ISUR 8 VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

ON UNDERWATER RESEARCH

ABSTRACT BOOK

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: general session

Tyrrhenian Naval iconography during the First Iron Age:

origin and evolution of the Etruscan ships.

Francesco Tiboni1

Naval iconography of the Tyrrhenian First Iron Age represents the most important evidence

on which we can base a realistic idea of how and when Etruscan shipbuilding tradition was

born.

The almost absolute lack of direct evidences of wooden wrecks, in fact, only partially filled

by some wreck-sites of northern Tyrrhenian area, do not permit us to find precise

correspondence between ancient literary sources and technical Etruscan solution. Neither

the studies based on a transposition in the past of modern solutions, essentially based on

presumed ethnographic vicinities, give us enough elements to interpret original Etruscan

crafts.

After a short analysis of different approaches, in this paper, the author presents a general

revision of the first iconographic evidences of proto-Etruscan and Etruscan iconography,

trying to isolate original features and characters.

The study presents a possible evolutionary line based on formal and structural analysis of

clay models and painted vase. All these evidences are then examined in the light of cultural

and historical changes involving Tyrrhenian and Etruscan area during the First Iron Age.

The author presents then an analysis of technical and cultural elements based on the

information supplied by ancient authors as well as on technical data achieved through the

archaeological study of wreck-sites.

The cross study of the details obtained through the iconography, the sources and the

wrecks, allows to trace a general evolutionary line from the birth of local Etruscan

shipbuilding, to the entrance of Tyrrhenian area into Magno Greek cultural sphere of

influence.

1 CCJ, UMR7299, Université Aix- Marseille I

Lead ingots from the sea. New data on the exploitation of the Iberian mines

through an epigraphic approach

Michele Stefanile2

The analysis of the epigraphic records from the towns along the Eastern coast of the Iberian

Peninsula, in the Late Republican and Early Imperial Ages, allows to highlight an important

component from Campania within the well-known flow of people that spread into the new

provinces of Hispaniae after the Second Punic War to exploit the newly conquered

resources.

Inside this vast and complex phenomenon at the basis of the Romanization of the Iberian

Peninsula, new data come from the marked lead ingots moulded in the minerary district of

Carthago Nova and found in most cases in the cargoes of shipwrecks sunk in the Western

Mediterranean: the analysis of the gentilitia attested on the already known ingots, together

with the data from those of minor interest for the scholars or from those recently discovered,

thanks to the comparison with the epigraphic corpora of the towns of the Iberian and Italian

peninsulas, permits to reconsider the scale of the Campanian component in the context of

the Iberian mines exploitation, and to update our knowledge on the subject.

At the same time, all this shows clearly, in the scenery of the ancient Campania, the

importance of the Auruncan area of Teanum and Cales, in addition to the Gulf of Naples,

and to ask new questions about the role of ports such as those of Minturnae, Sinuessa and

Volturnum, besides that of Puteoli, in the new maritime routes established between the

Campanian area and the Iberian West.

2 Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo

The circulation of the Amphoras Lamboglia 2 in the South Adriatic

An evolving synthesis from the underwater archaeological

researches in the Albanian coast

Adrian Anastasi3

Although theses for the production and circulation of Amphora Lamboglia 2 on both shores

of the Adriatic Sea that circulate in the academic world in the begining of ‘70s, they have

touched tangentially, the economic relations that the South coast of Illyria had the other

part of the Adriatic in this period. The finding of these amphoras in the Albanian coast during

underwater archaeological research, as the cases of wrecks "Dyrrachium I", "Dyrrachium II",

"Sazan I" etc., or as isolated material in protected areas of the shipping dock, shed light on

reports of this coast to that of Puglia. The dynamics of sinking of those wrecks goes in favor

of the thesis that the circulation of these amphoras in south-north direction of the eastern

coast of the southern Adriatic, also does not exclude the possibility of imitation of these

amphoras and the production in the ateliers of Dyrrachium and Lisus. . This synthesis of the

results and should be considered in evolution and preliminary, pending confirmed by

petrographic analysis of samples.

3 Institute of Archaeology. Department of Antiquity. Tirana, ALBANIA.

The building techinques in the medieval ports

Alessandro Luciano4

The spread of pozzolan (pulvis puteolanus) in the first century BC led to the birth of great

ports in the most important cities of the Mediterranean area. The piers and the pilae that

protected them were usually built in opus caementicium, by using the system of wooden

arcae described by Vitruvius. In Middle Ages, the abandonment of opus caementicium, the

lack of economic resources and the spread of northern-European building techniques led

to the construction of wooden ports, with docks resting on poles. Several examples can be

found at the northern-European rivers or lakes (Dorestad, London, Hedeby, Birka, Kaupang),

where Medieval trades developed, but more rarely, even in Italy. However, the Roman

techniques were not forgotten, but simplified by Medieval architects. The filling materials of

Vitruvian arcae, for example, became pseudo-cementitious. Consequently, the perpetual

hold of the wooden elements became necessary, while in Roman times the arcae were

removed when the mortar solidified.

Particularly widespread in Middle Ages were the waterfronts, wooden pilings less common

in Antiquity. The poles were hammered with the capra, a machine reminded by Medieval

sources but probably used for centuries. Elements of piers were usually tied by leather strips

or ropes made of a resin extracted from linden, vegetable fibers or flexible branches of

willow or oak. The ropes were tight by the knots usually used by sailors and strengthened

by wooden wedges, called warrokes in English historical sources.

4 Università degli Studi di Napoli “Suor Orsola Benincasa”

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Northern Italy

The Stella River as a University laboratory for an “Archeologia delle acque”

Massimo Capulli5

In Northeastern Italy, there was a network of rivers, man-made canals, and lagoons that

connected the populations of the southern base of the Alps to the sea. The inland waterways

of this area played an important role in the development of the region by providing the

means for an efficient transportation system. The Stella River was the most important of

these waterways. It is a resurgence river that, emerging from its underground course not far

from the Alps, runs towards the Marano Lagoon, connecting a rich and long inhabited

landscape to the sea. It is also crossed by the Via Annia, a Roman road built in the II century

BC, and its economic importance is attested throughout its rich recorded history.

For these reasons, the Stella river has been chosen as a privileged place to create a project

of “archeologia delle acque”, called Anaxum as the roman name of the river. It is born

from the partnership between the Department of History and Preservation of Cultural

Heritage at the University of Udine and the Superintendence for the Archaeological

Heritage of Friuli Venezia-Giulia, to reconstruct the history of the area, focusing on the

relationship between man and landscape of the Stella River through the time. The research

is based on existing documentation, non-invasive methods and targeted excavations.

Important scientific institutions are involved in the project: Texas A&M University and INA,

for the nautical aspects; University of Trieste and Padua, for the geophysical and

geomorphological researches, Macquarie University of Sidney for the remote sensing.

The heart of the project is an interdisciplinary research team that uses the Stella River as a

university laboratory for the training of underwater, nautical and wetland archaeologists. At

the same time, the field of Riverine Archaeology benefits from the development of

innovative and integrated geophysical techniques, which will be applied in the future to the

study of other waterways.

5 Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Università di Udine - Institute of Nautical

Archaeology

Underwater archaeology in the Venice Lagoon: new researches in San

Leonardo in Fossa Mala

Alessandro Asta6, Rossella Cester7

In 2010 Venice Authority Port approved the project of re-excavating a part of the

Malamocco-Marghera Canal, in the central Venice Lagoon, due to conditioning caused by

the recent increase of the size and tonnage of the merchant ships and oil tankers.

Along the Canal there are some archaeological sites, partially investigated in the last 40

years, so the Ministry for Culture – Veneto Archaeological Office imposed to realize new

underwater investigations, that permitted to gain some more information about these sites,

among which is the important remains of the San Leonardo in Fossa Mala monastery.

