ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 7, Number 1

March 2015

2015

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Editors and Sections

Genetics and Breeding

Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Nikolay Tsenov (Bulgaria)Max Rothschild (USA)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Horia Grosu (Romania)Bojin Bojinov (Bulgaria)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

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Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

Production Systems

Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria)Bogdan Szostak (Poland)Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria)Banko Banev (Bulgaria)Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria)

Agriculture and Environment

Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria)Ramesh Kanwar (USA)Martin Banov (Bulgaria)

Product Quality and Safety

Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria)Stefan Denev (Bulgaria)Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria)

English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2015

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 7, Number 1March 2015

Bioconversion of nitrogen in an eco-technical system for egg production

A. Gencheva*

Nature Sciences Department, New Bulgarian University, 21 Montevideo, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria

Abstract. The present paper aims to assess nitrogen circulation in an eco-technical system for egg production. The experiments were conducted in modelled conditions in an anthropogenic ecosystem of the “mesocosm” type, in which the unit of the bio-consumers and three eco-technological chains modelling the unit of the bio-decomposers are modelled: manure storing for decontamination /a recommendation on good farming practices/, composting and anaerobic decomposition in an installation for biogas production. A new criterion was implemented for the assessment of the chemical heterogeneity in the biogenic nitrogen cycle in the modified trophic chain – retention coefficient /k/, which is defined as the ratio of nitrogen introduced into the system / nitrogen content in the feed: its quantity in the secondary biological production x 100. The chemical heterogeneity at the level of organisms /differences in the individual components of eggs/ and at the biocenotic level is established. The biogenic nitrogen cycle in the eco-technical chain for egg production is characterized by an uneven distribution in both products of the outflow. The largest amount of nitrogen is found in the egg whites (k = 0.45), while it decreases significantly in egg yolks (k = 0.17) and reaches k = 0.03 in the egg shell, a.k.a. heterogeneity on the level of organisms is established. The nitrogen compounds introduced through the feed ration are concentrated in manure (k = 25.33). Losses of nitrogen are established in two of the manure utilization technologies. The quantity of /k/ in the compost is 20.32, a.k.a. the loss of nitrogen compounds is 19.8%. The biggest losses are found in manure storage; according to the recommendations on good farming practices (k = 18.82) or the reduction of nitrogen is 25.7% compared with fresh manure. Due to redistribution of the chemical elements /a significant part of C, H and O are included in biogas/, there is nitrogen concentration in bio slime – k = 35.85 or 41.5% more than in fresh manure. When separated nitrogen is concentrated in the liquid fraction (k = 31.19), while in the solid phase k = 4.67 is established.

Keywords: nitrogen, eco-technical system for eggs, anaerobic decomposition, organic fertilizers, compost

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 7, No 1, pp , 2015118 - 123

Introduction decomposition of organic products – manure, which yields fuel gas (biogas) and a product which increases soil fertility (bios slime), with a biotechnological chain for anaerobic decomposition (composting) The chemical heterogeneity of the biosphere proven by and a primitive model of a facility for substrate mineralization, which Vernadsky (1954) is the basis for important research practice in is recommended in the good farming practices (Welte and different areas, among which is management of the biogenic and Timmermann, 1989). toxic element cycle in agro-ecological systems and the related

