It Essentials Note

8/11/2019 It Essentials Note

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'o!e: A e/e" connector use" to connect to an optical "rive or a har" "rive.Berg: A e/e" connector use" to connect to a flopp/ "rive. 4A Ber- connector is saller than a %ole! connector.*+pin or ,+pin: use" to connect to the other&oar".

he 2#<pin slotte" connector has two rows of 12<pins each.

he 20<pin slotte" connector has two rows of 10<pins each.

,+pin to -+pin aui!iary po"er: two rows of two to four pins an" supplies power to all areas of the other&oar"an" are the sae shape as the ain power connector &ut saller.

l"er stan"ar" power supplies use" two connectors calle" ,$ an" ,) to connect to the other&oar". ,$ an" ,) wereun<e/e" connectors. he/ coul" &e installe" &acwar"s potentiall/ "aa-in- the other&oar" or power suppl/.he installation reuire" that the connectors were line" up with the &lac wires to-ether in the i""le.

'other.oard

'other.oard: the ain printe" circuit &oar" an" contains the &uses or electrical pathwa/s foun" in a coputer.4AA s/ste &oar" the &acplane or the ain &oar"5Bus: allows "ata to travel &etween the various coponents that coprise a coputer.

he other&oar" accoo"ates the central processin- unit 4+,U5 *A% e!pansion slots heat sin>fan asse&l/B'S chip chip set an" the e&e""e" wires that interconnect the other&oar" coponents. Socets internal an"e!ternal connectors an" various ports are also place" on the other&oar".

Chip Set: various inte-rate" circuits attache" to the other&oar" that control how s/ste har"ware interacts withthe +,U an" other&oar".

he chip set of a other&oar" allows the +,U to counicate an" interact with the other coponents of thecoputer an" to e!chan-e "ata with s/ste eor/ or *A% har" "is "rives vi"eo car"s an" other output"evices. he chip set esta&lishes how uch eor/ can &e a""e" to a other&oar". he chip set also "eterinesthe t/pe of connectors on the other&oar". %ost chip sets are "ivi"e" into two "istinct coponents ?orth&ri"-ean" South&ri"-e.

North.ridge: controls access to the *A% vi"eo car" an" the spee"s at which the +,U can counicate withthe. he vi"eo car" is soeties inte-rate" into the ?orth&ri"-e.South.ridge: in ost cases allows the +,U to counicate with the har" "rives soun" car" USB ports an" other'> ports.

CPU: +entral ,rocessin- Unit: consi"ere" the &rain of the coputer.

CPU Soc/etS!ot: the connector that interfaces &etween the other&oar" an" the processor itself.P0A: pin -ri" arra/I&: =ero insertion force

here are two a@or +,U architectures relate" to instruction sets:

%educed Instruction Set Computer (%ISC) Architectures use a relativel/ sall set of instructions an" *'S+chips are "esi-ne" to e!ecute these instructions ver/ rapi"l/.Comp!e Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Architectures use a &roa" set of instructions resultin- in fewer steps

per operation.

2yper threading: the +,U has ultiple pieces of co"e &ein- e!ecute" siultaneousl/ on each pipeline. o anoperatin- s/ste a sin-le +,U with h/per threa"in- appears to &e two +,Us.

'23: %e-ahert=023: i-ahert=&SB: Front Si"e Bus

+urrent processors have a 32<&it or a 6#<&it processor "ata &us.O4er c!oc/ing: a techniue use" to ae a processor wor at a faster spee" than noral. ver clocin- is notrelia&le can result in "aa-in- the +,U.

''5: a set of ultie"ia instructions &uilt into 'ntel processors. (na&le" icroprocessors canhan"le an/ coon ultie"ia operations that are han"le" &/ a separate soun" or vi"eo car". nl/ softwareespeciall/ written to call %%C instructions can tae a"vanta-e of the instruction set.



%an/ +,Us are capa&le of processin- ultiple instructions concurrentl/:Sing!e Core CPU ne core insi"e a sin-le +,U chip that han"les all of the processin- capa&ilit/. A other&oar"anufacturer a/ provi"e socets for ore than one sin-le processor provi"in- the a&ilit/ to &uil" a powerfululti<processor coputer.#ua! Core CPU wo cores insi"e a sin-le +,U chip in which &oth cores can process inforation at the saetie.0PU: -raphics<processin- unit

%A': *an"o Access %eor/#%A': D/naic *A%: D/naic *A% is a eor/ chip that is use" as ain eor/. D*A% ust &econstantl/ refreshe" with pulses of electricit/ in or"er to aintain the "ata store" within the chip.

S%A': Static *A%: Static *A% is a eor/ chip that is use" as cache eor/. S*A% is uch fasterthan D*A% an" "oes not have to &e refreshe" as often.

&P' 'emory: Fast ,a-e %o"e D*A% is eor/ that supports pa-in-. ,a-in- ena&les faster access to the "atathan re-ular D*A%. %ost #$6 ,entiu s/stes fro E) an" earlier use F,% eor/.E#O 'emory: (!ten"e" Data ut *A% is eor/ that overlaps the consecutive "ata accesses. his spee"s up theaccess tie to retrieve "ata fro eor/ &ecause the +,U "oes not have to wait for one "ata access c/cle to en"

&efore another "ata access c/cle &e-ins.S#%A': S/nchronous D*A% is D*A% that operates in s/nchroni=ation with the eor/ &us. he eor/ &us isthe "ata path &etween the +,U an" the ain eor/.##% S#%A': Dou&le Data *ate SD*A% is eor/ that !fers "ata twice as fast as SD*A%. DD* SD*A%increases perforance &/ !ferrin- "ata twice per c/cle.##% S#%A': Dou&le Data *ate 2 SD*A% is a faster than DD*<SD*A% eor/. DD*2 iproves

perforance over DD* &/ "ecreasin- noise an" crosstal &etween the si-nal wires.%#%A'6 *A% Bus D*A% is a eor/ chip that was "evelope" to counicate at ver/ hi-h rates of spee".*D*A% chips are not coonl/ use".

%O': *ea"<onl/ eor/ chip: 'nforation written when anufacture" an" cannot &e erase".P%O': ,ro-raa&le rea"<onl/ eor/: 'nforation written when anufacture" an" cannot &e erase" or re<written.EP%O': (rasa&le pro-raa&le rea"<onl/ eor/: 'nforation written AF(* chip is anufacture" an" can &eerase" with e!posure to a U li-ht. Special euipent reuire".EEP%O': (lectricall/ erasa&le pro-raa&le rea"<onl/ eor/ 4AA Flash *%5: 'nforation is writtenAF(* anufacture" an" can &e erase" an" re<written without reoval fro coputer.

#IP: "ual inline paca-e: in"ivi"ual eor/ chip: "ual rows of pins use" to attach to coputer.SI'': Sin-le 'nline %eor/ %o"ule: Sall circuit &oar" that hol"s several eor/ chips: 30<pin an" 72<pinconfi-urations.#I'': Dual 'nline eor/ o"ule: circuit &oar" that hol"s SD*A% DD* SD*A% an" DD*2 SD*A% chips.here are 16$<pin SD*A% D'%%s 1$#<pin DD* D'%%s an" 2#0<pin DD*2 D'%%s.%I'': *A% Bus 'nline %eor/ %o"ule: a circuit &oar" that hol"s *D*A% chip. *'%% t/picall/ has a 1$#<pinconfi-uration.

71 Cache: is internal cache an" is inte-rate" into the +,U.7 Cache: is e!ternal cache an" was ori-inall/ ounte" on the other&oar" near the +,U an" is now inte-rate"into the +,U.78 Cache: is use" on soe hi-h<en" worstations an" server +,Us.

Nonparity memory: "oes not chec for errors in eor/.Parity 'emory: contains $ &its for "ata an" 1 &it for error checin-.

Parity Bit: he 1 &it that "oes chec for errors within the ,arit/ %eor/.ECC 'emory: (rror +orrection +o"e: can "etect ultiple &it errors in eor/ an" correct sin-le &it errors ineor/.

A"apter car"s are use" to e!pan" an" custoi=e the capa&ilit/ of the coputer:

NIC +onnects a coputer to a networ usin- a networ ca&le9ire!ess NIC +onnects a coputer to a networ usin- ra"io freuenciesSound adapter ,rovi"es au"io capa&ilit/ $ideoadapter ,rovi"es -raphic capa&ilit/ 'odemadapter +onnects a coputer to the 'nternet usin- a phone line CSI



adapter +onnects S+S' "evices such as har" "rives or tape "rives to a coputer %AI#adapter +onnects ultiple har" "rives to a coputer to provi"e re"un"anc/ an" to iprove perforance

USBport +onnects a coputer to peripheral "evices Para!!e!port +onnects a coputer to peripheral "evices Seria! port +onnects a coputer to peripheral "evices

A riser car" was use" in coputer s/stes with the 9,C for factor to allow a"apter car"s to &e installe"hori=ontall/. he riser car" was ainl/ use" in sli<line "estop coputers.

ISA: 'n"ustr/ Stan"ar" Architecture: $ or 16<&it e!pansion slot. his ol"er technolo-/ is sel"o use".EISA: (!ten"e" 'n"ustr/ Stan"ar" Architecture: 32<&it e!pansion slot. his ol"er technolo-/ is sel"o use".'CA: %icro channel Architecture: an 'B%<proprietar/ 32<&it e!pansion slot. his ol"er technolo-/ is sel"o use".PCI: ,eripheral +oponent 'nterconnect: 32 or 6#<&it e!pansion slot currentl/ use" in ost coputers. A,:A"vance" raphics ,ort: 32<&it e!pansion slot "esi-ne" for vi"eo a"apters.PCI+Epress (PCI+E): a serial &us e!pansion slot. Software that is copati&le has !1 !# !$ an" !16 slots.

A stora-e "rive rea"s or writes inforation to a-netic or optical stora-e e"ia. he "rive can &e use" to store "ata peranentl/ or to retrieve inforation fro a e"ia "is. Stora-e "rives can &e installe" insi"e the coputer casesuch as a har" "rive. For porta&ilit/ soe stora-e "rives can connect to the coputer usin- a USB port a Fire;ire

port or an S+S' port. hese porta&le stora-e "rives are soeties referre" to as reova&le "rives an" can &e use"on ultiple coputers. ere are soe coon t/pes of stora-e "rives:

&!oppy #ri4e6 a stora-e "evice that uses reova&le 3.<inch flopp/ "iss that can store 720 B or 1.## %B of "ata.'n a coputer the flopp/ "rive is usuall/ confi-ure" as the A: "rive. he flopp/ "rive can &e use" to &oot thecoputer if it contains a &oota&le flopp/ "is. A .2<inch flopp/ "rive is ol"er technolo-/ an" is sel"o use".

2ard #ri4e6 a a-netic stora-e "evice that is installe" insi"e the coputer. he har" "rive is use" as peranentstora-e for "ata. 'n a coputer the har" "rive is usuall/ confi-ure" as the +: "rive an" contains the operatin-s/ste an" applications. he har" "rive is usuall/ confi-ure" as the first "rive in the &oot seuence. he stora-ecapacit/ of a har" "rive is easure" in &illions of &/tes or -i-a&/tes 4B5. he spee" of a har" "rive is easure" inrevolutions per inute 4*,%5. %ultiple har" "rives can &e a""e" to increase stora-e capacit/.

Optica! #ri4e

An optical "rive is a stora-e "evice that uses lasers to rea" "ata on the optical e"ia. here are two t/pes of optical"rives:

+D: +opact "isc

DD: Di-ital ersatile Disc+D an" DD e"ia can &e pre<recor"e" 4rea"<onl/5 recor"a&le 4write once5 or re<recor"a&le 4rea" an" writeultiple ties5. +Ds have a "ata stora-e capacit/ of appro!iatel/ 700 %B. DDs have a "ata stora-e capacit/ ofappro!iatel/ $. B on one si"e of the "isc.

here are several t/pes of optical e"ia:

+D<*% +D rea"<onl/ eor/ e"ia that is pre<recor"e".+D<* +D<recor"a&le e"ia that can &e recor"e" once.+D<*; +D<rewrita&le e"ia that can &e recor"e" erase" an" re<recor"e". DD<*% DD rea"<onl/ eor/ e"ia that is pre<recor"e". DD<*A% DD<ran"o access eor/ e"ia that can &e recor"e" erase" an" re<recor"e". DDG><* DD<recor"a&le e"ia that can &e recor"e" once. DDG><*; DD<rewrita&le e"ia that can &e recor"e" erase" an" re<recor"e".

&!ash #ri4e (A:A a thum. dri4e): is a reova&le stora-e "evice that connects to a USB port. A flash "rive uses at/pe of eor/ that reuires no power to aintain the "ata. hese "rives can &e accesse" &/ the operatin- s/ste inthe sae wa/ other t/pes of "rives are accesse".

Types o; #ri4e Inter;acesar" "rives an" optical "rives are anufacture" with "ifferent interfaces that are use" to connect the "rive to thecoputer. o install a stora-e "rive in a coputer the connection interface on the "rive ust &e the sae as thecontroller on the other&oar". ere are soe coon "rive interfaces:

I#E 'nte-rate" Drive (lectronics also calle" A"vance" echnolo-/ Attachent 4AA5 is an earl/ "rivecontroller interface that connects coputers an" har" "is "rives. An 'D( interface uses a #0<pin connector.



EI#E (nhance" 'nte-rate" Drive (lectronics also calle" AA<2 is an up"ate" version of the 'D( "rivecontroller interface.EI#E supports har" "rives lar-er than 12 %B ena&les Direct %eor/ Access 4D%A5 for spee" an" uses theA Attachent ,acet 'nterface 4AA,'5 to accoo"ate optical "rives an" tape "rives on the ('D( &us. AnEI#E interface uses a #0<pin connector. PATA ,arallel AA refers to the parallel version of the AA "rive controller interface. SATA SerialAA refers to the serial version of the AA "rive controller interface. A SAA interface uses a 7<pin

connector. SCSI Sall +oputer S/ste 'nterface is a "rive controller interface that can connect up to 1 "rives. S+S' canconnect &oth internal an" e!ternal "rives. An S+S' interface uses a 0<pin 6$<pin or $0<pin connector.

Data ca&les connect "rives to the "rive controller which is locate" on an a"apter car" or on the other&oar". ereare soe coon t/pes of "ata ca&les:

&!oppy dis/ dri4e (&##) data ca.!e Data ca&le has up to two 3#<pin "rive connectors an" one 3#<pinconnector for the "rive controller. PATA(I#EEI#E) ,*+conductor data ca.!e < ri-inall/ the 'D( interface supporte" two "evices on a sin-le

controller. ;ith the intro"uction of (!ten"e" 'D( two controllers capa&le of supportin- two "evices each wereintro"uce". #0<pin connectors are use" on #0<con"uctor ri&&on ca&le. he ca&le has two connectors for the"rives an" a thir" for the controller.PATA (EI#E) -*+conductor ca.!e < As the "ata rates availa&le over the ('D( interface increase" the chancesof corruption of the "ata &ein- transitte" increase". he use of $0<con"uctor ca&le was intro"uce" for "evicestransittin- at 33.3%Bps an" over allowin- for a ore relia&le &alance" "ata transission. he connectors arestill of the #0<pin variet/. SATAdata ca.!e Serial AA "ata ca&le has seven con"uctors one e/e" connector for the "rive an" one e/e"connector the "rive controller. SCSIdata ca.!e here are three t/pes of S+S' "ata ca&les. A narrow S+S' "ata ca&le has 0<con"uctors up toseven 0<pin connectors for "rives an" one 0<pin connector for the drive controller also calle" the hostadapter . A wi"e S+S' "ata ca&le has 6$<con"uctors up to fifteen 6$<pin connectors for "rives an" one 6$<pinconnector for the host a"apter. An Alt<# S+S' "ata ca&le has $0<con"uctors up to H1H $0<pin connectors for"rives an" one $0<pin connector for the host a"apter.

'nput>output 4'>5 ports on a coputer connect peripheral "evices such as printers scanners an" porta&le "rives.he followin- ports an" ca&les are coonl/ use": Serial USB Fire;ire ,arallel S+S' ?etwor ,S>2 Au"ioan" i"eo

Serial ,orts an" +a&lesa serial port can &e either a DB<) or a DB<2 ale connector. Serial ports transit one &it of "ata at a tie. oconnect a serial "evice such as a o"e or printer a serial ca&le ust &e use". A serial ca&le has a a!iulen-th of 0 feet 41.2 5.

USB Ports and Ca.!es: is a stan"ar" interface that connects peripheral "evices to a coputer. 't was ori-inall/"esi-ne" to replace serial an" parallel connections.2ot+S"appa.!e: users can connect an" "isconnect the "evices while the coputer is powere" on. USB connectionscan &e foun" on coputers caeras printers scanners stora-e "evices an" an/ other electronic "evices.A USB hu& is use" to connect ultiple USB "evices. A sin-le USB port in a coputer can support up to 127

separate "evices with the use of ultiple USB hu&s. Soe "evices can also &e powere" throu-h the USB porteliinatin- the nee" for an e!ternal power source.USB 1<1: allowe" transission rates of up to 12 %&ps in full<spee" o"e an" 1. %&ps in low spee" o"e.USB <*: allows transission spee"s up to #$0 %&ps. USB "evices can onl/ transfer "ata up to the a!iu spee"allowe" &/ the specific port.

&ire9ire Ports and Ca.!es: a hi-h<spee" hot<swappa&le interface that connects peripheral "evices to a coputer.A sin-le Fire;ire port in a coputer can support up to 63 "evices. Soe "evices can also &e powere" throu-h theFire;ire port eliinatin- the nee" for an e!ternal power source. Fire;ire uses the '((( 13)# stan"ar" 4AAi.9in.5



he '((( 13)#a stan"ar" supports "ata rates up to #00 %&ps an" ca&le len-ths up to 1 feet 4#. 5. his stan"ar"uses a 6<pin connector or a #<pin connector. he '((( 13)#& stan"ar" allows for a -reater ran-e of connectionsinclu"in- +A U, an" optical fi&er. Depen"in- on the e"ia use" "ata rates are supporte" up to 3.2 &ps over a100 "istance. Fi-ure 3 shows Fire;ire ca&les with connectors.

Para!!e! Ports and Ca.!es:A parallel port on a coputer is a stan"ar" /pe A DB<2 feale connector. he parallel connector on a printer is a

stan"ar" /pe B 36<pin +entronics connector. Soe newer printers a/ use a /pe + hi-h<"ensit/ 36<pinconnector. ,arallel ports can transit $ &its of "ata at one tie an" use the '((( 12$# stan"ar". o connect a parallel "evice such as a printer a parallel ca&le ust &e use". A parallel ca&le as shown in Fi-ure # has aa!iu len-th of 1 feet 4#. 5.

