ISY10212 Lecture Week 4, 2006

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G. Cooper 2006 ISY10212: Contemporary Issues in MM & ITLecture: Week 4

Slide 1

Week 4

ISY10212

Contemporary Issues in Multimedia and

Information Technology

Training

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Slide 2

Training An Overview

Definition

Terminologies Contexts

Theories

Knowledge management

Application

Cost

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Slide 3

Definition from last week

Training:

focus is upon the development of: task performance skillsto required standard of

efficiency by instruction and practice (The AustralianConcise Oxford Dictionary (1987)

industry/ trade qualifications.

Recall also,

BOTH Education AND Training involve teaching and

learning.

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Slide 4

Definition Training

From the perspective of The Australian Tax Office,

If organised learning is occuring for an employee, based uponinstructional materials and/or instructional activities to:

establish, maintainor enhance

a knowledge, skillor attitude

for their currentor immediately impendingposition.then training is occurring.

Training is a valid Tax deduction.

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Slide 5

Terminologies

Computer Based Training

Computer Assisted Learning

Computer Managed Instruction

Technology Based Training

Technology Assisted Instruction

Electronic Learning (E-Learning, e-Learning)

there are other terms too

There are differences in these, but they are minor.It is all broadly about:

(Digitised) x (Intervention) x (students acquiring)

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Slide 6

Contexts

Industry

Mining, Steel Works, Petrol-Chemical operating heavy machinery, dangerous, expensive

Manufacturing Sheet Metal, Building Products, Textiles, Plastics

operating machinery, usually assembly line with work stations

Output from one station is input to next station

Business Buy/ sell; Product or services

commercial (company to company), retail (to individuals)

Commerce Financing, Superannuation, Banking, Insurance

stock market, venture capital, investment properties.

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Slide 7

Contexts Justification for Training

Pedagogy is the science of teaching (see last week)

In the context of Industry, Manufacturing, Business and Commerce,the teaching (and learning) that is required must be linked to requiredperformances.

All employees need to perform: Their job

Their duties

Their tasks.

Job x Duty X Task defines all the performances required for a position

Tasks ultimately become defined by Standard Operating Procedures(SOPs)

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Slide 8

Standard Operating Procedures

Standard Operating Procedures: assist in Quality Control (via standardised procedure)

raise Quality Assurance (via best practice incorporated into SOPs) Enhance Occupational Health and Safety by identifying and minimising hazards.

Standard Operating Procedures must: Be presented to relevant employees within their training Be accessible to relevant employees

Be intelligible to relevant employees.

if any of these are not met, and a personal injury occurs, then the employer maybe held liable. and so the company mayneed to pay $$$$$$ and (in Australia) the company directors maybe imprisoned (for death due to

negligence).

Note that the prospect of Company Directors being held personally liablefornegligence means that issues of safety are taken moreseriously than just acost overhead by the company.

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Slide 9

Training & Educational Psychology

Training can address aspects of required:

knowledge skills, or

attitudes

Recall that last week in the context of education weconsidered the educational theories of: Behaviourism (Instructivism)

Cognitivism

Constructivism

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Slide 10

Training & Educational Psychology

While each of these models may be applied to teach any

aspect of a training course, in general, it can be broadlyconsidered that the: Instructivist model is most useful for training Skills

Cognitive model is most useful for training Knowledge

Constructivist model is most useful for teaching Attitudes.

Most training contexts will require components of each ofknowledge, skills and attitudes to be addressed to varyingdegrees.

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Slide 11

Training - Behaviourism - MM & IT

Simulated control panels and/or computer data entry

screens for operating and monitoring equipment and/or

systems may be presented to students.

Students may be presented with specified drills to practice

in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures.

Feedback is presented immediately as to the correctness/

incorrectness of their performance.

Students may continue to practice until their responsebecomes automatic.

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Slide 12

CognitiveInformation Processing Model - review

Long Term Memory

Working Memory

Input Output

Sensory

Memory

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Slide 13

Training - Cognitive MM & IT

Focus is upon ensuring that all employees hold same (common)

knowledge and understanding of relevant concepts and procedures

Emphasis may be placed on defining the similarities and/or

differences between a new piece of equipment and one that the

student has already mastered

Students may be presented with underlying theory and rationale as to

why a set procedure has been adopted as the standard due to the

consequences that arise from correct/ incorrect performance

Instructional materials and activities are designed with the intent of

facilitating the acquisition of schemas (hierarchical knowledge base)

and their subsequent automation (application of that knowledge base).