The anthropogenic modification of the trophic chain of pasture changes in quality of food, reduction and use of organic waste, etc. type and the necessity for precise regulation of the movement of The object of this work is the circulation of a vital biogenic matter in the “bio-producers – bio-consumers – bio-decomposers“ macroelement – nitrogen in anthropozoocenosis for egg production, unit imposes a criteria search for assessing chemical heterogeneity which is a system of few components in structure and belongs to the at the level of the organism /in order to assess the quality and safety eco-technical systems with broken cycle of matter and linearity of of manufactured secondary biological production/ and at the above technological processes in its function. With the term “nitrogen” we bodily level /in this case for the assessment of organic fertilizers as a define the biologically active nitrogen compounds in the biosphere. resource for improving soil fertility/. In forming the eco-technical According to Odum (1975) and Ricklefs (1975), they are a defining system a trophic chain with a broken cycle of matter and a structural component for all levels of organization of life, as they are biotechnological chain for manure mineralization are formed. the basis of egg white proteins, and “life is a form of existence of Therefore, control is concentrated on the units of the trophic chain of proteins“ (Engels, quoted by Vernadsky, 1954). Ricklefs (1975), pasture type – bio-producers (feed) - bio-consumers (laying hens) - Schroder et al. (2003) and others, point out an important feature for organic produce /eggs and manure/ and the bio-technological chain the functioning of ecosystems and biosphere in characterizing the /secondary bio-technological produce /manure – biogas – bio slime biogenic nitrogen cycle – differences in nitrogen retention in the or compost when composting/, respectively when storing manure biological systems of bodily (organs and tissues) and beyond-bodily (Baykov and Tyrawska, 1991; Paul and Beauchamp, 1995; (plant and animal species) levels of organization of living matter. Kostadinova and Petkov, 2012). As a general criterion for the In order to achieve the main goal – maximum productivity assessment of nitrogen's chemical heterogeneity we apply a at high economic efficiency, other significant features in the structure quantitative criterion “retention coefficient” (k), which similarly to the and functioning of the agro-ecological system are implemented: high criteria related to bioaccumulation – concentration clark, safety population density, modifying the abiotic factors and regulation of clark, etc. allows control and regulation of matter movement in the biotic relationships, mandatory system of ecological control. In our anthropogenic ecosystem for egg production in order to reduce the experiments the trophic chain, in which the first unit is heterotrophic consequences of the technological process linearity and to organisms – bio-consumers (the economically valuable population), guarantee the quality of the secondary biological produce used as is integrated with biotechnological chains of a detritus type of food for man (eggs), (Baykov et al., 2005). The proposed anthropogenic transformation which provides anaerobic

* e-mail: adelina.g@abv.bg

118

119

quantitative criterion (k) is indicative for the degree of accumulation 3of organic nitrogen compounds in the secondary biological produce, P = B .2,6.10 (1 – )0

which is a key indicator of its biological value.

Y = ( ).(V

Material and methods

V=Our research was conducted in modelled conditions in an eco-technical system for the production of eggs in which the trophic chain of pasture type is modified, with broken cycle of matter and linearity

2of technological processes due to which waste products are Q = B .2.10 (1 – )0

accumulated. The experiments have been carried out in modelled conditions where the variables are as described in the model and in addition: P

in anthropogenic ecosystem of the “mesocosm” type under Odum's – the total methane yield in a fermenter recasting manure derived classification (Odum, 1986), which includes two models: model of from a number and category of birds, listed in a table; V – fermenter anthropozoocenosis with a trophic chain of pasture type and two volume; Q – degree of decomposition of organic matter (in %); Y – Vtypes of models of trophic chains of a detritus type, biotechnological 3 3technological methane yield – dm CH3/dm of ferment; B – 0chain for anaerobic decomposition of the manure organic matter

maximum methane yield in mineralization of a unit organic matter of /biogas production/ and for aerobic decomposition /composting/, as 3the substrate dm /CH4/gVS. S – concentration of the organic matter 0well as a scale model for the storage and mineralization of manure

3of the substrate – gVS/dm ; θ – exchange period (in days); K – kinetic recommended in good farming practices. The model of a livestock constant without dimension; μm – the maximum specific growth rate farm is realized in an anthropogenically modified ecotope – air-of the microbial population – day-1.conditioned sectors of an experimental base near Kostinbrod. The

The model's modified form that we applied and the program for abiotic parameters of the habitat are in accordance with Decree № optimization analysis allow to determine the total yield of methane 44 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, as follows: air temperature

3 3 3(dm CH /day), the technological methane yield (dm CH /dm /day), 4 4(16 – 22°C), relative humidity (50 – 75%), air velocity in the living the degree of decomposition of the organic matter of the substrate area (0.2 – 0.5 m/sec), light intensity (40 lux), toxic gas content –

3(%), as well as the reactor volume in m at different values of the carbon dioxide (0.1%), ammonia and hydrogen sulphide – traces. variables in the technological regime, relative to a farm for rearing The birds are watered with water from a central water source which 5000 laying hens (a main type of farm for biological egg production). meets the requirements under Regulation № 9/2001 of the Ministry The program for computer analysis allows for optimization of of Health. The nitrate content in the drinking water is under 10 mg/L designing the installation and development of an optimal and therefore this source of nitrogen has not been taken into account technological regime. when determining (k).