SCSI Ports and Ca.!es:A S+S' port can transit parallel "ata at rates in e!cess of 320 %&ps an" can support up to 1 "evices. 'f a sin-leS+S' "evice is connecte" to an S+S' port the ca&le can &e up to $0 feet 42#.# 5 in len-th. 'f ultiple S+S' "evicesare connecte" to an S+S' port the ca&le can &e up to #0 412.2 5 feet in len-th. An S+S' port on a coputer can &eone of three "ifferent t/pes 4i.e. 0<pin connector 6$<pin connector an" an $0<pin connector5

?(: S+S' "evices ust &e terinate" at the en"points of the S+S' chain.+AU'?: Soe S+S' connectors rese&le parallel connectors. Be careful not to connect the ca&le to the wron-

port. he volta-e use" in the S+S' forat a/ "aa-e the parallel interface. S+S' connectors shoul" &e clearl/la&ele".

Net"or/ Ports and Ca.!es:A networ port also nown as an *I<# port connects a coputer to a networ. he connection spee" "epen"s onthe t/pe of networ port. Stan"ar" (thernet can transit up to 10 %&ps Fast (thernet can transit up to 100 %&psan" i-a&it (thernet can transit up to 1000 %&ps. he a!iu len-th of networ ca&le is 32$ feet 4100 5. Anetwor connector is shown in Fi-ure 6.

PS Ports: connects a e/&oar" or a ouse to a coputer. he ,S>2 port is a 6<pin ini<D'? feale connector.he connectors for the e/&oar" an" ouse are often colore" "ifferentl/. 'f the ports are not color<co"e" loo for asall fi-ure of a ouse or e/&oar" ne!t to each port.

Audio Ports: connects au"io "evices to the coputer. he followin- au"io ports are coonl/ use":

9ine 'n +onnects to an e!ternal source such as a stereo s/ste%icrophone +onnects to a icrophone 9ineut +onnects to speaers or hea"phones ae

port>%'D' +onnects to a @o/stic or %'D'<interface" "evice$ideo Ports and Connectors: connects a onitor ca&le to a coputer. here are several vi"eo port an" connectort/pes:

$ideo 0raphics Array ($0A) A has a 3<row 1<pin feale connector an" provi"es analo- output to aonitor.#igita! $isua! Inter;ace (#$I) D' has a 2#<pin feale connector or a 2)<pin feale connector an"

provi"es a copresse" "i-ital output to a onitor. D'<' provi"es &oth analo- an" "i-ital si-nals. D'<D provi"es "i-ital si-nals onl/.2igh+#e;inition 'u!timedia Inter;ace (2#'i) D%i has a 1)<pin connector an" provi"es "i-ital vi"eoan" "i-ital au"io si-nals. S+$ideo S<i"eo has a #<pin connector an" provi"es analo- vi"eo si-nals.Component%0B *B has three shiel"e" ca&les 4re" -reen &lue5 with *+A @acs an" provi"es analo-vi"eo si-nals.

Input #e4ice: is use" to enter "ata or instructions into a coputer. 4'.e. %ouse e/&oar" Di-ital caera or "i-italvi"eo caera Bioetric authentication "evice ouch screen an" Scanner.5

0UI: -raphical user interface

Biometric Identi;ication6 aes use of features that are uniue to an in"ivi"ual user such as fin-erprints voicereco-nition or a retinal scan. ;hen co&ine" with or"inar/ usernaes &ioetrics -uarantees that the authori=e"

person is accessin- the "ata.

Touch Screen: has a pressure<sensitive transparent panel. he coputer receives instructions specific to the placeon the screen that the user touches.



Scanner: achine that "i-iti=es an ia-e or "ocuent. he "i-iti=ation of the ia-e is store" as a file that can &e"ispla/e" printe" or altere".

Bar Code %eader: is a t/pe of scanner that rea"s Universal ,ro"uct +o"e 4U,+5 &ar co"es. 't is wi"el/ use" for pricin- an" inventor/ inforation.

An output "evice is use" to present inforation to the user fro a coputer. 4'.e. %onitors pro@ectors ,rintersscanners fa! achines Speaers an" hea"phones.5

%onitors an" ,ro@ectors%onitors an" pro@ectors are priar/ output "evices for a coputer. here are "ifferent t/pes of onitors. he ostiportant "ifference &etween these onitor t/pes is the technolo-/ use" to create an ia-e:

C%T: +atho"e<ra/ tu&e onitor: is the ost coon onitor t/pe.7C#6 9iui" cr/stal "ispla/: is coonl/ use" in laptops an" soe pro@ectors. 9+D coes in two fors.Acti4e matri: is soeties calle" thin fil transistor 4F5.Passi4e matri: "oes not provi"e the sae level of ia-e control.

#7P: Di-ital li-ht processin-: is another technolo-/ use" in pro@ectors. #'#:Di-ital %icro irror Device.

%onitor resolution refers to the level of ia-e "etail that can &e repro"uce". Fi-ure 2 is a chart of coon onitorresolutions. i-her resolution settin-s pro"uce &etter ia-e ualit/. here are several factors involve" in onitorresolution:

Pie!s6 the tin/ "ots that coprise a screen. (ach pi!el consists of re" -reen an" &lue.#ot Pitch6 the "istance &etween pi!els on the screen. A lower "ot pitch nu&er pro"uces a &etter ia-e.%e;resh %ate: how often per secon" the ia-e is re&uilt. A hi-her refresh rate pro"uces a &etter ia-e an"re"uces the level of flicer.Inter!ace6 create the ia-e &/ scannin- the screen two ties. he first scan covers the o"" lines top to &ottoan" the secon" scan covers the even lines. Non+Inter!ace6 ?on<interlace" onitors create the ia-e &/ scannin- the screen one line at a tie fro top to

&otto. %ost +* onitors to"a/ are non<interlace".2$C: ori=ontal ertical +olors6 he nu&er of pi!els in a line is the hori=ontal resolution. he nu&er oflines in a screen is the vertical resolution. he nu&er of colors that can &e repro"uce" is the color resolution.Aspect %atio: the hori=ontal to vertical easureent of the viewin- area of a onitor.

%onitors have controls for a"@ustin- the ualit/ of the ia-e. ere are soe coon onitor settin-s:

Bri-htness: 'ntensit/ of the ia-e +ontrast:*atio of li-ht to "ar ,osition:ertical an" hori=ontal location of ia-e on the screen *eset:*eturns the onitor settin-s to factor/ settin-s

Printers= Scanners= and &a 'achines: that creates har" copies of coputer files. Soe printers speciali=e in particular applications such as printin- color photo-raphs. ther all<in<one t/pe printers are "esi-ne" to provi"eultiple services such as printin- fa! an" copier functions.

Spea/ers and 2eadphones: are output "evices for au"io si-nals. %ost coputers have au"io support eitherinte-rate" into the other&oar" or on an a"apter car". Au"io support inclu"es ports that allow input an" output ofau"io si-nals. he au"io car" has an aplifier to power hea"phones an" e!ternal speaers.

I%>: 'nterrupt *euests: use" &/ coputer coponents to reuest inforation fro the +,U. l"er coputers onl/ha" ei-ht '*Js to assi-n to "evices. ?ewer coputers have 16 '*Js which are nu&ere" 0 to 1. '*J conflicts cancause coponents to stop functionin- an" even cause the coputer to crash. o"a/ ost '*J nu&ers are assi-ne"autoaticall/ with plu- an" pla/ 4,n,5 operatin- s/stes an" the ipleentation of ,+' slots USB ports an"Fire;ire ports.

InputOutput (IO) Port Addresses6 are use" to counicate &etween "evices an" software an" is use" to sen"an" receive "ata for a coponent. here are 63 '> ports in a coputer an" the/ are reference" &/ ahe!a"ecial a""ress in the ran-e of 0000h to FFFFh.

#'A: Direct %eor/ Access: are use" &/ hi-h<spee" "evices to counicate "irectl/ with ain eor/. hesechannels allow the "evice to &/pass interaction with the +,U an" "irectl/ store an" retrieve inforation froeor/. nl/ certain "evices can &e assi-ne" a D%A channel such as S+S' host a"apters an" soun" car"s. l"er



coputers onl/ ha" four D%A channels to assi-n to coponents. ?ewer coputers have ei-ht D%A channels thatare nu&ere" 0 to 7 as shown in Fi-ure 3.

Chapter Notes

ES#: (lectric Static Dischar-e: Static electricit/ is the &uil"up of an electric char-e restin- on a surface. his &uil"up a/ =ap a coponent an" cause "aa-e.

ES# Protection %ecommendations:eep all coponents in antistatic &a-s until /ou are rea"/ to install the.Use -roun"e" ats on wor&enches.Use -roun"e" floor ats in wor areas.Use antistatic wrist straps when worin- on coputers.

C!imate+liate affects coputer euipent in a variet/ of wa/s:

'f the environent teperature is too hi-h euipent can overheat.'f the hui"it/ level is too low the chance of (SD increases.

'f the hui"it/ level is too hi-h euipent can suffer fro oisture "aa-e.

'S#S: %aterial Safet/ an" Data Sheet: a fact sheet that suari=es inforation a&out aterial i"entificationinclu"in- ha=ar"ous in-re"ients that can affect personal health fire ha=ar"s an" first ai" reuireents.

Proper #isposa! o; Batteries= 'onitors or C%Ts= Toner :its= Cartridges= #e4e!opers= Chemica! So!4ents andAeroso! Cans:

*ec/clin- shoul" &e a stan"ar" practice for a technician. An" a technician shoul" alwa/s use "isposal proce"ures that copl/ with local an" fe"eral environental re-ulations.

A technician 'UST ma/e sure that they are ;ami!iar "ith the necessary too!s and so;t"are< A technicianmust document a!! repairs and computer pro.!ems< I; anything ;or ;urther re;erence or ;or other tech?s<

ES# Too!s:

antistatic wrist strap: protects coputer euipent when -roun"e" to a coputer chassisantistatic at: protects coputer euipent &/ preventin- static electricit/ fro accuulatin- on thehar"ware or on the technician

2and Too!s6

Flathea" Screw"river ,hillips hea" Screw"river or! Screw"river e! Driver ?ee"le<nose ,liers ;ire +utters wee=ers ,art *etriever an" flashli-ht.

C!eaning Too!s6So;t C!oth: use" to clean "ifferent coputer coponents without scratchin- or leavin- "e&ris.Compressed Air: Use" to &low awa/ "ust an" "e&ris fro "ifferent coputer parts withouttouchin- the coponents.Ca.!e Ties: use" to &un"le ca&les neatl/ insi"e an" outsi"e of a coputer.Parts Organi3er: use" to hol" various parts an" prevents the fro -ettin- i!e" to-ether.

#iagnostic Too!s6

#igita! 'u!timeter6 use" to test the inte-rit/ of circuits an" the ualit/ of electricit/ incoponents. 7oop.ac/ Adapter6 Use" to test the &asic functionalit/ of coputer ports.

#is/ 'anagement Too!s

&dis/ or #is/ 'anagement use" to create an" "elete partitions on a har" "rive &ormat use" to prepare a har" "rive to store inforation Scandis/ or Ch/ds/

use" to chec the inte-rit/ of files an" fol"ers on a har" "rive &/ scannin- the file s/ste. he/ a/ alsochec the "is surface for ph/sical errors #e;rag use" to optii=espace on a har" "rive to allow faster access to pro-ras an" "ata #is/ C!eanup use" toclear space on a har" "rive &/ searchin- for files that can &e safel/ "elete" #is/ 'anagement a



s/ste utilit/ use" to ana-e har" "rives an" partitions which perfors tass such as initiali=in- "isscreatin- partitions an" forattin- partitions System &i!eChec/er (S&C) a coan"<line utilit/ that scans the operatin- s/ste critical files an" replaces an/ files thatare corrupte"

Protection So;t"are Too!s

9indo"s 5P Security Center allows /ou to chec the status of essential securit/ settin-s on the coputer.

Anti4irus Program protects a coputer a-ainst virus attacs.Spy"are %emo4er protects a-ainst software that sen"s inforation a&out we& surfin- ha&its to an attacer.Sp/ware can &e installe" without the nowle"-e or consent of the user. &ire"a!! a

pro-ra that runs continuousl/ to protect a-ainst unauthori=e" counications to an" fro /our coputer.

Persona! %e;erence Too!s

Notes %ae notes as /ou -o throu-h the investi-ation an" repair process. *efer to these notes to avoi"repeatin- previous steps an" to "eterine what steps to tae ne!t.@ourna! Docuent the up-ra"es an" repairs that /ou perfor.2istory o; repairs %ae a "etaile" list of pro&les an" repairs inclu"in- the "ate replaceent parts an"custoer inforation. he histor/ allows a technician to "eterine what wor has &een perfore" on a

coputer in the past.

Internet %e;erence Too!she 'nternet is an e!cellent source of inforation a&out specific har"ware pro&les an" possi&le solutions:

'nternet search en-ines ?ews -roups %anufacturer FAJs 4Freuentl/ Ase" Juestions5 online coputeranuals online forus an" chat echnical we&sites

Chapter 8 Notes;hat nee"s to &e "one &efore the installation of the other&oar".

2eat Sin/&an Assem.!y

1. Ali-n the +,U so that the +onnection 1 in"icator is line" up with ,in 1 on the +,U socet. Doin- this

ensures that the orientation notches on the +,U are ali-ne" with the orientation e/s on the +,U socet.2. ,lace the +,U -entl/ into the socet.

3. +lose the +,U loa" plate an" secure it in place &/ closin- the loa" lever an" ovin- it un"er the loa" leverretention ta&.

#. Appl/ a sall aount of theral copoun" to the +,U an" sprea" it evenl/. Follow the applicationinstructions provi"e" &/ the anufacturer.

. Ali-n the heat sin>fan asse&l/ retainers with the holes on the other&oar".

6. ,lace the heat sin>fan asse&l/ onto the +,U socet &ein- careful not to pinch the +,U fan wires.

7. i-hten the heat sin>fan asse&l/ retainers to secure the asse&l/ in place.

$. +onnect the heat sin>fan asse&l/ power ca&le to the hea"er on the other&oar".

%A' insta!!ation1. Ali-n the notches on the *A% o"ule to the e/s in the slot an" press "own until the si"e ta&s clic into

place.

2. %ae sure that the si"e ta&s have loce" the *A% o"ule. isuall/ chec for e!pose" contacts.

,lastic an" etal stan"offs are use" to ount the other&oar" an" to prevent it fro touchin- the etal portions of the case. Kou shoul" install onl/ the stan"offs that ali-n with the holes in the other&oar".

'other.oard insta!!ation:

1. 'nstall stan"offs in the coputer case.



2. Ali-n the '> connectors on the &ac of the other&oar" with the openin-s in the &ac of the case.

3. Ali-n the screw holes of the other&oar" with the stan"offs.

4. 'nsert all of the other&oar" screws.

. i-hten all of the other&oar" screws.

Drives that are installe" in internal &a/s are calle" internal "rives. A har" "is "rive 4DD5 is ane!aple of an internal "rive.

2## insta!!ation:

• ,osition the DD so that it ali-ns with the 3.<inch "rive &a/.

• 'nsert the DD into the "rive &a/ so that the screw holes in the "rive line up with the screw holes in thecase.

• Secure the DD to the case usin- the proper screws.

Drives such as optical "rives an" flopp/ "rives are installe" in "rive &a/s that are accesse" fro thefront of the case. ptical "rives an" flopp/ "rives store "ata on reova&le e"ia. Drives in e!ternal

&a/s allow access to the e"ia without openin- the case.

An optical "rive is a stora-e "evice that rea"s an" writes inforation to +Ds an" DDs an" uses a %ole! powerconnector an" a ,AA "ata connector.

Optica! dri4e insta!!ation:

1. ,osition the optical "rive so that it ali-ns with the .2<inch "rive &a/.

2. 'nsert the optical "rive into the "rive &a/ so that the optical "rive screw holes ali-n with the screw holes inthe case.

3. Secure the optical "rive to the case usin- the proper screws.

A flopp/ "is "rive 4FDD5 is a stora-e "evice that rea"s an" writes inforation to a flopp/ "is an" uses a Ber- power connector an" a flopp/ "ata connector.

&## insta!!ation:

• ,osition the FDD so that it ali-ns with the 3.<inch "rive &a/.

• 'nsert the FDD into the "rive &a/ so that the FDD screw holes ali-n with the screw holes in the case.

• Secure the FDD to the case usin- the proper screws.

A"apter car"s are installe" to a"" functionalit/ to a coputer.

A ?'+ ena&les a coputer to connect to a networ.

NIC: ?etwor 'nte-ration +ar"

NIC insta!!ation:

1. Ali-n the ?'+ to the appropriate e!pansion slot on the other&oar".

2. ,ress "own -entl/ on the ?'+ until the car" is full/ seate".

3. Secure the ?'+ ,+ ountin- &racet to the case with the appropriate screw.

9ire!ess NIC insta!!ation:

1. Ali-n the wireless ?'+ to the appropriate e!pansion slot on the other&oar".

2. ,ress "own -entl/ on the wireless ?'+ until the car" is full/ seate".

3. Secure the wireless ?'+ ,+ ountin- &racet to the case with the appropriate screw.

A vi"eo a"apter car" is the interface &etween a coputer an" a "ispla/ onitor. An up-ra"e" vi"eo a"apter car" can provi"e &etter -raphic capa&ilities for -aes an" -raphic pro-ras. i"eo a"apter car"s use ,+' A, an" ,+'ee!pansion slots on the other&oar".

$ideo adapter card insta!!ation:



1. Ali-n the vi"eo a"apter car" to the appropriate e!pansion slot on the other&oar".

2. ,ress "own -entl/ on the vi"eo a"apter car" until the car" is full/ seate".

3. Secure the vi"eo a"apter car" ,+ ountin- &racet to the case with the appropriate screw.

,ower ca&les are use" to "istri&ute electricit/ fro the power suppl/ to the other&oar" an" other coponents.

Data ca&les transit "ata &etween the other&oar" an" stora-e "evices such as har" "rives.

A""itional ca&les connect the &uttons an" lin li-hts on the front of the coputer case to the other&oar".

'other.oard Po"er Connections

'other.oard po"er ca.!e insta!!ation:

1. Ali-n the 20<pin AC power connector to the socet on the other&oar".

2. entl/ press "own on the connector until the clip clics into place.

3. Ali-n the #<pin AUC power connector to the socet on the other&oar".

#. entl/ press "own on the connector until the clip clics into place.

SATA Po"er Connectors

SAA power connectors use a 1<pin connector. SAA power connectors are use" to connect to har" "is "rivesoptical "rives or an/ "evices that have a SAA power socet.

'o!e Po"er Connectorsar" "is "rives an" optical "rives that "o not have SAA power socets use a %ole! power connector.

