ISSN 2278-6856 Mapping of Urban Settlement along the Major … · Road, Nagore Road and Chopasni Road. City is not developing in concentric manner but it is spreading linearly in

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: [email protected]

Volume 6, Issue 5, September- October 2017 ISSN 2278-6856

Volume 6, Issue 5, September – October 2017 Page 226

Abstract: This research paper addresses the issue of urban sprawl along the Major Roads in the context of Jodhpur city. Subsequently, an attempt has been made to understand the process of new settlement and industrial growth over the time. Remote sensing and GIS technology pay a significant role in studies of urban growth. Satellite Data of Landsat, IRS-P6 , SOI toposheets and ground truth data were used for preparation of GIS based outputs maps of the Jodhpur city and surrounding areas. Satellite images were classified for finding different changes using urban sprawl measurement along the major periphery road of the city. The growth of the Jodhpur city is along the major highway like Pal road, Pali road, Jaipur Road, Nagore Road and Chopasni Road. City is not developing in concentric manner but it is spreading linearly in leapfrog pattern and in the direction which offers better opportunities in terms of industrial location and residential areas. Keywords: GIS, Urban growth, Road Network, Landsat.

1. INTRODUCTION Urban sprawl has become a burning topic in the urban planning and management of many countries in both the developed and the developing world. A number of authors have defined `Sprawl' in a variety of ways. Burchell et al (1998) synthesized forty years of research on the impacts of urban sprawl and concluded that the three conditions that define the negative impacts of sprawl are leapfrog development, low-density and unlimited outward expansion. Cheng (2003) has also defined it as a rapid expansion of the built-up area into suburbs in a discontinuous low-density form. Recent literature has defined urban sprawl as a change in land-use and land-cover of the region as sprawl induces the increase in built-up and paved area (Sudhira and Ramachandra, 2007). A general consensus is that the urban sprawl is characterized by unplanned and uneven pattern of growth and is driven by multitude of processes leading to inefficient resource utilization (Bhatta, (2010). This knowledge is crucial to sustainable land management and urban development planning. There is no universal solution for all forms of sprawling though. Yet there is a need for such study in the context of the study area.

1.1. Trends in Urban Population in India According to the 2011 census, the urban population grew from 286 million in 2001 to 377 million in 2011

(an increase of 91 million), while the rural population increased from 742.5 million in 2001 to 833 million in 2011(an increase of 90.5 million). The increase in the rural population was lower than that for the urban population for the first time since the 1951 census. Data from the 2011 census shows that the actual urban population was 19 million more than predicted (Bhagat, 2011a). This is due to push of rural population towards urban areas. Table-1 shows that India’s urban population was 62 million in 1951, which constituted about 17 per cent of the total population. While the urban population increased six fold during the period from 1951 to 2011, the level of urbanization only increased from 17 per cent in 1951 to 31 per cent in 2011.

Table- 1. Trends in urbanization in India.(1951-2011)

Census year

Urban population (in millions)

Urban (%)

Annual exponential urban growth Rate (%)

1951 62.44 17.29 1961 78.94 17.97 3.47

1971 109.11 19.91 2.34

1981 159.46 23.34 3.79

1991 217.18 25.72 3.09 2001 286.12 27.86 2.75 2011 377.10 31.16 2.76

Source: Census of India, (after Bhagat, 2012).

1.2. Population Growth Trends in Jodhpur Population wise, Jodhpur is the second biggest city of Rajasthan with population as per 2001 census as 856034. In last ten decades, there is ten-fold increase in population. In 2011, the population of the Jodhpur was 1.03 million reporting an annual growth rate of 2.05 percent. Jodhpur Municipal Corporation comprises 81.7 percent of the total urban population of Jodhpur district in 2011. The Municipal Corporation covers an area of 78.6sq kms with a density of 13438 persons per sq kms. Population up to year 2011 is from Census Department and that from 2021 up to 2031 is projected population (Fig.1). Jodhpur experienced phenomenal growth in the decade 1971-1981 with growth rate as high as 59.42%. The city is densely populated within the walled city limits. As these areas have reached

Mapping of Urban Settlement along the Major Roads of the Jodhpur City Using Geospatial

Technologies

S. L. Borana1 and S.K.Yadav2

RSG, DL, Jodhpur-342011, Rajasthan, India

http://www.ijettcs.org

mailto:[email protected]




saturation levels, development has started on the outskirts of the walled city.