The data for the quantity of the manure are taken from the The studies have been conducted using 80 laying hens in 4 research by Baykov and Tyrawska (1991). In this current model we equal groups of the ISA-Brown breed, all 36 weeks of age. The biotic accept as criteria for optimization the following: maximum factors are regulated by the application of the established in this mineralization of the organic matter in the substrate /ecological technology prevention programs and by regulation of the abiotic criterion = criterion P /respectively maximum total gas production or factors /the intensity of air exchange/ with view of limiting microbial maximum technological methane yield/ economic criterion or criteria air pollution. The fowls are reared without bedding at a density of 6

2 Yv/. For optimal S , T and θ values we accept those in which the daily 0hens/m floor area. The laying hens are fed with a feed containing 3 oincrease by 1 gVS/dm , 1 C leads to an increase in the effectiveness 18% crude protein, 0.44% assimilable phosphorus, 3.83% calcium,

of the process by no less than 1%. The results of the optimization 0.91% lysine, 0.76% methionine + cysteine and metabolic energy analysis are presented in Table 1.2759 kcal/kg of the feed.

The second module /biotechnological chain for biogas production/ includes modelling of anaerobic biomass decomposition /AD/ in a laboratory cascade fermenter developed by us and optimized for the technological processes through mathematical modelling. The technical solution allows for conducting an experiment with 6 simultaneous substrates as an opportunity for daily control of the anaerobic decomposition by sampling at the input and output of each module of the cascade.

To optimize methane fermentation we applied the model of Chen and Hashimoto (1979), which is used by a number of authors in a handling laboratory, pilot and industrial biogas installations. It is applied in a very wide range of values of the individual variables, as well as in various substrates (Chen and Varel, 1980). On the basis of Chen and Hashimoto (1979) and Chen and Varel (1980)'s models we developed a modified form of the model and a program for optimization analysis, the equation has the following form:

)

Km

K

+-1qm

Km

K

+-1qm

Table 1. Results of the optimization analysis

Parameter UnitsP YV

Temperature, Т

Exchange period,

Substrate concentration, S0

Load

Useable capacity, V

Total methane yield, Р

Technological methane yield, YV

Degree of degradation, Q

oC

Days

GVS/1

GVS/day3m

3m /day

1 CH /day4

%

33

15

39

2.6

32.5

21.4

0.65

49.27

55

6

45

9.0

9.7

15.5

1.6

32.76

Criteria

P32,6.10

32,6.10

S0

S0

θ

θ

Figure 2. n o n n o o n f o of n o en ( ) n he

The second variant of the biotechnological system is realized in a laboratory-based composting installation described by aharinov (2013). The aeration intensity and the idle time of the substrate are in accordance with the methodology of Baykov and aharinov (2005). The manure storage module is a scale model of manure storage made from durable plastic where the shelf life is 180 days. The laboratory tests were conducted using the following algorithm:

Eggs are collected and tested daily. Egg white yolk and shell are separated and individually weighed. The samples are stored at

o0 C until the time of testing /every 10 days/.Daily samples were taken from the manure /both fresh and

stagnant/ bio slime and compost and periodically /every 10 days/ from the feed and drinking water which were tested by standardized methods as follows:

• Determining mass in a fresh state /through weighing/.• Determining the environmental response /pH/ - BDS EN

12176: 2000.• Determining the dry residue and water content – BDS EN

12880: 2003.• Determining the total organic carbon – EN 13137: 2005.• Determining total nitrogen – BDS 11261 ISO: 2002.• Determining mineral nitrogen forms: ammonium /NH -N/ 4

and nitrate /NO --N/.3

Nitrogen – BDS ISO 14255: 2002.The statistical analysis of the data was done using Microsoft

Excel (Microsoft Office 2000) and STATISTICA.