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Slide 14

Training - Constructivism MM & IT

Constructivism emphasises the need for learners to interact with, and

manipulate, learning materials to construct ones own personalisedknowledge base.

Where astandardised response is required, constructing apersonal view may be undesirablebecause it promotes different

realities for different individuals.

Where employees will need to analyse a problem, identify options forresponding to the problem, consider evidence for and against variousoptions, and decide on (an often unique) course of action to take, then

immersive constructivist environments provide rich areas for personalexperimentation.

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Slide 15

From Training to Knowledge Management

Old School Training

Training historically consisted of the course one undertook in aclassroom face to face before going back to the job.

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Slide 16


Recent School Training

More recently training became designed to be Just in Time,

presented immediately before it was needed to be used in ones

job/ duty/ task.

Computer presented materials are powerful because many jobsare now performed via a computer interface.

In these contexts the training materials can be incorporatedINTO the job and even become part of the job/ duty/ task.

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Slide 17


New School Training

In very recent times some Training Departments in middle to large size

companies have become refocussed to become Knowledge ManagementDepartments.

The focus shifts to ensuring that employees can identify and access

necessary information (such as SOPs) when they need to in an up-to-dateand easily intelligible form.

These are control documentsheld within a computer network.

Focus also views the collection of the employees as resources to be used

as required.and so seek to facilitate networking to enable allemployees to draw upon staff who may have had similar experiences.

Computer networking and emails assist this interpersonal networking.

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Slide 18

Application

Initially Computer Based Training was used for:

Military Training

Pilot Training (both military and commercial)

Both the context of the Military and Pilot training are high tech,dangerous, involve expensive machinery, utilise highlystandardised operations and protocolsand have access to large

funding for training.

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Slide 19

Application

More recently, Computer Based Training has been used

for: Machinery and equipment in general, especially those operated

and monitored through control panels and/or menu and data entryscreens via computer screen.

E.g. Power stations, airport traffic control, oil rigs.

Why the use of computers to train in context that usecomputer based operating and monitoring? Because the training can mimic accuratelywhat the real situation

will beand this make the transfer of learning from the trainingenvironment to application in the work environment easy andeffective.

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Slide 20

Application

Most recently, Computer Based Training has been used

for:

Human resource management

For examples: Conflict resolution

Simulations in this context are not determined by equations andformulaein the same deterministic way that simulations ofmachines and equipment are.so the fidelity of the simulation

may not be as accurate to real life.

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Slide 21

Application - Products

Computer Based Training products can be:

Designed and developed ALONG WITH the product supported E.g. purchasing F-18 fighters.would you like some CBT to go

with that?

Designed and developed in-house to meet identified training needs

E.g. Banks, Airlines, Mining companies

Designed and developed by dedicated training developmentcompanies

E.g. that may do jobs for banks, airlinesand smaller scale

companies

Designed and developed as an Off-the-shelf product

E.g. training word software, accounting, conflict resolution.

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Slide 22

Cost

Computer Based Learning has a high development cost

but a low running cost.

Utility depends upon: number of potential students

where geographically located complexity of the to-be-learnt materials

Extent to which to-be-learnt information aligns with use ofmultimedia and information technologies.

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Slide 23

Cost

Computer Based Learning is able to re-allocate the costs associatedwith traditional training courses which required attendees to:

fly

stay in hotels

be fed.

These costs can be used to offset the high costs for course development.

A cynical view

The popularity of Computer Based Training is due at least in part to thesavings which flow from NOT having to undertake conventional training.

ANDfrom the capacity to demonstrate that SOPs havebeen presentedto employees and continue to be available to them

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G. Cooper 2006 ISY10212: Contemporary Issues in MM & ITL t W k 4

Slide 24

Home Work

Before next week, please visit and browse:

The e-skeletons project at http://www.eskeletons.org/

Computer Based Training in Maintenance Management at http://www.feedforward.com.au/

http://www.feedforward.com.au/computer_based_training_cbt.htm

Computer Based Training for Software http://www.rcs-limited.co.uk/default.asp
http://www.eskeletons.org/http://www.feedforward.com.au/computer_based_training_cbt.htmhttp://www.feedforward.com.au/computer_based_training_cbt.htmhttp://www.eskeletons.org/

Documents

ISY10212 Lecture Week 4, 2006