6 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto

7 Studio Associato Bettinardi - Cester

Alpha Project: interdisciplinary research for an

Archaeological Map of Venice lagoon

Massimo Capulli8, Luigi Fozzati9, Alessandro Pellegrini10

Alpha project is a multi-disciplinary research oriented to study history and archaeology of

the Venice Lagoon in order to realize an archeological map that can be useful even as a

cultural resource and as a tool for territorial planning. This project has been realized by

Andreia Studio Associato between 2004 and 2007, in collaboration with Servizio Informativo

of Magistrato Alle Acque di Venezia and under scientific direction of NAUSICAA, that is the

Dump and Underwater Archaeology Section of Northern Adriatic Coast Italian Ministry of

Cultural Heritage and Environmental Conservation.

The research was conducted in the North of lagoon, between S. Erasmo Island and Santa

Caterina’s Swamp, where are the most ancient human settlements, the largest part of

which are submerged nowadays.

This work collected different kind of data: information produced by over twenty years of

archaeological research, contained in literature review or stored in Soprintendenza’s

archives, and new data obtained by underwater investigations realized with surveys and

excavation tests. All these data have been finally organized in a geodatabase for GIS

applications.

8 Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali - Università di Udine - Institute of

Nautical Archaeology 9 Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea:

Central and Southern Italy

The Neronian harbour of Anzio (Roma): new archaeological research in 2013

Annalisa Zarattini11, Simon Luca Trigona

During the building of a new protection dock in spring 2013, the Soprintendenza per i Beni

Archeologici del Lazio carried out new survey activities on the structures of the roman

harbour of Anzio. The research consisted of underwater surveys along the two roman docks

and the creation of a new vector drawing of the first segment of the western dock, for 130

mt in length. The drawings have been realised with the combined use of aerial shots taken

from a radio-controlled quadcopter and instrumental metric surveys, the traditional

measurement approach used for graphical characterization of underwater elements. The

graphical data obtained, together with the aerial-satellite shots and the cartographies

available, have been inserted in the GIS environment.

The archaeological news which came to light, mainly concerned the planning prospective of

the harbour. In particular, the satellite shots highlighted the presence of an external 10 mt

wide defensive wall, running up to the headboard of the western dock. Another interesting

aspect involves the dock's building, based on concrete jetties in reinforced moulds,

following a square modulus of five cubiti each side. The planning model of the roman

engineers must have proceeded with juxtaposition of geometrical elements adapted to the

technical requirements emerged during the construction of the jetties.

Finally, the underwater survey along the entrance of the harbour has pointed out a wide

area clear of concrete structures and characterized by scattered tiles, potteries (essentially

amphoras) and metal elements.

10 Andreia-Studio associato per l’archeologia delle acque 11

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Lazio

Reversing the perspective: Roman maritime villas from the sea

Michele Stefanile12

The maritime villas, which were mainly built along the Thyrrenian coasts of Italy, starting

from the Late Republican Age, have often been the subject of scientific works of major

importance, mainly focused on their architectural features and on the historical events

related to their owners, mostly very eminent men of the Roman élite. Despite this

abundance of studies, recently converged in very remarkable works of synthesis, the history

of the relationship of these villas with the sea is still largely to be written, and an accurate

documentation of the structures originally built by the sea or directly in it -now totally or

partially submerged- is still missing. These archaeological remains, often exposed to the

erosion, and heavily damaged, are of considerable interest, and constitute in many cases the

results of an impressive architectural effort, with the aim of adapting the shape of the coasts

to the needs of the men, towards the “ultimate victory of the land on the sea” that the

Roman villa maritima itself simbolizes. It is therefore necessary to invert our traditional

perspective, studying the villas from the point of view of the sea, through the techniques of

modern maritime archaeology, and to proceed to an update of the literature on the subject,

focusing our efforts on a comprehensive approach that can overcome the limits imposed

by the current shoreline.

12

Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”, Dipartimento Asia Africa Mediterraneo 13 Soprintendenza ai Beni Archeologici di Napoli

New underwater archaeological discoveries in Posillipo (NA ): for a review of

the archaeological map of Gunther

Paolo Caputo13, Filippo Avilia14, Rosario Santanastasio15

In January 2013, on the occasion of harbor works in the area of Riva Fiorita , cove /Villa

Volpicelli (Posillipo / NA) , were found submerged archaeological structures . These are likely

to be connected to structures of a coastal accommodation related to one of Roman villas ,

which are located along the coast of Pausilypon hill in Roman period . The structures, in all

probability, are to be identify with a rampart of defense against storm surges; other

quadrangular structures nearby are probably related to a fishpond.

No wonder the presence of this kind of structures on the site in question, as a preliminary

analysis of satellite photos has brought to light the ancient submerged structures , which

are also likely related to other maritime villas along the coastal line extended from Riva

Fiorita Cave to Palazzo Donna Anna. Under the geological point of view, in fact , the

phenomenon , already known for other parts of the Gulf of Naples, is attachable to

subsidence, which characterizes the area.

The discovery is a new element to the archaeological plan drawn up by Gunther in the early

'900 and at the same time contradicts the hypothesis of the hypothesed coastal path

assumed by the scholar (not identified either by direct observation or by the same satellite

images ) and instead confirms the theory of 'the existence in Posillipo of a road "running on

the top of the same hill, developed with diverticula transverse to the coast. These paths are

still to be identified in some of the "Cupe (dark streets”) of the same hill": it happens so in

the case of Riva Fiorita, where the roman submerged stuctures are located in a small bay at

the end of the street Ferdinando Russo, an ancient “Cupa” road certainly witnessed since

the Middle Ages, but plotted with each probability on a oldest path . The current research is

part of a larger work that the Soprintendenza will develope along the Phlegraean and the

Neapolitan coast, based both on historical data, historical and recent aerial photographs ,

and finally on direct analysis in the occasion of maritime private and public works.

14 O.T.S. – underwater and naval archaeologist

15 Marenostrum - Archeoclub d’Italia

Routes and landings on the coast of the Cilento: Licosa and surroundings from

mythical suggestions to archaeological data

Salvatore Agizza16, Angela De Filippis17

The stretch of Cilento coast between Agropoli and the Cape of Licosa is an area rich in

archaeological and mythical elements that offer many opportunities both to

considerations relating to the most ancient sea routes connected to mythographical

tradition of Sirens from Hellenistic period. Especially the research tries to reread the

oldest sources relating to this portion of territory, the area of Licosa, is Licofrone, to

Promontorium Enipeum.

Along the coast in the archaic period are attested numerous and widespread traces found

in different archaeological contexts in Agropoli, Tresino, Licosa some of which pose many

question marks related to the localization of sacred areas or of lighthouse-shrines.

From the Hellenistic age the framework offered by the archaeological data changes the

feature and the vocation of coastal settlements, affected by the changes of new models

proposed by the hinterland.

The Roman conquest and the rise of harbour infrastructures, manufacturing and the

increase residential characterize the coastal territory and the island itself in a much more

obvious and deep, placing them in a common template in the Roman Mediterranean

world, featured by the development of fish farming and infrastructure related to them .

The research aims, using data from archaeological and geomorphological literature, to

reconstruct the ancient landscape and the impact that human occupation had on it,

across the sea, up from very ancient times.

16 Independent Researcher 17

Independent Researcher 18 Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus

MPA Gaiola Underwater Park (Naples, Italy): a study on sea level variation and

landscape modification through geo-archaeological analysis

Maurizio Simeone18, Caterina De Vivo19, Paola Masucci20

The Gaiola Underwater Park is a Marine Protected Area situated along the coastline of the

Posillipo Hill, in the Gulf of Naples. The site is located in the Phlegrean Fields that were

densely inhabited during Roman Age. This area is strongly affected by a tectonic-volcanic

phenomenon called bradyseism, which causes vertical crustal movements and relative sea

level variation. For this reason, on the seabed of the MPAs lie the remains of a I century B.C.

Roman villa (called Pausilypon), like fishponds, harbor and thermal area. At the beginning

of the XX Century R.T. Gunther carried out the first systematic research on this ancient ruins.