Results and discussion

The results for the chemical heterogeneity of nitrogen in an anthropogenic ecosystem for the production of secondary biological produce (eggs) are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. In applying the components of the hen s egg. In the process of evolution the nitrogen criterion /k/ substantial differences in nitrogen retention in the two retention mechanisms have secured its high content in the whites main branches of the secondary biological produce were (13.17mg/100g) and in the yolk (4.77mg/100g) which are discovered. The principal amount of nitrogen is concentrated in responsible for the reproduction of the species – a series of manure which contains 25.33% of the introduced amount of processes at the centre of which are protein structures. Low nitrogen nitrogen (k 25.33) while in eggs the nitrogen retention is content is found in the shell (0.92mg/100g) which is explained by its respectively 0.17% in the yolk (k 0.170 0.45% in the whites (k functions to provide mechanical protection to the fetus hence the 0.45) and 0.03% (k 0.03%) in the shell. The studies show crucial importance of structural components which contain calcium.significant differences in the retention of nitrogen in the different hen interpreting the results it should be borne in mind that the

analysed trophic chain is of the pasture type in structure but from the point of view of the specifics of operation it is of the ecotrophic type (Baykov and Tyrawska 1991). The experiments were conducted in an ecotope with nitrogen soil content ranging from 0.7mg/1000g soil (low availability of nitrogen) to 3.5mg/1000g in excellent availability.

hen producing feed the amount of nitrogen in drinking water should be taken into account – in our experiments it was 50 – 80mg/L. Based on literary data (Ricklefs 1975) and on the conducted experiments an assessment can be made that the initial nitrogen concentration (in the form of nitrogen compounds) is on the trophic level of the bioproducers. In this case the primary biological produce is modified as it is enriched with nitrogen compounds and thus a product of input at the unit of the bioconsumers (laying hens) with nitrogen content of 2880 mg/100g is formed. In natural ecosystems the nitrogen content in forage is between 800 and 1800mg/1000g.

The broken matter cycle is characterized by the accumulation of nitrogen compounds in the second component of the secondary biological produce – the manure. An assessment of nitrogen retention in the secondary biological produce is made with these

Table 2. o e en of n o en n he o h h n of he e o e hn e fo e o on (n = )

N ElementMeasure

mg/100g of dry matterquantity

Retention coefficient (k)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Mixed fodder

Egg yolk

Egg whites

Egg shell

Fresh manure

Dry manure

Compost

Bio slime total

Bio slime liquid fraction

Bio slime solid faction

2880±18.20

4.77±0.82

13.17±1.14

0.92±0.42

729.30±38.90

542.22±41.90

585.19±30.90

1032.40±48.10

898.19±56.90

134.21±28.20

-

0.17

0.45

0.03

25.33

18.82

20.32

35.85

31.19

4.67

Figure 1. o o fe en e of he e e

121

studies, based on a modified by us methodology by Vernadsky accessible source of energy), but this is not associated with changes (1954) for the assessment of the chemical heterogeneity of the in the nitrogen content of eggs. The conclusion is that similarly to the biosphere based on Clark's teachings for the chemical energy subsidies in the anthropogenic ecosystems which Odum heterogeneity of the lithosphere. For almost 40 years (the period of (1996) writes about, in the anthropozoocenoses for egg production 1899 – 1924) and on the basis of more than 5000 chemical analyses, the nitrogen surpluses introduced through the ration are not utilized Clark proves the average content of the main ten chemical elements fully from the economically valuable population and are common in the surface layer (up to a depth of 16 km) of the concentrated in the manure. From this feature stems the need for lithosphere (Dobrovolyskiy, 1998). In 1934 Fresman offers assessment of the manure as a raw material with strictly controlled quantitative assessment criterion for this heterogeneity. The Clark parameters, including the amount of nitrogen (Reylly, 1980; unit that is recommended for this quantitative definition is defined as Schroder et al., 2003).the ratio between the content of the researched element in one unit In interpreting the obtained results it should be borne in mind of mass of the studied lithosphere sample to the average content of that the analysis on one trophic level in this case the level of the the same element in the lithosphere. phytophagous does not reflect reliably the nitrogen cycle throughout

the whole eco-technical system. For this reason, we included in our studies the next trophic level as well – that of the biodecomposing organisms through forming chains of the detritus type, modelled bio-technological systems. Modelling and the conducted studies are where A is the content of the chemical element in the sample, and K based on the concept that the secondary biological produce is is the Clark of this element in the crust. When K is above 1 we talk k defined in two major branches. The first includes eggs /food

about concentration, if it is less than 1 we talk about diffusion.resource for man/, which have a technological path for their usage.