Berg Po"er Connectors

he #<pin Ber- power connector supplies power to a flopp/ "rive.

&o!!o" these steps ;or po"er connector insta!!ation:

1. ,lu- the SAA power connector into the DD. LFi-ure 3M

2. ,lu- the %ole! power connector into the optical "rive. LFi-ure #M

3. ,lu- the #<pin Ber- power connector into the FDD. LFi-ure M

#. +onnect the 3<pin fan power connector into the appropriate fan hea"er on the other&oar" accor"in- to the

other&oar" anual. LFi-ure 6M. ,lu- the a""itional ca&les fro the case into the appropriate connectors accor"in- to the other&oar"

anual.

PATA #ata Ca.!es soeties calle" a ri&&on ca&le &ecause it is wi"e an" flat. he ca&le can have either #0 or $0 con"uctors &utusuall/ has three #0<pin connectors. ne connects to the other&oar". he other two connectors connect to "rives.he aster "rive will connect to the en" connector. he slave "rive will connect to the i""le connector.

SATA #ata Ca.!es

he SAA "ata ca&le has a 7<pin connector. ne en" is connecte" to the other&oar" an" the other is connecte" toan/ "rive that has a SAA "ata connector.

&!oppy #ata Ca.!es

the "ata ca&le has a 3#<pin connector. 9ie the ,AA "ata ca&le the flopp/ "rive ca&le has a stripe to "enote the

location of pin 1. A flopp/ "rive ca&le usuall/ has three 3#<pin connectors. ne connector at the en" of the ca&leconnects to the other&oar" an" the other4s5 connect to "rives. All FDD ca&les have a twist in the i""le of theca&le which is usuall/ a -oo" si-n of what the connector -oes to.

#ata ca.!e insta!!ation:

1. ,lu- the other&oar" en" of the ,AA ca&le into the other&oar" socet.

2. ,lu- the connector at the far en" of the ,AA ca&le into the optical "rive.

3. ,lu- one en" of the SAA ca&le into the other&oar" socet.

#. ,lu- the other en" of the SAA ca&le into the DD.



. ,lu- the other&oar" en" of the FDD ca&le into the other&oar" socet.

6. ,lu- the connector at the far en" of the FDD ca&le into the flopp/ "rive.

?ow that all the internal coponents have &een installe" an" connecte" to the other&oar" an" power suppl/ thesi"e panels are re<attache" to the coputer case. nce the cover is in place ae sure that it is secure" at all screwlocations. Soe coputer cases use screws that are inserte" with a screw"river. ther cases have no&<t/pe screwsthat can &e ti-htene" &/ han".

'f /ou are unsure a&out how to reove or replace the coputer case refer to the "ocuentation or we&site of theanufacturer for ore inforation.

Chapter , Notes

,reventive aintenance: prevent failure of parts aterials an" s/stes &/ ensurin- that the/ are in -oo" worin-or"er.

rou&leshootin-: a s/steatic approach to locatin- the cause of or a fault in a coputer s/ste.

,reventive aintenance2ard"are

+hec the con"ition of ca&les coponents an" peripherals. +lean coponents in or"er to re"uce the lielihoo" ofoverheatin-. *epair or replace an/ coponents that show si-ns of a&use or e!cess wear.

So;t"are

erif/ that installe" software is current. Follow the policies when installin- securit/ up"ates operatin- s/steup"ates an" pro-ra up"ates.

Bene;its &e proactive in coputer euipent aintenance an" "ata protection. B/ perforin- re-ular aintenance routines/ou can re"uce potential har"ware an" software pro&les. Doin- this will re"uce coputer "own tie an" repaircosts.

Trou.!eshooting

Bacup DataA &acup is a cop/ of the "ata on a coputer har" "rive that is save" to e"ia such as a +D or DD.

'f /ou are unsure that a &acup has &een "one "o not attept an/ trou&leshootin- activities until /ou chec with thecustoer. ere is a list of ites to verif/ with the custoer a&out "ata &acups:

1. Date of the last &acup

2. +ontents of the &acup

3. Data inte-rit/ of the &acup

#. Availa&ilit/ of all &acup e"ia for a "ata restore

'f the custoer "oes not have a current &acup an" /ou are not a&le to create one /ou shoul" as the custoer tosi-n a lia&ilit/ release for. A lia&ilit/ release for shoul" contain at least the followin- inforation:

1. ,erission to wor on the coputer without a current &acup availa&le

2. *elease fro lia&ilit/ if "ata is lost or corrupte"

3. Description of the wor to &e perfore"

Con4ersation Etiuette



ather Dataet the custoer inforation nae a""ress an" copan/ an" phone nu&er. Fin" out the s/ste inforationsuch as: ae an" o"el peratin- S/ste ?etwor (nvironent an" connection t/pe.

;hen talin- to the custoer follow these -ui"elines:

• As "irect uestions to -ather inforation.

•

Do not use technical ters when talin- to custoers.• Do not tal "own to the custoer.

• Do not insult the custoer.

• Do not accuse the custoer of causin- the pro&le.

B/ counicatin- effectivel/ /ou will &e a&le to "eterine the ost relevant inforation a&out the pro&le frothe custoer.

Open+Ended >uestions

pen<en"e" uestions are use" to o&tain -eneral inforation. pen<en"e" uestions allow custoers to e!plain the"etails of the pro&le in their own wor"s.

C!osed+Ended >uestionsBase" on the inforation fro the custoer /ou can procee" with close"<en"e" uestions. +lose"<en"e" uestions

-enerall/ reuire a H/esH or HnoH answer. hese uestions are inten"e" to -et the ost relevant inforation in theshortest tie possi&le.

he inforation o&taine" fro the custoer shoul" &e "ocuente" in the wor or"er an" in the repair @ournal.;rite "own an/thin- that /ou thin a/ &e iportant for /ou or another technician. ften the sall "etails can lea"to the solution of a "ifficult or coplicate" pro&le.

he secon" step in the trou&leshootin- process is to verif/ the o&vious issues.

O.4ious Issues

• 9oose e!ternal ca&le connections• 'ncorrect &oot or"er in B'S• ?on<&oota&le "is in the FDD• ,ower switch for an outlet is turne" off • Sur-e protector is turne" off •

Device is powere" off he ne!t step in the trou&leshootin- process is to tr/ uic solutions first. &vious issues an" uic solutionssoeties overlap each other an" can &e use" to-ether to repair the pro&le.

>uic/ So!utions

• +hec that all ca&les are connecte" to the proper locations• *eove an" reconnect ca&les• *e&oot the coputer or networ "evice• 9o- in as a "ifferent user or a"inistrator • +hec the coputer for the latest S patches an" up"ates

ather "ata fro the coputer

• (rror %essa-es• Beep Seuences

• 9(Ds• ,S

E4ent $ie"er

when s/ste user or software errors occur on a coputer the (vent iewer is up"ate" with inforation a&out theerrors.

• ;hat pro&le occurre"

• he "ate an" tie of the pro&le

• he severit/ of the pro&le



• he source of the pro&le

• (vent 'D nu&er

• ;hich user was lo--e" in when the pro&le occurre"

#e4ice 'anager: "ispla/s all of the "evices that are confi-ure" on a coputer.An/ "evice that the operatin- s/ste "eterines to &e actin- incorrectl/ will &e fla--e" with an error icon.

A yellow circle with an exclamation point ("!"). 'f a "evice is "isa&le" it will &e fla--e" with a red circle and an "X". A yellow question mark "?" in"icates that the har"ware is not functionin- properl/ &ecause the s/ste "oes notnow what "river to install for the har"ware.

Beep Codes

(ach B'S anufacturer has a uniue &eep seuence for har"ware failures. ;hen trou&leshootin- power on thecoputer an" listen. As the s/ste procee"s throu-h the ,S ost coputers will eit one &eep to in"icate thatthe s/ste is &ootin- properl/. 'f there is an error /ou a/ hear ultiple &eeps. Docuent the seuence an"research the co"e to "eterine the specific har"ware failure.

BIOS In;ormation

'f the coputer &oots an" stops after the ,S /ou shoul" investi-ate the B'S settin-s to "eterine where to fin"the pro&le. A "evice a/ not &e "etecte" or confi-ure" properl/. *efer to the other&oar" anual to ae surethat the B'S settin-s are accurate.

#iagnostic Too!s+on"uct research to "eterine what software is availa&le to help "ia-nose an" solve pro&les. here are an/

pro-ras availa&le that can help /ou trou&leshoot har"ware. ften anufacturers of s/ste har"ware provi"e"ia-nostic tools of their own. A har" "rive anufacturer for instance a/ provi"e a tool that can &e use" to &ootthe coputer an" "ia-nose pro&les with the har" "rive when it will not &oot ;in"ows.

E4a!uate the pro.!em and research possi.!e so!utions

• ,ro&le Solvin- (!perience• ther echEs• 'nternet Search• ?ews-roups• %anufacturer FAJs• +oputer %anuals• Device %anuals• nline Forus• echnical ;e&sites

C!ose "ith the Customer

• Discuss the solution taen• ave custoer verif/: ,ro&le Solve"• ,rovi"e custoer with all paperwor • Docuent the steps taen in the wor<or"er an" @ournal• Docuent an/ an" all coponents use" in the repair • Docuent aount of tie spent to resolve the pro&le

Chapter Notes

OS: peratin- S/ste

Contro! 2ard"are Access

he operatin- s/ste ana-es the interaction &etween applications an" the har"ware. o access an" counicatewith the har"ware the operatin- s/ste installs a "evice "river for each har"ware coponent.

#e4ice dri4er: a sall pro-ra written &/ the har"ware anufacturer an" supplie" with the har"ware coponentwhich ;hen the har"ware is installe" so is the "evice "river allowin- the S to counicate with the har"warecoponent.



PnP: ,lu- an" ,la/: process of assi-nin- s/ste resources an" installin- "rivers

System %egistry: a "ata&ase that contains all the inforation a&out the coputer. 4he re-istr/ containsinforation a&out applications users har"ware networ settin-s an" file t/pes.5

&i!e and &o!der 'anagement he operatin- s/ste creates a file structure on the har" "is "rive to allow "ata to &e store".

&i!e: a &loc of relate" "ata that is -iven a sin-le nae an" treate" as a sin-le unit. 4,ro-ra an" "ata files are-roupe" to-ether in a "irector/5.Directories are calle" fol"ers.Su&"irectories are calle" su&fol"ers.

User Inter;ace here are two t/pes of user interfaces:

C7I: +oan" 9ine 'nterface he user t/pes coan"s at a propt0UI: raphical User 'nterface he user interacts with enus an" icons

;in"ows 2000 an" ;in"ows C, inclu"e &oth a U' an" a +9'.

App!ication 'anagement he operatin- s/ste locates an application an" loa"s it into the *A% of the coputer. Applications: software

pro-ras 4'.e. wor" processors "ata&ases sprea"sheets -aes etc5

he operatin- s/ste ensures that each application has a"euate s/ste resources.

API: Application pro-rain- interface: a set of -ui"elines use" &/ pro-raers to ensure that the applicationthe/ are "evelopin- is copati&le with an operatin- s/ste.

ere are two e!aples of A,'s:

Open07: pen raphics 9i&rar/ +ross<platfor stan"ar" specification for ultie"ia -raphics #irect5 +ollection of A,'s relate" to ultie"ia tass for %icrosoft ;in"ows

he followin- ters are often use" when coparin- operatin- s/stes:

'u!ti+user wo or ore users can wor with pro-ras an" share peripheral "evices such as printers at thesae tie.'u!ti+tas/ing he coputer is capa&le of operatin- ultiple applications at the sae tie.'u!ti+processing he coputer can have two or ore central processin- units 4+,Us5 that pro-ras share.

'u!ti+threading A pro-ra can &e &roen into saller parts that can &e loa"e" as nee"e" &/ the operatin-s/ste. %ulti<threa"in- allows in"ivi"ual pro-ras to &e ulti<tase".

Alost all o"ern operatin- s/stes are ulti<user an" ulti<tasin- an" the/ support ulti<processin- an" ulti<threa"in-.

'odes o; Operation6 the capa&ilit/ of the +,U an" the operatin- environent which "eterines how the +,U willana-e applications an" eor/.

%ea! 'ode

A +,U that operates in real o"e can onl/ e!ecute one pro-ra at a tie an" can onl/ a""ress 1 %B of s/steeor/ at a tie.

Althou-h all o"ern processors have real o"e availa&le it is only used by and applications orby #$%bit operatin& systems' such as indows .x. 'n real o"e when an application creates an error the entirecoputer can &e affecte" "ue toN the pro-ra has "irect access to eor/. his can cause the coputer to stop

respon"in- restart or shut "own "ue to corruption of the eor/ space.Protected 'odeA +,U that operates in protecte" o"e has access to all of the eor/ in the coputer inclu"in- virtual eor/.

$irtua! memory: is har" "is space that is use" to eulate *A%.4peratin- s/stes that use protecte" o"e can ana-e ultiple pro-ras siultaneousl/. ,rotecte" o"e

provi"es 32<&it access to eor/ "rivers an" transfers &etween input an" output 4'>5 "evices. ,rotecte" o"e isuse" &/ 32<&it operatin- s/stes such as ;in"ows 2000 or ;in"ows C,. 'n protecte" o"e applications are

protecte" fro usin- the eor/ reserve" for another application that is currentl/ runnin-.5



$irtua! %ea! 'ode: Allows a real<o"e application to run within a protecte"<o"e operatin- s/ste. 4his can &e"eonstrate" when a DS application runs in a 32<&it operatin- s/ste such as ;in"ows C,.5

Compati.i!ity 'ode: creates the environent of an earlier operatin- s/ste for applications that are not copati&lewith the current operatin- s/ste. 4'.e. An application that checs the version of the operatin- s/ste a/ &ewritten for ;in"ows ? an" reuire a particular service pac. +opati&ilit/ o"e creates the proper environentor version of the operatin- s/ste to allow the application to run as if it is in the inten"e" environent.5

A "estop operatin- s/ste 4Destop S5 is inten"e" for use in a sall o**ice+home o**ice (,) with a liite"nu&er of users.

A networ operatin- s/ste 4?etwor S5 is "esi-ne" for a corporate environent servin- ultiple userswith a wi"e ran-e of nee"s.

Destop S:Supports a sin-le user*uns sin-le<user applicationsShares files an" fol"ers on a sall networ with liite" securit/

he ost coonl/ use" "estop operatin- s/stes fall into three -roups:%icrosoft ;in"ows Apple %ac S an" U?'C>9inu!.

'icroso;t 9indo"s ;in"ows is one of the ost popular operatin- s/stes to"a/. he followin- pro"ucts are "estop versions of the%icrosoft ;in"ows operatin- s/stes:

;in"ows C, ,rofessional Use" on ost coputers that will connect to a ;in"ows Server on a networ;in"ows C, oe ("ition Use" on hoe coputers an" has ver/ liite" securit/ ;in"owsC, %e"ia +enter Use" on entertainent coputers for viewin- ovies an" listenin- to usic ;in"ows C,a&let ,+ ("ition Use" for ta&let ,+s 49aptops > Blue&err/Es5;in"ows C, 6#<&it ("ition Use" for coputers with 6#<&it processors

;in"ows 2000 ,rofessional l"er ;in"ows operatin- s/ste that has &een replace" &/ C, ,rofessional;in"ows ista ?e!t to ?ewest version of ;in"ows;in"ows 7 ?ewest version of ;in"ows

App!e 'ac OS

Apple coputers are proprietar/ an" use an operatin- s/ste calle" %ac S. %ac S is "esi-ne" to &e a user<frien"l/ U' operatin- s/ste. +urrent versions of %ac S are now &ase" on a custoi=e" version of U?'C.

UNI57inuU?'C which was intro"uce" in the late 1)60s is one of the ol"est operatin- s/stes. here are an/ "ifferentversions of U?'C to"a/. ne of the ost recent is the e!treel/ popular 9inu! an" it is "esi-ne" as an open<sourceoperatin- s/ste.

pen<source pro-ras allow the source co"e to &e "istri&ute" an" chan-e" &/ an/one as a free "ownloa" or fro"evelopers at a uch lower cost than other operatin- s/stes.

A networ S has the followin- characteristics:Supports ultiple users *unsulti<user applications's ro&ust an" re"un"ant,rovi"es increase" securit/ copare" to "estop operatin- s/stes

hese are the ost coon networ operatin- s/stes:

'icroso;t 9indo"s ?etwor operatin- s/stes offere" &/ %icrosoft are ;in"ows 2000 Server an";in"ows Server 2003. ;in"ows Server operatin- s/stes use a central "ata&ase calle" Active Director/ toana-e networ resources.



No4e!! Net"are ?ovell ?et;are was the first S to eet networ S reuireents an" en@o/ wi"esprea""eplo/ent in ,+<&ase" 9A?s &ac in the 1)$0s.7inu 9inu! operatin- s/stes inclu"e *e" at +al"era SuS( De&ian an" Slacware.UNI5 arious corporations offere" proprietar/ operatin- s/stes &ase" on U?'C.

2C7: ar"ware +opati&ilit/ 9ist: provi"e a "etaile" inventor/ of har"ware that has &een teste" an" is nown towor with the operatin- s/ste an" can &e foun" on the anufacturer8s we&site. hese lists provi"e a "etaile"

inventor/ of har"ware that has &een teste" an" is nown to wor with the operatin- s/ste.Operating System Setup: he installation an" initial &ootin- of the operatin- s/ste.

Partition: lo-icall/ "ivi"e" into one or ore areas

&ormat: the partitions are prepare" to hol" files an" applications.

Durin- the installation phase ost operatin- s/stes autoaticall/ partition an" forat the har" "rive.

2ard #ri4e setup:

Primary partition his partition is usuall/ the first partition. A priar/ partition cannot &e su&"ivi"e" intosaller sections. here can &e up to four partitions per har" "rive.Acti4e partition his partition is the partition use" &/ the operatin- s/ste to &oot the coputer. nl/ one

priar/ partition can &e are" active.Etended partition his partition norall/ uses the reainin- free space on a har" "rive or taes the place of

a priar/ partition. here can &e onl/ one e!ten"e" partition per har" "rive an" it can &e su&"ivi"e" intosaller sections calle" lo-ical "rives.7ogica! dri4e his "rive is a section of an e!ten"e" partition that can &e use" to separate inforation fora"inistrative purposes.&ormatting his process prepares a file s/ste in a partition for files to &e store".Sector A sector contains a fi!e" nu&er of &/tes at least 12.C!uster A cluster is also calle" a file allocation unit. 't is the sallest unit of space use" for storin- "ata. 't isa"e up of one or ore sectors. Trac/

A trac is one coplete circle of "ata on one si"e of a har" "rive platter. A trac is &roen into -roups ofsectors.Cy!inder A c/lin"er is a stac of tracs line" up one on top of another to for a c/lin"er shape.#ri4e mapping Drive appin- is a letter assi-ne" to a ph/sical or lo-ical "rive.

he ;in"ows C, operatin- s/ste can use one of two file s/stes:

&i!e A!!ocation Ta.!e= 8+.it (&AT8) A file s/ste that can support partition si=es up to 2 B or 20#$ B.he FA32 file s/ste is supporte" &/ ;in"ows ).! ;in"ows %e ;in"ows 2000 an" ;in"ows C,.