From 2005 the CSI Gaiola onlus in agreement with Management Authority of MPA

(Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli) is carrying out new studies in geo-

archaeological field, to improve the knowledge about this area. Firstly the roman

underwater structures have been mapped and the collected data have been processed with

ArcGis software. The archaeological and geomorphological analysis show how the present

landscape has been strongly modified during the centuries by human activities and volcanic

phenomena, so a project aimed to the reconstruction of the ancient landscape was carried

out. Specific underwater surveys were realized to estimate the relative sea level change since

Roman times using archaeological markers, and to reconstruct the coastline of the Gaiola

Underwater Park in pre-roman and roman period.

The aim of the presentation is to show the results of this work.

19 IMT Institute for Advanced Studies, Lucca 20

Centro Studi Interdisciplinari Gaiola onlus

New survey of the Roman port of Punta Fuenti (Vietri sul Mare, SA, Italy):

an interpretative hypothesis

Paolo Pecci

This presentation is the result of the survey project that I carried out for my MA Dissertation

Thesys at the archaeological site of Punta Fuenti, on the Amalfi Coast in Italy. The focal point

of the site is a Roman port structure, a pila, placed in protection of a bay. The aim of the

thesis was to understand the function of the pila and of the entire site, expanding the

research previously carried out in the area.

This has been achieved with a strategy that consisted of two phases: the bibliographical and

archival research for historical, geographical and archaeological information on the site, and

the operational phase of fieldwork consisting in a new survey of the area.

The survey itself was divided into two phases, including both the geophysical prospecting

and the scuba diving research. The aim was to broaden the focus to the entire area, already

suspected of being a small Roman port. The use of this strategy has allowed to classify with

certainty and precision the site’s historical, geographical and archaeological

characteristics, and produce new elements to develop a new interpretative theory.

Furthermore, fieldwalking activity on the slope overlooking the site brought to light new

data, whose possible correlation with the underwater remains is the next step of

investigation and study. The research work carried out sets itself as a starting point for

further studies on the site and for its future restoration and valorisation, with an eye to the

legal controversy that is causing delays and carelessness to the area.

21

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli 22 Naumacos s.r.l.

Monitoring of geomorphological changes and adaptations in the anthropic

landscape of ancient and modern Phlegraean coast

Paolo Caputo21, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala22, Rosario Santanastasio23

The monitoring and reconstruction of places of the coastal area of Campi Flegrei is due

to an agreement between the Special Superintendence of Naples and Pompeii and the

Association of Marenostrum Archeoclub of Italy (2009).

Findings emerged from two aspects: by Torregaveta and in the Gulf of Pozzuoli, where

they are considered to be areas of Poggio Beach, Strum Island and Punta Epitaph, which,

over the past 2000 years, to human action, but also to phenomena the first, related to a

reconstruction of geo- archeology sites and monitoring, resulting in a study of the

evolution of the coastline considered in a morphodynamic way.

For this activity we made use of surveys carried out in 2010/2012/2013, from which they

emerged, among other things, extensive evidence of instability along coastal cliffs, the

second literature references, surface relief and differents as well as the use of a

monitoring system for a long time. In addition, you are done, recently, three-dimensional

sonar surveys of the seabed adjacent to Punta Pennata ( Naumacos ) aimed at takes into

account of naturalistic engineering and traditional, that ' involved .

The area is located along the coast of the province of Naples, in particular understanding

the morphology of the seabed ( bathymetry and density, texture and hardness of the

seabed ) and a volumetric estimate of the collapses that occurred over time.

It is then geo - archaeological rebuilt the coast, according to findings from articles of

likely anthropogenic placed in a morphologically subject to erosion and difficult to

interpret, however, also in relation to the context of belonging.

Finally, the interpretation of the dynamics events has permit us to identify and develop

an evolutionary reconstruction of places.

23 Marenostrum, Archeoclub d’Italia

The AMP of Baia - Underwater Archaeological Park, between restoration, new

monitoring technologies and interventions for the valorisation.

Paolo Caputo24, Filomena Lucci25, Gabriele Gomez de Ayala26

Many promotional activities are carried out with the aim of raising awareness of the value

of a marine protected area. Baia is characterized by several natural and archaeological

evidence, therefore projects are multidisciplinary.

Ciclayack project has allowed people to cross nature trails to admire archaeological remains,

then paddling on submerged archaeological park and understand the relationship with the

remains of land.

A regular meeting "Venerdì di Baia" takes place in the Castello di Baia, to share knowledge

and promote the cultural and scientific activities that take place in Baia.

The "Venerdì di Baia 2014" will have as its theme the landscape in all its forms of expression:

literature, architecture - urbanism and archeology, an invitation to reflect on the underwater

landscape.

One of the most important studies is the understanding of ancient architecture that has

found its most sophisticated expression in Baia, even new construction techniques have

been developing in Baia with the use of the pozzolana and lapillo.

A decades of study of urban development and a constant survey of submerged structures,

now make it possible to better understand the city of Baia, also, after years of study,

observation, and careful investigation, we are introducing the “Architecture of the Water”.

An interesting project of the Ministry of Environment, is building a networkof monitoring

instruments for marine protected areas, the project will allow 24H surveillance and the

identification of all the nautical activities that will be organized in protected areas.

24

Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli 25 Architect, MA. Ancient Architecture, Restoration and Consolidation Designer

Underwater discoveries around Capri island

Vasco Fronzoni

Capri island has always attracted the attention of the classical world, equally divided

between Greek and Roman culture. History teaches us that for over three decades, Capri

was the center and the capital of the ancient world, becoming the residence of Augustus

and Tiberius. Positioned at the center of the Tyrrhenian Sea and located between the Gulf

of Naples and Salerno, the island has been constantly destination of maritime trades and

the subject of strategic interests.

The witness and the history of those navigators who have crossed thousands of years

around the island emerges from underwater findings made in the course of several years.

26 Naumacos s.r.l.

Archaeological Researches in the Mediterranean Sea: Sicily

Underwater researches in Filicudi 2007-2013

Philippe Tisseyre27

As a result of research carried out by M. Bound and U. Spigo in the Aeolian Islands , in

1993-95, no other research submarine was scheduled to Filicudi. The only, but not

completed, was the top search backdrop of the islands of Panarea and Salina, with

spectacular results, partially published in 2009-2010 by the American foundation Aurora

Trust, but the short passage to the research vessel at Filicudi was not published. The

research Filicudi was therefore virtually stop the work of U. Spigo , converged in the book

" 10 years of research at the Aeolian Museum ." It was a volume whose final part was

devoted entirely to a discussion on the research carried out by G.Kapitan , M. Cavalier , D.

Lopes , M. Bound , to verify the presence or absence of relics of the Secca of Capo

Graziano , keeping in mind the critical lesson conducted by M. Cavalier on some of them,

often cited but never officially found .

During the years 2007-2013, the Superintendent of the Sea has verified the reports and

findings made during the creation of the archaeological and natural path on the Secca of

Capo Grazian , while for three consecutive years were carried out reconnaissance around

the island : The work presented here brings together all of these data, merged into the

GIS of Superintendence of the Sea.

27

Soprintendenza del Mare 28 Giano SNC, Pisa

San Vito Lo Capo underwater project: campaign 2013

Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera28, Marco Bonaiuto29, Sebastiano Tusa30

The San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project started in 2013 and its aim is to survey the

seabed of the Gulf of San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy) in order to map his archaeological

evidence.

Since the early 80s the gulf area was investigated both surface and underwater. The IAS

(Institute of Underwater Activities of Palermo) has focused attention on the areas with

the highest concentration of artifacts. Investigations have brought to light the high

archaeological potential of the area and allowed the discovery of some wrecks and

materials dating from the fourth century BC and the sixteenth century AD.

Under the supervision of the Soprintendenza del Mare, in the 2013 companies Giano snc

and SeaDiver srl have undertaken a systematic surveys project in order to produce a map

of the archaeological potential of the gulf and to connect the data available to areas not

yet investigated. The project is divided into several annual campaigns.

During the first season, through the use of the underwater tracking system RuNa, we

documented 118 items belonging to a horizon of time from the seventh century BC to

thirteenth century AD.