This is the applied principle in the determination of (k) of The second major stream are the organic fertilizers which are

nitrogen in an eco-technical system for the production of eggs. As subject to an environmental assessment by forming eco-

with Verdansky (1954)'s research, the used criterion reflects technological chains that reproduce the manufacturing practices

nitrogen retention in the bioconsumer unit, a.k.a. the end result of the (Baykov et al., 2005; Baykov and Zaharinnov, 2005; Baykov and

anthropogenically formed nitrogen cycle, as the (k) criterion allows Simeonov, 2009; Kirov et al., 2008; Shindarska et al., 2013;

for a quantitative assessment. When calculating /k/ the numerator is Shindarska et al., 2014).

the nitrogen in the tested substrate (yolk, manure, etc.) in 100g of dry To clarify the issue we conducted additional studies in which the

matter: the amount of nitrogen per 100g dry weight of feed x 100.movement of nitrogen within the unit: bioconsumers (poultry,

Based on the obtained results a conclusion should be drawn manure respectively) - bioproducers – processed product /bio slime,

that the enrichment of the ration with nitrogen compounds (amino compost, stagnant manure/, the results of which are presented in

acids and proteins), regardless of the fact that it stimulates Table 3 and Figure 3. The conducted studies on the nitrogen cycle in

productivity of populations of highly productive breeds and their an eco-technical system for the production of eggs chain show some

hybrids, it is ineffective from the point of view of biogeochemistry, alarming for nature's health consequences from the currently

due to the fact that the extremely high content at the input of the applied technologies for manure utilization. The most popular

trophic level of the bioconsumers is the reason for the accumulation technological solution is the storing of manure for 180 days, which is

of a large amount of nitrogen compounds in manure (the second necessary for decontamination and partial mineralization of the

major component of the secondary biological produce). It should be manure according to the authors of the technology. When storing

emphasized that the nitrogen compounds are involved in the manure for 180 days, nitrogen losses are 24.3%. Those losses are

metabolism of the fowl's body, as only a small part turns in specific related to emissions in the atmosphere mainly of ammonia and other

structural proteins, as well as in egg whites, while the others serve as gases from the vital activity of the microbial community in manure.

energy sources and through pre-animation and de-animation are During storage the amount of energy contained in manure is

included in Krebs' cycle for energy release. In de-animation nitrogen reduced, which translates into reduction of organic carbon by 33.6%.

compounds are released which then accumulate in manure and this These results give ground for reassessment of the wide-spread

is one of the reasons for the high nitrogen content in excrements. practice for prolonged storage of manure with a view to its

The conclusion is that in the egg, whose chemical composition is mineralization and microbial decontamination, as the search for

relatively constant (homeostasis is required for the embryo), the environmentally friendly solutions is recommended, which

respective ratio between the nutrients is also maintained. This ratio guarantee storage of the biogenic elements and the energy

is predetermined by evolution. The additional amounts of nitrogen in contained in manure.

the rations stimulate the birds' productivity (amino acids are an

Table 3. Agrochemical and chemical characterization of solid and liquid of hen manure – samples from field studies of anthropozoocenosis type "macrospace" (n= 6)

