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Issues in Electronic JournalsSelection and ManagementCecilia A. Leathern a ba Serials Cataloging Unit , University of Miami , 1300Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0320, USAb Otto G. Richter Library , University of Miami , 1300Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL, 33124-0320, USAPublished online: 17 Oct 2008.

To cite this article: Cecilia A. Leathern (1998) Issues in Electronic Journals Selectionand Management, Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 3:3, 15-28, DOI: 10.1300/J136v03n03_04

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Issues in Electronic Journals Selectionand Management

Cecilia A. Leathem

ABSTRACT. Electronic journals (or e-journals) are proliferating andmany scholars consider them to be an increasingly important meansof communication. Librarians must understand the potential of thenew medium and the implications of incorporating it into the tradi-tional library environment. This paper explores some of the collec-tion development and collection management issues that bear on thedecision to subscribe to these journals. Identifying appropriatesources of information and review media can aid in the collectiondevelopment process; however, it is also crucial to evaluate currentselection criteria to determine whether they are appropriate for e-journal selection. Integrating e-journals into the library collectionraises the issue of providing access for all patrons and introducescost factors that are in danger of being overlooked; namely, supply-ing the necessary wiring, hardware and software to facilitate usingthese journals. The librarian must also decide whether to treat e-jour-nals as it does other journal holdings, providing checkin and fullcataloging records, and determine if special procedures and recordsare needed. The introduction of e-journals into a library’s collectionalso impacts its internal functions in less expected ways: the specterof new copyright considerations may cause the librarian to re-ex-amine the definition of access; the role of the acquisitions librarianmay include contract negotiation responsibilities and consideration

Cecilia A. Leathem (cleathem@umiami.ir.miami.edu) is Head, Serials Cata-loging Unit, and Foreign Languages Bibliographer at Otto G. Richter Library,University of Miami, 1300 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0320.

Author’s note: During the two months I spent gathering and examining theseWebsites, I found that the URL had changed for two sites. In the event that a URLin this Appendix is not found, I advise conducting a search using only the URLfor the parent or host organization. Enter the address only up to the extension‘‘edu,’’ ‘‘com,’’ ‘‘org,’’ and so on. It is usually possible to track down the newlocation and URL from the main Web page of the host institution.

Internet Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 3(3) 1998E 1998 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

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of leasing access rights rather than paying for full subscriptions;archiving, once a traditional and nearly exclusive library function,may be dispersed among many stakeholders and require greaterfinancial outlay and new levels of expertise. [Article copies available fora fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-342-9678. E-mailaddress: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com]

KEYWORDS. E-journals, collection development, e-journal collec-tion management, archiving e-journals, e-journal selection, electronicjournals

Developing and maintaining a serials collection has always presentedparticular problems for librarians. Unlike monographs, serial publications–if they live long enough–often tend to transform themselves over a periodof time. The title may change and later revert to its earlier form; it maysplit into two or more titles or merge with another title to form an altogeth-er different journal; the publishing agency may change; the title maysuspend publication, cease publication, or disappear without notice; thefrequency may vary; and the volume and numbering scheme may changeradically or disappear altogether.Establishing a subscription is not always a simple matter. The librarian

must obtain enough bibliographic information to identify the specific titleand then determine how best to obtain it: via direct subscription, a mem-bership, or the services of a vendor or subscription agent.Into the thick of the fray arrives the electronic journal, which, while

retaining the unique characteristics of the traditional print journal, alsobrings the potential for new challenges as librarians work to incorporatethem into the library holdings. This paper will examine some of the criticalissues librarians need to take into account as they consider the merits ofadding electronic journals to the library collection.