In order to identify the nature of the contexts were performed statistical analysis of the

distribution by crossing the variables of type, cronology, position and fragmentation. It

was possible to identify some concentrations pertinent to an areas of harbor and other

to probable wrecks including one of the first century BC and one of the seventh century

AD.

29 Giano SNC, Pisa

30 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

“Accipe fastosum garum…”: the Porto Palo di Menfi (AG) shipwreck from

excavation to museum

Mauro Curti31, Francesca Oliveri32, Sebastiano Tusa33

Found at about 250 meters from the small harbor of the fishing village of Porto Palo, on the

coast of Agrigento, the Punic-Roman Porto Palo shipwreck has been the subject of several

campaigns of archaeological investigations from 1997 to 2007 by the Sicilian Cultural

Heritage Department for Underwater Archaeology.

Although the rocky bottom, together with the shallow depth and exposure to waves, has

not allowed the preservation of the wooden structures of the vessel, the cargo recovered

pottery types are mainly represented by numerous amphorae belonging to the types

Dressel, 1A and 1C, and the types Maña C2.During the washing and sieving operations , the

amphorae have returned as contents crushed murex shells and fish remains; vertebrae and

fish scales testify the trade of the allec , a cheap product derived from the filtering of garum,

the well-known and popular fish sauce, widespread in the ancient world.

The presence of waterproofing matter on the interior walls of the amphorae testifies to the

reuse of these transport containers: after a primary use for the wine trade the amphorae

were "recycled" for the transportation of other food products.

These data allow us to hypothesize that the ship sank in Porto Palo carried out coasting

trade between Sicily and North Africa in a chronological period between the end of the 2nd

century and the beginning of the 1st century. B.C.

31

Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana 32 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

The Roman conquest of Pantelleria island

Leonardo Abelli34

In 1997 the Università degli Studi di Bologna, with the assistance of the Soprintendenza per

i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Trapani, archaeologically surveyed the Island of Pantelleria

(Sicily), in order to understand Punic and Roman settlements distribution. Part of the island

was colonized only since the 3rd century BC, when Pantelleria became strategic for

controlling the Sicilian Channel. In 2011 and 2013, systematic surveys and excavations were

produced in Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante by Pantelleria Ricerche, in collaboration with

Soprintendenza del Mare – Regione Siciliana, allowing to identify a Punic anchorage located

between the 50 and 90 meters depth marks. Lead anchor’s stocks, Punic amphorae, lead

ingots and 3500 Punic bronze coins were among the artifacts recovered. Such evidences

support the hypothesis that the anchorage may be related with the first Roman conquest of

the island dated to the 255 BC. Also part of the project was the re-establishment of an

underwater archaeological trail located in Cala Tramontana.

33 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

34 ARES archeologia, Ravenna

A possible submerged pre-neolithic site in Pantelleria island

Maria Vittoria Agosto35

Although Pantelleria was known since the Neolithic as one of the source of obsidian across

the western Mediterranean, there are no significant archaeological clues for that period. The

first faint frequentations are dated to the Chalcolithic, whereas, the first settlement is dated

to the Bronze Age. Many obsidian artifacts were instead found in the northern terraces of

the island, sometimes together with imported flint artifacts.

The several underwater archaeological surveys, carried out in the last decade around the

island, offered the opportunity to study shipwrecks and submerged deposits. In particular,

the discovery of hundreds of red flint artifacts, recovered at a depth between 18 and 22 m

at Cala Tramontana, suggests that Pantelleria was reached by sea in a still more ancient time

period.

The preliminary study of the finds from Cala Tramontana reveals the presence of a debitage

characterized by cores and flakes without any specific morphology. This low degree of

standardization can be connected to the first effort of chipping and shaping out the flint, or

the attempt to adapt to a raw material unknown. The first underwater geological and

geophysical surveys, carried out in May 2013, have offered new perspective. The debitage

of Cala Tramontana may be connected to a former paleo-beach, existed approximately

between 7.7 and 10.4 ka, when the inner part of the bay was not yet submerged by the sea

and thus suitable for small boat landing and exploitable for human purposes.

35 ARES archeologia, Ravenna

Recent investigations along the coast between Marsala and Mazara (TP)

Francesca Oliveri36

The seabed of the coast between Mazara del Vallo and Marsala, the western part of Sicily

facing nearby Africa have yielded evidence of frequent shipwrecks, occurred at different

times, the most famous of which can be considered the Punic ship kept in the Baglio Anselmi

Museum or the equally famous "Sister Ship" .

The area is characterized by strong currents that cause considerable difficulties for

navigation, so the that it is full of testimonies that could offer excellent opportunity for

scientific research, as well as tourism development . In this perspective, the Soprintendenza

del Mare has been gathering for years all the scattered data into a single georeferenced

database, named SIT, which offers a constantly updated picture of the underwater cultural

heritage of Sicily. This paper wants to present some finds of the recent past in the two

contiguous areas of Capo Feto and Petrosino.

36 Soprintendenza del Mare della Regione Siciliana

Marine Biology

One year monitoring of sandbar shark from a special

environmental protection area in Turkey

Hayat Filiz37, Anil Gülşahin38

Sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827), individuals in the Boncuk Bay shark

protection area were observed, counted and photographed via snorkelling using

underwater visual census method. The study period was between 01 March 2013 and 28

January 2014. A total of 24 field studies and 120 free diving observations (FDOs) were made.

FDOs have taken place 2 times per month between 0700 and 1200 hrs. The surface seawater

temperatures were measured on an average as 21.36 ± 4.63, with a minimum 15.61 ºC

(March 2013) and a maximum 27.90 ºC (August 2013). Sandbar sharks were observed at

temperatures over 20° C in the area with salinities 36.18 and 40.50 ppm. Most of the

observations occurred in K4 area (34.8%), followed by K3 (25.9%), K2 (20.7%), K1 (9.6%), and

K5 (8.9%). Sharks are active in the morning hours between 0700 and 0859 hrs (72.6%). We

encountered sandbar sharks 39 times in 120 FDOs, and totally 135 individuals were counted.

37

Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla, Türkiye 38 Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University (MSKU), Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla, Türkiye

Monitoring of the coastal ecological system and GIS implementation

for an interdisciplinary approach to the preservation of the

MPA Gaiola underwater park

M. Simeone, P. Masucci, P. Barani, P. Psodomakis, C. De Vivo,

D. Giordano, M. Cannella, O. Saccone

From 2010, it has been implemented a plan for the biological and environmental monitoring

in MPA Gaiola Underwater Park, aimed at data acquisition on the evolution of the ecological

system conditions, in order to verify the efficacy of the preservation activities. The biological

relevance and the presence of underwater archaeological remains had been taken into

consideration. The study activity was finalized to obtain a complete description of the

valuable and the critical elements of the MPA; geo-morphological, biological and

archaeological data had been analyzed together with data related to the illicit actions

damaging the Park. Dive samplings have been realized through visual census, a low impact

method particularly appropriate for MPA surveys. Survey data had been analized using

ArcGIS software, a Geographic Information System useful to realize a Bionomic Map. This

approach had allowed to identify high biological interest sub-areas in the MPA: Gaiola and

Cavallara sub-areas. On both this sub-areas further analysis had permitted to acquire more

information about the facies distribution in the Coraligene biocenosis (to protect in

according to RAC/SPA of Tunisi), and the particular habitat characterized by the

archaeological underwater remains.

Special session: archaeological researches in Turkey

Antalya Underwater Archaeology research - 2013

Hakan Öniz39

“Archaeological Underwater Research on the Coast of Antalya” project that was launched

from 2009 until 2013 with the contributions of Turkish Underwater Archaeology Foundation

and several municipalities. During the research performed with the co-operation of Antalya,

Side and Alanya Museums, shipwrecks from different periods, harbours, anchorages,

mooring stones, lead stocks of wooden anchors, several kinds of iron anchors and stone

fishing sinkers have been found. These remains are usually indicate to Bronze Age,

Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantion Periods and may indicate wide maritime activity between

West and East Mediterranean coasts.

