It arrives quickly, nipping at the heels of the joyous promise of the Christmas season.

It arrives so very quickly that it nearly comes as a shock.

A painful reminder that in our joy we have strayed.A startling reminder that our lives, too, will pass quickly.

So quickly that when the number of days He has granted us have been expended, perhaps that, too,

will come as a shock. Lent.

A time to turn to God. To repent. To prepare.

Lent.Don't waste it.

Daily Lenten Prayer

We lift our prayers to You, God of Love,

On behalf of our brothers and sisters in need.

As we learn about their struggles,

Our almsgiving comes to their aid;

Our fasting unites us in their hunger.

You call us to be disciples for all nations.

Bless us this Lenten season. Amen.

Announcements

• Warm-Ups • Friday: No Reflection

Due! • Next RP: April 13th

• Wed! • HW: Read Part I of

Chapter 16/ Make notes• Quiz tomorrow!

• 10 Qs over reading

Chapter 14Wars of Religion

Phillip II (Spain)

• Devout Catholic (hours in prayer, freq. confessions, etc.)

• Sought to root our heresy

• End Rebellion (Moriscos)

• Good central government

Phillip II

Religious Reforms • Council of Trent • Low Countries were split up into more dioceses

(power given to Bishops and pope)

Phillip II

• Reign led to the division of the Low/High countries of Spain

• Discontent (Low Countries) expressed through violence

Guise

• Ardent Catholic faction• Led by Dukes and Cardinals of Lorraine• Had distant claim to the French Throne

Huguenots• Led by Prince of

Conde/Admiral de Coligny• Undermine authority of

the Guise • Fought for local liberties in

religious worship • Opposed Spanish

influence in France • Hoped to convince the

kings of France to support Protestants (Low Countries) against Phillip II

Politique

• No strong religious ties• To keep own power played Catholics and Protestants

against each other

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Catherine de Medici• Fearing influence of

Admiral Coligny, she wanted him dead

• Began the rumor that the Protestant’s were planning a insurrection during the wedding

• Catholics took to the streets killing Protestants

• The Admiral was killed• The fighting spread, civil

war reignited

Edict of Nantes• Passed by King Henry IV (French Catholic King)• Allowed every noble (landowner) the right to hold

Protestant services in their home• Allowed Protestantism where the majority of the

population was Protestant • Promised Protestants civil rights, chances for public

office, admittance into Catholic universities

John Knox

• Founded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland

• Encouraged violence against Catholics

• Preaching and writings inspired iconoclastic attacks

The First Covenant

• Adopted by Scottish Lords• Destroy the Catholic Church • Adopted a Calvinistic

profession of faith• Rejected power of the pope

Mary StuartQueen of Scouts

• Tried to save the Catholic Church

• Unrest forced her to give up her reign

• Accused of plotting against Queen Elizabeth

Persecution in England

• Catholics are traitors and disloyal to the English crown

• Catholics refused to give up their faith • Practice of the Faith is a treasonable offense

(Elizabeth)

Cardinal William Allen

• Founded a seminary in the Spanish Netherlands

• To keep the Catholic faith alive in England

• Sent missionaries back to England

St. Edmond Campion

• Martyr• Leader of the Anglican Church • Took Oath of Supremacy• Left to study at Cardinal Allen’s seminary• Joined the Society of Jesus• Convicted of treason• Executed in public

Chapter 15 Exploration and Missionary Movements

PART IOpening the Atlantic

God desires the Salvation of EVERYONE.

New Routes to India• The Italian City states dominated trade • Trade with the east became expensive

Henry the Navigator

• Brother of the King of Portugal

• Advanced technical innovations

• Opened a school for navigation

• School developed the caravel

• By end of fifteenth century, men from the school were sailing further and further

Christopher Columbus

• Supported by Queen Isabella

• Spanish ready to show the world that they were the “greatest” empire

• Ptolemy and Marco Polo influenced Columbus

Columbus

• Underestimated the size of the earth by nearly seven thousand miles

• Found the Bahamas. • He returned to a hero’s welcome• Made the governor of all lands in the West • Made three more trips• Died insisting that he found the passage to Asia

Columbus the Catholic

Social Consequences

• Columbian Exchange: new goods increased the availability of food for the common laborer

• Local guild monopolies destroyed

• National Economies created

• Middle class replaced with merchants

Social Consequences

• Mercantilism: limit imports and increase exports

• Increase gold imports resulted in inflation

• Falling labor supply resulted in use of slavery

PART IIMissionary Apostolate

Obstacles

• Travel distance• Climate• Language• Acceptance by Natives• Poor example that

settlers left behind

The Spanish & The Natives

• Monarch passed legislation to protect the natives

• Prohibited enslavement of local peoples

• Natives granted Spanish citizenship

• Colonists intermarried with natives

Fr. Bartolome de las Casas

• First priest ORDAINED in New World

• Chaplain during Columbus’ conquest of Cuba

• Received land with Cuban slaves (encomienda) (later renounced)

• Asked for African slaves (recounted)