E-JOURNALS: A PERSPECTIVE

Scholars have long valued and relied on the current awareness functionof the traditional journal. A report of new research findings appears first ina journal article rather than in a monograph primarily due to the shortertime lag in publication. According to Judy Luther, e-journals can increasethis current awareness capability because ‘‘long papers can be more easilypublished without the constraints imposed by page restrictions, print andmailing/distribution costs.’’1

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Another factor that favors subscribing to the e-journal is the author’sability to provide direct online links to other papers or research pertinent tothe discussions–providing, of course, that these materials also are avail-able online. Hypertext links within the body of the paper quickly lead thescholar to further relevant information. An additional incentive is thate-journals can provide full media display, including sound and graphics.The increasing availability of electronic information offers the library

and its patrons new options. Instead of placing a traditional subscription,the librarian can consider a lease arrangement with an article supply ser-vice, such as UNCOVER, paying only for those articles requested by thepatron.2While there is ongoing debate whether e-journals will prove to be less

costly than print journals, many librarians are prompted to subscribe toe-journals because they hope to reduce their journal acquisitions budget.Stanley argues that electronic serials will bring budget reductions in bothacquisitions and storage costs.3 Others suggest that e-journals will lead toconservation of paper supplies, and hence, to lower costs.4 This authorcontends, however, that the paperless office exists more in the hope than inthe reality. The author’s view is supported by those who maintain thatpatrons prefer to print out the articles rather than read them online becauseprint remains more user-friendly than a computer screen and is easier toread.5

SELECTION CRITERIA

Sources of Information

The librarian must consider first which selection tools to use for identi-fying potential candidates to acquire or add to the collection. The Directo-ry of Electronic Journals, Newsletters, and Academic Discussion Lists, aprint version published annually by ARL since 1991, is one of the bestknown publications identifying existing electronic publications.6 A Webversion is also available (http://arl.org/scomm/edir/). NewJour (http://gort.ucsd.edu/newjour) is a listserv that notifies subscribers of new e-journals andserves to update the ARL bibliography. Many professional journals in-clude a current awareness column which alerts readers to new electronicpublications and still others provide reviews of the latest electronic offer-ings. The librarian may want to visit e-journal metasites which provideboth archives and links to e-journals in many subject areas. One exampleof a metasite is CICNet (http://ejournals.cic.net/index.html) which lists

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both alphabetically and by subject all e-journals which are freely availableon the Internet. A list of Internet-based selection sources is appended tothis article.Library patrons are often another good source of information. Individu-

als are likely to be aware of new publications in their area of interest orexpertise and will be requesting subscriptions at an increasing rate.

Evaluation

The librarian likely will use some of the same criteria to evaluatee-journals that she already uses for selecting other traditional library mate-rials: subject usefulness, integrity of the journal, refereed articles, supportof the curriculum, and accuracy of the information. A recent ARL surveyreports that 54% of responding libraries use the same criteria for selectionof e-journals and print journals; 43% have developed different criteria fore-journal collection development.7Vendors, indexing services, and librarians all have a stake in evaluating

the stability and integrity of the e-journal and each are examining currentpolicies and developing a new philosophy for accessing or collectinge-journals. The indexing service, ISI, will consider a title for indexing onlyafter three issues have been produced; in addition, five other key require-ments must be present:

There must be need for the journal and it must be peer reviewed.Affiliations of authors and the editorial board are considered andcitations are used as a tool in that process. Grant funding is a plusand the journal must be published on time.8

Other issues concerning e-journal evaluation focus on its accessibilityand the availability of a ‘‘formal published version which could be anno-tated with conversations monitored by an on-line editor.’’9 Here, the textwill still provide the scholar with an authenticated version of the research,although it may be modified over time.In examining the collection development policy for MIT Libraries, the

E-journal Subgroup recommended that the Libraries provide links to jour-nals ‘‘ . . . selected . . . by subject specialists, as long as they are availableover the Internet at a stable, well-supported site that offers the completerun of the e-journal with a user-friendly interface.’’10In the examples cited, the stability of the e-journal is a crucial factor.

All players want some assurance that the title will be available, will have areliable format, and will continue in production long enough to warrant the

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time and effort expended in evaluating, indexing and establishing links tothe work.