Alluvial filling in the harbour of Alanya

Özgun Başibüyük40

Alanya is a town on the South of Anatolia, which has a coast next to Mediterranean, which

is connected to Antalya. The history of the town dates back to ancient times. After a long

historical journey and load, Alanya has come to these days. It shares some of these traces of

the history with us and it keeps the others to itself. Works made has showed that bottom

structure on the wide perimeter of the Shipyard structure which is important for Alanya

today and which is still standing, has hid historical richness. On the Works, it has been

revealed that the sand covered the top of ceramic parts. Maybe, Alanya is already ready to

share his mystery with us.

39

Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 40 Adnan Menderes University, Ayden, Turkey

Archaic shipwreck at Kekova Adasi

Cengiz Zor41, Umut Can Kazanlioglu

Running North-East to South-West, Kekova Adası (Kekova Island) is situated South of the

modern towns of Ucagiz (ancient Teimiussa) and Kaleköy (ancient Simena) in the area of

Lycia, which is today part of the Antalya region of southern Turkey. Ceramics from Archaic

periods were found in the Shipwreck. Just what agricultural product the jars carried is

unclear, but evidence from the early Archaic period raises the possibility of their role in the

transport of olive oil , fruit , vegitable , wine. The Shipwreck have not full body of ceramics.

Contextual finds and general morphology indicate a date for 7th- to early-6th-century BC.

41 Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

Archaeological researches out of Italy

The harbour of Carthago Nova. Harbour archaeology, urbanistic and

geoarchaeology. An approach from the maritime archaeology

Felipe Cerezo Andreo42

The ARQUETOPOS project of the University of Murcia, led by Professor Ramallo seeks to

study the paleo-topography of the Mediterranean city. This is a multidisciplinary project in

which are working geologists, geomorphologists, topographers, archaeologists and

palynologists in order to restore the landscape evolution during the Holocene. Within this

project we are conducting studies of maritime spatial analysis, harbour and underwater

archeology as part of my work as a PhD thesis. Through this paper we present the method

of work and the first results and hypothesis about the harbour of Carthago Nova.

42 Universidad de Murcia

Al-Gharb port of trade

Alessia Amato43

This study is aimed to define its own characteristics within the chronological sphere of the

Muslim occupation on the Iberian Peninsula and particularly on the development which

involves the Southern region of Portugal, bound between the low Tejo (Lisbon) and the

Algarve. The analysis of the relationship between this People and the sea with its

components precedes the period of the great conquest, which see the Christian Reign of

Portugal engaged in an area beyond the Ocean – from the end of XV Century onwards –

anyway engaged outside the Mediterranean basin and in the classical circuits that have had

their exclusive attention until that time. During the Islamic period, VIII-XIII, one sees the

vitality of the port cities, with the development of nautical activities, including naval

construction in shipyards mentioned by Arab authors, such as Al-Razi, Al-Bakri, Ibne

Mozaine and al-Idrisi. Various descriptions made by Arab historians and geographers with

a common vision of these territories considered as a prolongation of the eastern Arab world

reachable through North Africa and most likely via navigation along the coast. Besides

nautical artifacts such as lead anchor stocks, evidence from Portuguese waters included

Muslim imported and exported products also found in archaeological excavations on the

seaboards and on land. Some of the cities are Lisbon on the Tagus river, Alcácer do Sal on

the Sado river, Silves on the Arade river, Tavira on the Ria Formosa and Mértola, on the

Guadiana river. Those provide important information regarding the capacity of overseas

transport and regarding social, economic, and cultural factors relating to marine activity.

43 Universidade de Coimbra

Firearms, edged weapons and parts of uniforms on board HMS St. George

Georgios Karadimios44

This paper will present the firearms, edged weapons and parts of the uniforms belonging,

majorly, to the Royal Marines that were deployed on board HMS “St.George”. HMS

“St.George” (second rate-Duke class) was designed by John William and was initially

commissioned on the 8th of October of 1787. The vessel’s service record

since then includes various missions, like the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801

even though it didn’t participated in the actual sequence of the event. From 1807,

“St.George” was deployed with Admiral’s Saumarez Baltic fleet, protecting the British

convoys in the area. On the 24th of December 1811 the vessel was wrecked in the West

Coast of Jutland having lost its rudder and severely damaged during the sail.

“St.George” is located 2km south of Thorsminde and 1km from the coast. More

specifically, it lies on a bottom composed of a mix of mud, sand and stone less than 10 meter

of water. The first underwater investigations started at the end of the 19th century when

divers attempted to salvage 2 cannons together with two bells. During the decade of 1970

divers inspected the wreck which was covered by sand.

The next decade a survey was carried out by the Skibhistorisk Laboratorium in

cooperation with the Delfino diving club as to estimate the condition of the wreck. From

1983, when the first organized excavation was carried out, until 1997 many artifacts were

recovered from the wreck. Among them were those that will be presented in this paper.

Concerning the artifacts the first category included firearms. Two major types were studied

which are muskets and pistols. The majority of them were recovered in an excellent

condition of preservation. Moreover the interesting fact is that we have British, Prussian and

one Danish musket on the artifacts. Additionally spare fittings from the muskets and the

pistols were associated with the first category. Continuing with the second category in that

edged weapons were enlisted including cutlasses, scabbards and complete weapons of that

type. The third and last category complied with badges, leather belts, parts connected with

44 University of Southern Denmark, MA

them and lead shot cases. Most of those artifacts belonged to the Royal Marines that were

deployed on board.

To conclude the variety of all these categories of artifacts consists of a group that,

according to the Regulations of the British Admiralty, should not be expected on board.

Apart from that the wreck of “St.George” itself offers many opportunities for further

underwater research.

Forming and evolution of the Smerdyachee lake, Moscow region

S. Fazlullin45, A. Tarasov, P. Groznodumov

There is an unusual lake in Moscow region. It’s formation caused many disputes. The

meteoritic origin of this object, which occurred not earlier than 10000 years ago, is

considered the most probable. Lake is located in 10 km to the north of Roshal city in the

little-inhabited area of the Moscow region.Lake surrounded by the circle rim, which raised

above it to 4-5 meters. Diameter of depression of the rim - 340-380 meters. Diameter of the

lake - 250-280 meters. Depth of lake is approximately 30 meters. At the depths of 5-25 m

the bottom of lake has a form of funnel with the steep slopes. In 1985 scientists supposed,

that the lake had meteorite crater. Several scientific and amateurish expeditions

investigated this

In February 2014 Russian Geographical Society with the support of several scientific and

specialized organizations (Institute of oceanology Russian Academy of Science, Moscow

State University, Russian Underwater Activities Confederation) conducted research

expedition. The lake was covered with ice (40 cm thickness). Expedition conducted the

studies with diving method and collected several bottom mud samples, measured

temperature, electrical conductivity and oxygen in the lake. We collected water samples in

the deep part of the lake, from surface to bottom. Mini-rover was used for study the

45 P.P. Shirsho’v Institute of Oceanology, Russia

characteristics of the lake. The structure of surrounded circle rim studied by geo-radar.The

materials of expedition gave us possibility to do some assumptions on the evolution of the

lake. Because of the impact of meteorite, deep funnel had formed. The upper water-

confining stratum of the water-bearing horizon destroyed. As a result, of this impact water

containing hydrogen sulfide (hence and name, that it indicates bad smell) entered the lake.

In the 20's of the last century in Roshal city chemical industries started. It required a large

quantity of water from the water-bearing horizon. The level of the bedding of ground water

became deeply. As a result this the aqueous nourishment and regime of the lake changed.

Ecological studies of the 80th showed that there were many fish in the lake, and the visibility

of water was 6-8 meters. Because of bankruptcy of chemical factory at the end of the 90's,

the usage of underground water stopped. The level of the lake changed. The coastal forest

tract flooded. From time to time, especially in the period of autumnal and spring

reconstruction of hydrological structure, small animals and birds died because the hydrogen

sulfide, which was in the water. Report contains the materials, which illustrate our scientific

hypothesis.

