participle: bevuto
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Bere is only used to mean to drink when it is used in the general sense, asis mangiare - to eat. The rest of the time you simply useprendere when referring toeating or drinking, similar to how we can use the verb have in English.
38. COMMANDS
-are -ere -ire
tu form (singular familiar) -a -i -i / -isci
Lei form (singular polite) -i -a -a / -isca
voi form (plural polite) -ate -ete -ite
noi form (Let's ...) -iamo -iamo -iamo
To make a command negative, add nonbefore the command, except forthe tu (singular familiar) commands, when you use non and the infinitive.
tu form Lei form voi form
Answer! Rispondi! Risponda! Rispondete!
Don't
answer!Nonrispondere!
Nonrisponda!
Nonrispondete!
Irregular Commands
andare -
to go
venire - to
come
fare - to
do
dare -
to give
dire - to
say / tell
essere -
to be
avere - to
have
stare -to
be / staysing.
fam.va' vieni fa' da' di' sii Abbi sta'
sing.pol.
vada venga faccia Dia dica sia Abbia stia
plural andate venite fate Date dite siate Abbiate state
Let's andiamo veniamo facciamo diamo diciamo siamo Abbiamo stiamo
The words avanti, dai and su can accompany commands to give emphasis, similarto come on!in English. Ifpure is used with a command, it softens the intensity.
39. MORE NEGATIVES
non...mai never
non...pi no longer, no more
non...niente / nulla nothing
non...nessuno nobody, no one
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non...neanche not even
non...n...n neither...nor
The non goes before the verb and the second part goes after.
Nonhoniente. I have nothing.
Nessuno and niente can also be subjects. In this case, non is not used.
Nessuno venuto.No one came.
40. HOLIDAY PHRASES
Buon Anno! Happy New Year!
Buona Pasqua! Happy Easter!
Buon compleanno! Happy Birthday!
Buon Natale! Merry Christmas!
Buone feste! Happy Holidays!
Buona vacanza!Have a good
vacation!
Buon divertimento! Have a good time!
Buon viaggio! Have a good trip!
Tanti auguri! Best wishes!
Babbo Natale is Santa Claus and il panettone oril pandoro are the traditional cakeseaten at Christmas. For Easter, the traditional cake is called la colomba. Be carefulwith the difference between ferie and feriale: le ferie origiornidi ferie are holidayswhen most places of business are closed; the opposite is ungiorno feriale, or aweekday/working day.
Italian 3
41. IMPERFECT TENSE
The imperfect tense is also called the past descriptive tense and corresponds to wasdoingorused to do in English. The imperfect is used to describe a continued orhabitual action in the past, or to describe an action that was occurring in the past,while something else happened. Time, age, weather conditions as well as mental andphysical conditions are all expressed in the imperfect rather than the passatoprossimo tense.
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The imperfect in Italian has the same ending for all three verb groups. It is formed bydropping the -re of the infinitive and adding the following endings:
-vo -vamo
-vi -vate
-va -vano
Avere is regular in the imperfect, but essere, bere, dire and fare are irregular. Thestem of essere becomes er- forio, tu, lui/leiandloro, and it does not take the v, whilethe stem fornoiandvoi is era-and it does take the v. The stems for bere, dire, fare,porre and tradurre are slightly irregular: beve-, dice-, face-, pone-, and traduce-butthey take the regular endings of the imperfect.
essere - to be bere - to drink dire - to say / tell
ero eravamo Bevevo bevevamo dicevo dicevamo
eri eravate Bevevi bevevate dicevi dicevateera erano Beveva bevevano diceva dicevano
fare - to do porre - to put / place tradurre - to translate
facevo facevamo Ponevo ponevamo traducevo traducevamo
facevi facevate Ponevi ponevate traducevi traducevate
faceva facevano Poneva ponevano traduceva traducevano
Avevo fame. I was hungry.
Era tardi. It was late.Nondicevaniente. He wasn't saying anything.Aspettavamoin fila. We were waiting in line.Prendevosemprel'autobus. I always take the bus.
42. TO BE/STAY AND TO GIVE
stare - to be / stay dare - to give
sto Stiamo do diamo
stai State dai date
sta Stanno d dannoPast participle: stato Past participle: dato
Stare means to be when used in progressive tense. If you use it with a presentparticiple, it translates to something is happening, not something happens as with thepresent indicative. Stare is also used in many health expressions.
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Comestai? How are you?Stobene. I'm fine.
Stare perplus an infinitive means "to be about to" do something.
Stavo peruscire. I was about to go out.Stiamo permangiare. We're about to eat.
Dareunesame means to take an exam rather than to give an exam.
43. GERUNDS
Gerunds are formed by dropping the ending of the infinitive, and adding the followingendings to the stem:
Gerunds
-are -ando
-ere -endo
-ire -endo
To express a progressive or continuous action, conjugate stareand add the gerund.Sto parlandoitaliano is I am speaking Italian. (As opposed to ParloitalianoI
speak Italian.) There are only a few irregular gerunds: fare - facendo(doing), dare -dando (giving), dire -dicendo(say/telling), bere -bevendo (drinking), porre -ponendo (putting, placing) and tradurre - tradunendo (translating).