Figure 1 Population growth trends for Jodhpur city (Source: Census of India).

1.3. Aim and Objectives To identify the patterns of urban sprawl along the

road in Jodhpur Municipal. To Geospatially map the Urban Growth along the

Roads. To Map the Industrial growth Zone along the

Roads.

2. STUDY AREA Jodhpur, the second largest city in Rajasthan, is one amongst the popular tourist destinations of India. It is known as the "Sun City" because of its bright and sunny weather. On an average about 4000 tourists visit the city every day. The future land use strategy of Jodhpur aims at the growth in the tourism and industrial sectors. The location map of the study area is shown in Fig.2.

2.1 Economic Profile The per-capita income of Jodhpur is Rs.24,523 which is higher than that of Rajasthan is Rs. 23194. The head count Ratio of urban poverty in Jodhpur is 5.4 percentas compared to 10.7 percent in Rajasthan in 2011-2012.The working population of Jodhpur comprises of 32.55 percent of the total population, of which 89.46 percent of the workers constitttes main workers the rest fall under marginal worker category. The occupational profile of the worker reveals that in Jodhpur 28.1 percent of the workers were engaged in elementary occupation followed by craft and related trade work(26.3 percent) and service & sales works(18.1 percent) in 2011-12. An industrial classification of urban worker in Jodhpur reveals that 28.7 percent of the workers are engaged into manufacturing sector(33.8 percent), followed by equal share of workers (19.3) in wholesale and retail trade and construction sector in 2011-12.

2.2 Infrastructure Profile There are 260 schools and 5 degree college per 100000 pupulation. In Jodhpur city, there are 73.69 percent house

holds living in houses which are in good condition while 24.59 percent are in livable conditions. The population of household residing in own house is 79.60 percent. The population household in slums is 23 percent. The total road length of concrete roads in the city is 1225kms while the road, There are 28 streetlights for every km. The proportion of households which own two-wheelers are 59.74 percent, whereas households owing four wheelers are 12.89 percent.

Figure 2 Location Map of the Study Area.

3. DATASET USED AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Date Used Survey of India Toposheets (1:50000) Satellite data: Landsat TM (1990), ETM+ (2010

and 2015) images (source: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu).

Census of India –Census data 2001 and 2011. Local Planning Report (Source: Jodhpur

Municipal Corporation ).

3.2 Methodology False Colour Images of Landsat data on scale 1:50,000 for 1990 and 2015 with Survey of India (SoI) maps were used in the present study. The software ERDAS-9.2 is used for image interpretation, image preprocessing and post processing techniques. ARCGIS-9.3 is used for extraction of built up area, preparation of basemap, integration, overlay and presentation of the spatial and non-spatial data of study area. The Research methodology adopted is given in Fig.3.



http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu).




Figure 3 Methodology Adopted.

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Under the study, urban sprawl was analyzed over a period from 1990 to 2015 by computing built-up areas from satellite imageries of the years 1990, 2000 and 2015. Geospatial mapping of built-up and industrial zone along the major roads have been carried out.

4.1 Urban Sprawl of Jodhpur city The growth of the city increased sizably resulting in development of areas outside the city wall. These developing residential nodes include Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, Ramraj Nagar, Vivek Vihar, etc, in the south and southwest. Several industries, educational institutions and establishments are the major developments proposed in the north and eastern direction. The developments are around the road network, so the residential and commercial activities spread along the roads, as a result the pattern of urban expansion was radial. Later the development was due to rapid population growth and due to the restriction for the vertical development. The horizontal development was not uniform in all direction, the development in north east part was restricted by hills and defence establishment. Major development take place towards the south and some of the activities of the city could be located in other directions. Both in terms of area as well as population. The location of the various institutions in Jodhpur city has a collective effect on its development. To overcome and to develop north east part various measures has been taken like establishing and shifting many public and semi public organization to the north, improving road connectivity, improving the transport system.

4.2 Major Road Network in Jodhpur City Transport services play a major role in the development of any region. This creates a growing demand for urban infrastructure, especially for urban transport infrastructure and public transport. Transport facilities have accelerated

the pace in the development in study area that has a large number of industries and companies. It has stepped up demand for transport. The area under study has roads, rail for the purpose of transport, out of which roads and rail are more in use. The roads available for intra study area and going outside are as follows – i) NH-112 – It passes through the central study area towards Jaipur, ii) NH-65- It passes through the central study area towards Nagaur and iii)NH-114 (Fig.4).