Tourism and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

MPAs as cultural resources. The creation of local network for

the awareness of Baia and Gaiola underwater park

Paolo Caputo, Giovanna Ayr, M. Trimarco

Over more than ten years since creation of Underwater Parks of Baia and Gaiola – Marine

Protected Areas, the Superintendency for Archaelogical Resources of Naples, as Authority

Manager, has launched not only projects focused on its provisional functions of

conservation but also research and documentation programs concerning the archaelogical

and biological resources; educational programs aimed to awareness and knowledge in the

fields of ecology, biology and underwater archaelogy; projects for increasing and enhancing

the local economic activities, first of all the tourist activities (diving centres, restaurant …).

The aim has been to consider the two MPAs such a place where local institution and citizens

could have a lifelong learning approach and an exchange on the sustainable use of sea

resources and underwater heritage. All activities carried out by Superintendency of Naples

have involved different target of clusters and they aim to demonstrate that the human

presence in the areas isn’t forbidden but just regulated according to the different grade of

safeguarding.

Archaeological diving tourism: a development

opportunity in Campi Flegrei area

Cristina Canoro46, Francesco Izzo47, Kaireen Keller48

Archaeological tourism in Italy attracts many visitors each year, but archaeological diving

tourism (ADT) is still a niche market. In recent years, it has been growing and unique sites

like the Underwater Park of Baia (Davidde, 2002) are attracting even more people. A great

richness of underwater archaeological sites is situated in Southern Italy and, paradoxically,

it is here that there are greater political and economical limitations on sustainable tourism

development (Melotti, 2006). Diving tourism represents an extraordinary development

opportunity for the territory and, in particular, ADT could impact positively on the local

communities.

The aim of the paper is to investigate and evaluate the strategic positioning of the

Underwater Park of Baia within the wider frame of the Campi Flegrei, highlighting best

practices in promoting and valorising the site, as well as to profile visitors and understand

their behaviour.

For this purpose, we have used archival and web survey data as collected through structured

interviews which have allowed us to identify the drivers of experiential tourism development

and the strategic positioning of the Park within the archaeological area of Campi Flegrei.

This study provides insights into comprehensive ADT dynamics and suggests implications

for managers, entrepreneurs, policy makers and researchers to enhance the effectiveness of

the collaboration between academics, diving managers, non-profit organizations,

hospitality entities and cultural institutions; a cooperative network that enables an

integrated and sustainable development strategy for the area whilst increasing the

competitiveness of the Park as destination for the growing ADT.

46 Economy Department, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Research Fellow in

Marketing Strategy 47 Economy Department, Seconda Università degli studi di Napoli, Professor in Strategic

Management of Innovation 48 Centro Sub Campi Flegrei, International Relations Manager

New technologies for Underwater Archaeology

Remote sensing as a research tool in underwater archaeology: its value and

likely applications in the Italian panorama

Massimiliano Secci49

The last five years, in Italy, have witnessed a growing flux of resources, both economic and

human, towards the research in and experimentation of what are often wrongly labeled

‘new technologies’. The potentialities of remote sensing, thanks to ever advanced

systems, place themselves within various aspects and sectors of underwater archaeology

research. Site identification functional to the creation of updated underwater archaeological

charts. The ability to monitor underwater cultural heritage preservation in a quick manner,

satisfactory time and resource consuming wise. The ability, with the latest generation

devices, to obtain individual underwater sites or resources mapping particularly accurate

and easily transposable in 3D reconstructions or visualizations useful in terms of underwater

cultural heritage enhancement and public access. The present paper aims to analyze the

value and wherewithal of remote sensing in underwater archaeology as produced within the

Italian research framework with a specific focus on the underwater cultural heritage

management aspects.

49 Research Fellow

Dipartimento di Storia, Scienze dell’Uomo e della Formazione

Università degli Studi di Sassari

Instrument and methodologies for underwater 3d surveys

L. Repola, R. Memmolo, D. Signoretti50

In the research started within the SINAPSIS project of the Università degli Studi Suor Orsola

Benincasa an underwater stereoscopic scanning aimed at surveying of submerged

archaeological sites, integrable to standard systems for geomorphological detection of the

coast, has been developed. The project involves the construction of hardware consisting of

an aluminum frame supporting a pair of GoPro Hero Black Edition cameras and software for

the production of point clouds and the initial processing of data.

The software has features for stereoscopic vision system calibration, reduction of noise and

the of distortion of underwater captured images, searching for corresponding points of

stereoscopic images using stereo-matching algorithms (dense and sparse), for points cloud

generating and filtering.

Only after various calibration and survey tests carried out during the excavations envisaged

in the project, the mastery of methods for an efficient acquisition of data has been achieved.

The current development of the system has allowed generation of portions of digital models

of real submerged scenes. A semi-automatic procedure for global registration of partial

models is under development as a useful aid for the study and musealization of sites.

50 Università degli Studi di Napoli “Suor Orsola Benincasa” 51

Università della Calabria 52 Former ISCR – Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro

New technologies and tools for the documentation and restoration of

submerged archaeological sites

Bruno F.51, Gallo A., Muzzupappa M., Barbieri L., De Filippo F., Angilica A., Petriaggi R.52,

Davidde B.53

, Ciabattoni M., Mancinelli R., Lucci F., Gomez de Ayala G.54

, Caputo P.55

In the context of the CoMAS project (www.comasproject.eu) a partnership of private

companies and public research centers is developing new materials and tools for the

documentation, restoration and conservation of submerged archaeological artefacts. This

paper describes some of the undergoing activities of the project related to the

documentation and restoration phases.

For the documentation step, an opto-acustical 3D reconstruction system is under

development. It will be used to monitor the conditions of architectonical structures and to

organize the subsequent operations of restoration and conservation. Some preliminary on-

site experimentations of 3D dense stereo reconstruction have been conducted in the

shallow archaeological site of Baia (Italy) focusing the attention on two portions of the so-

called “Villa con ingresso a Protiro” and “Villa dei Pisoni”. The obtained 3D

reconstruction has been used in a software application that allows for the visualization and

the exploration of the models in order to study and simulate the possibility to adopt a

Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for maintaining the submerged structures.

For the restoration phase we have designed and realized some electromechanical devices

that support the cleaning operations that are intended to remove the living organisms

(algae, sponges, molluscs, etc.). These organisms cause severe deteriorations of the artefacts

and their removal is crucial for the subsequent phases of consolidation and protection. The

experimentation of the new devices has been carefully documented by acquiring, through

3D reconstructions, some quantitative measurements of the effectiveness of the cleaning

procedures.

53 ISCR – Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro 54

Naumacos 55 Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Napoli

Geophysical survey of the near-shore sea bed off Villa del Pezzolo Roman

ruins (Sorrento Peninsula, S. Italy). Preliminary results

Pietro Aucelli, Aldo Cinque, Francesco Giordano, Gaia Mattei

This paper describes the results of a geophysical survey of the underwater extension

(maritime annexes) of Villa del Pezzolo archaeological site (Marina di Equa, Sorrento

Peninsula). As the ruins on-land show, this Roman seaside villa was destroyed by Vesuvius

eruption in A.D. 79 and the following alluvial events adding meters of reworked pyroclastic

on the Rivo d’Arco coastal plain and pushing the shoreline ahead (Cinque et al. 1997,

Cinque e Robustelli 2009)). During the 2nd Century the villa was reconstructed on top of the

mentioned alluvial body (building phase 2). The latter was subject to frontal dismantling by

wave erosion and, by the 3rd Century, the resulting sea cliff reached very close to the villa,

imposing new re - adaptations and reinforcements (building phase 3).

In order to recover data about the possible underwater prosecution of Villa del Pezzolo

ruins, a detailed geophysical investigation was carried out in the immediate offshore of the

area (0.5 to 7 m water depth). It included the use of Side Scan Sonar (SSS), sub–bottom

Profiler (SBP) and Single Beam Echo Sounder (SEBES), plus diving inspection of some

selected targets (Giordano et al 1995, Gordano 2010). The use of such non-invasive

techniques provided substantial information on both the morpho-bathymetry and the

stratigraphy of the submerged area at issue, permitting to better reconstruct the coastal

change occurred here since the 1st century a. C.. Moreover, the obtained SSS mosaic and

SBP profiles allowed to identify – among others - some artificial elements to be interpreted

as ruins of the harbour that served the Villa during the first and third stages of its history.