Che cosastai facendo? What are you doing?Dovestannoandando? Where are they going?
Stavadicendola verit. He was telling the truth.
44. PLACES / AROUND TOWN
airport l'aeroporto library la biblioteca
alley il vicolo market il mercato
avenue la viale ministry il ministero
bakery la panetteria / il panificio monument il monumento
bank la banca mosque la moschea
bar il bar museum il museobarn il granaio palace il palazzo
barracks la caserma park il parco
bench la panchina path / way il sentiero / il cammino
bridge il ponte pharmacy la farmacia
bookstore la libreria pier il molo
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building l'edificiopolice station /
headquartersil commissariato / la
questura
butcher's la macelleria post office l'ufficio postale
cafe il caff port il porto
castle il castello prison la prigionecathedral il duomo restaurant il ristorante
cemetery il cimitero river il fiume
church la chiesa road la via
cinema il cinema school la scuola
consulate il consolato sidewalk il marciapiede
corner l'angolo synagogue la sinagoga
courtyard il cortile square la piazza
crosswalk il passaggio pedonale stable la stalla
dock il bacino stadium lo stadio
downtown il centro station la stazione
dry cleaner's la tintoria store il negozio
embassy l'ambasciata street la strada
factory la fabbrica suburb il sobborgo
farm la fattoria supermarket il supermercato
fire hydrant l'idrante temple il tempio
fountain la fontana theater il teatro
garage il garage tower la torre
grocery store la drogheria town / city la citt
hospital l'ospedale (m) town hall il municipio
hostel (youth) l'ostello della giovent traffic light il semaforo
hotel l'albergo (m) university l'universit (f)
house la casa village il villaggio
hut la capanna zebra crossing le strisce
inn l'osteria zoo lo zoo
Words denoting buildings in a city, as well as open spaces, do not use the articleafterin.
Sonoinufficio,noninbiblioteca. I'm in the office, not in the library.
Nonmi piace viverein citt. Preferisco vivrein campagna. I don't like living in thecity. I prefer to live in the countryside.
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45. TRANSPORTATION & VEHICLES
airplane l'aeroplano motorcycle il motociclo
ambulance l'ambulanza on foot a piedi
automobile l'automobile (f) pickup truck il camion
bicycle la bicicletta semi-truck il camion con rimorchio
boat la barca ship il bastimento
bus l'autobus (m) streetcar il tram
car la macchina taxi il taxi
ferry il traghetto tow truck il carro attrezzi
fire engine l'autopompa tractor il trattore
minivan la monovolume trailer il rimorchio
moped il motorino train il treno
To say bybus, car, etc., replace the article with in.
46. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO
volere - to want potere - to be able to, can dovere - to have to, must
voglio vogliamo posso possiamo devo dobbiamo
vuoi volete puoi Potete devi dovete
vuole vogliono pu Possono deve devono
Past participle: voluto Past participle: potuto Past participle: dovuto
In the passato prossimo, these three verbs can use either avere or essere as theauxiliary verb, depending on what auxiliary the main verb in the sentence takes.
Abbiamo potuto parlare. We could/were able to talk.Sonodovuto partire presto. I had to leave early.Lucy voluta venire connoi. Lucy wanted to come with us.
Use of these verbs in the passato prossimo indicates that it is certain that the actiondid happen, whereas in the imperfect the result of the action remains unclear and
uncertain.
47. ASKING QUESTIONS
Yes / No Questions:
The easiest way to ask a question is to simply add a question mark to the end ofthe statement and using rising intonation.
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Haimolto tempolibero?Do you have a lot of free time?
Add non vero? / vero? / vero?or simplyno?to the end of the statement. Thisliterally translates as itis not true, and can have several meanings in English, such asisn't it/he/she, aren't you/they, doesn't it/he/she, don't you/they, etc.
Seiunastudentessa,non vero?You're a student, aren't you?
If using a subject pronoun (or name), put it at the end or after the verb.
Vienea casa Marco?Is Marco coming home?
Mangiala pizzail ragazzo?Is the boy eating the pizza?
Wh- Questions:
Interrogatives are followed by the verb. Remember that quale agrees in genderand number with the noun it precedes.
Quando vaiin vacanza? When are you going on vacation?
Di chi questolibro? Whose book is this?
Che cosa faioggi? What are you doing today?
Although in is one of the prepositions that forms contractions with articles, the article isnot used with words denoting rooms in a house.
Dormiamoin cameraemangiamoinsalada pranzo. We sleep in the bedroom andwe eat in the dining room.
49. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Comparisons are expressed as follows:
pi... di / che
meno... di / che
cos... come
tanto... quanto
more... thanless... than
as... asas... as
Pi and meno can be used with di or che. Di is used when comparing two differentthings, while che is used when the comparison is between two qualities of the same
thing.Le ciliegesono pibuonedelle fragole. Cherries are better than strawberries.Lamela pi verde che rossa. The apple is more green than red.Franco cosalto comeme. Frank is as tall as me.
