IT Standards - Politics and Practicalities · IT Standards - Politics and Practicalities Andrew Watson VP & Technical Director, OMG [email protected]

IT Standards - Politics and Practicalities

Andrew Watson

VP & Technical Director, [email protected]

ndards in practice

2

6-Dec-2007

Birmingham standards

•

Stan- O ght from one source- To em integrators- “C PU, Fujitsu RAM,

M R Bluetooth, B thernet chip by ?

- E us, PC-card, USB ...)

• Stan interfaces- A- (S mplementation

StaCopyright ©2007, Object Management Group. All Rights reserved.

Why Standards?

dardisation vital in modern ITnce (c. 1960) everything could be bouday “manufacturers” are mostly systlosed” Powerbook G4 has Motorola C

atshita CD/DVD, Hitachi hard disk, CSroadcom 802.11g, V.24 modem by ?, End-user also integrator (Ethernet, Nub

dards define structure & behaviour ofllow third parties to build systemshould) provide maximum latitude on i

ndards in practice

3

6-Dec-2007


•

Com n integration stan- U ng specifications- C ated specifications

• An in user members- Im OMG member

• Spec- V

• Deci


Introducing OMG

puter industry forum for creating opedardsML, SysML, BPMN and related modelliORBA integration platform & many rel

dustrial consortium with vendor and plementation must be available from

ifications freely available to allisit http://www.omg.org

sions taken by members

ndards in practice

4

6-Dec-2007


ip88 SoluAdaptiAdobeAlcateArtisanBAE SBEA SBoeingBorlanCACapgeCredit CSC

rop

le

Nat’liaTecheonat

well

SAPSAS InstituteSiemensSparx SystmsSWIFTTelelogicThalesToshibaTCSUnisysUS Nat. Arch.VHAVISA


Worldwide Membershtions

ve

l

ystemsystems

d

miniSuisse

DaimlerDeere & Co.DoCoMoEBIEDSEFFEurocontrolEuroSTEPFujitsuGCHQG. DynamicsGnome Fndn.HDMA

HPHitachiIBMIDS ScheerIONAK’dy CarterLockheedLombardiMEGAMentor G’icsMITREMotorolaNASA

NECNISTNokiaNorthOISOracOSDPennPromPrismRaythRed HRock

ndards in practice

5

6-Dec-2007


(1)

•

Inter- P ternet- IP MTP, FTP ...- R )- P der Internet Society

• Wor- M for the web- H SVG, XSLT ...- 16 Berners-Lee


Similar organisations

net Engineering Task Force (IETF)ublishes “RFCs” (standards) for the inv4, IPv6, TCP, EGP, BGP, RIP, HTTP, Sun by Internet Architecture Board (IABart of US Govt. until early 90s, now un

ld Wide Web Consortium (W3C)akes “recommendations” (standards)TML, CSS, XML, XML Schema, SOAP, international offices, founded by Tim

ndards in practice

6

6-Dec-2007


(2)

•

Orga tured Information Stan- M entation- D , LegalXML, BPEL ...- S ML-focussed in ‘98

• The - O n programmes- TO , LDAP, - M d X/Open in 1996- O ated OSF/1



nization for the Advancement of Strucdards (OASIS)akes standards for information represocBook, DITA, OpenDocument, DCMLtarted as SGML Open in ‘93, became X

Open Groupwns UNIX trademark, does certificatio

GAF, X Windows, Motif, POSIX, DCEerger of Open Software Foundation anSF set up in 1988 by Unix vendors, cre

ndards in practice

7

6-Dec-2007


(3)

•

ECM- Fo urers’ Association- C I, ECMAScript

(J- S- M on to become

in

• A ho- IE tional Committee on

In ITS) - SCSI ......



A Internationalrmerly European Computer Manufact

D-ROM (became ISO 9660), C#, C++/CLavaScript), Microsoft Office Open XMLun submitted, and then withdrew Javaore than 2/3 of ECMA standards went ternational standards

st of others, more or less specialisedEE, USB Implementers Forum, InterNaformation Technology Standards (INC

ndards in practice

8

6-Dec-2007


•

Indiv s bodies - typically inde ent- B- D- A ANSI)

• Natio sent their countries at in- In ization (ISO)- In ion (IEC)- In n (ITU-T)


De-jure standards

idual counties have national standardpendent but “recognised” by governmritish Standards Institute (BSI)eutsches Institut für Normung (DIN)merican National Standards Institute (

nal bodies make own standards, repreternational standards bodies:ternational Organization for Standardternational Electrotechnical Commissternational Telecommunications Unio

ndards in practice

9

6-Dec-2007


•

De-ju- G tds compliance- U e work

• De-f es”- M A, PDF, Javascript- U , sometimes handed

ov nisations

• Stan- Fa ed by one company- A


De-jure vs. de-facto

re standards carry weightovernments & often demand de-jure ssually slow to create, lots of committe

acto standards are “what everyone usS Word format, x86 instruction set, VGsually initially owned by one companyer to (more-or-less) independent orga

dards consortia seek a happy mediumst (-ish), widely accepted, but not own

nti-trust issues

ndards in practice

10

6-Dec-2007


olitics

•

Clos pen” ...- “F ign licence?)- “F ncing terms?)- “F- “F dard (usually not)