Ne" Techno!ogy &i!e System (NT&S) A file s/ste that can support partition si=es up to 16 e!a&/tes intheor/. ?FS incorporates ore file s/ste securit/ features an" e!ten"e" attri&utes than the FA file s/ste.

Soe user inforation is nee"e" for the S installation soe e!aples are:

Stan"ar"s an" forats that "efine currenc/ an" nueralse!t input lan-ua-e

?ae of the user an" copan/ ,ro"uct e/+oputer

nae A"inistrator passwor"Date an" tie settin-s

?etwor settin-sDoain or wor-roup

inforation

;hen a coputer &oots up with the ;in"ows installation +D the ;in"ows C, installation starts with threeoptions:

Setup C, o run the setup an" install the C, operatin- s/ste press (?(*. *epairC, o repair an installation press * to open the *ecover/ +onsole. Juit o uitSetup without installin- ;in"ows C, press F3.

Sysprep: %icrosoft S/ste ,reparation: prepares an operatin- s/ste that will &e use" on coputers with "ifferenthar"ware confi-urations.



SI#: S/ste Securit/ '"entifier

#is/ C!oning6 creates an ia-e of a har" "rive in a coputer.

Follow these steps for "is clonin-:

1. +reate a aster installation on one coputer. 4he operatin- s/ste software applications an"

confi-uration settin-s that will &e use" &/ the other coputers in the or-ani=ation.5

2. *un S/sprep.

3. +reate a "is ia-e of the confi-ure" coputer usin- a thir"<part/ "is<clonin- pro-ra.

4. +op/ the "is ia-e onto a server. ;hen the "estination coputer is &oote" a shortene" version of the

;in"ows setup pro-ra runs. 4he setup will create a new S'D install "rivers for har"ware create useraccounts an" confi-ure networ settin-s to finish the S install.5

POST: ,ower<n Self est

The 9indo"s 5P Boot Process

o &e-in the &oot process /ou first turn on the coputer which is calle" a col" &oot. he coputer perfors the,S. Because the vi"eo a"apter has not /et &een initiali=e" an/ errors that occur at this point in the &oot processwill &e reporte" &/ a series of au"i&le tones calle" &eep co"es.

After ,S the B'S locates an" rea"s the confi-uration settin-s that are store" in the +%S. his confi-urationsettin- is the or"er in which "evices will &e trie" to see if an operatin- s/ste is locate" there. he B'S &oots thecoputer usin- the first "rive that contains an operatin- s/ste.

nce the "rive with the operatin- s/ste is locate" the B'S locates the %aster Boot *ecor" 4%B*5. he %B*locates the operatin- s/ste &oot loa"er. For ;in"ows C, the &oot loa"er is calle" ? 9oa"er 4?9D*5.

NT7#% and the 9indo"s Boot 'enuAt this point ?9D* controls several installation steps. For instance if ore than one S is present on the "isB.'?' -ives the user a chance to select which one to use. 'f there are no other operatin- s/stes or if the user"oes not ae a selection &efore the tier e!pires then the followin- steps occur:

• ?9D* runs ?D((+.+% to -et inforation a&out installe" har"ware.

• ?9D* then uses the path specifie" in the B.'?' to fin" the &oot partition.

• ?9D* loa"s two files that ae up the core of C,: ?S*?9.(C( an" A9.D99.

• ?9D* rea"s the *e-istr/ files chooses a har"ware profile an" loa"s "evice "rivers.

The 9indo"s %egistry

he ;in"ows *e-istr/ files are an iportant part of the ;in"ows C, &oot process. hese files are reco-ni=e" &/their "istinctive naes which &e-in with (KO followe" &/ the nae of the portion of the operatin- s/steun"er their control.

The NT :erne! At this point the ? ernel the heart of the ;in"ows operatin- s/ste taes over. he nae of this file is

?S*?9.(C(. 't starts the lo-in file calle" ;'?9?.(C( an" "ispla/s the C, welcoe screen.

,ost<installation o"ifications:

'scon;ig his &oot confi-uration utilit/ allows /ou to set the pro-ras that will run at startup an" to e"itconfi-uration files.

%egedit his application allows /ou to e"it the re-istr/.

Startup 'odes

Kou can &oot ;in"ows in one of an/ "ifferent o"es. ,ressin- the F$ e/ "urin- the &oot process opens the;in"ows A"vance" Startup ptions enu which allows /ou to select how to &oot ;in"ows. he followin- startupoptions are coonl/ use":

Sa;e 'ode Starts ;in"ows &ut onl/ loa"s "rivers for &asic coponents such as the e/&oar" an" "ispla/.Sa;e 'ode "ith Net"or/ing Support Starts ;in"ows i"enticall/ to Safe %o"e an" also loa"s the "rivers



for networ coponents. Sa;e'ode "ith Command Prompt Starts ;in"ows an" loa"s the coan" propt instea" of the U' interface.

7ast:no"n 0ood Con;iguration (na&les a user to loa" the confi-urations settin-s of ;in"ows that was use" thelast tie that ;in"ows successfull/ starte". 't "oes this &/ accessin- a cop/ of the re-istr/ that is create" forthis purpose.

Contro! Pane! App!etshe naes of various applets in the +ontrol ,anel "iffer sli-htl/ "epen"in- on the version of ;in"ows installe". 'n;in"ows C, the icons are -roupe" into cate-ories:

• Appearance and Themes applets that control the loo of win"ows:

○ Displa/

○ as&ar an" Start enu

○ Fol"er options

• Net"or/ and Internet Connections applets that confi-ure all of the connection t/pes:

○ 'nternet options

○ ?etwor connections

• Add or %emo4e Programs an applet to a"" or reove pro-ras an" win"ows coponents safel/• Sounds= Speech= and Audio #e4ices applets that control all of the settin-s for soun":

○ Soun"s an" au"io "evices

○ Speech

○ ,orta&le %e"ia Devices

• Per;ormance and 'aintenance applets to fin" inforation a&out /our coputer or perforaintenance:

○ A"inistrative tools

○ ,ower options

○ Sche"ule" tass

○ S/ste

• Printers and Other 2ard"are applets to confi-ure "evices connecte" to /our coputer:

○ ae controllers

○ e/&oar"

○ %ouse

○ ,hone an" o"e options

○ ,rinters an" fa!es

○ Scanners an" caeras

• User Accounts applets to confi-ure options for users an" their e<ail:

○ (<ail

○ User accounts

• #ate= Time= 7anguage= and %egiona! Options applets to chan-e settin-s &ase" on /our location an"lan-ua-e:

○ Date an" tie

○ *e-ional an" lan-ua-e options

• Accessi.i!ity Options a wi=ar" use" to confi-ure win"ows for vision hearin- an" o&ilit/ nee"s



• Security Center applet use" to confi-ure securit/ settin-s for:

○ 'nternet options

○ Autoatic up"ates

○ ;in"ows firewall

#isp!ay Settings

Kou can chan-e the "ispla/ settin-s &/ usin- the Displa/ Settin-s applet. +han-e the appearance of the "estop &/o"if/in- the resolution an" color ualit/. Kou can chan-e ore a"vance" "ispla/ settin-s such as wallpaperscreen saver power settin-s an" other options.

Tas/ 'anager

he as %ana-er allows /ou to view all applications that are currentl/ runnin- an" to close an/ applications thathave stoppe" respon"in-. he as %ana-er allows /ou to onitor the perforance of the +,U an" virtualeor/ view all processes that are currentl/ runnin- an" view inforation a&out the networ connections.

E4ent $ie"er

he (vent iewer lo-s a histor/ of events re-ar"in- applications securit/ an" the s/ste. hese lo- files are avalua&le trou&leshootin- tool.

%emote #es/top

he *eote Destop allows one coputer to reotel/ tae control of another coputer. his trou&leshootin-

feature is onl/ availa&le with ;in"ows C, ,rofessional.Per;ormance Settingsto enhance the perforance of the operatin- s/ste /ou can chan-e soe of the settin-s that /our coputer usessuch as virtual eor/ confi-uration settin-s.

Pre4enti4e 'aintenance P!anning,reventive aintenance plans shoul" inclu"e "etaile" inforation a&out the aintenance of all coputers an"networ euipent with ephasis on euipent that coul" ipact the or-ani=ation the ost. ,reventiveaintenance inclu"es the followin- iportant tass:

• Up"ates to the operatin- s/ste an" applications

• Up"ates to anti<virus an" other protective software

• ar" "rive error checin-

•ar" "rive &acup

• ar" "rive "efra-entation

A preventive aintenance pro-ra that is "esi-ne" to fi! thin-s &efore the/ &rea an" to solve sall pro&les &efore the/ affect pro"uctivit/ can provi"e the followin- &enefits to users an" or-ani=ations:

• Decrease" "owntie

• 'prove" perforance

• 'prove" relia&ilit/

• Decrease" repair costs

Norma! Bac/up: AA a full &acup: all selecte" files on the "is are archive" to the &acup e"iuN thesefiles are are" as havin- &een archive" &/ clearin- the archive &it.

Copy Bac/up: copies all selecte" files. 't "oes not ar the files as havin- &een archive".#i;;erentia! Bac/up: &acs up all the files an" fol"ers that have &een create" or o"ifie" since either the lastnoral &acup or the last increental &acup. he "ifferential &acup "oes not ar the files as havin- &eenarchive".

Incrementa! Bac/up: &acs up all the files an" fol"ers that have &een create" or o"ifie" since either the lastnoral or increental &acup. 't ars the files as havin- &een archive" &/ clearin- the archive &it.

Chapter - Notes



/pes of networs:7AN: 9ocal Area ?etwor: a group of interconnected devices that is under the sameadministrative control. 9AN: ;i"e Area ?etwor: networs that connect 9A?s in -eo-raphicall/separate" locations. 4'.e. 'nternet5 97AN: ;ireless 9A?: wireless "evices are use" to transit an" receive "atausin- ra"io waves to connect to 9A?s

TSP: elecounications service provi"er: use" to interconnect these9A?s at "ifferent locations.

Net"or/s: s/stes that are fore" &/ lins.Socia! net"or/ing sites: ;e&sites that allow in"ivi"uals to lin to each otherEs pa-es.Conceptua! net"or/ : a set of relate" i"eas.Persona! net"or/ : he connections /ou have with all /our frien"s.

,eople use the followin- networs ever/ "a/:%ail "eliver/ s/steelephone s/ste,u&lic transportation s/ste

+orporate coputer networhe 'nternet

Computer data net"or/ : a collection of hosts connecte" &/ networin- "evices.2ost: an/ "evice that sen"s an" receives inforation on the networ.

Periphera!s: "evices that are connecte" to hosts./pes of "evices that can connect to a networ:

Destop coputers 9aptop coputers ,rinters Scanners ,DAs Sart phones File>print servers

A networ can share an/ "ifferent t/pes of resources:Services such as printin- or scannin-Stora-e space on reova&le "evices such as har" "rives or optical "rivesApplications such as "ata&ases

?etwor "evices lin to-ether usin- a variet/ of connections:Copper ca.!ing6 Uses electrical si-nals to transit "ata &etween "evices&i.er+optic ca.!ing6 Uses -lass or plastic wire also calle" fi&er to carr/ inforation as li-ht pulses9ire!ess connection6 Uses ra"io si-nals infrare" technolo-/ 4laser5 or satellite transissions

he &enefits of networin- coputers an" other "evices inclu"e lower costs an" increase" pro"uctivit/. ;ith

networs resources can &e share" which results in less "uplication an" corruption of "ata.

&e"er Periphera!s Needed

%an/ "evices can &e connecte" on a networ. (ach coputer on the networ "oes not nee" to have its own printerscanner or &acup "evice.

Increased Communication Capa.i!ities ?etwors provi"e several "ifferent colla&oration tools that can &e use" to counicate &etween networ users.nline colla&oration tools inclu"e e<ail forus an" chats voice an" vi"eo an" instant essa-in-.

A4oid &i!e #up!ication and CorruptionA server ana-es networ resources. Servers store "ata an" share it with users on a networ. +onfi"ential orsensitive "ata can &e protecte" an" share" with the users who have perission to access that "ata.

7o"er Cost 7icensingApplication licensin- can &e e!pensive for in"ivi"ual coputers. he site license allows a -roup of people or anentire or-ani=ation to use the application for a sin-le fee.

Centra!i3ed Administration+entrali=e" a"inistration re"uces the nu&er of people nee"e" to ana-e the "evices an" "ata on the networre"ucin- tie an" cost to the copan/. 'n"ivi"ual networ users "o not nee" to ana-e their own "ata an" "evices.ne a"inistrator can control the "ata "evices an" perissions of users on the networ. Bacin- up "ata is easier

&ecause the "ata is store" in a central location.



Conser4e %esourcesData processin- can &e "istri&ute" across an/ coputers to prevent one coputer fro &ecoin- overloa"e" with

processin- tass.

Peer+to+peer net"or/ : no "e"icate" servers or hierarch/ aon- the coputers each "evice has euivalentcapa&ilities an" responsi&ilities. 'n"ivi"ual users are responsi&le for their own resources an" can "eci"e which "ataan" "evices to share.

C!ientser4er net"or/ : client reuests inforation or services fro the server. he server provi"es the reueste"inforation or service to the client. Servers on a client>server networ coonl/ perfor soe of the processin-wor for client achines.

Band"idth: aount of "ata that can &e transitte" within a fi!e" tie perio": is easure" in &its per secon" an" isusuall/ "enote" &/ an/ of the followin- units of easure:

• &ps &its per secon"

• &ps ilo&its per secon"

• %&ps e-a&its per secon"

?(: ne &/te is eual to $ &its an" is a&&reviate" with a capital B.

Simp!e: AA uni"irectional: a sin-le one<wa/ transission.2a!;+dup!e: an alternatin- transission in two "irections &ut not in &oth "irections siultaneousl/.&u!!+#up!e: "ata flows in &oth "irections at the sae tie.

- address consists o* a series o* / binary bits

0he lo&ical /%bit - address is hierarchical and is composed o* two parts. 0he *irst part identi*ies the network andthe second part identi*ies a host on that network. 1oth parts are required in an - address. As an example' i* a hosthas - address #2/.#$3.#3.45' the *irst three octets' #2/.#$3.#3' identi*y the network portion o* the address' and thelast octet' 45 identi*ies the host.

', a""resses are "ivi"e" into the followin- five classes:

• +lass A 9ar-e networs ipleente" &/ lar-e copanies an" soe countries

• +lass B %e"iu<si=e" networs ipleente" &/ universities

• +lass + Sall networs ipleente" &/ 'S, for custoer su&scriptions

• +lass D Special use for ulticastin-

• +lass ( Use" for e!periental testin-

Su.net mas/ : use" to in"icate the networ portion of an ', a""ress.

Default su&net ass for usa&le ', a""resses that are appe" to the first three classes of ', a""resses:

• 2.0.0.0 +lass A which in"icates that the first octet of the ', a""ress is the networ portion

• 2.2.0.0 +lass B which in"icates that the first two octets of the ', a""ress is the networ portion

• 2.2.2.0 +lass + which in"icates that the first three octets of the ', a""ress is the networ portion

'anua! Con;iguration6 a networ with a sall nu&er of hosts it is eas/ to anuall/ confi-ure each "evice withthe proper ', a""ress.

#2CP: D/naic ost +onfi-uration ,rotocol: a software utilit/ use" to "/naicall/ assi-n ', a""resses tonetwor "evices.

Data networs continue to evolve in cople!it/ use an" "esi-n. o counicate a&out networs"ifferent t/pes of networs are -iven "ifferent "escriptive naes.



', a""ress inforation that a D+, server can assi-n to hosts:

• ', a""ress

• Su&net as

• Default -atewa/

• ptional values such as a Doain ?ae S/ste 4D?S5 server a""ress

A,',A: Autoatic ,rivate ', A""ressin-: 'f /our coputer cannot counicate with the D+, server to o&tain an', a""ress an" will continuall/ reuest an ', a""ress fro a D+, server for /our coputer.

Protoco!: a set of rules.Internet protoco!: sets of rules -overnin- counication within an" &etween coputers on a networ.Protoco! speci;ications: "efines the forat of the essa-es that are e!chan-e".

hese are the ain functions of protocols:

• '"entif/in- errors

• +opressin- the "ata

• Deci"in- how "ata is to &e sent

• A""ressin- "ata

• Deci"in- how to announce sent an" receive" "ata'+%,: 'nternet +ontrol %essa-e ,rotocol: use" &/ "evices on a networ to sen" control an" error essa-es tocoputers an" servers.

,acet internet -roper 4pin-5: coonl/ use" to test connections &etween coputers.

hese are the ost coon "evices on a networ:

• +oputers

• u&s

• Switches

• *outers

• ;ireless access points

hese are the ost coon e"ia use" on networs:

• wiste"<pair

• Fi&er<optic ca&lin-

• *a"io waves

2u.s: "evices that e!ten" the ran-e of a networ &/ receivin- "ata on one port an" then re-eneratin- the "ata an"sen"in- it out to all other ports.

Bridges and S"itches: a "evice use" to filter networ traffic &etween 9A? se-ents an" eep a recor" of all the"evices on each se-ent to which the &ri"-e is connecte".

%outer: use ', a""resses to forwar" fraes to other networs.

9ire!ess Access Points: provi"e networ access to wireless "evices such as laptops an" ,DAs.

'u!tipurpose #e4ices: here are networ "evices that perfor ore than one function.

T"isted+Pair: a t/pe of copper ca&lin- that is use" for telephone counications an" ost (thernet networs.

• Unshie!ded t"isted+pair (UTP) +a&le that has two or four pairs of wires. his t/pe of ca&le relies solel/on the cancellation effect pro"uce" &/ the twiste"<wire pairs that liits si-nal "e-ra"ation cause" &/electroa-netic interface 4(%'5 an" ra"io freuenc/ interference 4*F'5. U, is the ost coonl/ use"ca&lin- in networs. U, ca&les have a ran-e of 32$ feet 4100 5.



• Shie!ded t"isted+pair (STP) (ach pair of wires is wrappe" in etallic foil to &etter shiel" the wires fronoise. Four pairs of wires are then wrappe" in an overall etallic &rai" or foil. S, re"uces electrical noisefro within the ca&le. 't also re"uces (%' an" *F' fro outsi"e the ca&le.