ACCESS

This discussion will consider two separate access functions–the elec-tronic access provided by the publisher or producer of the title and thelocal access provided by the library for its patrons. World Wide Web(WWW) access is the most common method for accessing e-journalstoday, but Listserv, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher, and E-mailaccess, either alone or in combination with one of the other methods, stillcommand a significant slice of the access/distribution ‘‘pie.’’

Access Problems

Harter and Kim have published a detailed study on their research intoproblems related to accessing scholarly e-journals.11 The study, conductedin 1995, reports a success rate of only 45% in connecting to e-journalarchives and analyzes the causes of the failed attempts to connect. Prob-lems with addresses, whether WEB or Gopher URL, E-mail address orListserv, are the primary source of the access failures.12 It is interesting tonote that although the authors used electronic address data taken from twohighly-regarded directories, the rate of failure remained high.13The authors also report on accessibility of the online references cited in

recent e-journal articles (i.e., articles published during the year of theirresearch). They find that only 51.8% of all online references are stillaccessible.14 Electronic newspapers, maintained by a commercial service,are the single category with a perfect retrieval rate. URL and listservprotocols had a 66% rate of successful retrieval, e-mail information hadonly a 30.8% success rate, and Usenet newsgroups were not successful atall. In some instances, the lack of archives for the last two categoriesexplains the poor retrieval rate.15 This disappointing success rate, togetherwith the problems identified in connecting to e-journals, should sendwarning flags to librarians and others whose interests are tied to electronicpublications.Other accessibility factors include the variety of data formats used by

e-journals, publishers’ password requirements, difficulties in downloadingfull text to the screen and printing the text, and network delays. Dataformats range in kind from ASCII (American Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) to QuickTime.(A list of data formats used by e-journals is provided in the Harter and

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Kim study.)16 Individuals with stand-alone PCs can install the necessarysoftware and access a variety of formats. Students and other library pa-trons, on the other hand, must rely on the facilities available at the li-brary.17The server/password requirements of many e-journal publishers can

also act as a barrier. A student must apply for a password before accessingthe material. Contract agreements may limit access to on-site use or re-quire other types of restrictions. It is not unknown for a service to limitaccess to a certain category of patron, such as law school faculty andstudents.Printing presents another set of requirements, first for the hardware and

paper supplies, and next for the software to access and download the data.In some instances, the data must be loaded on a server before printing canbe carried out. As noted earlier, most patrons prefer to print documentsrather than read them on screen and librarians must recognize the potentialstrain this preference puts both on existing equipment and future materialsbudgets.Network delays are inevitable and can be a considerable source of

frustration. Few people have not experienced this aggravating situation.While there are no quick solutions, librarians can advise patrons to expectand plan around delays, especially during periods of high use.

The Role of the Library

In the ideal setting, the preferred method of accessing both electronicand traditional print material might resemble the following description:

a single, user-friendly graphical interface which provides access tothe library’s own catalogue, to abstracts and indexes databases, tonetworked CD-ROMs, to other libraries’ OPACs and to electronicfull-text journals whether held locally or remotely . . . 18

Few libraries can claim to approximate that ideal, but each librarianmust examine the infrastructure of the library and of its parent institutionto determine whether the necessary wiring, hardware, and software are inplace for full access to a range of material. Does the administration orgoverning agency support efforts to provide the necessary connectivity?Are PCs and widespread Internet access available to both library staff andpatrons? If not, there is little merit in subscribing or linking to e-journals,whatever their value or relevance to the collection.