• Publ ument- U abstract interface

• Pate- S RAND, “all bets off”- R


Intellectual Property & P

ed standards exist, but most prefer “Oreely” obtain documentation (Buy? Sreely” implement (Patents? If so, licereely” sell/give away implementationsreely” modify & circulate original stan

isher usually retains copyright on docS DMCA made it possible to copyright

nt licencing a minefieldpectrum: unencumbered, free licence,AMBUS case

ndards in practice

11

6-Dec-2007


esign

•

Soft cts created by man- Te behaviour

• Soft lueprints- A el view- R ep understanding- R lationships

• Bett er quality, lower cost- Th ensive it is

• Anal ns to draw the plans


Standards for software d

ware systems the most complex artifamporal dependencies, discontinuous

ware, like physical structures, needs bbstract away detail to give the high-levepresent complex relationships for deepresent static, dynamic and causal re

er design -> faster time-to-market, bette later you catch a bug, the more exp

ysis and Design notations are the mea

ndards in practice

12

6-Dec-2007


ce - UML

•

OO m lied in the early ‘90s- W- C- B- R 6)- O- Ja- S

• By 1- S s, few support tools


Design standards in practi

odelling languages (& books) multipirfs-Brock (1990)oad/Yourdon (1991)ooch at Rational (1994)umbaugh’s OMT at GE labs (1991, 199dell/Martin (1994)cobson at Ericsson (1992, 1995)

hlaer/Mellor recursive design (1997)

994 chaos ruledimilar concepts, incompatible notation

ndards in practice

13

6-Dec-2007


•

Late al

• Early r method standards- A eeting Jun. 95- M eliver standard

• Late ified Method” 0.8- Ja igos”

• 1996 tional UML 0.9 & 0.91 ML 1.0

• Jan. RFP submissions


UML - unification

‘94: Rumbaugh joins Booch at Ration

‘95: Jacobson & Soley begin push foll major players represented at OMG mary Loomis leads ADTF, chartered to d

‘95: Rumbaugh & Booch produce “Uncobson joins Rational - the “Three Am

: OMG issues RFP, Amigos release Ra, establish UML Partners to work on U

‘97: OMG meeting in Tampa evaluates

ndards in practice

14

6-Dec-2007


le

• Jan.- R Oracle, Unisys, etc.)- IB /Reich, Softeam

• All s uring 1997- N

• Revi L 1.2 (formatting clea .5 (Mar 2003)

• UML n. 2005


UML standard - fina

‘97 submissions from:ational & partners (DEC, HP, IBM, MS, M/Objectime, Platinum, Ptech, Taskon

ubmitters agreed common approach dov. ‘97: UML 1.1 adopted by OMG

sions under OMG process produce UMnup), 1.3 (Mar 2000), 1.4 (Step 2001), 1

1.4.2 became ISO/IEC 19501:2005, Ja

ndards in practice 156-Dec-2007Birmingham standards

• UML 2001-3 IT recession

• Over Z research, Aug. 04)- 80- D- O- Tr- U

• UMLwide


UML today

market grew at ~ 20% PA through the

2/3 of organisations now use UML (B% plan to use UML in future

ozens of toolsver 100 UML-related booksaining widely available

ML certification

2.0 published July ‘05, already ly used, on its way to ISO


ndards

• Meta- Fo specifications build

• XML- C OF-based models

• Sem s (SBVR)- Fo ey are related

• Busi MN)- P d into OMG

• Busi ers ...


Other OMG Modelling Sta

-Object Facility (MOF)undation on which all OMG modelling

Metadata Interchange (XMI)ommon standard for exchanging all M

antics of Business Vocabulary & Ruler defining business terms and how th

ness Process Modelling Notation (BPublished by BPMI in 2005 – now merge

ness Motivation Model (BMM), and oth


x families

CommWarehMetam

inessulesmodel

OrganisationStructure

Metamodel

UMVisual s

cturedglish

Orgcharts (?)

odel Exchange via

Metadata Interchange(XMI)


OMG metamodel and syntaMOF

Meta-meta model(Language)

onouseodel

UMLMetamodel

BusinessProcess

Metamodel

BusR

Meta

Lyntax

UML Activitysyntax

BPMNsyntax

StruEn

M

XML


(MOF)

• Stan n) with UML

• Foun ) architecture- M els- P te generation of

co dels

• XMI OF models via XML- C rmat for all OMG

m


OMG Meta-Object Facility

dardised in parallel (and in cooperatio

dation for OMG repository (meta dataodel, design and implement metamodrovides IDL, Java mappings to automancrete interfaces for specific metamo

provides for storage/interchange of Mapable of being common exchange foodelling specifications


Notation• Busi blished August 2000

- O ess language for bo rocesses

- R nguage (BPML)- O ing their early XML

B anguage (BPEL)

• Happ graphical Business Proc- S activity diagram- O- N PEL4WS


Business Process Modellingness Process Modelling Initiative estabjective: create an XML business procth modelling & executing business p

esult: Business Process Modelling Lautflanked by IBM, Microsoft, BEA mergPLs as Business Process Execution L

ily, BPMI also worked separately on aess Modelling Notation (BPMN)imilar notational conventions to UML 2riginally intended to map onto BPMLow adapted to map onto very-similar B


Bus tation (cont.)