+oa!ial +a&le: a copper<core" ca&le surroun"e" &/ a heav/ shiel"in-. +oa!ial ca&le is use" to connect coputers ina networ.

Thic/net or 1*BASE +oa! ca&le that was use" in networs an" operate" at 10 e-a&its per secon"

with a a!iu len-th of 00 etersThinnet 1*BASE +oa! ca&le that was use" in networs an" operate" at 10

e-a&its per secon" with a a!iu len-th of 1$ eters%0+ %ost coonl/ use" for ca&le television in the U.S.

%0+D i-her ualit/ ca&le than *<)with ore &an"wi"th an" less suscepti&ilit/ to interference

&i.er+Optic Ca.!e: a -lass or plastic con"uctor that transits inforation usin- li-ht.

hese are the two t/pes of -lass fi&er<optic ca&le:

• 'u!timode +a&le that has a thicer core than sin-le<o"e ca&le. 't is easier to ae can use siplerli-ht sources 49(Ds5 an" wors well over "istances of a few iloeters or less.

• Sing!e+mode +a&le that has a ver/ thin core. 't is har"er to ae uses lasers as a li-ht source an" cantransit si-nals "o=ens of iloeters with ease.

opolo-ies: coonl/ represente" as networ "ia-ras.

here are two t/pes of 9A? topolo-ies:

• ,h/sical opolo-/: the ph/sical la/out of the coponents on the networ.

• 9o-ical opolo-/: "eterines how the hosts counicate across a e"iu such as a ca&le or theairwaves.

9A? architecture is &uilt aroun" a topolo-/. 9A? architecture coprises all the coponents that ae up the

structure of a counications s/ste. hese coponents inclu"e the har"ware software protocols an" seuenceof operations.

Physica! Topo!ogies:

• Bus

• *in-

• Star

• ierarchical or (!ten"e" Star

• %esh

Bus Topo!ogy: each coputer connects to a coon ca&le. he ca&le connects one coputer to the ne!t lie a &usline -oin- throu-h a cit/.

%ing Topo!ogy: hosts are connecte" in a ph/sical rin- or circle. Because the rin- topolo-/ has no &e-innin- or en"the ca&le "oes not nee" to &e terinate".

Star Topo!ogy: has a central connection point which is norall/ a "evice such as a hu& switch or router. (achhost on a networ has a ca&le se-ent that attaches the host "irectl/ to the central connection point.

2ierarchica! or Etended Star Topo!ogy: a star networ with an a""itional networin- "evice connecte" to theain networin- "evice.

'esh Topo!ogy: connects all "evices to each other. ;hen ever/ "evice is connecte" to ever/ other "evice a failureof an/ ca&le will not affect the networ. he esh topolo-/ is use" in ;A?s that interconnect 9A?s.



7ogica! Topo!ogies

Broadcast Topo!ogy: host a""resses either "ata to a particular host or to all hosts connecte" on a networ. 1st coe1st serve.

To/en passing: controls networ access &/ passin- an electronic toen seuentiall/ to each host. ;hen a hostreceives the toen it can sen" "ata on the networ. 'f the host has no "ata to sen" it passes the toen to the ne!t hostan" the process repeats itself.

Ethernet

the (thernet architecture is &ase" on the '((( $02.3 stan"ar". he '((( $02.3 stan"ar" specifies that a networ usethe +arrier Sense %ultiple Access with +ollision Detection 4+S%A>+D5 access control etho".

To/en %ing

oen *in- as a relia&le networ architecture &ase" on the toen<passin- access control etho".

&##I: Fi&er "istri&ute" "ata interface: is a t/pe of oen *in- networ an" is often use" to connect several &uil"in-s in an office cople! or on a universit/ capus.

Ethernet Techno!ogies

he '((( $02.3 stan"ar" "efines several ph/sical ipleentations that support (thernet. Soe of the coonipleentations are "escri&e" here.

Ethernet

10BAS(< is an (thernet technolo-/ that uses a star topolo-/. 10BAS(< is a popular (thernet architecture whosefeatures are in"icate" in its nae:

• he ten 4105 represents a spee" of 10 %&ps.

• BAS( represents &ase&an" transission. 'n &ase&an" transission the entire &an"wi"th of a ca&le is use"for one t/pe of si-nal.

• he represents twiste"<pair copper ca&lin-.

Ad4antages o; 1*BASE+T:

• 'nstallation of ca&le is ine!pensive copare" to fi&er<optic installation.

• +a&les are thin fle!i&le an" easier to install than coa!ial ca&lin-.

• (uipent an" ca&les are eas/ to up-ra"e.

#isad4antages o; 1*BASE+T:

• he a!iu len-th for a 10BAS(< se-ent is onl/ 32$ feet 4100 5.

• +a&les are suscepti&le to electroa-netic interference 4(%'5.

&ast Ethernetthe hi-h &an"wi"th "ean"s of an/ o"ern applications such as live vi"eo conferencin- an" streain- au"iohave create" a nee" for hi-her "ata<transfer spee"s. %an/ networs reuire ore &an"wi"th than 10 %&ps (thernet.

100BAS(<C is uch faster than 10BAS(< an" has a theoretical &an"wi"th of 100 %&ps.

Ad4antages o; 1**BASE+T5:

• At 100 %&ps transfer rates of 100BAS(<C are ten ties that of 10BAS(<.

• 100BAS(<C uses twiste"<pair ca&lin- this is ine!pensive an" eas/ to install.

#isad4antages o; 1**BASE+T5:

• he a!iu len-th for a 100BAS(<C se-ent is onl/ 32$ feet 4100 5.

• +a&les are suscepti&le to electroa-netic interference 4(%'5.

1***BASE +T: i-a&it (thernet. i-a&it (thernet is a 9A? architecture.

Ad4antages o; 1***BASE+T:

• he 1000BAS(< architecture supports "ata transfer rates of 1 &ps. At 1 &ps it is ten ties faster thanFast (thernet an" 100 ties faster than (thernet. his increase" spee" aes it possi&le to ipleent

&an"wi"th<intensive applications such as live vi"eo.



• he 1000BAS(< architecture has interopera&ilit/ with 10BAS(< an" 100BAS(<C.

#isad4antages o; 1***BASE+T:

• he a!iu len-th for a 1000BAS(< se-ent is onl/ 32$ feet 4100 5.

• 't is suscepti&le to interference.

• i-a&it ?'+s an" switches are e!pensive.

• A""itional euipent is reuire".

10BAS(<F9 100BAS(<FC 1000BAS(<SC an" 9C are fi&er<optic (thernet echnolo-ies.

-666 37/.## is the standard that speci*ies connectivity *or wireless networks. -666 37/.##' or i%8i' re*ers to thecollective &roup o* standards 9 37/.##a' 37/.##b' 37/.##&' and 37/.##n.

-*<11aDevices conforin- to the $02.11a stan"ar" allow ;9A?s to achieve "ata rates as hi-h as # %&ps. '((( $02.11a"evices operate in the = ra"io freuenc/ ran-e an" within a a!iu ran-e of 10 feet 4#.7 5.

-*<11.$02.11& operates in the 2.# = freuenc/ ran-e with a a!iu theoretical "ata rate of 11 %&ps. hese "evicesoperate within a a!iu ran-e of 300 feet 4)1 5.

-*<11g

'((( $02.11- provi"es the sae theoretical a!iu spee" as $02.11a which is # %&ps &ut operates in the sae2.# = spectru as $02.11&. Unlie $02.11a $02.11- is &acwar"<copati&le with $02.11&. $02.11- also has aa!iu ran-e of 300 feet 4)1 5.

-*<11n

$02.11n is a newer wireless stan"ar" that has a theoretical &an"wi"th of #0 %&ps an" operates in either the 2.#= or = freuenc/ ran-e with a a!iu ran-e of )$# feet 420 5.

App!ication Protoco!s: provi"e networ services to user applications such as we& &rowsers an" e<ail pro-ras.

Transport Protoco!s: provi"es en"<to<en" ana-eent of the "ata. ne of the functions of these protocols is to"ivi"e the "ata into ana-ea&le se-ents for easier transport across the networ.

Internet Protoco!s: operate in the thir" la/er fro the top in the +,>', o"el. hese protocols are use" to provi"econnectivit/ &etween hosts in the networ.

Net"or/ Access Protoco!s: "escri&e the stan"ar"s that hosts use to access the ph/sical e"ia. he '((( $02.3(thernet stan"ar"s an" technolo-ies such as +S%A>+D an" 10BAS(< are "efine" in this la/er.

Protoco! Stac/ : A s/ste that ipleents protocol &ehavior consistin- of a series of these la/ers. ,rotocol stacscan &e ipleente" either in har"ware or software or a co&ination of &oth.

P#U: protocol "ata units: "escri&es "ata as it oves fro one la/er of the S' o"el to another. At the ransportla/er the "ata is &roen "own into ore ana-ea&le se-ents or ransport la/er 4,DUs5 for or"erl/ transportacross the networ. he ransport la/er ,DU also contains inforation such as port nu&ers seuence nu&ersan" acnowle"-eent nu&ers which is use" for relia&le "ata transport.

At the ?etwor la/er each se-ent fro the ransport la/er &ecoes a pacet. he pacet contains lo-icala""ressin- an" other la/er<3 control inforation.

At the Data 9in la/er each pacet fro the ?etwor la/er &ecoes a frae. he frae contains ph/sical a""ress

an" error correction inforation.

At the ,h/sical la/er the frae &ecoes &its. hese &its are transitte" one at a tie across the networ e"iu.

At the receivin- coputer the "e<encapsulation process reverses the process of encapsulation. he &its arrive at the,h/sical la/er of the S' o"el of the receivin- coputer. he process of virtuall/ travelin- up the S' o"el ofthe receivin- coputer will &rin- the "ata to the Application la/er where an e<ail pro-ra will "ispla/ the e<ail.

he S' o"el an" the +,>', o"el are &oth reference o"els use" to "escri&e the "ata counication process.

(ver/ ?'+ ust &e confi-ure" with the followin- inforation:



• Protoco!s he sae protocol ust &e ipleente" &etween an/ two coputers that counicate on thesae networ.

• IP address his a""ress is confi-ura&le an" ust &e uniue to each "evice. he ', a""ress can &eanuall/ confi-ure" or autoaticall/ assi-ne" &/ D+,.

• 'AC address (ach "evice has a uniue %A+ a""ress. he %A+ a""ress is assi-ne" &/ theanufacturer an" cannot &e chan-e".

Ana!og Te!ephone

his technolo-/ uses stan"ar" voice telephone lines. his t/pe of service uses a o"e to place a telephone call toanother o"e at a reote site such as an 'nternet Service provi"er.

Integrated Ser4ices #igita! Net"or/ (IS#N)

he ne!t a"vanceent in ;A? service is 'SD?. 'SD? is a stan"ar" for sen"in- voice vi"eo an" "ata over noraltelephone wires. 'SD? technolo-/ uses the telephone wires as an analo- telephone service. owever 'SD? uses"i-ital technolo-/ to carr/ the "ata. Because it uses "i-ital technolo-/ 'SD? provi"es hi-her<ualit/ voice an"hi-her<spee" "ata transfer than tra"itional analo- telephone service.

#igita! Su.scri.er 7ine (#S7)

DS9 is an Halwa/s<onH technolo-/. PAlwa/s onQ eans that there is no nee" to "ial up each tie to connect to the'nternet. DS9 uses the e!istin- copper telephone lines to provi"e hi-h<spee" "i-ital "ata counication &etweenen" users an" telephone copanies.

Asymmetric #igita! Su.scri.er 7ine (A#S7)ADS9 is currentl/ the ost coonl/ use" DS9 technolo-/. ADS9 has "ifferent &an"wi"th capa&ilities in each"irection. ADS9 has a fast "ownstrea spee" t/picall/ 1. %&ps. Downstrea is the process of transferrin- "atafro the server to the en" user.

Po"er !ine communication (P7C) is a counication etho" that uses power "istri&ution wires 4local electric-ri"5 to sen" an" receive "ata.

,9+ is nown &/ other naes:

• ,ower 9ine ?etworin- 4,9?5

• %ains +ounication

• ,ower 9ine elecos 4,95

;ith ,9+ an electric copan/ can superipose an analo- si-nal over the stan"ar" 0 or 60 = A+ that travels in power lines. he analo- si-nal can carr/ voice an" "ata si-nals.

Ca.!e

a ca&le o"e connects /our coputer to the ca&le copan/ usin- the sae coa!ial ca&le that connects to /ourca&le television. A ca&le o"e is shown in the fi-ure. Kou can plu- /our coputer "irectl/ into the ca&le o"eor /ou can connect a router switch hu& or ultipurpose networ "evice so that ultiple coputers can share theconnection to the 'nternet.

#S7

;ith DS9 the voice an" "ata si-nals are carrie" on "ifferent freuencies on the copper telephone wires. A filter isuse" to prevent DS9 si-nals fro interferin- with phone si-nals. A DS9 filter is shown in the fi-ure. ,lu- the filterinto a phone @ac an" plu- the phone into the filter.

he DS9 o"e "oes not reuire a filter. he DS9 o"e is not affecte" &/ the freuencies of the telephone. 9ie

a ca&le o"e a DS9 o"e can connect "irectl/ to /our coputer or it can &e connecte" to a networin- "eviceto share the 'nternet connection with ultiple coputers.

IS#N

'SD? is another e!aple of &roa"&an". 'SD? uses ultiple channels an" can carr/ "ifferent t/pes of servicesNtherefore it is consi"ere" a t/pe of &roa"&an". 'SD? can carr/ voice vi"eo an" "ata.

Sate!!iteBroa"&an" satellite is an alternative for custoers who cannot -et ca&le or DS9 connections. A satellite connection"oes not reuire a phone line or ca&le &ut uses a satellite "ish for two<wa/ counication. Downloa" spee"s are



t/picall/ up to 00 &psN uploa"s are closer to 6 &ps. 't taes tie for the si-nal fro the satellite "ish to rela/ to/our 'nternet Service ,rovi"er 4'S,5 throu-h the satellite or&itin- the (arth.

oice over ', 4o',5 is a etho" to carr/ telephone calls over the "ata networs an" 'nternet. o', converts theanalo- si-nals of our voices into "i-ital inforation that is transporte" in ', pacets. o', can also use an e!istin-', networ to provi"e access to the pu&lic switche" telephone networ 4,S?5.

A coputer networ is copose" of two or ore coputers that share "ata an" resources.

A 9ocal Area ?etwor 49A?5 refers to a -roup of interconnecte" coputers that are un"er the saea"inistrative control.

A ;i"e Area ?etwor 4;A?5 is a networ that connects 9A?s in -eo-raphicall/ separate" locations.

'n a peer<to<peer networ "evices are connecte" "irectl/ to each other. A peer<to<peer networ is eas/ to installan" no a""itional euipent or "e"icate" a"inistrator is reuire". Users control their own resources an" anetwor wors &est with a sall nu&er of coputers. A client>server networ uses a "e"icate" s/ste thatfunctions as the server. he server respon"s to reuests a"e &/ users or clients connecte" to the networ.

A 9A? uses a "irect connection fro one coputer to another. 't is suita&le for a sall area such as in a hoe &uil"in- or school. A ;A? uses point<to<point or point<to<ultipoint serial counications lines tocounicate over -reater "istances. A ;9A? uses wireless technolo-/ to connect "evices to-ether.

he networ topolo-/ "efines the wa/ in which coputers printers an" other "evices are connecte". ,h/sical

topolo-/ "escri&es the la/out of the wire an" "evices as well as the paths use" &/ "ata transissions. 9o-icaltopolo-/ is the path that si-nals travel fro one point to another. opolo-ies inclu"e &us star rin- an" esh.

?etworin- "evices are use" to connect coputers an" peripheral "evices so that the/ can counicate. heseinclu"e hu&s &ri"-es switches routers an" ultipurpose "evices. he t/pe of "evice ipleente" "epen"s onthe t/pe of networ.

?etworin- e"ia can &e "efine" as the eans &/ which si-nals or "ata are sent fro one coputer toanother. Si-nals can &e transitte" either &/ ca&le or wireless eans. he e"ia t/pes "iscusse" were coa!ialtwiste"<pair fi&er<optic ca&lin- an" ra"io freuencies.

(thernet architecture is now the ost popular t/pe of 9A? architecture. Architecture refers to the overallstructure of a coputer or counications s/ste. 't "eterines the capa&ilities an" liitations of the s/ste.he (thernet architecture is &ase" on the '((( $02.3 stan"ar". he '((( $02.3 stan"ar" specifies that anetwor ipleent the +S%A>+D access control etho".

he S' reference o"el is an in"ustr/ stan"ar" fraewor that is use" to "ivi"e the functions of networin-into seven "istinct la/ers. hese la/ers inclu"e Application ,resentation Session ransport ?etwor Data9in an" ,h/sical. 't is iportant to un"erstan" the purpose of each la/er.

he +,>', suite of protocols has &ecoe the "oinant stan"ar" for the 'nternet. +,>', represents a set of pu&lic stan"ar"s that specif/ how pacets of inforation are e!chan-e" &etween coputers over one or orenetwors.

A ?'+ is a "evice that plu-s into a other&oar" an" provi"es ports for the networ ca&le connections. 't is thecoputer interface with the 9A?.

A o"e is an electronic "evice that is use" for coputer counications throu-h telephone lines. 't allows"ata transfer &etween one coputer an" another. he o"e converts &/te<oriente" "ata to serial &it streas.All o"es reuire software to control the counication session. he set of coan"s that ost o"esoftware uses is nown as the a/es<copati&le coan" set.

he three transission etho"s to sen"insi-nals over "ata channels are siple! half<"uple! an" full<"uple!.Full<"uple! networin- technolo-/ increases perforance &ecause "ata can &e sent an" receive" at the saetie. DS9 two<wa/ ca&le o"e an" other &roa"&an" technolo-ies operate in full<"uple! o"e.

?etwor "evices an" e"ia such as coputer coponents ust &e aintaine". 't is iportant to cleaneuipent re-ularl/ an" use a proactive approach to prevent pro&les. *epair or replace &roen euipent to

prevent "owntie.

;hen trou&leshootin- networ pro&les listen to what /our custoer tells /ou so that /ou can forulate open<en"e" an" close"<en"e" uestions that will help /ou "eterine where to &e-in fi!in- the pro&le. erif/o&vious issues an" tr/ uic solutions &efore escalatin- the trou&leshootin- process.



Chapter Notes+oputer an" networ securit/ help to eep "ata an" euipent functionin- an" provi"e access onl/ to appropriate people.

o successfull/ protect coputers an" the networ a technician ust un"erstan" &oth t/pes of threats to coputersecurit/:

• ,h/sical (vents or attacs that steal "aa-e or "estro/ euipent such as servers switches an" wirin-

• Data (vents or attacs that reove corrupt "en/ access allow access or steal inforation

hreats to securit/ can coe fro the insi"e or outsi"e of an or-ani=ation an" the level of potential "aa-e canvar/ -reatl/:

• 'nternal (plo/ees have access to "ata euipent an" the networ

○ %alicious threats are when an eplo/ee inten"s to cause "aa-e.