The Relative Superlative compares two or more things and expresses the greatestor the least degree. It is formed by placing the article before the comparative form of
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the adjective, or in front of the noun. And instead of the preposition in, di (and itscontractions), is always used with the superlative.
Lemelesonola fruttameno costosadelmondo. Apples are the least expensivefruit in the world.L'oro il pi preziosodeimetalli. Gold is the most precious metal.
Questo il palazzo pialtodi Napoli. This is the tallest building in Naples. The Absolute Superlative expresses an extreme degree or absolute state ofsomething without comparison. This can be expressed in several ways in Italian.
Drop the last vowel of the adjective and add -issimo, -issima, -issimi, or -issime.Le fragolesonodolcissime. Strawberries are very sweet.
Place the words molto, troppo, or assai before the adjective.Questaarancia moltobuona. This orange is very good.
Repeat the adjective or adverb.Lei parla piano piano. She speaks very softly.
50. IRREGULAR FORMS
Some adverbs have irregular comparative, relative superlative, and absolutesuperlative forms. The most common are:
Adverb Comparative Relative Superlative Absolute Superlative
bene
male
molto
poco
well
badlymuch
little
meglio
peggio
pi
meno
better
worsemore
less
(il) meglio
(il) peggio
(il) pi
(il) meno
(the) best
(the) worst(the) most
(the) least
benissimo
pessimo
moltissimo
pochissimo
very well
very badlyvery much
very little
51. CLOTHING & TOILETRIES
apron il grembiale skirt la gonna
barrette il fermaglio sleeve la manica
bathrobe l'accappatoio slippers la pantofola
belt la cintura soap il sapone
blouse la camicetta sock il calzino
bomber jacket il giubbotto stocking la calza
boot lo stivale suit l'abito / il vestito
bra il reggiseno sunglasses gli occhiali da sole
bracelet il braccialetto suspenders le bretelle
brush la spazzola per capelli sweater il maglione
buckle la fibbia sweatshirt la felpa
button il bottone swimsuit il costume da bagno
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cap il berretto thread il filo
clothes gli abiti tie la cravatta
coat il cappotto T-shirt la maglietta
collar il colletto tracksuit la tuta
comb il pettine umbrella l'ombrello
contact lens le lenti a contatto underpants le mutande
cotton il cotone underwear / panties (women) le mutandine
dress il vestito waistcoat il panciotto
earmuffs il paraorecchie watch l'orologio
earrings l'orecchino wool la lana
fashion la moda toothbrush lo spazzolino
glasses gli occhiali toothpaste il dentifricio
glove il guanto makeup il truccohandbag la borsa lipstick il rossetto
handkerchief il fazzoletto nail polish lo smalto per unghie
hat il cappello nail polish remover l'acetone (m)
jacket la giacca mascara il mascara
jeans ijeans blush il fard
mittens le manopole eyeliner lo spazzolino per unghie
necklace la collana eyeshadow l'ombretto
needle l'ago foundation il fondotinta
nightgown la camicia da notte lotion la lozione
outfit il corredo shampoo lo sciampo
overcoat il soprabito conditioner il balsamo
pajamas il pigiama shaving cream la crema da barba
pants i pantaloni razor il rasoio
Pin lo spillo tweezers le pinzette
pocket la tasca nail clippers le forbicine
purse la borsetta nail file la lima
raincoat l'impermeable floss il filo interdentale
ribbon il nastro curling iron il ferro arricciacapelli
ring l'anello straightening iron la piastra stiracapelli
sandals i sandali hairspray la lacca
scarf la sciarpa hairdryer l'asciugacapelli
shirt la maglia powder la polvere
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to fall cadere cadr- to draw, pull trarre trarr-
to have to,must
dovere dovr- to explain spiegare spiegher-
to be able to,
canpotere potr- to pay pagare pagher-
to know (facts) sapere sapr- to look for cercare cercher-
to see vedere vedr- to forget dimenticare dimenticher-
to live (bealive)
vivere vivr- to eat mangiare manger-
to want volere vorr- to begin cominciare comincer-
The future tense is commonly used afterquando(when),appena(as soonas),dopo che(after), and se (if) even though the present tense is often used inEnglish. In addition to expressing the future, this tense in Italian can also expressprobability; but in English, the wordsprobably, can ormustare used.
Non vedo Mariadamolto tempo. Dovesar? I haven't seen Maria in a long time.Where could she be?Sar ammalataoin vacanza. She must be sick or on vacation.
Notice that Italian uses the future tense afterse in hypothetical statements,whereas in English the present tense is used.
Sedomani far bel tempo,andr allaspiaggia. If the weather is good tomorrow, I'llgo to the beach.
The future perfect (futuro composto) is formed with the future of avere or essere
plus a past participle. The translation in English is willhave + past participle. It mustbe used when there are two actions in the future that do not happen at the same time.