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Methods of Access

The means of access is the next issue to consider. Many libraries chooseto provide access through their home pages. This method has the advan-tage of allowing the library to arrange the e-journal collection in variousways: by subject, alphabetically by title, or by provider. For example, theWeb page can point to collections of journals published by a commercialservice or to collections available at other sites. It can group freely avail-able titles separate from those with password-protected access. For exam-ples of how other libraries are providing access through their home pages,the librarian can visit the home pages developed by some of the largerresearch libraries. A review describing how several libraries use Webpages for journal access is available in Tom Moothart’s recent article.19 Arecent report, published on the Web, details Los Alamos National Labora-tory Research Library’s efforts to create e-journal Web pages from theonline catalog.20Libraries with Web-based online catalogs may opt to add hypertext

links or ‘‘hot links’’ to the catalog record. The patron does not need toconsult the library home page, but can locate the desired title in the catalogand simply ‘‘click’’ on the URL for direct access.In either choice, the library must answer other questions pertinent to

access. Will full catalog records be provided in the online catalog for everye-journal for which the library maintains a link? If the library owns theprint version of a journal and points to the electronic version, will the samecatalog record be used for each or will separate records be provided? Howare e-journals identified–by a note (e.g., ‘‘See Library Home Page forAccess), a special location device (e.g., Internet), or other instructions tothe patron? Under what set of circumstances is it desirable to receive andcheck in new issues? The report from the MIT Libraries E-journal Sub-group analyzes methods of integrating e-journal acquisitions and biblio-graphic control into the technical services workflow.21

Maintaining Links

Given their potential for undergoing change, URLs and other onlinelinks require regular monitoring. A method for identifying such changesand formal procedures for making the necessary corrections are crucial.Library staff with the technological expertise may decide to rely on alocally-developed link-checking program while others will opt to sub-scribe to a service which monitors online addresses. Once a dead link isidentified, all affected parties must receive the information. If the e-journalcollection is mounted on the library home page, the library Webmaster

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must be notified; if bibliographic and other records in the online catalogcontain URLs or hypertext links, the appropriate technical services per-sonnel must receive the new information and update the appropriate fields.

Library as Gateway

The discussion on access to electronic media by necessity introducesthe issues of the changing definition of the library and its role. The tradi-tional notion has the library housing and maintaining a physical collection,providing bibliographic and reference services to assist the patron in usingthe material, and serving as an archive or repository of knowledge forfuture scholars. All things being equal, the library remained in control ofits own inventory. With the advent of the electronic age, the library facesthe prospect of serving as a gateway to information rather than as theowner of a collection. Some research suggests that a library catalog whichincludes records for a multitude of electronic publications is fast evolvinginto a bibliography rather than a catalog.22 Others recommend implement-ing a ‘‘disciplined selection process’’ to limit the number of electronicresources in the catalog.23 Linda Langschied also recommends a highlyselective approach to ‘‘collecting’’ and cataloging electronic publications,remarking that ‘‘we are undoubtedly evolving to a client server accessmethod. . . . ’’24

Training Issues

The need to train patrons in using the Internet, the home page, and theonline catalog is an obvious corollary to providing access to electronicmaterial. Once the level of expertise is assessed, specific training pro-grams can be developed. There is an equally important and often glossed-over need for a substantial investment in time and effort to train bothpublic and technical services library staff. They must be skilled in Internetsearch strategies, new selection criteria, navigation of the library Web site,and record creation which will integrate e-journal titles into the onlinecatalog. The library will also benefit if at least one staff member can serveas technology specialist, familiar with computer systems, hardware andsoftware. The decision either to fund training or to hire a specialist is onethat hinges on the support of the library administration, both philosophicaland budgetary.

ARCHIVING

In the past, the library assumed archival responsibilities as part of itsmission. No other agencies concerned themselves with preserving and

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retaining complete runs of periodicals, although back issue dealers servedas ‘‘pseudo-archivers’’ to some extent.25 In general, the library’s role wasan accepted fait accompli. In the electronic age, the issue is not so straight-forward and many questions are yet unanswered:

S Who will be responsible for archiving e-journals–the library? A li-brary consortium? The publisher/producer? The vendor or subscrip-tion agent?

S How will they be archived–On a CD-ROM? On a computer? As op-tical media?26

S Which e-journals will be archived?S Who decides which titles will be archived?