Figure 3 Major Road network of the Study Area.

Important State Highway passing along the study area are SH-58, 61, 63 & 68. Road network map has been prepared using RS and GIS for the analysis of development of new built-up and industrial zones. Fig.5 shows road buffer zone of 200 meter and 500 meter on either side of these roads demarcation of settlement along the Roads. The area lying between 200 meter distances on both side of the road network is rank high for development and consequently the area lying 500 meter is rank low development.

Figure 5 JMC-Major and NH Road Buffer -200m and 500m.






4.3 Spatitemporal Mapping of Urban Growth along the Road Urbanization takes place either in radial direction around a city center or linearly along major road networks. Such dispersed nature of urban development along major road networks or surrounding city center is often referred to as sprawl (Sudhira et al., 2004). Some of the major factors responsible for urban sprawl are population growth, proximity to major resources, services and infrastructure. The growth of the Jodhpur city is along the major highway like Pal road, Pali road, Jaipur Road, Nagour Road and Jaisalmer Road (Borana et. al., 2013). New residential and commercial areas have been established over the two decades. The Master Plan 2023 of the city also aims at relocation the activities of Regional context from Jodhpur City to outer areas and in Satellite towns. It also proposes to locate all future industrial activities and estates and large scale industries at the periphery. The pattern of sprawl has to be identified and analyzed effectively to help urban and regional planning. In this study urban sprawl over the period of 1990 to 2015 has been mapped by computing the area of all the built lands from land cover maps and visualize in GIS environment. Major roads are the main settlement zones for the city (Fig.6 &7).

Figure 6 Landsat Image(1990and 2015) shows new urban

growth along the Major Roads.

Figure 7 GIS Map of Urban Growth along Major Roads.

4.4 Built-up Growth Trend in Jodhpur City The rapid growth of population of the city has put great pressure on the demand for urban spaces. In response to this demand, efforts are being made by the city government to incorporate the peripheral areas of the city which is resulting in hastening the expansion of the built-up area of the city. Accordingly, Jodhpur has experienced rapid physical expansion (Table-2).

Table-2 Physical Growth (Built-up area) of the Jodhpur City. Year Urban Area (km2) Growth Growth Rate 1990 24.97 2000 68.98 44.01 1.76 2010 114.42 45.44 0.65 2015 131.25 16.83 0.15

The physical expansion of the built-up area of the city during the period 1950 to 1973 was characterized by a compact type of development. From 1973 to 1990, the built-up area increased by 24.97 sq km. The next period of physical expansion of the city was between 1990 and 2000 when the built-up area expanded by 68.98 sq km. During the most recent period of physical expansion, between 2000 and 2010, the physical built-up area of Jodhpur increased by 114.42 sq km. Expansion of the city was characterized by the development of scattered and fragmented settlements in the peripheral areas of the city with both legal residents and squatters. In 2015, Jodhpur city had an estimated total of 131.25 sq km with squatter settlements and estimated growth rate was 15 per cent of the total built-up area. The urban growth along major roads is mapped over the decades and GIS thematic maps are generated for temporal growth of the city (Fig.8).

Figuer 8 Temporal wise Urban Expantion of Jodhpur city (1973-2015).






The Jodhpur Urban area is the major economic core but at the same time, it is crucial to actually realize the contribution of the region towards the economy. A ring road (70 Km.) is proposed around the Jodhpur city to increase the mobility of the city and divert the through traffic without adding the congestion to the city road network. In addition to the above another ring road is also necessary to develop from Jaisalmer-Pali-Jaipur link road to Nagore-Jodhpur NH-65. The city grew around the core area and consequently several roads that form the radials became prominent (Fig.9 &10).

Figure 9 New settlement along the Mandore Road.

Figure 10 New urban growth along NH-65 Road.

4.5 Growth of Industrial Zones along the Roads In the recent years Jodhpur has increasingly became the important industrial centre. The Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Limited (RIICO) has developed industrial areas in the district. Jodhpur is the third most industrialized district in Rajasthan. Jodhpur district accounts for 6 per cent of the net domestic product from the Mining & Manufacturing Sector of the state. About 1968 acre land is under industrial development, which is 12.06 per cent of total developed area and is likely to be 5135 acre in 2023 under Master Plan-II (2001- 2023). Main industries of Jodhpur are textiles, handicrafts, steel re-rolling and pata patti, guar gum, chemical & minerals, stone cutting & processing and food processing units.The industrial areas also developed along the major Roads. Some important industrial zones along the Roads are: NH-65N: Mandore Stone Park, Mathania Agro Food Park. NH-65S: Basni Phase I & II, Sangaria. NH-112-Boronada. Boranada , Shilpgram Pal Ind. Area.