Allesei,avremogi mangiato. By six, we will have eaten already.Far un viaggiodopo cheavr superatogliesami. He will go on a trip after he willhave passed his exams.
54. PRECEDING ADJECTIVES
Only a few adjectives go before the noun, the rest are placed right after it. Bello-beautiful,buono-good,grande-large,and brutto-ugly are the most commonpreceding adjectives, even though they don't have to go before the noun. Bello and
buono have alternate forms when they precede a noun.
Buono e Bello
Singular Plural Before a:
Masculine
buonobuoni
z, s + consonant
buon vowel orconsonant
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Feminine
buonabuone
consonant
buon' vowel
Masculine
bellobegli
z, s + consonant
bell' vowel
bel bei consonant
Feminine
bellabelle
consonant
bell' vowel
If they go after the noun, then they can be formed in the usual way. The above formsare only for when they go before the noun. Be aware that grandecan have alternateforms before nouns too. Grande can become gran before masculine or femininenouns beginning with a consonant. Or it could contract to grand' before masculine orfeminine nouns beginning with a vowel. But you do not have to use the alternateforms, whether or not you place the adjective before or after the noun.
55. ADJECTIVES: FEMININE AND PLURAL
Masculine to Feminine and Singular to Plural
Masc. Fem.
-o -a
-e -e
Sing. Plural
-o, -e -i
-a -e
Some adjectives have two forms, others have four. Francese (french) has two:francese and francesi. Nuovo (new) has four: nuovo, nuova, nuovi, and nuove.
56. MORE ADJECTIVES
unpleasant antipatico anxious Ansioso
good buono angry Arrabbiato
simple semplice bad cattivo stingy Avaro
complicated complicato big / large grande calm Calmo
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interesting interessante small piccolo disappointed Deluso
boring noioso young giovane depressed Depresso
old vecchio entertaining Divertente
short (length) corto intelligent intelligente excited Eccitato
correct giusto stupid stupido enthusiastic Entusiastomistaken / wrong sbagliato elegant elegante generous Generoso
expensive / dear caro unfashionable inelegante kind Gentile
economical/cheap economico rich ricco nervous Nervosa
modern moderno poor povero good, able Bravo
old/ancient antico skinny / thin magro worried Preoccupato
open aperto fatgrosso /
grasso(un)satisfied (in)soddisfatto
closed chiuso sincere sincero alone / lonely Solo
shy timido tired Stanco
strong forte stressed Stressato
narrow / tight stretto gentle / kind gentile (in)sensitive (in)sensibile
wide / baggy largo generous generoso serious Serio
(un)happy (in)felice darkscuro /
brunolazy Pigro
blond biondovivacious /bright
Vivace
nice simpatico light (color) luminoso /chiaro sporty Sportive
cheerful allegro light (weight) leggero classical Classic
(un)comfortable (in)comodo heavy / thick pesante ready / quick Pronto
Pronto also means hello when answering the telephone.
57. ADVERBS
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of theadjective. Adjectives ending in -le or -re drop the final -e before adding -mente, if the lor r is preceded by a vowel.
Adjective (feminineform)
Adverb
recente recentemente recently
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comodafinale
regolare
comodamente
finalmente
regolarmente
comfortablyfinally
regularly
Note that the adverbial form ofbuono (good) is bene, and cattivo (bad) is male.
The adverb sempre (always) usually follows the verb. Anche(also, too) alwaysprecedes the noun, pronoun or infinitive to which it refers. When it precedes io, itbecomes anch'.
Noistudiamosempre. We always study.Vuoleanchequestolibro. He wants that book, too.Anch'iodevostudiare. I have to study too.
59. TO PLAY
Giocare-to playgioco oh-koh giochiamo oh-kee-ah-moh
giochi oh-kee giocate oh-kah-teh
gioca oh-kah giocano oh-kahn-oh
Past participle: giocato
Most sports use giocarea (sport) without the prepositional contractions to mean toplay a sport.
Giocanoa pallacanestro. They play basketball.Mi piacegiocarea calcio. I like to play soccer.Che cosa fainel tempolibero? What do you do in your free time?Disolito facciosport.Usually I play sports.