In their study, Harter and Kim point to serious problems with currente-journal archives they had attempted to locate, reporting that ‘‘aboutone-fifth . . . had incomplete archives and almost a quarter had probablyceased publication.’’27 They also write that commercial publishers, espe-cially fee-based publishers, are likely to maintain complete archives butsmaller publishers may be unwilling or unable to do so. Even when pub-lishers maintain archives, accessing earlier issues of e-journals on listserv-based systems can be difficult, especially for nonsubscribers.28 Some pub-lishers offer backfiles on the Web, but only for a limited period of time. Itis fair to state that, at present, there is no guarantee that archives ofe-journals will remain stable or available.Many libraries are planning to archive selected titles that they consider

crucial to their collection. The cost of local archiving, however, is tooprohibitive for most library budgets.29 Other avenues include consortialactivity, sharing both the responsibility and the cost of archiving, or plac-ing subscriptions only to publishers who provide backfiles. The study,‘‘Preserving Digital Information,’’ published by the Task Force on Archiv-ing of Digital Information investigates ways to provide ‘‘continued accessindefinitely into the future of records stored in digital electronic form.’’30The report is available in both print and electronic versions.

COST FACTORS

Some estimates put journals acquisitions at 90% of the library budget.31This may be true especially for collections in the sciences, business, andlaw. As stated in the introduction of this paper, many libraries are lookingto e-journals to reduce their subscription costs. Outlay for binding and

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storage will be reduced, but other factors invite consideration. This paperalready has described the infrastructure, staffing, new skills, training, andarchival decisions necessary to assure efficient access to e-journals; noneof these are truly free even when the library limits its choice to freelyavailable e-journals.Pricing arrangements for commercially produced e-journals vary wide-

ly. Some publishers include free access to the electronic version with thesubscription to the print version, while others charge a separate fee forboth. Still other publishers offer packaged subscriptions to electronic ver-sions of all the journals they publish. Article supply services offer yetanother alternative, permitting the library to pay only for the articles re-quested by a patron. For further details on pricing arrangements, consultthe report by Harter and Kim.32

COPYRIGHT AND CONTRACTS

Copyright becomes a thornier issue in the online environment because,according to A.S. Chaudhry, ‘‘it is difficult and sometimes impossible todetect the movement of works electronically.’’33 Publishers are no longersatisfied with the copyright law, fearing it cannot provide protection frommultiple, illegal copying of electronic documents. Vendors and publishersfavor contracts to define their own and subscribers’ rights. Ann Okersonpredicts that ‘‘the license arrangements that libraries and publishers cur-rently are making might, in fact, be achieving what we once expected fromlegislation and getting us there more quickly.’’34 She points out that boththe Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works(CONTU) and the President’s National Information Infrastructure (NII)Working Group on Copyright predict contracts, not copyright law, willcontrol use of electronic information in the future.35The librarian may need to confer with lawyers to review contracts,

work out potential problems, and arrive at mutually beneficial terms. Theacquisitions librarian, long accustomed to forging business relationshipswith vendors, may find herself with primary responsibility for negotiatingcontracts and assessing copyright implications when the library initiatessubscriptions to e-journals.Copyright issues for all stakeholders–the library, the publisher, the ven-

dor, and the user–are far reaching and not easily resolved. What is certainis that the library considering the merits of e-journals cannot afford toignore them.

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CONCLUSION

The introduction of e-journals into a library’s collection, often initiallyprompted by budget decisions, has an impact that extends well beyondfinancial considerations. The decision to incorporate this newmaterial intothe library collection requires a reevaluation of the definition and role ofthe library in the electronic age. Examination and evaluation of currentlibrary services, facilities, and staffing are not only inevitable but desirableoutcomes. It is a truism to state that e-journals present new challenges; stillmore to assert that they are here to stay. The librarian’s role is to under-stand and anticipate the impact of this new medium and develop theknowledge and skills necessary to use it to further the work of the libraryand needs of its patrons.