• Requested the passing of the Laws of Burgos

St. Francis Xavier

• Went to India to aid struggling missions/ Thomasian Christians

• Founded the Jesuits • Worked to remedy immoral

behavior of settlers • Traveled to Japan • Assimilated himself into the

Japanese culture • Translated the articles of

faith into Japanese

Japan• Feudal structure tied the Japanese priests (bonzes)

to political system• St. Francis/missionaries seen as a danger to

traditional authority

China

• Did not allow foreigners (St. Francis smuggled)• Culture emphasized family worship/philosophical

principals of truth and justice

India

• Missionaries had to work hard to win acceptance

• Adapted to customs and cultures

• Missionaries changed the practice of Christianity to fit Indian culture

Robert de Nobili

• Inculturation• Christianity presented to

each caste differently • Mastered Hindi, Sanskrit,

studied the Brahmin caste

• “Christian Brahmin” – followed the Brahmins’ traditions

• Caste system criticized by West

Inculturation

• The adaptation of the way Church teachings are presented to non-Christian cultures

• The influence of those cultures to the evolution of these teachings

• The ongoing dialogue between faith and culture (Pope John PAUL II)

Mateo Ricci

• Blended cultures of the east ad west together

• Dressed as a Mandarin Scholar

• Example of charity and patience won over the Chinese

• Summoned by emperor (friend)

• Developed Chinese liturgical rite that used the Chinese language

Ricci: The True Doctrine of God

• The little catechism of Chao-k'ing • Successfully counters the Chinese belief of the

transmigration of the soul and the worship of idols • Added numerous proofs from the ancient Chinese

books

The Philippines

• The MOST successful missionary movement

• Efforts gave rise to a higher standard of living

• Missionary achievements is seen today through the deep devotion that the Filipinos have towards God/ the Church

Africa

• LEAST amount of results• Disease • Muslims• Reprisals over the slave

trade• Jealous pagan priests

PART IIIThe New World

Pizarro and the Incas

• Captured the leader, (Athauallpa) after tricking him to attend a dinner

• Incan leader offered a room of gold for his own ransom

• The Incan ruler was tried and executed for the slaughtering of the Quito Indians

Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs

• The Aztecs were warrior people • Ethnic minority that enslaved most of the natives• Aztecs held the population in fear (human sacrifice)

Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs

• Cortez was originally thought to have been the warrior god

• Easily took the city • Men attacked Aztec

priests/ lost control • Reorganized his forces

and captured the capital

• Began missionary work

Hernando Cortez

• First action as conqueror : place the region under the Spanish crown and demolish the temples of sacrifice

• Built Catholic churches in their place (on temple sites)

Bishop Juan Zumarraga

• First Bishop of Mexico City and Protector of the Indians

• Est. the first grammar school, library, printing press, and the first college

• Objected to the ruthless treatment of the Indians

Reaction to the Bishop

• Applied strict censorship• Forbade Indians /Spaniards

from bringing complaints to the Bishop

• The Bishop countered with stern sermons (military force, torture, and the imprisonment of Indians)

• The Bishop was later arrested by Guzman

The Native’s Reaction….

• The fighting between the Bishop and Guzman left the natives with a “sour taste in their mouths”

• It appeared Christianity would forever be rejected….

Our Lady of Guadalupe

• A spectacular intervention of Mary that would remedy the apprehensive interest in Christianity

Our Lady of Guadalupe

• The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was (and still is) a message to all the people of Americas

• Mary appears greater than the sun, moon, stars, and all the pagan deities

• Yet…she was bowing in submission

Our Lady of Guadalupe

• Mary herself was NOT a God … she prayed to the one TRUE God

• The Cross on her neck is the same that flew on Cortes’ flag

• The Catholic Faith gained acceptance among the Indians

Three Points Appreciated by the Natives:

• Our Lady spoke the native language

• She appeared to an Indian, NOT a Spaniard

• Our Lady also appeared to be an Indian herself

….Oops! • On March 26th 2009 Hillary

Clinton paid an unannounced visit to the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe…

• She laid white roses at the image of Our Lady on “behalf of the American people”

• “So, who Painted it?” • The priest replied… “GOD!!!”• Clinton missed the message…

she asked the same question a few more times before the story was fully explained to her.

Spanish Rule in America

• Missionaries ready to evangelize• Met a culture that attributed human qualities to

material objects or non human living creatures • Tribes participated in human sacrifice and gruesome

rituals led by “priests” or medicine men

Spanish Rule in America

• “Priests”/medicine men rejected Christianity/were bitter enemies of the missionaries

• Missionaries had to contend with the terrible example of the Spanish

• Missionaries did many things to protect the Natives

Spanish and French Missions

American Missions

The Secular View of the Missions “The missionaries of California were by-and-large well-meaning, devoted men...[whose] attitudes toward the Indians ranged from genuine (if paternalistic) affection to wrathful disgust. They were ill-equipped—nor did most truly desire—to understand complex and radically different Native American customs. Using European standards, they condemned the Indians for living in a "wilderness," for worshipping false gods or no God at all, and for having no written laws, standing armies, forts, or churches”

Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley,

CA.

Spanish Missions…

• Missionaries created communities away from the settlers (evangelization would be untouched by the bad examples)

• Gave natives complete control over their affairs • Only Missionaries were able to visit these communities • Taught the Faith, established schools, and transcribed

the spoken language into a written language

St. Peter Claver

• Columbia • Appalled at the horrors of

the slave trade• Met slave ships with food

and water f• Tended to the sick

slaves/supported them • Instructed slaves in the

Catholic Faith • Baptized over 300,000

slaves• “the slave of the negroes

forever”