60. NATURE & GEOGRAPHY
air l'aria (f) rain la pioggia
archipelago l'arcipelago (m) rainbow l'arcobaleno (m)
bank la riva river il fiume
bay la baia rock lo scoglio
barn la stalla root la radice
beach la spiaggia rose la rosa
branch il ramo sand la sabbia
bridge il ponte sea il mare
bud il bocciolo shadow l'ombra
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bush l'arbusto (m) sky il cielo
cape il capo / il promontorio snow la neve
cave la caverna soil il terreno
city la citt south il sud
climate il clima spring (water) la sorgente
cloud la nube / nuvola star la stella
coast la costa stem il gambo
comet la cometa storm il temporal
constellation la costellazione strait lo stretto
country il paese stream il ruscello
country(side) la campagna street la strada
current la corrente sun il sole
daffodil il narciso sunflower il girasoledaisy la margherita thaw il disgelo
darkness l'oscurit (f) thunder il tuono
desert il deserto tornado il turbine
dew la rugiada tree l'albero
dust la polvere trunk il tronco
earth la terra tulip il tulipano
east l'est (m) valley la valle
farm la tenuta view la vista
field il campo water l'acqua
flower il fiore fresh water l'acqua dolce
foam la schiuma salt water l'acqua salata
fog la nebbia watering can l'annaffiatoio
foliage il fogliame waterfall la cascata
forest il bosco / la foresta wave l'onda (f)
frost il gelo weather il tempo
grass l'erba (f) west l'ovest (m)
gulf il golfo wind il vento
hail la grandine world il mondo
hay il fieno
high tide l'alta marea North Pole il Polo Nord
hill la collina South Pole il Polo Sud
ice il ghiaccio Northern Hemisphere l'emisfero settentrionale
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island I'isola (f) Soutern Hemisphere l'emisfero meridionale
isthmus l'istmo (m) Arctic Circle il circolo polare artico
jungle la giungla equator l'equatore (m)
lake il lago Arctic Ocean l'Oceano Artico
leaf la foglia Atlantic Ocean l'Oceano Atlanticolight la luce Pacific Ocean l'Oceano Pacifico
lightning il fulmine / lampo Indian Ocean l'Oceano Indiano
lily il giglio Caribbean Sea il Mar dei Caraibi
low tide la bassa marea Mediterranean Sea il Mar Mediterraneo
meadow il prato North Sea il Mare del Nord
moon la luna Red Sea il Mar Rosso
mountain la montagna BlackSea il Mar Nero
mountain range la catena montuosamouth (river) l'imboccatura Mercury Mercurio
mud il fango Venus Venere
nature la natura Earth Terra
north il nord Mars Marte
peninsula la penisola Jupiter Giove
plain il piano / la pianura Saturn Saturno
planet il pianeta Uranus Uranio
plant la pianta Neptune Nettuno
pond lo stagno Pluto Plutone
pot (for plants) il vaso da fiori
Italian 4
61. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject Direct Indirect Object ofPrepositions
io I mi me mi to me me me
tu you (s.i.) ti you ti to you te you
lui he/it lo him/it gli to him/it lui him/it
lei she/it/you (s.p.) la her/it/you le to her/it/you lei her/it/you
noi we ci us ci to us noi us
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voi you (p.i.) vi you vi to you voi you
loro they/you (p.p.) li/le them/you loro to them/you loro them/you
1. S.i. means singular informal, s.p. means singular polite, p.i. means pluralinformal, and p.p. means plural polite. For you (s.p.) and you (p.p.) they are
capitalized to set them apart from the other meaning. (Lei instead of lei andLoro instead of loro.)
2. Direct and indirect pronouns go directly before the conjugated verb OR they areattached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive); exceptloro, which always follows the verb: Lo voglio comprare. = Vogliocomprarlo. I want to buy it.
3. With commands, the pronoun (except loro) is attached to the end and written asone word: Parlatemi! Talk to me!With one syllable commands, the consonant of the pronoun is doubled beforeadding it to the end of the command: di' + mi = dimmi! tell me!However, with negative commands, the pronoun may either be placed at theend as with positive commands, or they can be placed between non and theverb: Nonandarci! = Non ciandare! Don't go there!
4. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.
5. Mi, ti, ci, and vi change to me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li and le.Also notice the insertion of ce before a pronoun + avere in constructions suchas: Cel'ho. I have it. Non celeho. I don't have them.
6.Gli and le become glie before lo, la, li, and le; and are written as one wordconnected with the other pronoun:glielo,gliela,glieli,gliele
If you use the direct object pronouns lo,la,li,lein the present perfect tense, the past
participle must agree with them.Hai mangiato il panino? Did you eat the bun?
Lo ho mangiato. I ate it.
Hai mangiato la pasta? Did you eat the pastry?
La ho mangiata. I ate it.
In negative sentences, pronouns go before the entire verb as well, but after the non.
I haven't eaten it. Non lo ho mangiato.
The following verbs are always used with indirect pronouns or nouns:
to give dare to bring portare
to say/tell dire to prepare preparare
to ask domandare to give (as a gift) regalare
to lend imprestare to return, give back rendere
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to teach insegnare to bring back riportare
to send mandare to answer rispondere
to show mostrare to write scrivere
to offer offrire to call/telephone telefonare
finger il dito wrist il polso
fist il pugno
flesh la carne see vedere
foot il piede hear udire
forehead la fronte smell annusare
gum la gengiva taste assaggiare
hair i capelli touch toccare
hand la mano
head la testa enamel lo smalto
headache il mal di testa filling l'otturazione
health la salute crown la corona
heart il cuore gum la gengiva
heel il tallone bone l'osso
hip l'anca root la radice
intestine l'intestino nerve il nervo
jaw la mascella iris l'iride
kidney il rene cornea la corneaknee il ginocchio pupil la pupilla
leg la gamba retina la retina
lip il labbro optic nerve il nervo ottico
liver il fegato lens la lente
lung il polmone
moustache i baffi
You can use the expressions Homaldi+ body part orMi famale + definite articleand the body part to say that something hurts. If the noun is plural, you have to usemi fanno male instead of mi fa male.