○ Acci"ental threats are when the user "aa-es "ata or euipent unintentionall/.

• (!ternal Users outsi"e of an or-ani=ation that "o not have authori=e" access to the networ or resources

○ Unstructure" Attacers use availa&le resources such as passwor"s or scripts to -ain access an"

run pro-ras "esi-ne" to van"ali=e

○ Structure" Attacers use co"e to access operatin- s/stes an" software

$irus: a pro-ra written with alicious intent an" sent out &/ attacers an" it hi"es &/ attachin- itself to a file onthe coputer then virus is transferre" to another coputer throu-h e<ail file transfers an" instant essa-in-.

Stea!th $irus: infects a coputer an" la/s "orant until suone" &/ the attacer.

9orm: a self<replicatin- pro-ra that is harful to networs an" uses the networ to "uplicate its co"e to the hostson a networ often without an/ user intervention. 't "oes not nee" to attach to a pro-ra to infect a host.

Troan: technicall/ a wor it "oes not nee" to &e attache" to other software. 'nstea" it is hi""en in software thatappears to "o one thin- an" /et &ehin" the scenes it "oes another. ro@ans are often "is-uise" as useful software an"can repro"uce lie a virus an" sprea" to other coputers.

A"ware sp/ware an" -ra/ ware are usuall/ installe" on a coputer without the nowle"-e of the user. hese pro-ras collect inforation store" on the coputer chan-e the coputer confi-uration or open e!tra win"ows onthe coputer without the userEs consent.

Ad"are is a software pro-ra that "ispla/s a"vertisin- on /our coputer. A"ware is usuall/ "istri&ute" with"ownloa"e" software.

'a!"are is a file or pro-ra other then a virus that is potentiall/ harful. %an/ -ra/ ware attacs are phishin-attacs that tr/ to persua"e the rea"er to unnowin-l/ provi"e attacers with access to personal inforation.

Spy"are a t/pe of -ra/ ware is siilar to a"ware. 't is "istri&ute" without an/ user intervention or nowle"-e.nce installe" the sp/ware onitors activit/ on the coputer. he sp/ware then sen"s this inforation to the

or-ani=ation responsi&le for launchin- the sp/ware.

Phishing is a for of social en-ineerin- where the attacer preten"s to represent a le-itiate outsi"e or-ani=ationsuch as a &an.

#enia! o; ser4ice (#oS) is a for of attac that prevents users fro accessin- noral services such ase<ail an" a we& server &ecause the s/ste is &us/ respon"in- to a&norall/ lar-e aounts of reuests.DoS wors &/ sen"in- enou-h reuests for a s/ste resource that the reueste" service is overloa"e"an" ceases to operate.



Common #oS attacs inclu"e the followin-:

• Ping o; death A series of repeate" lar-er than noral pin-s that crash the receivin- coputer

• E+mai! .om. A lar-e uantit/ of &ul e<ail that overwhels the e<ail server preventin-users fro accessin- it

#istri.uted #oS (##oS) is another for of attac that uses an/ infecte" coputers calle" =o&ies

to launch an attac. ;ith DDoS the intent is to o&struct or overwhel access to the tar-ete" server.Ro&ie coputers locate" at "ifferent -eo-raphical locations ae it "ifficult to trace the ori-in of theattac.

Spam also nown as @un ail is unsolicite" e<ail. 'n ost cases spa is use" as a etho" of a"vertisin-.owever spa can &e use" to sen" harful lins or "eceptive content.

Socia! Engineer: a person who is a&le to -ain access to euipent or a networ &/ tricin- people into provi"in-the necessar/ access inforation. ften the social en-ineer -ains the confi"ence of an eplo/ee an" convinces theeplo/ee to "ivul-e usernae an" passwor" inforation.

Soe of the ost coon attacs:

• SFN &!ood *an"ol/ opens +, ports t/in- up the networ euipent or coputer with a lar-eaount of false reuests causin- sessions to &e "enie" to others

• #oS Sen"s a&norall/ lar-e aounts of reuests to a s/ste preventin- access to the services

• ##oS Uses H=o&iesH to ae tracin- the ori-in of the DoS attac "ifficult to locate

• Spoo;ing ains access to resources on "evices &/ preten"in- to &e a truste" coputer

• 'an+in+the+'idd!e 'ntercepts or inserts false inforation in traffic &etween two hosts

• %ep!ay Uses networ sniffers to e!tract usernaes an" passwor"s to &e use" at a later "ate to -ain access

• #NS Poisoning +han-es the D?S recor"s on a s/ste to point to false servers where the "ata is recor"e"

2ard"are deconstruction is the process of reovin- sensitive "ata fro har"ware an" software &efore rec/clin-or "iscar"in-. ar" "rives shoul" &e full/ erase" to prevent the possi&ilit/ of recover/ usin- speciali=e" software.

here are several etho"s of ph/sicall/ protectin- coputer euipent:

• +ontrol access to facilities

• Use ca&le locs with euipent

• eep telecounication roos loce"

• Fit euipent with securit/ screws

• Use securit/ ca-es aroun" euipent

• 9a&el an" install sensors such as *a"io Freuenc/ '"entification 4*F'D5 ta-s on euipent

For access to facilities there are several eans of protection:

•

+ar" e/s that store user "ata inclu"in- level of access• Bioetric sensors that i"entif/ ph/sical characteristics of the user such as fin-erprints or retinas

• ,oste" securit/ -uar"

• Sensors such as *F'D ta-s to onitor euipent

Pass"ord Protection

,asswor" protection can prevent unauthori=e" access to content as shown in Fi-ure 1. Attacers are a&le to -ainaccess to unprotecte" coputer "ata. All coputers shoul" &e passwor" protecte". wo levels of passwor"

protection are recoen"e":



• B'S ,revents B'S settin-s fro &ein- chan-e" without the appropriate passwor"

• 9o-in ,revents unauthori=e" access to the networ

A -oo" securit/ polic/ shoul" &e strictl/ enforce" an" inclu"e &ut not &e liite" to the followin- rules:

• ,asswor"s shoul" e!pire after a specific perio" of tie.

• ,asswor"s shoul" contain a i!ture of letters an" nu&ers so that the/ cannot easil/ &e &roen.

• ,asswor" stan"ar"s shoul" prevent users fro writin- "own passwor"s an" leavin- the unprotecte" fro pu&lic view.

• *ules a&out passwor" e!piration an" locout shoul" &e "efine". 9ocout rules appl/ when an unsuccessfulattept has &een a"e to access the s/ste or when a specific chan-e has &een "etecte" in the s/steconfi-uration.

o siplif/ the process of a"inistratin- securit/ it is coon to assi-n users to -roups an" then to assi-n -roupsto resources. his allows the access capa&ilit/ of users on a networ to &e chan-e" easil/ &/ assi-nin- or reovin-the user fro various -roups.

#ata Encryptionencr/ptin- "ata uses co"es an" ciphers. raffic &etween resources an" coputers on the networ can &e protecte"fro attacers onitorin- or recor"in- transactions &/ ipleentin- encr/ption.

$irtua! Pri4ate Net"or/ ($PN) uses encr/ption to protect "ata. A ,? connection allows a reote user to safel/access resources as if their coputer is ph/sicall/ attache" to the local networ.

Port Protectionever/ counication usin- +,>', is associate" with a port nu&er. ,S for instance uses port ##3 &/ "efault.A firewall as shown in Fi-ure 2 is a wa/ of protectin- a coputer fro intrusion throu-h the ports. he user cancontrol the t/pe of "ata sent to a coputer &/ selectin- which ports will &e open an" which will &e secure". Data

&ein- transporte" on a networ is calle" traffic.

#ata Bac/ups

Data &acup proce"ures shoul" &e inclu"e" in a securit/ plan. Data can &e lost or "aa-e" in circustances such astheft euipent failure or a "isaster such as a fire or floo". Bacin- up "ata is one of the ost effective wa/s of

protectin- a-ainst "ata loss. ere are soe consi"erations for "ata &acups:

• &reuency o; .ac/ups Bacups can tae a lon- tie. Soeties it is easier to ae a full &acuponthl/ or weel/ an" then "o freuent partial &acups of an/ "ata that has chan-e" since the last full

&acup. owever sprea"in- the &acups over an/ recor"in-s increases the aount of tie nee"e" torestore the "ata.

• Storage o; .ac/ups Bacups shoul" &e transporte" to an approve" offsite stora-e location for e!trasecurit/. he current &acup e"ia is transporte" to the offsite location on a "ail/ weel/ or onthl/rotation as reuire" &/ the local or-ani=ation.

• Security o; .ac/ups Bacups can &e protecte" with passwor"s. hese passwor"s woul" have to &eentere" &efore the "ata on the &acup e"ia coul" &e restore".

&i!e System Security

All file s/stes eep trac of resources &ut onl/ file s/stes with @ournals can lo- access &/ user "ate an" tie.he FA 32 file s/ste which is use" in soe versions of ;in"ows lacs &oth @ournalin- an" encr/ptioncapa&ilities. As a result situations that reuire -oo" securit/ are usuall/ "eplo/e" usin- a file s/ste such as ?FSwhich is part of ;in"ows 2000 an" ;in"ows C,. 'f increase" securit/ is nee"e" it is possi&le to run certain

utilities such as +?(* to up-ra"e a FA 32 file s/ste to ?FS. he conversion process is not reversi&le. 'tis iportant to clearl/ "efine /our -oals &efore ain- the transition.

9ired Eui4a!ent Pri4acy (9EP) the first -eneration securit/ stan"ar" for wireless. Attacers uicl/"iscovere" that ;(, encr/ption was eas/ to &rea. he encr/ption e/s use" to enco"e the essa-es coul" &e"etecte" &/ onitorin- pro-ras. nce the e/s were o&taine" essa-es coul" &e easil/ "eco"e".

9i+&i Protected Access (9PA) an iprove" version of ;(,. 't was create" as a teporar/ solution until the$02.11i 4a securit/ la/er for wireless s/stes5 was full/ ipleente". ?ow that $02.11i has &een ratifie" ;,A2has &een release". 't covers the entire $02.11i stan"ar".



7ight"eight Etensi.!e Authentication Protoco! (7EAP) also calle" EAP+Cisco a wireless securit/ protocolcreate" &/ +isco to a""ress the weanesses in ;(, an" ;,A. 9(A, is a -oo" choice when usin- +isco euipentin con@unction with operatin- s/stes lie ;in"ows an" 9inu!.

9ire!ess Transport 7ayer Security (9T7S): a securit/ la/er use" in o&ile "evices that eplo/ the 9ire!essApp!ications Protoco! (9AP). %o&ile "evices "o not have a -reat "eal of spare &an"wi"th to "evote to securit/

protocols. ;9S was "esi-ne" to provi"e securit/ for ;A, "evices in a &an"wi"th<efficient anner.

Chapter 1* NotesDeterine the t/pe of coputer pro&le that the custoer is e!periencin-.

*ee&er these three rules at the &e-innin- of /our conversation:

• :no" +all /our custoer &/ nae

• %e!ate Use &rief counication to create a one<to<one connection &etween /ou an" /our custoer

• Understand Deterine the custoer8s level of nowle"-e a&out the coputer to now how to effectivel/counicate with the custoer

• Ta!/ati4e Customer

A talative custoer "iscusses ever/thin- e!cept the pro&le on the call. he custoer often uses the callas an opportunit/ to sociali=e. 't can &e "ifficult to -et a talative custoer to focus on the pro&le.

• %ude Customer

a ru"e custoer coplains "urin- the call an" often aes ne-ative coents a&out the pro"uct theservice an" the technician. his t/pe of custoer is soeties a&usive an" uncooperative an" -etsa--ravate" ver/ easil/.

•Angry CustomerAn an-r/ custoer tals lou"l/ "urin- the call an" often tries to spea when the technician is talin-.An-r/ custoers are usuall/ frustrate" that the/ have a pro&le an" upset that the/ have to call soe&o"/to fi! it.

• :no"!edgea.!e Customer

a nowle"-ea&le custoer wants to spea with a technician that is euall/ e!perience" in coputers. hist/pe of custoer usuall/ tries to control the call an" "oes not want to spea with a level<one technician.

• Ineperienced Customer

An ine!perience" custoer has "ifficult/ "escri&in- the pro&le. hese custoers are usuall/ not a&le tofollow "irections correctl/ an" not a&le to counicate the errors that the/ encounter.

For e<ail an" te!t counications there is a set of personal an" &usiness etiuette rules calle" ?etiuette.

'n a""ition to the e<ail an" te!t ?etiuette there are -eneral rules that appl/ to all of /our online interactions with

custoers an" coworers:

• *ee&er that /ou are "ealin- with people.

• A"here to the sae stan"ar"s of &ehavior that /ou follow in real life.

• now where /ou are in c/&erspace.

• *espect other people8s tie an" &an"wi"th.

• Share e!pert nowle"-e.

• Do not en-a-e in Hflae warsH online.



• *espect other people8s privac/.

• Be for-ivin- of other people8s istaes.

9or/station Ergonomics

he er-onoics of /our wor area can help /ou "o /our @o& or ae it ore "ifficult. Because /ou a/ spen" aa@or portion of /our "a/ at /our worstation ae sure that the "es la/out wors well as shown in Fi-ure 1.ave /our hea"set an" phone in a position that is &oth eas/ to reach an" eas/ to use. Kour chair shoul" &e a"@uste"

to a hei-ht that is coforta&le. A"@ust /our coputer screen to a coforta&le an-le so that /ou "o not have to tilt/our hea" up or "own to see it. %ae sure /our e/&oar" an" ouse are also in a position that is coforta&le for/ou. Kou shoul" not have to &en" /our wrist in or"er to t/pe. 'f possi&le tr/ to inii=e e!ternal "istractions suchas noise.

Time 'anagement

For tie ana-eent it is iportant to prioriti=e /our activities. %ae sure that /ou carefull/ follow the &usiness polic/ of /our copan/. he copan/ polic/ a/ state that /ou ust tae H"ownH calls first even thou-h the/ a/ &e har"er to solve. A H"ownH call usuall/ eans that a server is not worin- an" the entire office or copan/ iswaitin- for the pro&le to &e resolve" in or"er to resue &usiness.

'f /ou have to call &ac a custoer ae sure that /ou "o it as close to the call&ac tie as possi&le. eep a list ofcall&ac custoers an" chec the off one at a tie as /ou coplete these calls. Doin- this will ensure that /ou "onot for-et a custoer.

;hen worin- with an/ custoers "o not -ive favorite custoers faster or &etter service. ;hen reviewin- thecall &oar"s "o not tae onl/ the eas/ custoer calls. See Fi-ure 2 for a saple custoer call &oar". Do not tae thecall of another technician unless /ou have perission to "o so.

Stress 'anagementfor stress ana-eentN tae a oent to copose /ourself &etween custoer calls. (ver/ call shoul" &ein"epen"ent of each other an" /ou shoul" not carr/ an/ frustrations fro one call to the ne!t.

Kou a/ have to "o soe ph/sical activit/ to relieve stress. Kou shoul" stan" up an" tae a short wal. Do a fewsiple stretch oveents or suee=e a tension &all. ae a &rea if /ou can an" tr/ to rela!. Kou will then &e rea"/to answer the ne!t custoer call effectivel/.

Ser4ice 7e4e! Agreement (S7A): a contract that "efines e!pectations &etween an or-ani=ation an" the serviceven"or to provi"e an a-ree" upon level of support. As an eplo/ee of the service copan/ /our @o& is to honor theS9A that /ou have with the custoer.

Soe of the contents of an S9A usuall/ inclu"e the followin-:• *esponse tie -uarantees 4often &ase" on t/pe of call an" level of service a-reeent5

• (uipent an">or software that will &e supporte"

• ;here service will &e provi"e"

• ,reventive aintenance

• Dia-nostics

• ,art availa&ilit/ 4euivalent parts5

• +ost an" penalties

• ie of service availa&ilit/ 4for e!aple 2#C7N %on"a/ to Fri"a/ $ a to p (SN an" so on5

here a/ &e e!ceptions to the S9A. %ae sure to follow /our copan/ &usiness rules in "etail. Soe of the

e!ceptions a/ inclu"e the a&ilit/ of the custoer to up-ra"e level of service or the a&ilit/ to escalate toana-eent for review. (scalation to ana-eent shoul" &e reserve" for special situations.

Customer Ca!! %u!es

the followin- rules are e!aples of the specific rules a call center a/ have to han"le custoer calls:

• %a!iu tie on call 4(!aple: 1 inutes5

• %a!iu call tie in ueue 4(!aple: three inutes5

• ?u&er of calls per "a/ 4(!aple: %iniu of 305



• *ules on passin- calls on to other technicians 4(!aple: nl/ when a&solutel/ necessar/ an" not withoutthat technician8s perission5

• *ules on what /ou can an" cannot proise to the custoer 4See that custoer8s S9A for "etails5

• ;hen to follow S9A an" when to escalate to ana-eent

Ca!! Center Emp!oyee %u!es

here are also other rules to cover -eneral "ail/ activities of eplo/ees:• Arrive at /our worstation earl/ enou-h to &ecoe prepare" usuall/ a&out 1 to 20 inutes &efore the first

call.

• Do not e!cee" the allowe" nu&er an" len-th of &reas.

• Do not tae a &rea or -o to lunch if there is a call on the &oar".

• Do not tae a &rea or -o to lunch at the sae tie as other technicians 4sta--er &reas aon-technicians5.

• Do not leave an on-oin- call to tae a &rea or -o to lunch.

• %ae sure that another technician is availa&le if /ou have to leave.

• 'f no other technician is availa&le chec with the custoer to see if /ou can call &ac later possi&l/ in theornin-.

• Do not show favoritis to certain custoers.

• Do not tae another technician8s calls without perission.

• Do not tal ne-ativel/ a&out the capa&ilities of another technician.

Ethica! Customs/ou shoul" alwa/s have respect for /our custoers as well as for their propert/. ,ropert/ inclu"es an/ inforationor "ata that a/ &e accessi&le. Such inforation or "ata woul" inclu"e an/ of the followin- ites:

• (<ails

• ,hone lists

• *ecor"s or "ata on the coputer

• ar" copies of files inforation or "ata left on "es

Before accessin- a coputer account inclu"in- the a"inistrator account /ou shoul" -et the perission of thecustoer. Fro the trou&leshootin- process /ou a/ have -athere" soe private inforation such as usernaesan" passwor"s. 'f /ou "ocuent this t/pe of private inforation /ou ust eep it confi"ential. Divul-in- an/custoer inforation to an/one else is not onl/ unethical &ut a/ &e ille-al. 9e-al "etails of custoer inforationare usuall/ covere" un"er the S9A.