Indicators Fresh manure Dry manure Compost Bio slime totalBio slime

liquid fractionBio slime

solid fraction

рН

Dry matter, %

Organic С, %

Total N, %

Removable N–NH , %4

N–NO , %3

7.66

48.16±1.14

30.72±1.18

7.14±0.86

0.81±0.34

3.96± 0.86

7.54

40.14±1.84

20.41±1.44

5.41±0.64

0.81±0.26

24.22±0.84

7.84

36.24±2.64

19.22±1.64

6.06±0.44

1.24±0.22

36.18±2.64

7.18

4.08±0.64

15.12±0.84

9.86±0.24

0.84±0.19

44.48±3.64

7.28

2.71±0.22

10.12±2.69

8.22±0.66

-

34.60±4.64

7.11

1.44±0.14

4.66±1.22

1.26±0.32

-

10.10±1.64

k

AK ,

K=

122

The closest technology to the ongoing processes in natural use of the solid fraction as fuel /after drying and pelleting/, as it is not ecosystems of mineralization of organic matter of the bioproducers a major source of nitrogen and energy. The presence of a large unit is composting. Due to redistribution of the chemical elements in amount of nitrogen compounds in the liquid fraction is an indicator for the compost, the nitrogen losses are relatively small (14.2%) at the real danger of pollution of surface and subterranean waters at established emissions of ammonia and other toxic gases in the infiltration of liquids near livestock farms or direct discharge of the atmosphere. In this case the significant quantitative losses in the liquid fraction into the water.form of nitrogen-containing gases are compensated by the redistribution of the chemical elements and especially of significant carbon dioxide emissions. The assessment of this technology is that

Conclusions in eco-technical systems – that is in intensification of the processes of egg production – it is environmentally inappropriate. Even though

For assessing the chemical heterogeneity in the biogenic cycle it doesn't introduce energy from the outside, significant energy of nitrogen in an eco-technical chain for eggs a new criterion was losses are established at the expense of oxidation of the organic implemented – retention coefficient (k), which is determined on the matter in manure – so that the amount of carbon in the compost is basis of the nitrogen introduced into the system (the nitrogen content 34.4% less in comparison to fresh manure, which deteriorates the in the feed) and its quantity in the secondary biological produce. quality of the compost as a source of energy for soil biocoenoses.Chemical heterogeneity on the level of the organism is established The biotechnology for the anaerobic decomposition of organic (differences in the different components of eggs) and on the waste has significant advantages over the other two technologies. biocenotic level. With the movement of nitrogen in the eco-Two products are obtained (gas fuel – biogas) and a product which technological chain for egg production, an uneven distribution of increases soil fertility (bio slime). The redistribution of the chemical nitrogen in both products of the output stream was established. In elements in bio slime in the production of biogas is associated with the nitrogen outflow (k) in eggs, the amount of nitrogen is the highest the release of significant amounts of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the egg white (k-0.45) and it decreases significantly in the yolk (k – in the biogas (a mixture of CH + CO ). The process occurs in a 4 20.17), as it reaches k – 0.03 in the egg shell. The nitrogen

sealed environment and as a result the relative amount of nitrogen in compounds introduced through the feed concentrate in the manure

the bio slime increases, (k) reaches 35.85 (at 25.55 in fresh manure). (k = 25.33). Nitrogen losses are established in two of the

Only with this technology there is no loss of energy – carbon technologies for manure utilization. The quantity of (k) in compost is

reduction of 50.8% is due to its inclusion in the methane of the gas 20.32, i.e. the nitrogen compound losses are 19.8%. The biggest

fuel, which finds a variety of applications, but it is the only losses are found in storing the manure according to the

technological solution in which the mineralization of the manure recommendations on good farming practices (k = 18.82) or by 25.7%

does not require the introduction of energy from the outside. compared to fresh manure. Due to redistribution of chemical

The distribution of the nitrogen compounds in the separation of elements (a significant part of C, N and O are included in the biogas)

the bio slime (which contains about 4% dry matter in our there is nitrogen concentration in the bio slime – k = 35.85 or by

experiments) has an important practical significance: 83.3% of the 41.5% more compared to fresh manure. When separating the

nitrogen compounds are contained in the liquid fraction, while 12.8% nitrogen is concentrated in the liquid fraction (k = 31.19), while in the

in the solid one. The majority of carbon is also contained in the liquid solid phase (k = 4.67) it is settled.

fraction (Table 3). This distribution gives grounds to recommend the

Figure 3. The quantity of carbon and nitrogen /poles with fresh and stale manure/ freeform ratio with correlation С:N

