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06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design
Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design
Bruno Žuga
Riga Technical University, LATVIA
E-mail: [email protected]
Bruno Žuga
Riga Technical University, LATVIA
E-mail: [email protected]
IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Outline of the presentation
06.04..2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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• Context of local and international projects• Cognitive theory of multimedia learning• Multimedia design principles• Multimedia demonstration
IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
IST 6th Framework NoE in e-Learning “ Kaleidoscope”
• Kaleidoscope aims to ensure European leadership in the area of multidisciplinary research and technology development in e-Learning which is the ‘engine of the Knowledge Economy [1]’.
[1] Ruttenbur, B., et al, eLearning: The Engine of the Knowledge Economy, eLearning Industry Report, Morgan Keegan, 2000
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
IST 6th Framework NoE in e-Learning “ Kaleidoscope”
• 76 research units• 23 countries• 800 researchers
• 9 M EURO• 4 years• Joint Activities
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Kaleidoscope Joint Activities
• 9 Special Interest Groups (SIGs)(e.g. Context & Learning, CSCL, etc)
• 2 European Research Teams (ERTs)(e.g. Production of educational formats, TEL in mathematics)
• 8 Jointly Executed Integrating Research Projects (e.g. Interaction between learner’s internal and external representations in multimedia environment)
• Virtual Doctoral School• Advanced Training• ...
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Collaborating locally
• Aim of the project: to promote collaboration among Higher Educational establishments in e-learning area.
• Main issues: informing, teaching, knowledge transfer, exchange of courses, course pool creation, sharing principles, copyright, strategy for e-learning development.
• Project duration is 10 months• 7 partner organizations.• Total eligible costs 46769 EUR• Main target audience: faculty staff and decision makers
New project “Availability Increase of Innovative E-learning for Promotion of Knowledge Based Economy in Latvia” (LV2002/000-638/SPF/0021)
Supported by PHARE 2002 Cross Border Co-operation Programme
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
External/Internal representations
• External representation is external to the learner’s biological system
– It addresses the perceptual input channel (senses)– Can be created by the instructor, student, etc.
• Internal representation is internal cognitive structure– Cognitive Models for MM learning
– Mayer (therory of multimedia learning);– Sweller (cognitive load theory;– Shnotz (Structure mapping)
• Research area– Multiple representations
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia technology
Visual
Audial
Kinestethic
SensesMedia Types
Text
Graphics
Audio
Video
Interactivity
Animations
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia material design approaches
Approach Starting point Goal Tasks
Technology centered
Possibilities of multimedia
technologies
To provide access to the information
How can we use newest technologies to design
multimedia presentations?
Great promises: radio, television, computers, Internet
Learner centered Human perceptionTo improve
comprehension
How can we tailor multimedia technologies to improve
comprehension of the material?
Students learn best when multimedia is created in accord with human perception principles.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
A cognitive theory of multimedia learning
Richard E. Mayer et al, "Animation as an Aid to Multimedia Learning," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 14, pp. 87-99, 2002.
Assumptions• Dual channel assumption• Limited capacity assumption• Active processing assumption
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Three assumptions
• Dual-channel assumption: learners have separate information channels for visual/pictorial material and auditory/verbal material.
• Limited capacity assumption: people can pay attention to only a few pieces of information in each channel at a time.
• Active Processing: people understand the presented material when they pay attention to the relevant material and organize it into a coherent mental structure and integrate it with their prior knowledge.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia design principles I/IV
• Multimedia principle People learn better form multiple representations than just one
• Spatial contiguity principlePeople learn better when corresponding words and pictures/animations are presented near rather than far from each other on the page or screen
• Temporal contiguity principle People learn better when corresponding words/narrations and pictures/animations are presented simultaneously rather than successively.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia design principles II/IV
• Redundancy principle People learn better when redundant information or representation is excluded than included as in case of text, narration and animation (to exclude text).
• Modality principlePeople learn better from pictures/animations and narrations (spoken texts) than from pictures/animations and on-screen texts.
• Signalling principle People learn better when material has a clear organisational structure and contains signals concerning how to process it
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia design principles III/IV
• Interactivity principle Learning could be improved when interactivity is added and students can interact with the material.
• Personalisation principle people learn better from a conversational narration than from formal narration
• Pretraining principle people learn better if component explanations are offered before multimedia presentation rather than after.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Multimedia design principles IV/IV
• Voice principle If agents are used people learn better from agents that speak in a human voice rather than a machine-synthesized voice.
• Adaptivity principle individual characteristics such as learner knowledge level and his spatial ability should be taken into account when designing multimedia instructional materials.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
General criticism
• Most principles have been tested in a laboratory environment not taking real-life factors into account (e.g. meta-cognitive skills)
• Some effects have been tested with subject area novices only and for short periods of time.
• Limits of the principle application are not clearly marked.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
To sum it all up
• Although straightforward application of multimedia design principles to real-life teaching situation is not always possible, because of so many variables involved still they give a good overview to the instructor of what is involved.
06.04.2005 IST4Balt workshop “IST 6th Framework programme - great opportunity for cooperation and collaboration"
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IST4Balt, April 6, 2005
Bruno ZugaRiga Technical University, LATVIAE-mail: [email protected]
Bruno ZugaRiga Technical University, LATVIAE-mail: [email protected]
IST4Balt, April 6, 2005