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B Y : S I T I A T I Q A H B I N T I A Z I Z A N

Issues and implication on

gender and society

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Gender wage gap

Definition: The gender wage gap is defined as theaverage difference between mens and womenshourly earnings within the economy as a whole

(source: Laboureconomics Weblog)

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Causes

Direct discrimination

Undervaluing of womens work

Balancing work and private life

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Implications

Women exposed to violence and exploitations

Lack of influence over resources and labour

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Oh, Southern Africa

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Gender equalities vs traditional practices inSouthern Africa

Which one would you prefer?

Traditionalpractices

Sexual intercoursewith young virgingirl can cure HIV

AIDS Marriage by

abduction

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Women occupied a secondary role in society

Swaziland; Women have no access to land without herhusband, male relative nor inherit from her deceased husband.

Bostwana ; Tribal courts treat adultery as a female crime only

Mozambique; A woman properties are given to the husbandwho has authority to allow her to enter into a commercialtransaction

Men are expected to have multiple, younger sexual partners.

Common and customary law reinforce these expectations.

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Implications

HIV/AIDS epidemic

Women suffer from low self-esteem

Exposure to womens violence and exploitation

Failure in informal education

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Who is the real woman?

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Hijra In India

Definition: Hijras are a social group, part religiouscult and part caste, who live mainly in north India.They are culturally defined either as "neither mennor women" or as men who become women byadopting women's dress and behavior.

(source: encyclopedia.com)

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Acknowledged but denied

SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF HIJRA ( social andcultural participation )

Social exclusion from family and society

Lack of protection from violence

Restricted access to education, health services andpublic spaces

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Exclusion from economy

Exclusion for livelihood opportunities

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Exclusion from politics and citizens participation

Restricted area of collectivization

Restricted right of citizenship

Restricted participation in decision-making process

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Implications

Vulnerable to HIV/AIDS

Bring embarrassment to the family

Shortage of manpower in country

Ruining potential human capital

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references

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001523.htm

http://www.newstatesman.com/world-

affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rights

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.html

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001523.htmhttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Gender-Stereotypes.topicArticleId-26957,articleId-26896.htmlhttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2008/05/hijras-indian-changing-rightshttp://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001523.htm