Do not sen" unsolicite" essa-es to a custoer. Do not sen" unsolicite" ass ailin-s or chain letters tocustoers. ?ever sen" for-e" or anon/ous e<ails. All of these activities are consi"ere" unethical an" in certaincircustances a/ &e consi"ere" ille-al.

7ega! %u!eshere are several coputer<relate" activities that are not onl/ unethical &ut are "efinitel/ ille-al. Be aware that thisis not an e!haustive list:

• Do not ae an/ chan-es to s/ste software or har"ware confi-urations without custoer perission.

• Do not access a custoer8s or co<worer8s accounts private files or e<ail essa-es without perission.

• Do not install cop/ or share "i-ital content 4inclu"in- software usic te!t ia-es an" vi"eo5 inviolation of cop/ri-ht an">or software a-reeents or applica&le fe"eral an" state law.

• Do not use a custoer8s copan/ ' resources for coercial purposes.

• Do not ae a custoer8s ' resources availa&le to unauthori=e" users.

• eep sensitive custoer inforation confi"ential.



• Do not nowin-l/ use a custoer8s copan/ resources for ille-al activities. +riinal or ille-al use a/inclu"e o&scenit/ chil" porno-raph/ threats harassent cop/ri-ht infrin-eent universit/ tra"earinfrin-eent "efaation theft i"entit/ theft an" unauthori=e" access.

Ca!! Center En4ironment: is usuall/ ver/ professional an" fast<pace". 't is a help "es s/ste where custoerscall in an" are place" on a call&oar". Availa&le technicians tae the custoer calls. A technician ust suppl/ thelevel of support that is outline" in the custoer8s S9A.

+all center a/ e!ist within a copan/ an" offer service to the eplo/ees of that copan/ as well as to thecustoers of that copan/8s pro"ucts. Alternativel/ a call center a/ &e an in"epen"ent &usiness that sellscoputer support as a service to outsi"e custoers. 'n either case a call center will &e a &us/ fast<pace" worenvironent often operatin- 2# hours a "a/.

All of the coputers in a call center will have help "es software. he technicians use this software to ana-e an/of their @o& functions.

+all centers soeties have "ifferent naes for level<one technicians. hese technicians a/ &e nownas level<one anal/sts "ispatchers or inci"ent screeners.

he priar/ responsi&ilit/ of a level<one technician is to -ather pertinent inforation fro the custoer. hetechnician has to "ocuent all inforation in the ticet or wor or"er.

Soe pro&les are ver/ siple to resolve an" a level<one technician can usuall/ tae care of these without

escalatin- the wor or"er to a level<two technician.

ften a pro&le reuires the e!pertise of a level<two technician. 'n these cases the level<one technician ust &ea&le to translate a custoer8s pro&le "escription into a succinct sentence or two that is entere" into the wor or"er.his translation is iportant so that other technicians can uicl/ un"erstan" the situation without havin- to as thecustoer the sae uestions a-ain.

hese technicians a/ &e nown as pro"uct specialists or technical<support personnel. he level<two technician8sresponsi&ilities are -enerall/ the sae fro one call center to the ne!t.

he level<two technician is usuall/ ore nowle"-ea&le than the level<one technician a&out technolo-/ or has &eenworin- for the copan/ for a lon-er perio" of tie. ;hen a pro&le cannot &e resolve" within ten inutes thelevel<one technician prepares an escalate" wor or"er.

hese are -eneric -ui"elinesN /ou shoul" follow /our copan/8s &usiness polic/ for pro&le escalation.

•

(scalate pro&les that reuire openin- the coputer case.• (scalate pro&les that reuire installation of applications operatin- s/stes or "rivers.

• (scalate pro&les that will tae a lon- tie to wal a custoer throu-h < lie +%S chan-es.

• (scalate "own calls. he entire networ is "own an" a ore e!perience" tech a/ &e a&le to resolve theissue faster.

,ro&les that reuire openin- up the coputer will nee" a level<two technician. 9evel<two technicians can also usereote "ia-nostic software to connect to the custoer8s coputer in or"er to up"ate "rivers an" software access theoperatin- s/ste chec B'S an" -ather other "ia-nostic inforation to solve the pro&le.

he followin- concepts fro this chapter are iportant to ree&er:

• o &e a successful technician /ou will nee" to practice -oo" counication sills with custoers an" co<

worers. hese sills are as iportant as technical e!pertise.

• Kou shoul" alwa/s con"uct /ourself in a professional anner with /our custoers an" co<worers.,rofessional &ehavior increases custoer confi"ence an" enhances /our cre"i&ilit/. Kou shoul" also learnto reco-ni=e the classic si-ns of a "ifficult custoer an" learn what to "o an" what not to "o when /ou areon a call with this custoer.

• here are a few techniues that /ou can use to eep a "ifficult custoer focuse" on the pro&le "urin- acall. ,riaril/ /ou ust reain cal an" as pertinent uestions in an appropriate fashion. hesetechniues eep /ou in control of the call.



• here is a ri-ht wa/ an" a wron- wa/ to put a custoer on hol" or transfer a custoer to anothertechnician. 9earn an" use the ri-ht wa/ ever/ tie. Doin- either of these operations incorrectl/ can causeserious "aa-e to /our copan/8s relationship with its custoers.

• ?etiuette is a list of rules to use whenever /ou counicate throu-h e<ail te!t essa-in- instantessa-in- or &lo-s. his is another area where "oin- thin-s the wron- wa/ can cause "aa-e to /ourcopan/8s relationship with its custoers.

• Kou ust un"erstan" an" copl/ with /our custoer8s service level a-reeent 4S9A5. 'f the pro&le fallsoutsi"e the paraeters of the S9A /ou nee" to fin" positive wa/s of tellin- the custoer what /ou can "oto help an" not what /ou cannot "o. 'n special circustances /ou a/ "eci"e to escalate the wor or"er toana-eent.

• 'n a""ition to the S9A /ou ust follow the &usiness policies of the copan/. hese policies will inclu"ehow /our copan/ prioriti=es calls how an" when to escalate a call to ana-eent an" when /ou areallowe" to tae &reas an" lunch.

• A coputer technician8s @o& is stressful. Kou will rarel/ -et to eet a custoer who is havin- a -oo" "a/.Kou can alleviate soe of the stress &/ settin- up /our worstation in the ost er-onoicall/ &eneficialwa/ possi&le. Kou shoul" practice tie an" stress ana-eent techniues ever/ "a/.

• here are ethical an" le-al aspects of worin- in coputer technolo-/. Kou shoul" &e aware of /ourcopan/8s policies an" practices. 'n a""ition /ou a/ nee" to failiari=e /ourself with /our state or

countr/8s tra"ear an" cop/ri-ht laws.• he call center is a fast<pace" environent. 9evel<one technicians an" level<two technicians each have

specific responsi&ilities. hese responsi&ilities a/ var/ sli-htl/ fro one call center to another.

Chapter 11 Notes• USB 1<1 ransfers "ata at a a!iu spee" of 12 %&ps

• USB <* ransfers "ata at a a!iu spee" of #$0 %&ps

• &ire9ire 4'((( 13)#5 ransfers "ata at 100 200 or #00 %&ps an" '((( 13)#& at $00 %&ps

• Para!!e! (IEEE 1-,) ransfers "ata at a a!iu spee" of 3 %Bps

• Seria! (%S+8) (arl/ versions were liite" to 20 &ps &ut newer versions can reach transfer rates of

1. %&ps

• SCSI (U!tra+8* SCSI) +onnects as an/ as 1 "evices with a transfer rate of 320 %Bps

%AI#: re"un"ant arra/ of in"epen"ent "iss

• +,U an" coolin- s/ste (!aine the +,U an" coolin- s/ste for "ust &uil"up. %ae sure that the fancan spin freel/. +hec that the fan power ca&le is secure as shown in Fi-ure 1. +hec the fan while the

power is on to see the fan turn. 'nspect the +,U to &e sure that it is seate" securel/ in the socet. %ae surethat the heat sin is well attache". o avoi" "aa-e "o not reove the +,U for cleanin-.

• *A% connections he *A% chips shoul" &e seate" securel/ in the *A% slots. Fi-ure 2 shows thatsoeties the retainin- clips can loosen. *eseat the if necessar/. Use copresse" air to reove an/"ust.

• Stora-e "evices 'nspect all stora-e "evices inclu"in- the har" "rives flopp/ "rive optical "rives an"

tape "rive. All ca&les shoul" &e firl/ connecte". +hec for loose issin- or incorrectl/ set @upers asshown in Fi-ure 3. A "rive shoul" not pro"uce rattlin- nocin- or -rin"in- soun"s. *ea" theanufacturer8s anual to learn how to clean optical "rive an" tape hea"s &/ usin- cotton swa&s an"copresse" air. +lean flopp/ "rives with a "rive cleanin- it.

• A"apter car"s A"apter car"s shoul" &e seate" properl/ in their e!pansion slots. 9oose car"s as shown inFi-ure # can cause short circuits. Secure a"apter car"s with the retainin- screw to avoi" the car"s coin-loose in their e!pansion slots. Use copresse" air to reove an/ "irt or "ust on the a"apter car"s or thee!pansion slots.

he first step in the trou&leshootin- process is to -ather "ata fro the custoer.



nce /ou have tale" to the custoer /ou shoul" verif/ the o&vious issues.

After the o&vious issues have &een verifie" tr/ soe uic solutions.

'f uic solutions "i" not correct the pro&le it is tie to -ather "ata fro the coputer.

At this point /ou have enou-h inforation to evaluate the pro&le research an" ipleent possi&le solutions.

After /ou have solve" the pro&le close with the custoer.

Chapter 1 Notes

• 2ttp6 /perte!t ransport ,rotocol: "efines how files are e!chan-e" on the we&

• &TP6 File ransfer ,rotocol: ,rovi"es services for file transfer an" anipulation

• POP: ,ost ffice ,rotocol: *etrieves e<ail essa-es fro an e<ail server

• #NS: Doain ?ae Services: *esolves U*9s for we&sites with their ', a""resses

• #2CP: D/naic ost +ontrol ,rotocol: Autoates assi-nent of ', a""resses

Chapter 1, Notes

,a-e Description 9an-ua-e 4,D95A pa-e "escription lan-ua-e 4,D95 is a t/pe of co"e that "escri&es the appearance of a "ocuent in a lan-ua-e thata printer can un"erstan". he ,D9 for a pa-e inclu"es the te!t -raphics an" forattin- inforation. Softwareapplications use ,D9s to sen" ;hat Kou See 's ;hat Kou et 4;KS';K5 ia-es to the printer. he printertranslates the ,D9 file so that whatever is on the coputer screen is what is printe". ,D9s spee" up the printin-

process &/ sen"in- lar-e aounts of "ata at one tie. he/ also ana-e the coputer fonts.

here are three coon ,D9s:

• ,rinter +oan" 9an-ua-e 4,+95 ewlett<,acar" "evelope" ,+9 for counication with earl/ in@et printers. ,+9 is now an in"ustr/ stan"ar" for nearl/ all printer t/pes.

• ,ostScript 4,S5 A"o&e S/stes "evelope" ,S to allow fonts or te!t t/pes to share the sae characteristicson the screen as on paper.

• raphics Device 'nterface 4D'5 D' is a ;in"ows coponent to ana-e how -raphical ia-es aretransitte" to output "evices. D' wors &/ convertin- ia-es to a &itap that uses the coputer instea"of the printer to transfer the ia-es.

est the "river. o test the "river choose Start G Settings G Printers and &aes in 9indo"s *** or Start GContro! Pane! G Printers and &aes in 9indo"s 5P. *i-ht<clic the printer an" choose ,roperties. henchoose ,rint est ,a-e. 'f the printer "oes not wor restart the coputer an" then tr/ a-ain.

o chan-e the confi-uration of a -lo&al printer choose Start G Contro! Pane! G Printers and &aes an" ri-ht<clicthe printer.

'n the ,rinters fol"er ri-ht<clic the printer to share select ,roperties an" clic the Sharin- ta&. Select Share this

printer option an" assi-n the printer a nae. ?etwor ,rint Server Devices ?etwor print server "evices allow an/ users on a networ to access a sin-le printer. A networ print server"evice can ana-e networ printin- throu-h either wire" or wireless connections. Fi-ure 1 shows a wire" printserver. Kou shoul" consi"er the a"vanta-es an" "isa"vanta-es of a "e"icate" ,+ print server &efore /ou install one:

• An a"vanta-e of usin- a networ print server is that the server accepts incoin- print @o&s fro coputersan" then frees the coputers for other tass. he print server is alwa/s availa&le to the users unlie a

printer share" fro a user8s coputer.



• A "isa"vanta-e of a networ print server is that it a/ not &e a&le to use all of the functions of an all<in<one "evice.

De"icate" ,+ ,rint ServersA "e"icate" ,+ print server is a coputer "e"icate" to han"lin- client print @o&s in the ost efficient anner. Sinceit han"les reuests fro ultiple clients a print server is usuall/ one of the ost powerful coputers on thenetwor. De"icate" ,+ print servers can ana-e ore than one printer at a tie. A print server nee"s to have

resources availa&le to eet the reuests of print clients:• ,owerful processor Because the ,+ print server uses its processor to ana-e an" route printin-

inforation it nee"s to &e fast enou-h to han"le all incoin- reuests.

• A"euate har" "is space A ,+ print server captures print @o&s fro clients places the in a print ueuean" sen"s the to the printer in a tiel/ wa/. his reuires the coputer to have enou-h stora-e space tohol" these @o&s until coplete".

• A"euate eor/ he server processor an" *A% han"le sen"in- print @o&s to a printer. 'f servereor/ is not lar-e enou-h to han"le an entire print @o& the har" "rive ust sen" the @o& which is uchslower.

+oputer<share" ,rintersA user8s coputer that has a printer attache" can share that printer with other users on the networ. ;in"ows C,aes the process fast an" eas/. 'n a hoe networ it eans users can print "ocuents fro wherever the/ are in

the house &/ usin- a wireless laptop. 'n a sall office networ sharin- a printer eans one printer can serve an/users.

o confi-ure the coputer with the printer attache" to accept print @o&s fro other networ users follow thesesteps:

1. +hoose Start G Contro! Pane! G Printers and Other 2ard"are G Printers and &aes.

2. Select the printer /ou want to share.

3. he Printer Tas/ s &o! will appear on the left. Select Share this printer.

4. he Printer Properties "ialo- &o! for that printer will "ispla/. Select the Sharing ta&. Select Share this

printer an" enter the "esire" share nae. his is the nae that the printer will appear as to other users.

5. erif/ that sharin- has &een successful. *eturn to the Printers and &aes fol"er an" notice that the printericon now has a han" un"er it as shown in Fi-ure 1. his shows that the printer is now a share" resource.

+onnectin- ther Usersther users on the networ can now connect to this printer &/ followin- these steps:

1. +hoose Start G Contro! Pane! G Printers and other 2ard"are G Add a Printer.

2. he A"" ,rinter wi=ar" appears. +lic Net.

3. Select A net"or/ printer= or a printer attached to another computer as shown in Fi-ure 2. +lic Net.

4. /pe in the nae of the printer or &rowse for it on the networ usin- the Net &utton. A list of share"

printers will appear.

5. After /ou select the printer a virtual printer port is create" an" "ispla/e" in the Add a Printer win"ow.

he reuire" print "rivers are "ownloa"e" fro the print server an" installe" on the coputer. he wi=ar"then finishes the installation.

'nstallin- ,rinter %eor/he first step in installin- a""itional printer eor/ is to rea" the printer anual to "eterine the followin-:

• %eor/ t/pe ,h/sical t/pe of eor/ spee" an" capacit/N soe are stan"ar" t/pes of eor/whereas others reuire special or proprietar/ eor/

• %eor/ population an" availa&ilit/ ?u&er of eor/ up-ra"e slots in use an" how an/ availa&leNthis a/ reuire openin- a copartent to chec *A%

hese are the ost coon t/pes of scanner options:

• *esi=in-



• Sharpenin-

• Bri-htenin- or "arenin-

• +olor correction

• *esolution chan-es

• utput file forat

• +olor inversion

'f a scanner "oes not pro"uce output in a file forat reuire" &/ the custoer the forat can &e converte" laterusin- software tools. After chan-in- "evice settin-s /ou shoul" test the chan-es &/ ain- soe saple printouts.

For laser printers the it a/ contain replaceent parts that often &rea or wear out:

• Fuser asse&l/

• ransfer rollers

• Separation pa"s

• ,icup rollers

(ach tie /ou install new parts or replace toners an" cartri"-es "o a visual inspection of all the internalcoponents:

• *eove &its of paper an" "ust

• +lean spille" in

• 9oo for an/ worn -ears crace" plastic or &roen parts

• ,rint hea"s in an in@et printer are replace" when the cartri"-es are replace". owever soeties printhea"s &ecoe clo--e" an" reuire cleanin-. Use the utilit/ supplie" &/ the anufacturer to clean the printhea"s. After /ou clean the /ou shoul" test the. *epeat this process until the test shows a clean an"unifor print.

,rinters have an/ ovin- parts. ver tie the parts collect "ust "irt an" other "e&ris. 'f not cleane" re-ularl/the printer a/ not wor well or coul" stop worin- copletel/. ;hen worin- with "ot atri! printers clean theroller surfaces with a "ap cloth. n in@et printers clean the paper<han"lin- achiner/ with a "ap cloth.

;hen cleanin- a laser printer use a speciall/ "esi-ne" vacuu cleaner to pic up toner particles. Fi-ure 1 shows a

vacuu "esi-ne" for electronic euipent. A stan"ar" vacuu cleaner cannot hol" the tin/ particles of toner an"a/ scatter the a&out. Use onl/ a vacuu cleaner with (,A filtration. (,A filtration catches icroscopic

particles within the filters.

+hoosin- the correct paper t/pe for a printer helps the printer last lon-er an" print ore efficientl/. Severalt/pes of paper are availa&le. (ach t/pe of paper is clearl/ la&ele" with the t/pe of printer for which it isinten"e". he anufacturer of the printer a/ also recoen" the &est t/pe of paper. +hec the printeranual.

'nforation a&out the &ran"s an" t/pes of in recoen"e" &/ the anufacturer is also foun" in the anual.Usin- the wron- t/pe of in a/ cause the printer not to wor or a/ re"uce the print ualit/. o prevent inleas "o not refill in cartri"-es.