Homaldi testa. My head hurts. / I have a headache.Mi famaleildito. My finger hurts.Mi fannomalegliocchi. My eyes hurt.
To talk about hair and eyes:
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the third person singular form. Quello che,quel che, and ci cheare all invariableand interchangeable. They refer to things only and mean "what" or "that which."
Chistabenenon vadaldottore. He who feels well doesn't go to the doctor.Chi trovaunamico, trovaun tesoro. One who finds a friend, finds a treasure.Non capiscoquello chedice. I don't understand what he's saying.
Ci chescrivi sbagliato. What you're writing is wrong.
65. TO READ, TO SAY/TELL, TO GO OUT, TO LAUGH
leggere - to read dire - to say/tell uscire - to go out ridere - to laugh
leggo leggiamo Dico diciamo esco usciamo rido ridiamo
leggi leggete Dici dite esci uscite ridi ridete
legge leggono Dice dicono esce escono ride ridono
Past participle: letto Past participle: detto Past participle: uscito Past participle: riso
The verb dire is also used in the expression:
Chenedicidi + infinitive? How about / Do you want to + infinitive?
When uscire is followed by a place, the preposition da plus any contractions must beused, except in the idiom usciredi casa.
Escodall'universit alle5.30. I leave the university at 5:30.
66. INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES & PRONOUNS
Adjectives
masculine singular eminine singularmasculineplural
eminine plural
any / some alcuno alcuna alcuni Alcune
as much / many altrettanto altrettanta altrettanti Altrettante
other Altro altra altri Alter
some Certo certa certi Certe
a lot of Molto molta molti Molte
several parecchio parecchia parecchi Parecchie
few Poco poca pochi Poche
such a / such Tale tale tali Tali
so much / many Tanto tanta tanti Tante
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too much / many troppo troppa troppi Trope
all Tutto tutta tutti Tutte
various / several Vario varia vari Varie
not one / not any nessuno nessuna (no plural form)
Invariable Adjectives
Ogni
Qualche
qualsiasi
qualunque
67. CI AND NE
Ci (there, it, about it, of it) and ne (some, of them, of it) are both pronouns that gobefore the verb and they replace prepositional phrases. Ci will replace phrasesindicating locations that begin with in, on, to, at, under, etc. and ne will replacephrases that are usually preceded by some or a numberand that indicate quantities.
Example Sentences
I live in Paris. Vivo a Parigi.
I live there. Ci vivo.
I have some apples. Ho delle mele.I have some (of them). Ne ho.
I have five sisters. Ho cinque sorelle.
I have five (of them). Ne ho cinque.
Do you buy books often? Compri spesso libri?
I buy many (of them). Ne compro molte.
Similar to other pronouns, ci and ne go directly before the conjugated verb or they areattached to the infinitive at the end (minus the final -e of the infinitive).
Ci voglio andare. = Voglio andarci. I want to go there.
Ne posso spendere molti. = Posso spenderne molti. I can spend a lot.
In the perfect tenses, the past participle must agree with the noun that ne refers to,the same way that it must agree with the direct object preceding it:
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71. CONJUNCTIONS
and e because Ch
or o because, so that perch
otherwise, or oppure so that, in order that affinch
and yet, still eppure since poich
nevertheless tuttavia as soon as siccome
now ora given that dato che
but, however ma if Se
but, however per until Finch
neither nor nn up to, until fino a
therefore, then dunque though bench
in fact infatti although sebbene
so, therefore quindi although nonostante
what, that che although quantunque
when quando before prima que
while mentre as soon as appena
72. PASSIVE VOICE
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences,the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same.The passive form is only possible with transitive verbs and is much more common in
English than in Italian. The passive form consists of the verb essere plus the pastparticiple of the main verb followed by da (by) and its contractions. Essere should bein the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The pastparticiple agrees in gender and number with the subject.
Active I miei genitori pagano l'affitto. My parents pay the rent.
PassiveL'affitto pagato dai miei
genitori.
The rent is paid by my
parents.
I contrattisono firmatidalle ragazze. The contracts are signed by the girls.Lastanza stataarredatada Carlo. The room was decorated by Carlo.L'affittosar pagatodaimieigenitori. The rent will be paid by my parents.
73. IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
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Sican be used as a reflexive pronoun, but it can also be used as an impersonalpronoun. It corresponds to "one, you, we, the people in general, or they" in Englishand always use the third person form of the verb (either singular or plural dependingon the object).
Quisi vende cartadalettere. We sell writing paper here. / Writing paper is sold
here.Si vendonoanchematite? Do you also sell pencils?Quinonsi parla francese. We don't speak French here. / French is not spokenhere.
To avoid si si with reflexive verbs in an impersonal use, use cisi instead:
Cisidivertemolto. One has a lot of fun.