56 Giano S.N.C. - Pisa

Integrated systems for positioning, communication and multimedia

underwater operations: from Ru.Na to Nautilus

Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera56

In the years between 1998 and 2005, during an underwater archeology thesis discussed at

the University of Pisa, was made the underwater Differential Positioning System device

called Ru.Na. It aimed at tracking underwater diving, at the positioning and the survey of

archaeological artifacts during systematic research of the seabed at low and medium depth

(tested from 0 to 40 meter). The first application took place in 2005 during the exploration

of the “Relitto dello Scialandro” and the measurements on the site of the “Relitto del

Faro” in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy). In following years it has been used successfully to

map dispersions of archaeological materials during the survey of the seabed near the

eastern side of Cape San Vito (“Sito delle Macine” and “Sito Romano VII”). The system

up to the present remained at the prototype stage, it will see its implementation in a new

device, an underwater tablet called Nautilus, which allow to inspect the diver position on the

seabed, to communicate with the surface and to record data in form of photos and text

during the dive.

Teti: Integrated Technologies for the Sustainable Management of the

Underwater Cultural Heritage

Davide Agostoni, Cléry Bionaz, Roberta Finotti, Matteo Ravasi, Elena Redaelli,

Alessandro Sala, Mattia Speziali

Basing on the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage,

the project deals with the design of an integrated system of safety, security and

musealization considering two main fields of intervention: the fruition of the underwater

heritage and its conservation. The Underwater Archaeological Itinerary of Capo Graziano

(Filicudi, Sicily) was used as a case study and represents a model that can be easily applied

to any other site.

The first issue is the fruition of the site, aiming not only to foster direct visits but also to let

non-divers access to the area. In order to assure the safety of visitors, a system of

hydrophones tracks the position of any present diver and the installation of optical fibers

provides a visual indication of the path. Moreover, the indirect fruition is supported by an

existing museum on dry land.

The second theme is the conservation of the archaeological site and its findings, considering

also the marine protected area safeguard. Some of the most effective techniques have been

studied for the artifacts in situ conservation: cathodic protection for metal objects and

solutions for the prevention of biofouling on plastic materials were developed. Security is

addressed as well, thanks to the installation of an intrusion detection system based on the

recording of the bubble noise emitted by scuba divers.

The underwater museum is completely sustainable in terms of energy. It is equipped with a

floating system of photovoltaic panels and a device for the exploitation of wave energy.

57 Legni e Segni della Memoria spa, Salerno

Innovative experiences about the restoration under water archeological wood

Giovanni Gallo57

During the first phase, the rudder and the stern chock have been documented and

catalogued, through drawings to determine the arboreal species and the MCW. After this

phase, the samples have been washed, brushed and plunged in a tank for the preparation

to buffing . The concretions on the wood, of calcareous and siliceous nature, have been

removed to a great extent through packings. Afterwards, the archeological finds have been

submitted to a desalination treatment and, later, to a sterilization phase, accomplished in a

discontinuous vacuum cell, useful to assure the demolition of the charge of pyogens,

damaging to the wood, and to improve the impregnation phase.

Subsequently, the parts have been predried through a vacuum process, compling with

appropriate temperature, pressure and moisture parameters in vacuum cell. After this

operation, it has been accomplished the impregnation phase, through the plunge of the

finds in an aqueous solution of polysaccharides. In consequence of this treatment, the wood

has been submitted to a thermal treatment, in damped air atmosphere, to take it to the

drying process and dehydration for decompression. Completed the drying phase, the finds

have been conditioned in air- conditioned chambers.

Safety in Underwater Research

Safety rules for the development of a Cognitive Autonomous

Underwater Buddy (CADDY)

S Murat Egi58, Guy Thomas59, Massimo Pieri60, Danilo Cialoni61,

Costantino Balestra62, Alessandro Marroni63

The commercial divers are often monitored by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) to

increase safety and operational efficiency. However, recreational and scientific divers may

also operate in harsh and weakly monitored environments in which the slightest unexpected

disturbances, technical malfunctions, or lack of attention of a diver can result in catastrophic

consequences. The ROV's cannot be used in these cases due to the increased mobility of

the SCUBA divers. The aim of the CADDY project is to develop a multi component, highly

cognitive underwater robotic system capable of learning, interpreting, and adapting to the

diver’s behaviour and physical state to increase the safety and the efficiency of SCUBA

diving.

One must also be careful about the use of robots in the vicinity of the divers since they may

impose additional safety measures. Such concerns are outlined for ROV's by safe code of

practices of IMCA and ADC but not for AUV's. So, the CADDY project must include the

development of safety rules to be used while diving with AUV's as well. This task will be

active during four periods of the CADDY project. During the first period, the existing vehicles

that will be adapted for the purposes of the CADDY project are evaluated regarding safety

issues. This will mainly focus on the vehicles’ maneuvering capabilities as an indicator of

whether the vehicles are safe to be used for interaction with divers. The hazards of ancillary

equipment such as scaling LASERs and acoustic modems or relocators are addressed as well.

58 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul

59 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy

60 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy

61 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy

62 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Haute Ecole Paul Henri-Spaak, Environmental,

Occupational& Ageing Physiology Laboratory

63 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy

Tentative modelling of the bubble filtration function of the

lungs during decompression

JP Imbert64, SM Egi65, T. Ozyigit66, P Letellier67

Decompression modelling involves different phases of inert gas exchange and bubble

growth. An attempt was made to identify underlying mechanisms to decompression

sickness (DCS) and in particular the specific role of the lung in bubbles filtration.

A database was built with 603 DCS reports recorded during commercial diving operations,

covering air and heliox, surface supplied and bell diving. The symptoms were grouped

according to the Comex 1974 Medical Book.

An analysis of the database using Two Step Cluster Analysis and Ward's Method yielded

three naturally grouping clusters of DCS; while our previous study with recreational diver

Decompression Illness (DCI) database resulted in four clusters. The difference in commercial

diver database and recreational database might be due to several facts such as:

1. Recreational database includes dysbaric illnesses related to gas expansion as well such as

arterial gas embolism, lung barotrauma, emphysema etc

2. Recreational diving database cases rarely had treatment facility on site; which delays the

treatment and onset additional symptoms.

3. Recreational cases are derived from multiple centers with different diagnosis practice.

The study of the symptom onset delays at surface suggested that these 3 clusters involved

two underlying mechanisms: one related to venous bubbles and another to arterial bubbles.

The two mechanisms can combine to each other. They are also inter-related. The database

permitted characterizing the transfer function of the lung that describes the way venous

bubbles can become arterial. This model brings a new understanding on DCS occurrence in

commercial diving.

64 Divetech, 1543 ch des vignasses, 06410 Biot, France 65 DAN Europe Research Division; Italy; Galatasaray University, Istanbul 66 Galatasaray University, Computer Eng Department, Beşiktaş, Istanbu 67 Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE, UPR15), Université Pierre et

Marie Curie, case 133, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS Cedex 05, France

Unusual Cnidaria Envenomations

Özgür Deniz Tezcan68

Cnidaria with more than 10,000 living species are the largest phylum of toxic animals.

Cnidocyst toxins can induce a wide variety of local and systemic reactions. All cnidaria

species are potential stingers for humans. Most of these cause local tissue reactions like

erythema, necrosis, piloerection and localized lymphadenopathy. Long-term reactions are

keloid, fat atrophy, hyperpigmentation, gangrene and vascular spasm. Rare types of

intoxication are paralytic ileus, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, renal failure, peripheral

vasospasm, parasympathetic dysautonomia, peripheral sensory neuropathies and localised

hyperhidrosis. While scyphozoa and cubozoa are well known marine stingers, the stinging

capacity of anthazoa and hydrozoa are less known.

Our experience (Ö.D. Tezcan, S. Sarp. 2013) is an example, showing that there are still marine

intoxications waiting to be explored even in the Mediterranean. People using the sea for

recreational or professional purposes should be alert about the diverse toxic effects of

cnidaria.