Scanner %aintenanceKou shoul" clean scanners re-ularl/ to prevent "irt fin-erprints an" other su"-es fro showin- in scanne"ia-es. n flat&e" scanners eep the li" close" when the scanner is not in use. his will help to prevent "ust

&uil"<up an" acci"ental fin-ertip su"-es. 'f the -lass &ecoes "irt/ consult the user -ui"e for theanufacturer8s cleanin- recoen"ations. 'f the anual "oes not list an/ recoen"ations use a -lass cleaneran" a soft cloth to protect the -lass fro scratchin-. (ven ver/ sall scratches can &e visi&le on hi-h<resolutionscans. 'f "irt &ecoes lo"-e" in the scratches the scratches will &ecoe ore visi&le.

'f the insi"e of the -lass &ecoes "irt/ chec the anual for instructions on how to open the unit or reove the-lass fro the scanner. 'f possi&le thorou-hl/ clean &oth si"es an" replace the -lass as it was ori-inall/installe" in the scanner



Kou can set the printer software to re"uce the aount of in or toner that the printer uses. his settin- a/ &e calle"Htoner saveH or H"raft ualit/H. his settin- re"uces the print ualit/ of laser an" in@et pro"ucts an" re"uces thetie it taes to print a "ocuent on an in@et printer.

%ost in@et printers provi"e a utilit/ that shows in levels in each cartri"-e as shown in Fi-ure 1. Soe printershave 9+D essa-e screens or 9(D li-hts that warn users when in supplies are low.

Alwa/s follow safet/ proce"ures when worin- with printers an" scanners. here are an/ parts insi"e printersthat contain hi-h volta-e or &ecoe ver/ hot with use.Use the "evice anual an" software to install a printer or scanner. After the installation up"ate the "rivers an"firware to fi! pro&les an" increase functionalit/. Use the;in"ows interface to share printers an" scanners across the networ. +onsult thecustoers to "eterine how &est to up-ra"e an" confi-ure printers an" scanners to eet their nee"s.

eep printersscanners an" supplies clean an" "r/. eep supplies in their ori-inal paca-in- to prevent &rea"owns an""owntie. Develop a aintenance sche"ule to clean an" chec "evices on a re-ular &asis. Use a seuence ofsteps to fi! a pro&le. Start with siple tass &efore /ou "eci"e on a course of action. +all a ualifie" orcertifie" printer technician when a pro&le is too "ifficult for /ou to fi!.

Chapter 1 Notes

• he +,>', suite of protocols is reuire" for ever/ "evice to connect to the 'nternet. his aes it a preferre" protocol for networin-.

• ?etB(U' is a sall fast protocol that is useful in low securit/ networs. ?etB(U' perfors well in a sallnetwor that is not connecte" to the 'nternet. 't is eas/ to install an" reuires no confi-uration. owever

?etB(U' can cause unnecessar/ traffic on a lar-e networ so it is not a -oo" choice if there will &enetwor -rowth.

• ',C>S,C is a protocol that &elon-s to ol"er versions of ?ovell ?etware. Because of the -rowth of the'nternet newer versions of ?ovell ?etware use +,>', instea" of ',C>S,C.

• Apple %acintosh networs have a&an"one" the Appleal protocol for the +,>', suite of protocols to

ensure connectivit/ with other +,>', networs ost nota&l/ the 'nternet.

Select the ca&le t/pe that is the ost &eneficial an" cost effective for the users an" services that willconnect to the networ.

+a&le /peshe si=e of the networ "eterines the t/pe of networ ca&le that will &e use". %ost networs to"a/are wire" usin- one or ore in"s of t/pes of twiste"<pair copper ca&le:

• +at

• +ate

• +at6

• +at6A

+at an" +ate ca&les loo the sae &ut +at e ca&le is anufacture" with a hi-her stan"ar" toallow for hi-her "ata transfer rates. +at6 ca&le is constructe" with even hi-her stan"ar"s than +ate.+at6 ca&le a/ have a center "ivi"er to separate the pairs insi"e the ca&le.

+at6A ca&le carries (thernet si-nals at a rate of 10 &ps. he a&&reviation for 10 B (thernet over twiste"<pairca&le is 10Base< as "efine" in the '((( $02.3an<2006 stan"ar". +ustoers who nee" hi-h &an"wi"th networscan &enefit fro installin- ca&le that can support i-a&it (thernet or 10 B (thernet



?ew or renovate" office &uil"in-s often have soe t/pe of U, ca&lin- that connects ever/ office to a central pointcalle" the %ain Distri&ution Facilit/ 4%DF5. he "istance liitation of U, ca&lin- use" for "ata is 330 feet 41005. ?etwor "evices that are farther than this "istance liitation nee" a repeater or hu& to e!ten" the connection tothe %DF.

+ost;hen "esi-nin- a networ cost is a consi"eration. 'nstallin- ca&les is e!pensive &ut after a one<tie e!pense a

wire" networ is norall/ ine!pensive to aintain. %ost of the "evices on a wire" networ cost uch less than the"evices on a wireless networ.

Securit/A wire" networ is usuall/ ore secure than a wireless networ. he ca&les in a wire" networ are usuall/ installe"in walls an" ceilin-s an" therefore not easil/ accessi&le. ;ireless is easier to eaves"rop. he si-nals are availa&le toan/one who has a receiver. o ae a wireless networ as secure as a wire" networ reuires the use of encr/ption.

Desi-n for the Future%an/ or-ani=ations install the hi-hest -ra"e ca&le availa&le to ensure that their networs can han"le the networspee"s that will &e availa&le in the future. he or-ani=ations want to avoi" havin- to "o e!pensive reinstallin- ofca&le later. Kou an" /our custoer ust "eci"e if the cost of installin- a hi-her -ra"e ca&le is necessar/.

;irelessA wireless solution a/ &e possi&le in places where ca&les cannot &e installe". +onsi"er an ol"er historic &uil"in-where local &uil"in- co"es "o not perit structural o"ifications. 'n this case installin- ca&le is not possi&le an"

therefore a wireless connection is the onl/ solution.

here are three ain consi"erations for an 'nternet connection:

• Spee"

• *elia&ilit/

• Availa&ilit/

,SA plain ol" telephone s/ste 4,S5 connection is e!treel/ slow &ut it is availa&le wherever there is a telephone.he o"e uses the telephone line to transit an" receive "ata.

'SD?he 'nte-rate" Services Di-ital ?etwor 4'SD?5 offers faster connection ties an" has faster spee"s than "ial<upan" allows ultiple "evices to share a sin-le telephone line. 'SD? is ver/ relia&le &ecause it uses ,S lines. 'SD?is availa&le in ost places where the telephone copan/ supports "i-ital si-nalin-.

DS9Di-ital Su&scri&er 9ine 4DS95 lie 'SD? allows ultiple "evices to share a sin-le telephone line. DS9 spee"s are-enerall/ hi-her than 'SD?. DS9 allows the use of hi-h<&an"wi"th applications or ultiple users to share the saeconnection to the 'nternet. 'n ost cases the copper wires alrea"/ in /our hoe or &usiness are capa&le of carr/in-the si-nals nee"e" for DS9 counication.

+a&le+a&le 'nternet connection "oes not use telephone lines. +a&le uses coa!ial ca&le lines ori-inall/ "esi-ne" to carr/ca&le television. 9ie DS9 ca&le offers hi-h spee"s an" an Halwa/s<onH connection which eans that even whenthe connection is not in use the connection to the 'nternet is still availa&le. %an/ ca&le copanies offer telephone

service as well.

SatelliteFor people that live in rural areas &roa"&an" satellite 'nternet connections provi"e a hi-h<spee" connection that isalwa/s on. A satellite "ish is use" to transit an" receive si-nals to an" fro a satellite that rela/s these si-nals &acto a service provi"er.

;ireless%an/ t/pes of wireless 'nternet services are availa&le. he sae copanies that offer cellular service a/ offer'nternet service. ,+%+'A an" ,+' car"s are use" to connect a coputer to the 'nternet. he service is not availa&lein all areas.



• 'f /ou have a 10>100 %&ps ?'+ an" a hu& that is onl/ 10 %&ps the ?'+ will operate at 10 %&ps.

• 'f /ou have a 10>100>1000 %&ps ?'+ an" a switch that is onl/ operatin- at 100 %&ps the ?'+ will operateat 100 %&ps.

• %ost networ interfaces for "estop coputers are either inte-rate" into the other&oar" or are an

e!pansion car" that fits into an e!pansion slot.• %ost laptop networ interfaces are either inte-rate" into the other&oar" or fit into a ,+ +ar" or (!press

Bus e!pansion slot.

• USB networ a"apters plu- into an/ availa&le USB port an" can &e use" with &oth "estops an" laptops.

• $02.11& ?'+s can &e use" on $02.11- networs.

• $02.11a can &e use" onl/ on a networ that supports $02.11a.

• $02.11a $02.11& an" $02.11- ?'+s can &e use" on $02.11n networs.

u&sA hu& is use" to share "ata &etween ultiple "evices on a section of the networ. he hu& a/ connect to anothernetworin- "evice lie a switch or router that connects to other sections of the networ. he a!iu spee" of thenetwor is "eterine" &/ the spee" of the hu&.

Switches'n o"ern networs switches have replace" hu&s as the central point of connectivit/. 9ie a hu& the spee" of theswitch "eterines the a!iu spee" of the networ. owever switches filter an" se-ent networ traffic &/sen"in- "ata onl/ to the "evice to which it is sent. his provi"es hi-her "e"icate" &an"wi"th to each "evice on thenetwor.

*outers*outers connect networs to-ether. n a corporate networ one router port connects to the ;A? connection an"the other ports connect to the corporate 9A?s. he router &ecoes the -atewa/ or path to the outsi"e for the 9A?.'n a hoe networ the router connects the coputers an" networ "evices in the hoe to the 'nternet. 'n this casethe router is a hoe -atewa/. he wireless router shown in Fi-ure 1 serves as a firewall an" provi"es wirelessconnectivit/. ;hen the hoe router provi"es ultiple services it a/ &e calle" a ultifunction "evice.

'S, (uipent;hen su&scri&in- to an 'S, /ou shoul" fin" out what t/pe of euipent is availa&le so that /ou can select the ostappropriate "evice. %an/ 'S,s offer a "iscount on euipent that is purchase" at the tie of installation.

hese steps outline the process for ph/sicall/ creatin- a networ:

1. o install the ca&le in ceilin-s an" &ehin" walls /ou perfor a ca&le pull. ne person pulls the ca&le an"the other fee"s the ca&le throu-h the walls. %ae sure to la&el the en"s of ever/ ca&le. Follow a la&elin-schee that is alrea"/ in place or follow the -ui"elines outline" in 'A>('A 606<A.

2. After the ca&les have &een terinate" on &oth en"s /ou shoul" test the to ae sure there are no shortsor interference.

3. %ae sure that networ interfaces are properl/ installe" in the "estops laptops an" networ printers.After the networ interfaces have &een installe" confi-ure the client software an" the ', a""ressinforation on all of the "evices.



#. 'nstall switches an" routers in a secure" centrali=e" location. All of the 9A? connections terinate in thisarea. 'n a hoe networ /ou a/ nee" to install these "evices in separate locations or /ou a/ have onl/one "evice.

. 'nstall an (thernet patch ca&le fro the wall connection to each networ "evice. +hec to see if /ou have alin li-ht on all networ interfaces. 'n a hoe networ ae sure that each networ "evice port thatconnects to a "evice is lit.

6. ;hen all "evices are connecte" an" all lin li-hts are functionin- /ou shoul" test the networ forconnectivit/. Use the ipconfi- >all coan" to view the ', confi-uration on each worstation. Use the pin-coan" to test &asic connectivit/. Kou shoul" &e a&le to pin- other coputers on the networ inclu"in-the "efault -atewa/ an" reote coputers. nce /ou have confire" &asic connectivit/ /ou ustconfi-ure an" test networ applications such as e<ail an" an 'nternet &rowser.

eporar/ 'nternet Files;hen an operatin- s/ste such as ;in"ows C, has &een installe" '( is also installe" &/ "efault. ;ith '( ever/tie that /ou visit a we&site an/ files are "ownloa"e" to /our coputer in the eporar/ 'nternet Files fol"er.%ost of these files are ia-e files that represent &anners an" other coponents of the we&site.

#e;au!t Bro"ser

Kou can confir which &rowser ;in"ows uses &/ "efault. +hoose Start G %un enter a we&site a""ress an" clicO: . he we&site opens in the &rowser that is currentl/ set as the "efault.

File Sharin-Users can share resources over the networ. Kou can share a sin-le file specific fol"ers or an entire "rive as shownin Fi-ure 2.

o share a file /ou shoul" first cop/ it to a fol"er. *i-ht<clic the fol"er an" select Sharin- an" Securit/. ?e!tselect Share this fol"er. Kou can i"entif/ who has access to the fol"er an" what perissions the/ have on the o&@ectsin the fol"er. Fi-ure 3 shows the perissions win"ow of a share" fol"er.

,erissions "efine the t/pe of access a user has to a file or fol"er:

• *ea" Allows the user to view the file an" su&fol"er naes navi-ate to su&fol"ers view "ata in files an"run pro-ra files.

•

+han-e Allows all of the perissions of the *ea" perission &ut allows the user to a"" files an"su&fol"ers chan-e the "ata in files an" "eletes su&fol"ers an" files.

• Full +ontrol Allows all of the perissions of +han-e an" *ea". 'f the file or fol"er is in an ?FS partition Full +ontrol allows /ou to chan-e perissions on the file or fol"er an" tae ownership of the fileor fol"er.

;in"ows C, ,rofessional is liite" to a a!iu of 10 siultaneous file<sharin- connections.

,rinter Sharin-o share a printer select Start +ontrol ,anel ,rinters an" Fa!es. *i-ht<clic the printer icon an" select Sharin-.+lic Share this Printer an" then clic O: . he printer is now availa&le for other coputers to access.

o access a printer share" &/ another coputer select Start +ontrol ,anel ,rinters an" Fa!es. +lic File A"",rinter. Use the A"" ,rinters wi=ar" to fin" an" install the share" networ printer.



1. Use a floor plan to fin" the locations for access points that allow a!iu covera-e. he &est place for awireless access point is at the center of the area /ou are coverin- with a line of si-ht &etween the wireless"evices an" the access point.

2. +onnect the access point to the e!istin- networ. n the &ac of the 9ins/s ;*300? router there arefive ports. +onnect a DS9 or ca&le o"e to the port la&ele" H'nternetH. he switchin- lo-ic of the "eviceforwar"s all of the pacets throu-h this port when there is counication to an" fro the 'nternet an"other connecte" coputers. +onnect one coputer to an/ of the reainin- ports to access the confi-urationwe& pa-es.

3. urn on the &roa"&an" o"e an" plu- in the power cor" to the router. ;hen the o"e finishesesta&lishin- connection to the 'S, the router autoaticall/ counicates with the o"e to receivenetwor inforation fro the 'S, that is necessar/ to -ain access to the 'nternet: ', a""ress su&net asan" D?S server a""resses.

#. ;hen the router has esta&lishe" counication with the o"e /ou ust confi-ure the router tocounicate with the "evices on the networ. urn on the coputer that is connecte" to the router. pen awe& &rowser. 'n the A""ress fiel" enter 1)2.16$.1.1. his is the "efault a""ress for router confi-urationan" ana-eent.

. A securit/ win"ow propts /ou for authentication to access the router confi-uration screens. he usernae fiel" shoul" &e left ept/. (nter a"in as the "efault passwor". ;hen lo--e" in the first setupscreen opens.

6. +ontinue with the setup. here are ta&s that have su&<ta&s on the setup screen. Kou ust clic SaveSettin-s at the &otto of each screen after ain- an/ chan-es.

?etwor +onnectionso verif/ a wireless connection usin- the ;in"ows C, U' select Start +ontrol ,anel ?etwor+onnections as shown in Fi-ure 1. Dou&le<clic on the wireless networ connection to "ispla/ the status.

he +onnection Status screen shown in Fi-ure 2 "ispla/s the nu&er of pacets that have &een sent an"receive". he pacets are the counication &etween the coputer an" the networ "evice. he win"ow

shows whether or not the coputer is connecte" alon- with the spee" an" "uration of the connection.o "ispla/ the Address Type as shown in Fi-ure 3 choose the Support ta& on the Connection Status screen.he +onnection Status inforation inclu"es either a static a""ress which is assi-ne" anuall/ or a "/naica""ress which is assi-ne" &/ a D+, server. he su&net as an" "efault -atewa/ are also liste". o accessthe %A+ a""ress an" other inforation a&out the ', a""ress clic #etai!s<<<. 'f the connection is notfunctionin- correctl/ clic %epair to reset the connection inforation an" attept to esta&lish a newconnection.

'pconfi-he ipcon;ig coan" is a coan" line tool that is use" to verif/ that the connection has a vali" ', a""ress.he win"ow "ispla/s &asic ', a""ress inforation for networ connections. o perfor specific tass a""switches to the ipcon;ig coan" as shown in Fi-ure #.

,in-,in- is a +9' tool use" to test connectivit/ &etween "evices. Kou can test /our own connection &/ pin-in- /ourcoputer. o test /our coputer pin- /our ?'+. Select Start *un c". At the coan" propt enter pin-local host. his coan" lets /ou now if /our a"apter is worin- properl/.

,in- /our "efault -atewa/ to chec if /our ;A? connection is worin- properl/. Kou can fin" the a""ress forthe "efault -atewa/ &/ usin- the ipcon;ig coan".

o test the 'nternet connection an" D?S pin- a popular we&site. Select Start *un c". At the coan" propt enter pin- "estination nae.

he response of the ping coan" "ispla/s the ', a""ress resolution of the "oain. he response showsreplies fro the pin- or that the reuest tie" out &ecause there is a pro&le.



racertracert is a +9' tool that traces the route that pacets tae fro /our coputer to a "estination a""ress. SelectStart *un c". At the coan" propt enter tracert.

(<ail Server An e<ail server is a coputer that can sen" an" receive e<ail on &ehalf of e<ail clients. hese are soe coone<ail servers:

• %icrosoft (!chan-e

• Sen" ail

• (u"ora 'nternet %ail Server 4('%S5

(<ail Server 'nstallationKou shoul" test the environent &efore /ou install (!chan-e. o prevent the installation fro affectin- the "ail/operation of /our networ set up the services reuire" an" install (!chan-e on a "e"icate" set of servers awa/ frothe ain networ. eep the installation of (!chan-e separate" fro /our pro"uction networ until /ou are sure thatit is functionin- properl/.

Before /ou install (!chan-e &e prepare" with the proper euipent an" inforation:

• Full/ functional an" relia&le D?S "eplo/ent

• Active Director/ "oain

• At least one lo&al +atalo-

• ;in"ows 2000 or hi-her native "oain functionalit/

• (!chan-e server software

• ;in"ows server support tools

• Schea aster server

• i-h<spee" 'nternet connection

Documents

It Essentials Note