To avoid the use of si in impersonal statements, replace it with uno:
Si mangia bene qui. = Unomangiabenequi. One eats well here.
Other impersonal expressions, which are followed by infinitives, include:
Bisogna - it is necessary, one mustnecessario - it is necessary possibile -it is possiblemeglio - it is better facile / difficile - it is easy / difficultutile / inutile - it is useful / useless
74. POST OFFICE AND BANK
post office la posta bank la banca
mailbox la cassetta dellelettere
file cabinet lo schedario
mail carrier il postino guard il custode
mailbag il sacco della posta safe la cassaforte
price il prezzo safety deposit box la cassetta di sicurezza
scale la bilancia checkbook il libretto degli assegni
package il pacchetto credit card la carta di credito
stamp il francobollo bills le banconote
letter la lettera coins le monete
address l'indirizzo deposit slipla distinta di
versamento
postal worker l'impiegata postale pen la penna
newspaper il giornale check l'assegno
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magazine la rivista bank teller il cassiere
75. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
Non ne posso pi!I
can't take it anymore!Lasciamo perdere! Forget about it!
Che bello! How nice!
Per forza! No wonder!
Non cos semplice! It's not that easy!
Chiss? Who knows?
Ti pelano! They make you pay too much!
Non vedo l'ora di... I can't wait to...
Siamo messe male. We are in bad shape. (not physically)
Che senso ha? What's the point?
Magari! I wish!
Non ne voglio proprio sapere! I really don't want to know about it!
Fai bene! Good for you!
Non ce la faccio da sola! I can't do it by myself!
Meglio ancora! Even better!
Che ne dici di ... ? What about ... ? (when inviting someone to do something)
Figurati! Don't mention it! / No problem! (informal)
Accidenti (a te)! / Mannaggia! Darn (you)!
Uffa! / Che rabbia! What a nuisance!
Che peccato! What a pity!
Mi va di... I feel like...
Faccia pure! Go ahead!
Te la cavi bene. You manage it well. (speaking a language, for example)
76. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
The following verbs requiredi ora when followed by another infinitive, although thepreposition is not always translated into English. The preposition a can be changedto ad when the following verb begins with a vowel.
verb + di + infinitive verb + a + infinitive
accettare di to accept abituarsi a to get used to
aspettare di to wait for aiutare a to help
avere bisogno di to need andare a to be going to
avere il piacere di to have the pleasure cominciare a to begin
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avere intenzione di to intend continuare a to continue
avere paura di to be afraid convincere a to convince
avere voglia di to feel like correre a to run
cercare di to try imparare a to learn
cessare di to cease insegnare a to teach
chiedere di to ask invitare a to invite
comandare di to command mandare a to send
credere di to believe passare a to stop by
decidere di to decide pensare a to think of
dimenticare di to forget preparare a to prepare
dire di to say, tell provare a to try
domandare di to ask riuscire a to succeed
finire di to finish servire a to be good for
offrire di to offer stare a to stay, stand
pensare di to plan stare attento a to be careful
permettere di to permit tornare a to return
promettere di to promise venire a to come
ricordare di to remember
sapere di to know
smettere di to stop, cease
sognare di to dream
sperare di to hope
tentare di to try, attempt
coconut la noce di cocco farm la fattoria
fins le pinne farmhouse la cascina
goggles la maschera subacquea hay il fieno
hut la capanna hoe la zappa
island l'isola lasso il laccio
lifeguard il bagnino loft il fienile
lighthouse il faro pitchfork il forcone
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lounge chair la sedia a sdraio rake il rastrello
oar il remo saddle la sella
ocean liner la nave shovel la pala
palm tree la palma silo il silo
picnic il picnic stable la stalla
pier il molo stool lo sgabello
rowboat la barca a remi tractor il trattore
sailboat la barca a vela windmill il mulino a vento
sand la sabbia
sand castle il castello di sabbia
sea gull il gabbiano
sea lion l'otaria
sea shell la conchiglia
seal la foca
seashore il litorale
seaweed l'alga marina
suntan lotion la crema abbronzante
surfboard la tavoletta da surf
waterskiing lo sci nautico
wave l'onda
78. PROBLEM VERBS
There are four verbs in Italian that correspond to the verb to leave in English:
Lasciare means to leave a person or thing behind.Partire means to leave, to depart, to go away on a trip.Uscire means to go out (of a place) or to go out socially.Andare viameans to go away (opposite of to stay.)
There are three verbs that correspond to the verb to tell:
Diremeans to tell or say.Parlare means to speak or talk.Raccontare means to tell, in the sense of narrating.
79. FARE CAUSATIVE
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The verb fare can be followed by an infinitive to express the idea of having someonedo something or having something done. If the object is a noun, it follows theinfinitive; but if the object is a pronoun, it precedes the verb fare. (Unless the objectpronoun is loro, then it always follows the infinitive.) Note that farsi can also be usedin a causative construction when one is having something done to oneself.
Abbiamo fatto farequellasedia. We had that chair made.Facciostudiarei ragazzi. I make the boys study.Li facciostudiare. I make them study.Mi faccio tagliarei capelli. I'm having my hair cut.