68 American Hospital, Istanbul

Poster Session

The underwater sites of Cala Tramontana and Cala Levante in the island of

Pantelleria: the amphorae and the pottery

Roberta Baldassari

The archaeological investigations carried out since 2008 in the seabeds of Cala Tramontana

and Cala Levante in Pantelleria, leaded to discovery the remains of underwater sites which

refer to the frequentation of the bay in the first half of the III century B.C., in the period of

the first Punic War.

The pottery assemblage is concerning two different chronological contexts. The first one

consists in the internal sites of the landing area of Cala Tramontana, dated to the first half of

III cent. B.C., with principally punic Carthaginian transport amphorae, a few italic amphorae

and pottery (blacktop red cooking ware, black glaze ware). The tunisian production of the

main amphorae type found have been confirmed with archaeometrical analysis. The same

amphorae association it is found in other shipwrecks of the west coast of the island: Cala

Gadir, Punta Pozzolana and Kattibuale.

The second context is in the deep water sites of Cala Tramontana dated to the first half of

the II century B.C., with punic amphorae and some italic amphorae. The same amphorae

associations are in the underwater sites of Cala Gadir and Porto of Pantelleria.

I propose a brief quantitative and chronological analysis of the pottery of the sites, in

relation to the archaeological context of the island and the routes of the Central

Mediterranean.

Abundance and Distribution of C. andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) [Scyphozoa,

Cnidaria] by Scuba Diving in Muğla, TURKEY

Nurçin GÜLŞAHİN, Ahmet Nuri TARKAN, Anıl GÜLŞAHİN, Halit FILIZ

Gökçen BİLGE

The study was performed monthly between September 2011 and October 2012 in Muğla

which is the province with the longest coastline of Turkey. Divings were carried out at 18

stations, in Gökova Bay (4), Güllük Bay (2), Marmaris Bay (5), Hisarönü Bay (2), Fethiye Bay

(3), Bodrum (1) and Datça (1). Cassiopea andromeda which is the first lessepsian scyphozoan

species reported from the Mediterranean, lives upside-down on the sandy and muddy

bottom of the sea floor. Therefore, abundance and distribution of this species were

determined by scuba divings. Quadrate method was used in divings. Individuals were

counted in quadrats of 10m2 (5m x 2m) and countings were averaged and calculated to

numbers of individuals per 100 m2. C. andromeda was observed between April and

November when the water temperature was high (18,08°C - 29,76°C) in the area. Also,

zooplankton abundance began to increase from May. Abundances of C. andromeda were

maximum from May to October when zooplankton peaked. Maximum abundance of C.

andromeda was 72 ind./100m2 in June at station Güllük 1. Mean abundances of the species

according to the stations changed between 0,86 ind./100m2 (Güllük 2) and 16,79 ind./100m2

(Marmaris 2). According to our observations, C. andromeda distributed seasonaly

depending on water temperature and well established in coasts of Muğla. The aim of the

study was to determine distribution of C. andromeda using the method of scuba diving in

Muğla. This study was supported by Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Scientific Research

Project Coordination Unit with 12/14 project number.

Diving Observations for Lost Fishing Gear in the Gökova Special

Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), (Muğla, Turkey)

Anıl GÜLŞAHİN, Gökçen BİLGE and Halit FİLİZ

Ghost fishing is deaths of aquatic organisms, caused from lost or derelict fishing gears that

maintaining the functions without human control. Lost fishing gear and gear parts are the

most hazardous types of marine debris pollution for marine life. The problem of lost fishing

gear is getting worse due to the increased scale of global fishing operations and the

introduction of highly durable fishing gear made of long-lasting synthetic materials.

In this study, we determined the location of lost fishing gears and which type bottom

structure cause the disappearance of the nets in Gökova SEPA. Diving surveys were

conducted at 10 locations to locate and identify lost fishing gear. As a result of observations,

we found lots of fishing gears which include gill nets, trammel nets, long lines and fish traps.

Diving observations in 10 stations showed that fishing gear lost was occurred intensively on

rocky areas. The amount of gear lost annually probably increases with increased fishing

effort.

Lost fishing gear and parts should be removed from the bottom of the sea. Retrieval projects

should be coordinate in Gökova SEPA.

International Fields School of Underwater Archaeology - San Vito lo Capo

Marco Bonaiuto, Francesco Marco Paolo Carrera

The underwater archaeology field school took place in San Vito lo Capo (Sicily Italy); it is

focused on mapping concentrations and distribution of archaeological material in a band

of the Gulf where in previous years many important sites ranging from roman to medieval

era were indentified.

The course is designed not only to students and professionals in the field of archeology, but

also to recreational divers .

The training course is within the standards established by the National Academy of Scuba

Educators (NASE Worldwide) for the achievement of specialty "Archaeology Diver" and is

divided into lectures, practical exercises in preparation for operations on archaeological

sites, training dives and working dives. During this course, participants have the opportunity

to collaborate actively in the San Vito lo Capo Underwater Project, a systematic survey of

seabed in the Gulf, and gain experience in experimental systems of investigation and

documentation: underwater positioning systems, three-dimensional scan through the use

of camera, geographical information systems, database, sidescan sonar. Are also carried out

exercises with traditional methods of surveying and documentation.

Antifouling methods for submerged Archaeological sites

Mauro F. La Russa, Silvestro A. Ruffolo, Andrea Macchia, Barbara Davidde, Sandra Ricci,

Paolo Caputo, Alessandra Bonazza, Gino M. Crisci

Marine fouling plays a fundamental role in the degradation of underwater archaeological

sites. Limitation of fouling activity and its damages are one of the most critical issues for

archaeologists and conservators. The common cleaning procedure, consisting in the

manual removal of fouling, requires a continuous maintenance, while a proper inhibition of

biological colonisation would provide a long-time protection against biofouling. On the

other hand, the most used antifouling paints, especially for ship hulls, show considerable

toxicity level. Since submerged archaeological sites are often included in environmental

protected areas, more eco-friendly products must be used. A preliminary study was focused

on the characterization of degraded archaeological materials, in order to deepen the

understanding of degradation mechanisms. After this activity we are paying our attention

on the protection issue.

Setting up antifouling methods for materials, that have to be conserved in underwater

environment, represents a scientific and technological challenge. We are exploring several

solutions to be applied on object collected from the water, conserved and then, exposed in

submerged archaeological sites. A more complex issue is represented by the elaboration of

antifouling treatment directly in underwater environment.

The Role of Lighthouses in Antiquity

Giacomo Pullano

This dissertation has the purpose of evaluating the role of ancient lighthouses during the

Roman period. The study had the goal of comprehending such structures in a

comprehensive way.

Firstly, practical aspects have been evaluated; ancient navigation has been described in

order to emphasize the importance of lighthouses for the orientation of ships. Furthermore,

according to their position, such structures could have different meanings. From a

technological standpoint, it has been noticed that these buildings were modelled on

different shapes and constructed with different materials. However, from an examination of

the representations of ancient lighthouses and of the archaeological remains, it emerged

that they had common features. Finally, ancient lighthouses have been assessed from a

symbolic perspective. They were connected to the political and religious worlds. During the

Roman period their depictions were used on the one hand by rulers to project messages of

propaganda; lighthouses were a symbol of safety/peace associated with the afterlife.

Thanks to archaeological, iconographical and textual sources this research has pointed out

that ancient lighthouses must be described from different standpoints in order to be totally

understood. To understand the role of these buildings is a complex task and must take in to

account the several meanings which they involve and convey. The study has underlined that

lighthouses during Roman times had not only one but a variety of roles, all characterized by

a strong communicative component. Thus, ancient lighthouses played a fundamental role

in communicating practical, political, religious and commercial messages.

Abstract Book of the VIII International Symposium on Underwater Research

Handling editors:

Archaeology [Italy and Western Mediterranean]: Michele Stefanile

Archaeology [Turkey]: Hakan Öniz

Marine Biology: Bulent Gozcelioglu

Safety in Underwater Research: S. Murat Egi

Version 2.3 - Last edited 24.3.2014