NOTES

1. Judy Luther, ‘‘Making the Most of Electronic Journals–Library and Second-ary Publisher Perspectives,’’ The Serials Librarian 28, no.3-4 (1996): 312.

2. Abdus Sattar Chaudhry, ‘‘Exploiting Network Information Resources forCollection Development in Libraries,’’ IFLA Journal 22, no.3 (1996): 192.

3. Nancy Markle Stanley, ‘‘The Case for Acquiring and Accessing ElectronicJournals in Libraries,’’ Collection Management 19, no. 3-4 (1995): 30.

4. Luther, ‘‘Making the Most of Electronic Journals,’’ 312.5. Ben Jeapes, ‘‘Learning to Live with E-Journals,’’ The Electronic Library

15, no. 1 (1997): 28.6. Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic Discussion

Lists (Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries, Office of Scientificand Academic Publishing, 1991-).

7. Elizabeth Parang and Laverna Saunders, comps. Electronic Journals inARL Libraries: Issues and Trends, SPEC Kit #201 (Washington, D.C.: Associa-tion of Research Libraries, Office of Management Studies, 1994), 65-74.

8. Luther, ‘‘Making the Most of Electronic Journals,’’ 314-315.9. Ibid., 315.10. Ellen Duranceau et al., ‘‘Electronic Journals in the MIT Libraries: Report

of the 1995 E-Journal Subgroup,’’ Serials Review 22, no. 1 (1996): 60.11. Stephen P. Harter and Hak Joon Kim, ‘‘Accessing Electronic Journals and

Other E-Publications: An Empirical Study,’’ College and Research Libraries 57(September 1996).

12. Ibid., 446-447.13. Ibid., 442.14. Ibid., 451-453.15. Ibid., 452.16. Ibid., 446.

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17. Jeapes, ‘‘Learning to Live with E-Journals,’’ 28.18. Fytton Rowland, ‘‘Electronic Journals: Delivery, Use and Access,’’ IFLA

Journal 22, no. 3 (1996): 228.19. Tom Moothart, ‘‘Providing Access to E-Journals Through Library Home

Pages,’’ Serials Review 22, no. 2 (1996).20. Frances L. Knudson et al., ‘‘Creating Electronic Journal Web Pages from

OPAC Records,’’ Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship 15 (Summer1997): n. pag. Online. Available: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/istl/97-summer/article2.html. 18 September 1997.

21. Duranceau, ‘‘Electronic Journals in the MIT Libraries,’’ 55-59.22. Regina Reynolds, ‘‘Inventory List or Information Gateway: The Role of

the Catalog in the Digital Age,’’ Serials Review 21, no. 4 (1995): 75-77.23. Duranceau, ‘‘Electronic Journals in the MIT Libraries, 56.24. ‘‘Electronic Journal Forum: VPIEJ-L: An Online Discussion Group for

Electronic Journal Publishing Concerns,’’ Serials Review 20, no. 1 (1994): 93.25. Wim Luijendijk, ‘‘Archiving Electronic Journals: The Serial Information

Provider’s Perspective,’’ IFLA Journal 22, no. 3 (1996): 209.26. Thomas E. Nisonger, ‘‘Collection Management Issues for Electronic Jour-

nals,’’ IFLA Journal 22, no. 3 (1996): 236.27. Harter and Kim, ‘‘Accessing Electronic Journals and Other E-Publica-

tions,’’ 453.28. Ibid., 443.29. Duranceau, ‘‘Electronic Journals in the MIT Libraries,’’ 51.30. Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information, Preserving Digital Infor-

mation: Report of the Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information (Washington,D.C.: Commission on Preservation and Access, 1996). Also Online. Available:URL: http://www.rlg.org/ArchTF/tfadi.index.htm. 25 September 1997.

31. Luther, ‘‘Making the Most of Electronic Journals,’’ 312.32. Harter and Kim, ‘‘Accessing Electronic Journals and Other E-Publica-

tions,’’ 450.33. Chaudry, ‘‘Exploiting Network Information Resources for Collection De-

velopment in Libraries,’’ 194.34. Ann Okerson, ‘‘Copyright or Contract?’’ Library Journal 122, no. 14

(1997): 139.35. Ibid., 136.