3535

30.72

7.145.41 6.06

9.868.22

1.26

20.4119.22

15.12

10.12

4.66

Fresh manure Dry manure Compost Bio-slime total Bio-slimeliquid fraction

Bio-slime solid fraction

C% N% Ratio N:C

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

123

Kostadinova G and Petkov G, 2012. Sustainable Development of AcknowledgementsAgroecosystems and Environmental Protection in Bulgaria. In: Proceeding of International Conference Ecology – Interdisciplinary The present development is a result of the fulfillment of a science and practice, 25-26 October, 2012, Sofia, Part I, contract DFNI-E01/3 of 27/11/2012, funded by Fund for Scientific PublishScieSet-Eco-Publisher, pp. 310-317. Investigations to whom we express our gratitude. Odum Y, 1975. Basics of Ecology, I, Ed. "Peace", Moscow, 102-106.Odum Y, 1986. Ecology, Moscow, Ed. "Peace", 46-88.Reylly C, 1980. Metal contamination of Food. Applied Science ReferencesPublications, London, 32-41.Paul JW and Beauchamp EG, 1995. Nitrogen flow on two livestock Baykov B and Tyrawska D,1991. Ecological studies on farms in Ontario – a simple-model to evaluate strategies to improve anthropogenic ecosystems for production of poultry meat and eggs. N-utilization. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 5, 35-50.Publishing office Institute Ecology, Warsaw, Poland, pp. 85 -96.Regulation No 44 of 20 April 2006 on the veterinary requirements Baykov B, Kirov K, Guguva M, Zaharinov B, Popova I, Krynski A, for livestock farms (State Gazette No 41).Karim A, Penkov D and Hristev H, 2005. A new concept for the Regulation No 9 of 16.03.2001 on the quality of water intended for bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium along a food chain with farm drinking purposes (State Gazette No 30)animals. ISAH 2005 – Warsaw, Poland, 2, 126-128.Riklefs R, 1979. Basics of General Ecology, Ed. "Peace", Moscow, Baykov B, Zaharinov B, Georgieva J and Marinova N, 2005. 30-54.Ecological assessment of bioslime by methane fermentation of Schroder JJ, Aarts HFM, ten Berge HFM, van Keulen H and manure from laying hens, the Anniversary collected volume of Neeteson JJ, 2003. An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances University of Forestry Science, Sofia, pp. 58-60. indices for efficient nitrogen use. European Journal of Agronomy, 20, Baykov B and Zaharinov B, 2005. Environmental assessment of 33-44.technologies for recovery of organic household waste. Shindarska Z, Kirov V, Kostadinova G and Baykov B, 2013. Environmental engineering and environmental protection, Book 3-4, Comparative assessment of plant resources as substrates for bio pp. 4-15.slime production. Agricultural Science and Technology, 5, 438-442.Baykov B, Petkov J, Kirov K, Zaharinov B, Marinova N and Shindarska Z, Kostadinova G, Hadjiev St, Gencheva A, Popova I, 2007. Study the properties of bio-slime as a natural Zaharinov B, Popova T, Kirov V, Tivchev G and B. Baykov, 2014. substitute for high energy-intensive synthetic manures. Co-digestion of waste activated sludge and silaged mix of chicken Environmental assessment of the quantity of toxic elements in bio-litter and fodder beet. International Journal of Current Microbiology slime. Ecological Engineering and Environment protection, 2, 33-36.and Applied Sciences, 3, 991-998.Baykov B and Simeonov I, 2009. The Bulgarian experience in the Vernadski V, 1954. Basic of Geochemistry. 1989. Ed. „Acad.Sci anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes. Ecological Engineering SSSR”, Moscow, 34-45.and Environment protection, 4, 28-35.Welte E and Timmermann F, 1989. Effects and sources of nitrate Dobrovolyskiy W, 1998. Basic Biogeochemistry, Moscow, pollution and possibilities for emission reduction, Proceedings of the Visshaya School, pp. 22-36. th5 International Symposium of CIEC, CIEC, Budapest, Hungary, 27-Kirov V, Baykov B and Petkov J, 2008. Study on technologies for 41.increasing of soil fertility in organic production of agricultural crops. Zaharinov B, 2013. Biomass, biogas, bio-slime in the energetics of Content of biogenic elements in anaerobic fermentation and the anthropogenic ecosystems. Pullish House of New Bulgarian composting, Proceedings of VIII International Symposium "Ecology University, Sofia, pp. 45-82. and sustainable development, Vratsa, 2008, 38-44.