The industrial zones become important urban settlement zones in the Jodhpur city. Earlier these were established at city peripheral area but now most of these areas came under the JDA limits. Temporal Mapping of these industrial areas was also carried out in GIS and thematic maps generated (Fig.11.).

Figure 11 Temporal wise Industrial Expansion along the major Roads.

5. CONCLUSION This study amply demonstrates the use of remote sensing and GIS to analyze the urban sprawl mapping along the peripheral roads of the city. Recently urban expansion in the study region is governed by the road network mainly following a ribbon shaped linear spread. A marked significant growth has been noticed along the national highways and roads connecting the city in three directions namely Pal Road in SSW, Pali Road in SSE and Mandore Road in NNW. There is little urban growth in North West due to hills and mining areas. While most of the economic activities are located in and around the old city area, the residential colonies have grown in the south western, north eastern, south eastern and southern parts, which are far off from the old city (the main centre of activities). Due to establishment of new industrial zones on the peripheral roads new settlement has also occurred. The study suggests that the road network has a significant influence on the expansion and transformation of land for different uses in and around the city. Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the Director DL, Jodhpur and Head, Department of Mining Engineering, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur for help and encouragement during the study.






References [1] Bothale, R.V and Sharma, J. R. (2007) Rapid

urbanization in desert towns - a case study of Sun City Jodhpur using geo-informatics. ISG Newsletter Volume 13, No. 2 & 3, June / September 2007.

[2] Dasgupta, A and Pau l, S. Analysis of Urban Growth using RS, GIS and Shannon's Entropy in and around Burdwan City, West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Spatial Science Vol - 4.0 No. 2 Winter Issue 2013 pp. 71 – 80.

[3] Epstein, J. et al. [2002], Techniques for Mapping Suburban Sprawl, In: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63(9), S.913-918.

[4] Sudhira, H. S., Ramachandra, T. V., and Jagadish, K. S. (2004a). Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 5, 29-39.

[5] Alsharif, A. A. A., Pradhan, B.; Mansor, S.; Shafri, H. Z. M. 2015. Urban expansion assessment by using remotely sensed data and the relative Shannon entropy model in GIS: a case study of Tripoli, Libya, Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management 10(1): 55–7

[6] Bhatta, B. 2009. Analysis of urban growth pattern using remote sensing and GIS: a case study of Kolkata, India, International Journal of Remote Sensing 30(18): 4733–4746. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802651967

[7] Bhatta, B. 2010. Analysis of urban growth and sprawl from remote sensing data. Chapter 4. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05299-6

[8] 8. Bhatta, B. 2012. Urban growth analysis and remote sensing: a case study of Kolkata, India 1980–2010. Chapter 2. Dordrecht: Springer, 9–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4698-5

[9] Bhatta, B; Saraswati, S; Bandyopadhyay, D. 2010a. Quantifying the degree-of-freedom, degree-of-sprawl, and degree-of-goodness of urban growth from remote sensing data, Applied Geography 30(1): 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.001

[10] Bhatta, B.; Saraswati, S.; Bandyopadhyay, D. 2010b. Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data, Applied Geography 30(4): 731–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002

[11] Dewan, A. M.; Corner, R. J. 2014. Spatiotemporal analysis of urban growth, sprawl and structure, Chapter 6 in A. Dewan; R. Corner (Eds.). Dhaka megacity: geospatial perspectives on urbanisation, environment and health. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6735-5_6

[12] Feng, J.; Chen, Y. 2010. Spatiotemporal evolution of urban form and land-use structure in Hangzhou, China: evidence from fractals, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 37(5): 838–856. https://doi.org/10.1068/b35078.

[13] Borana S.L., Yadav S.K., Parihar S.K. and Paturkar R.T. - Integration of Remote Sensing & GUS for

Urban Land Use / Cover Change Analysis of the Jodhpur city, 33rd INCA International Congress , 19 - 21 September, 2013, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.