• V 1.0- W ors from 24 orgs.

• Prov sses unde iness users- Fo ot just automateable

on- E s in sight?- N ormat specified- ... iness Process

D


iness Process Modelling No

published May 2004ritten by Steven White (IBM) & 28 auth

ides visual syntax for Business Procerstandable by both technical and busr modelling all business processes, nes

nd of Business Process Modelling waro metamodel, no standard exchange f now being rectified through OMG Busefinition metamodel process


Su

pp

lier

Fin

anci

alIn

stit

uti

on

Ship goods


BPMN exampleS

ales

Dis

trib

uti

on

Pack goods

ProcessorderAuthorise

payment

Authorisecredit card

+

+


Sem lary & Rules

• MOF escribing business- D MDA- A , not just IT

• Busi ct or revise- B h limited extensions

• Also ble text syntaxes- “S- R stablished notation

• Spec tructured English)


antics of Business Vocabu

metamodel for vocabularies & rules designed from the start to be used withs for BPMN, applies to whole business

ness rule: Rule that business can enaased on first-order predicate logic, wit

precise, non-normative human-readatructured English”

uleSpeak - Business Rule Solutions’ e

ification written in terms of itself (in S


ules

• Stru iness chooses to orga- “A f the following:

t 5 years”

• Ope ss activities- ... eople involved- “A ot be given

po


Structural & Operative R

ctural rules are definitions - how a busnise the things it deals with Car Hire Customer has at least one o

A Reservation An in-progress car hire A car hire completed within the las

rative Rules govern conduct of busine and therefore can be violated by the p customer who appears drunk must nssession of a hire car”


Exam tured English

It is e/time of each in-co ward rental the loca owns the rented car of th

It is ob exactly one branch.

QuantifierM

Object type


ple operative rules in Struc

obligatory that at the actual return datuntry rental and each international in

l area of the return branch of the rentale rental.

ligatory that each rental car is owned by

Quantifier

Object typeodality

Fact type


work

• User- A- E n a decision causes

co- I c format you use

• So w- C p supplier hates

op- Le tomers- C zero-sum game


Why standards consortia

s like open standardsvoids vendor lock-inxternality – “An externality occurs whests or benefits to third party”are what computer/DVD/digital music

hat motivates vendors to participate?ynical answer - in any market niche toen standards, all others love themss cynical ... all vendors are also cus

reating standards in a market is not a


ma

• A no

• Two insufficient evid same deal- Te emains silent –>

be plice gets 10 years- B r a minor charge- B ars sentence

• Each ilent, neither knows wha

• Dilem ners act?


Classic prisoner’s dilem

n-zero-sum game

prisoners held separately, police haveence for conviction, so offer each the stify against the other and the other rtrayer goes free and the silent accom

oth stay silent –> both get 6 months footh betray the other –> each gets 5 ye

must choose whether to talk or stay st choice the other prisoner will make

ma: How should self-interested priso


mma

• Priso- If minimised

• Itera edly against same oppo mes

• Rob indefinitely long gam e (1959 paper)

• Rob ma tournament betw ion of Cooperation”)- G trategies did well,

be


Iterated prisoners’ dile

ners’ dilemma not a zero-sum gameboth cooperate, total “punishment” is

ted prisoners’ dilemma: played repeatnents with memory of previous outco

ert Aumann showed rational players ines can sustain the cooperative outcom

ert Axelrod ran iterated prisoners dilemeen computer programs (“The Evolutreedy strategies did poorly, altruistic sst was “tit for tat”


ion

• OMG losed communities- S anies for years- In to stay involved!

• Coo presentatives of com

• Repr luded from working in th specifications

• As in s to “cheat” offer shor tage


Evolution of cooperat

and similar standards consortia are came individuals often represent compdividuals sometimes move companies

peration evolves between individual repeting companies

esentatives who “cheat” tend to be exce (self-organising) groups that create

iterated prisoners’ dilemma, attemptt-term reward, but long-term disadvan


• Stan

• De-f ally single-vendor

• De-ju w to make, som

• Indu m for happy medium

• Diffe

• Econ why it works


Summary

dards are essential in the IT business

acto standards spring up quickly, usu

re (international) standards often sloetimes very academic

stry standards consortia (like OMG) ai

rent meanings of “Open”

omics and game theory help explain

Documents

IT Standards - Politics and Practicalities · IT Standards - Politics and Practicalities Andrew Watson VP & Technical Director, OMG [email protected]