Review

Genetics and Breeding

Nutrition and Physiology

Production Systems

Molecular mechanisms and new strategies to fight stresses in egg-producing birds E. Shatskikh, E. Latypova, V. Fisinin, S. Denev, P. Surai

Gene action in the inheritance of date to ear emergence and time to physiological maturity in bread wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L.)N. Tsenov, T. Gubatov, E. Tsenova

Productivity and stability of the yield from common winter wheat cultivars developed at IPGR Sadovo under the conditions of Dobrudzha region P. Chamurliyski, E. Penchev, N. Tsenov

Effectof black (stem) rust (Puccinia Graminis F.SP. Tritici) attack to the spike characteristics in Polishwheat (Triticum Polonicum L.)H. Stoyanov

Analysis of DNA polymorphism of CAST gene in Local Karnobat and Stara Zagora sheep breedsD. Hristova, S. Georgieva, S. Tanchev

Correlation between grain yield and yield components in winter barley varieties N. Markova Ruzdik, D.Valcheva, D.Vulchev, Lj. Mihajlov, I. Karov, V. Ilieva

Genetic diversity in different accessions of oat (Avena sativa L.)T. Savova, B. Dyulgerova, G. Panayotova

Interspecific hybridization in cotton and its use in breedingA. Stoilova, I. Saldzhiev

Influence of the direction of crossing on heterosis and transgression events in relation to the length of the vegetative period of Burley tobaccos variety group Y. Dyulgerski, T. Radoukova, L. Dospatliev

The performance of female dairy calves fed texturized starters with different protein sources E. Yavuz, N. Todorov, G. Ganchev, K. Nedelkov

Feeding value estimation of spring forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) in organic cultivationI. Nikolova, N. Georgieva, Y. Naydenova

Treatment of post harvest residues with cellulose decomposing preparationsI. Effect on grain yield from wheatG. Milev, I. Iliev, A. Ivanova

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Seasonal dynamics of important for Coriandrum sativum virus pathogensB. Dikova, H. Lambev

Crop relationship "yield-evapotranspiration" for green beanR. Kalaydzhieva, D. Davidov, A. Matev, V. Kuneva

Species composition and density of weeds in a wheat crop depending on the soil tillage system in crop rotationP. Yankov, M. Nankova, M. Drumeva, D. Plamenov, B. Klochkov

Assessment of Bulgarian Black Sea coastal water using the biological quality element phytoplanktonD. Petrova, D. Gerdzhikov

Evaluation on reaction of late maturing maize hybrids and lines to Fusarium ear rotM. Haddadi, M. Zamani

Contemporary state of macrophytobenthos along the Bulgarian coast of the Black SeaD. Petrova, V. Vachkova, D. Gerdzhikov

Bioconversion of nitrogen in eco-technical system for eggs productionA. Gencheva

Mixed viral infections in tomato as a precondition for economic lossN. Petrov

Storage and its effect on the antioxidant capacity of dried Bulgarian Chrysanthemum balsamita L.A. Popova, D. Mihaylova, I. Alexieva

Correcting the breadmaking quality of flour damaged by Sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) by using apple pectinI. Stoeva

Investigation the influence of dietary fiber on the rheological properties of alginate beadsZ. Manev, N. Petkova, P. Denev, D. Ludneva, S. Zhelyazkov

Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in BulgariaM. Stoyanova, K. Aleksandrova, D. Ganeva, N. Bogatzevska

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

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Instruction for authors

Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, September 11–14, Berlin, Germany.Thesis:Hristova D, 2013. Investigation on genetic diversity in local sheep breeds using DNA markers. Thesis for PhD, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria, (Bg).

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

Animal welfareStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 7, Number 1March 2015

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