[14] Hegazy, I. R.; Kaloop, M. R. 2015. Monitoring urban growth and land use change detection with GIS and remote sensing techniques in Daqahlia governorate Egypt, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 4(1): 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.02.005

[15] Hu, S.; Tong, L.; Frazier, A. E.; Liu, Y. 2015. Urban boundary extraction and sprawl analysis using Landsat images: a case study in Wuhan, China, Habitat International 47: 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.017

[16] Jaeger, J. A. G.; Schwick, C. 2014. Improving the measurement of urban sprawl: Weighted Urban Proliferation (WUP) and its application to Switzerland, Ecological Indicators 38: 294–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.022

[17] Jat, M. K.; Garg, P. K.; Khare, D. 2008. Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 10(1): 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2007.04.002.

[18] Kaya, S; Seker, D. Z.; Tanik, A. 2012. Analysis of urbanized areas using V-I-S components model, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21(11): 3243–3248.

[19] Kumar, J. A. V.; Pathan, S. K.; Bhanderi, R. J. 2007. Spatio-temporal analysis for monitoring urban growth – a case study of Indore city, Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 35(1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991829

[20] Li, F. 2012. Investigation of urban sprawl on the basis of remote sensing data: a case study in Jiangning, Nanjing City, China: PhD Thesis. University of Stuttgart, Germany.

[21] Ramachandra, T. V.; Bharath, A. H.; Sowmyashree, M. V. 2015. Monitoring urbanization and its implications in a mega city from space: Spatiotemporal patterns and its indicators, Journal of Environmental Management 148: 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.015

[22] 22. Ramachandra, T. V.; Bharath, H. A.; Durgappa, D. S. 2012. Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 18: 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.005

[23] Sudhira, H. S.; Ramachandra, T. V.; Jagadish, K. S. 2004. Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 5(1) 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2003.08.002

[24] Borana S. L. (2015). Urban Settlement, Planning and Environmental Study of Jodhpur City using Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies, JNV University, Jodhpur, PhD Thesis, pp.225 (Unpublished).



https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802651967

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05299-6

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4698-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.08.001

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6735-5_6

https://doi.org/10.1068/b35078.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.02.005

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.01.017

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.022

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2007.04.002.

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991829

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.015

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.005

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2003.08.002




[25] GLCF – http://www.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu [26] USGS - http://glovis.usgs.gov. [27] Jensen. J.R, and D.L. Toll, 1982, Detecting

residential landuse development at the urban fringe, “Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing”, Vol. 48(4), pp 629643.

[28] Mahdibeigi. H, M. Mahdavi and A. Alihosseini, 2010, Transforming large villages into small towns and studying their role in rural development through Network Analysis Methodology: Rural district of Southern Behnam Arab (Javad Abad zone from the region of Varamin), “Journal of Geography and Regional Planning”, Vol. 3(6), pp 158168.

[29] Siyuan. W, L. Jingshi and Y. Cunjian, 2007, Temporal change in the landscape erosion pattern in the Yellow River Basin, China, “International Journal of Geographical Information Science”, Vol. 21(10), pp 1077–1092

[30] Sudhira.H.S, T.V. Ramachandra, K.S.Jagadish, 2004, Urban sprawl: metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS, “International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation”, Vol. 5, pp 29–39

[31] Bhagat R. B (2010). Access to Basic Amenities in Urban Areas by Size class of Cities and Towns in India. International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai.

[32] Bhagat, R.B. (2011a). Emerging pattern of urbanisation in India. Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 46, No. 34, pp. 10-12.

[33] Wilbur Smith Associates (2010) Draft final report on Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Jodhpur,

AUTHOR

Dr S.L Borana received ME (Electronics & Communication) and PhD from JNV University, Jodhpur. Presently he is working in Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur and has experience of 13 years in the area of remote

sensing and GIS. His research interests include: Remote Sensing & GIS, Disaster Mgt, Image Processing.

Dr S.K Yadav received MSc (Geology) and PhD from JNV University, Jodhpur. Presently he is working in Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur and has experience of 18 years in the area of remote sensing and

terrain analysis. His research interests include: Remote Sensing Geology, GIS & Urban Planning. , Risk Analysis & Disaster Management.



http://www.glcf.umiacs.umd.edu

http://glovis.usgs.gov.

Documents

ISSN 2278-6856 Mapping of Urban Settlement along the Major … · Road, Nagore Road and Chopasni Road. City is not developing in concentric manner but it is spreading linearly in