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APPENDIX

Internet-Based Selection Sources

CIC Electronic Journals Collection. Hp. 27 June 1997 [last update] On-line. Available: http://ejournals.cic.net/index.html. 1 October 1997.

Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and Academic DiscussionLists. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries, 1996.Online. Available: http://arl.org/scomm/edit/index.html. 8 October, 1997.

Electronic Journal Database. Columbus, OH: OhioLINK, N.d. Online.Available: http://www.ohiolink.edu/cgi-bin/ejournals.pl. 1 October, 1997.

Electronic Journals: UPenn Libraries. Philadelphia, University of Penn-sylvania, Van Pelt Library, N.d. Online. Available: http://www.library.upenn.edu/resources/ej/xej-news-indext.html. 2 October 1997.

Electronic Journals: Library, Archival, and Information Sciences: Elec-tronic Resources Project. Toronto: University of Toronto, Faculty ofInformation Studies N.d. Online. Available: http://www.fis.utoronto.ca/ejournals/ejfinal.htm. 2 October 1997.

Elsevier Science. TULIP: The University Licensing Project. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan, N.d. Online. Available: http://tulipsrvr.engin.umich.edu/tulip. 29 September 1997.

Index to Core Journals. Ann Abor: University of Michigan, 1996. Online.Available: http://www.lib.mich.edu/libhome/coreindex.html. 1 October 1997.

JSTOR Journal Storage Project: Redefining Access to Scholarly Litera-ture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, c1996. Online. Available:http://www.jstor.org/. 1 October 1997.

Johns Hopkins University Press. Project MUSE. Hp. 1997 [last update].Online. Available: http://muse.jhu.edu/muse.html. 2 October 1997.

MacLennan, Birdie. Serials in Cyberspace: Collections, Resources, andServices. Hp. 25 August 1997 [last update]. Online. Available: http://www.uvm.edu/ bmaclenn/. 4 October 1997.

NewJour: Electronic Journals and Newsletters. San Diego: University ofCalifornia, c1997. Online. Available: http://gort.ucsd.edu.newjour/. 3October 1997.

North Carolina State University: Catalogs, Databases and Internet Re-sources. Hp. 3 October 1997 [last update]. Online. Available:http://www.lib.ncsa.edu/disciplines/. 3 October 1997.

Rabine, Julie and Linda Rich. Electronic Journals: BGSU Libraries. Hp. 2October 1997 [last update]. Online. Available: http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/infosrv/ejournals/ejhome.htm. 3 October 1997.

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Scholarly Communications Project: University Libraries, Virginia Poly-technic Institute and State University.Hp. 3 October 1997 [last update].Online. Available: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu. 4 October 1997.

Selected Electronic Journals: Departmental List: Columbia University Digi-tal Library Collections.Hp. 13 April 1996 [last update]. Online. Available:http://www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/digital/dept.ejournals.html).

HAWORTH JOURNALSARE AVAILABLE ON MICROFORM

All Haworth journals are available in either microfiche or microfilm fromThe Haworth Press, Inc.

Microfiche and microfilms are available to hardcopy subscribers at the lower‘‘individual’’ subscription rate. Other microform subscribers may purchasemicrofiche or microform at the ‘‘library’’ subscription rate.

Microfilm specifications: 35mm; diazo or silver.Microfiche specifications: 105mm x 184mm (4” x 6”); reduction ratio: 24X;nonsilver (diazo) positive polarity.

Microform are mailed upon completion of each volume.

For further information, contact Janette Kemmerer, Microform Contact,The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580;Tel: (800) 342-9678 (ext. 328); Fax: (607) 722-1424;E-Mail: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com

Orders for microform may also be placed with University MicrofilmsInternational, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106;Tel: (303) 761-4700.

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