When a causative sentence has two objects, the person being made to do somethingbecomes the indirect object. In Italian, the indirect object is introduced by a.
Ilmaestro faleggerelostudente. The teacher makes the student read.Ilmaestro faleggerelaletturaallostudente. The teacher makes the student readthe passage.
To avoid ambiguity with the indirect object, the preposition da instead ofa can be
used. The sentence Abbiamo fattomandareil paccoa Maria can mean two things:1) We had Mary send the package or 2) We had the package sent to Mary. If the first
meaning is intended, then da can replace a.
Italian 5
81. CONDITIONAL TENSES
The conditional tense expresses "would" and is used with requests and doubts. It is
also used in hypothetical situations with "if" clauses or with events or actions that mayoccur in the future, but probably won't. You will also see it in headlines of newspapersto indicate that something has not yet been proven to be true. To formthe present conditional, use the future stem and these endings for all verbs.
-ei
-esti
-ebbe
-emmo
-este
-ebbero
As in the future tense, verbs ending in -care and -gare add an h after the c or gfor pronunciation. Verbs endings in -ciare and -giare drop the final i in all forms ofthe present conditional. The verbs that have irregular futurestems are also irregularin the conditional tense:
to be essere sar- to remain, stay rimanere rimarr-
to have avere avr- to drink bere berr-
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to be, stay stare star- to put, place porre porr-
to give dare dar- to come venire verr-
to make fare far- to translate tradurre tradurr-
to go andare andr- to hold tenere terr-
to fall cadere cadr- to draw, pull trarre trarr-
to have to, must dovere dovr- to explain spiegare spiegher-
to be able to, can potere potr- to pay pagare pagher-
to know (facts) sapere sapr- to look for cercare cercher-
to see vedere vedr- to forget dimenticare dimenticher-
to live (be alive) vivere vivr- to eat mangiare manger-
to want volere vorr- to begin cominciare comincer-
Gli parlerei,manon a casa. I would talk to him, but he's not at home.Prenderesteun caff? Would you like some coffee?Sarei pi contenta. I would be happier. The past conditional expresses the same basic idea as the present conditional. It isformed by using the presentconditional of avere or essere and the past participle ofthe main verb. If the main clause is in the present tense, then the subordinate clausewill either be in the present or past conditional in Italian.
Nonsoselo potrebbe fare. I don't know if he would be able to do it.
However, if the main clause is in the past tense, then the subordinate clause MUSTbe in the past conditional in Italian:
Hadetto chesarebbe venuto. He said that he would come.
83. TO DRIVE & TO TRANSLATE
condurre - to drive tradurre - to translate
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conduco
conduci
conduce
conduciamo
conducete
conducono
traducco
traduci
traduce
traduciamo
traducete
traducono
Past participle: condotto Past participle: tradotto
Other verbs that are conjugated similarly include: produrre (to produce)and ridurre (to reduce)
84. AIRPORT & TRAIN STATION
airport l'aeroporto luggage cart il carrello
arrival l'arrivo luggage rack la reticella portabagagli
ATM il bancomat luggage tag l'etichetta del bagaglio
baggage allowance la franchigia bagaglio non smoking non fumatori
baggage carousel il nastro trasportatore one-way ticket il bigliettodi sola andata
baggage check il controllodei bagagli passenger il passegiere
baggage return il ritirobagagli passport il passaporto
baggage/luggage il bagaglio platform la piattaforma
bathroom la toilette railroad car il bagagliaio
boarding pass la carta d'imbarco railroad coach/car la carrozza / il vagone
border la frontiera railway la ferrovia
bus stop la fermata dell'autobus reservation la prenotazione
canceled cancellato round-trip ticketil bigliettodi andata e
ritorno
car rental l'autonoleggio seat il posto
checked baggage il bagaglioda registrare security gates i varchi di sicurezza
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compartment loscompartimento sleeping car la vettura letto
connection la coincidenza smoking fumatori
currency exchange l'ufficiocambio stop la fermata
customs la dogana subway la metropolitana
delayed ritardato suitcase la valigia
departure la partenza taxi stand il posteggiodei taxi
dining car il vagoneristorante telephone il telefono
entrance l'entrata ticket il biglietto
excess baggage il bagaglioeccedente ticket collector il controllore
exit l'uscita ticket office la biglietteria
flight il volo time table l'orario
gate l'uscita to validate (ticket) convalidare
hand luggage/carry on il bagaglio a mano train il treno
information booth l'ufficio informazioni train station la stazione
left luggage lockersil depositobagagli
automaticovisa il visto
lost and found office l'ufficiooggetti smarriti waiting room la sala d'aspetto
85. LOCATION & DIRECTION
above sopra here qui / qua
abroad all'estero in in
across from di fronte a in front of davanti a
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against contro in the middle of in mezzo a
along lungo inside dentro
among tra / fra near vicino a
anywhere / wherever dovunque next to / beside accanto a
around intorno a nowhere in nessun
at / to a of di
at home in casa