ISSN 1313 - 8820Volume 5, Number 4

December 2013

2013

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Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria)Ihsan Soysal (Turkey)Max Rothschild (USA)Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria)

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Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria)Peter Surai (UK)Zervas Georgios (Greece)Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria)

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English Editor

Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria)

2013

ISSN 1313 - 8820 Volume 5, Number 4December 2013

Effect of genotypic and environmental factors on the inheritance of the main characters in chickpea and relationships between them

1 1 1 1 2R. Sturzu , T. Nistot , Cr. Melucă , Fl. Bodescu , A. Stoilova *

1Agricultural Research and Development Station Teleorman, Romania2Field Crops Institute, 6200 Cirpan, Bulgaria

Abstract. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the environmental influence weight compared to the weight of genetic variance in quantitative characters in chickpea main expression and phenotypic correlations between them. In the period 2011–2012, at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Teleorman, Romania, we conducted a series of experiments that included five species/groups of chickpea along with direct F hybrids obtained after a half 1

diallele cross. The results obtained showed that the coefficients of variation had values corresponding to the intended purpose and they are from 12.34% for the size of the plant to 20.17% for the seed weight per plant and seed size. High values of regression coefficients (b = 0.61 to 0.97) expressing the relationship Vr/Wr (variance and covariance parent – descendant) suggest large gene effects for the characters and small environmental effects and reveal a high probability of similarity of the descendants with their parents. Heritability coefficients in narrow sense that are due to additive gene action and are of importance for the breeding were high for all the characters. The presence of high and positive correlations between the characters allows purposeful selection on several characters simultaneously. Genetic information acquired from this study offer opportunities to chickpea breeders to intensify the rapid improvement of all studied characters.

Keywords: chickpea, quantitative characters, heritability, correlation coefficients

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 5, No 4, pp , 2013380 - 383

Introduction variance was significant for pod and seed traits, also, both additive and dominance genetic variances were significant for pod thickness and width. Hossain et al. (2010) found that seed size is governed by Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a grain legume crop grown in two major complementary genes, where small size is dominant. The many countries in the Mediterranean, South and West Asia, North low genotype × environment interaction (<6.0% of the total variation) America, North and East Africa and Australia. Chickpea is the third suggested limited environmental influence on this trait. Two major most important crop of the food legume in the world and it is very quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified that together accounted important source of good quality protein, carbohydrates and other for 20% of the seed size trait. The same loci also accounted for 37% nutrients, low production cost, high adoptability and applying in crop of the phenotypic variance for 100-seed weight across the two rotation and nitrogen fixation (Yaghotipoor and Farshadfar, 2007). environments, indicating the close genetic relationship between Increasing of yield and quality are major objectives in plant breeding seed size and weight Phenotypic correlations can take a wide range programs. Genotype and environmental conditions, and genotype-of forms, from the closest (not functional sense) to the total lack of environment interaction, are factors determining phenotypic connection, being influenced by many factors, systematic and expression of characters. Effect of environment on yield and crop random, which makes the two studied properties not vary in close quality is not heritable, effects of genotypic factors on yield and accordance (Nistir, 1997).related characters in plant breeding research need to be examined

As much resemblance between parents and their descendants (Güler et al., 2001). (a higher regression coefficient) suggests large genetic effects and Many workers have been studied the mode of inheritance, small environmental effects, regression coefficient being an genetic control (gene effects and their action) and components of empirical value (but very accurate) of heritability in a narrow sense. It genetic variance of characters in chickpea (Malhotra et al, 1997; is considered, therefore, that these coefficients of the regression Lichtenzveig et al., 2005; Cobos et al., 2009). Singh and Saxena provide a more secure way of assessing heritability compared to (1999) reported that many genes control the inheritance of the seed sharing genetic variance in components.size, a trait that seems to be governed more by additive than by non-

This paper aims to elucidate some aspects of the environment additive genes. In the investigations carried out by Upadhyaya et al. influence weight compared to the weight of genetic variance in main (2006) the normal seed size was dominant over small seed size. quantitative characters in chickpea as well as phenotypic Cobos et al. (2007) reported that seed size was the most heritable correlations between them.trait (90%). Farshadfar et al. (2008) indicated dominance in the

inheritance of grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed weight, and number of seeds/plant, and over dominance gene action

Material and methodsin the number of pod/plant, earliness and proline content. Moderate narrow-sense heritability estimates were observed for biological yield, harvest index, seed weight, number of seeds/plant and proline In 2011–2012, at Agricultural Research and Development content. Tuba and Dogan (2010) reported that additive genetic Station Teleorman, we conducted a series of experiments that

.

* e-mail: saldzhieva@abv.bg

380

381

included five species/chickpea groups, among their direct hybrids in regression coefficients (Hayman, 1954). Coefficients of heritability in the F generation obtained by a half diallel cross [p (p-1) / 2]. The the broad sense and narrow sense were calculated using genetic 1

parameters D, H , H and F and experimental error, embedded purpose was to calculate the Regressio coefficients and 1 2

coefficients of heritability specific to each quantitative genetic trait calculations in a single program named TEST-FOR (Popescu, studied and the correlations between them was calculated. 1990).Regression coefficient (b) expresses the relationship Vr/Wr (variance and covariance parent – descendant) of the same row in a diallel table. The five genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Results and discussionused in this study were: P.I. 451 628, P.I. 107128, P.I. 462196 Barbuta and Stepnovoi, from the collection of local and foreign The variation value coefficients of parental genotypes populations varieties existing at ARDS. The main criterion in corresponding to genetic characteristics studied, were small (Table choosing these genitors had been their categorical differentiation in 1), which leads to the idea that the degree of homozygosity of terms of increasing the value of the main elements of productivity, as parental forms was high: 1.73 to 2.73% for plant height, 1.61 to well as other morphological and physiological characteristics, 2.80% for the first pod insertion, 1.57 to 2.91% for the number of differentiation due to the different genetic structure of these parental pods/plant, 1.88 to 3.73% for number of seeds/plant, 1.78 to 3.73% forms which differ in terms of their geographical origin. for seed weight/plant and 2.03 to 3.73% for seed size (TKW).

Genotypes were sown in the field after randomized blocks The studied average values of the main quantitative genetic 2method in three repetitions, ensuring a density of 40 seeds/m , each characters in chickpea show a diversity of the studied biological plot consisting of 3 rows × 3 m length. The following characters have material (Table 2). Thus, the variability of chickpea plants waist is been determined in the field: plant height, the insertion of the first between 35.0 and 52.0 cm, the insertion of the first pod from 17.4 to pod, number of pods/plant, in laboratory number of seeds/plant, 25.4 cm, the number of pods/plant from 19.9 to 64.9, number of seed weight/plant and 1000 grain weight (TKW), all determinations seeds/plant 8.4 to 65.3, seed weight/plant from 1.12 to 16.70 g and were performed on 10 plants in each repetition. 130.33 to 342.66 g for TKW value.

The experimental results were statistically analyzed in the The analysis of variance by groups of experiments showed that following sequence: analysis of variance by groups of experiments, distinct differences between genotypes are significant in F test from estimating the coefficients of variation (Ceapoiu, 1968), estimates of

n

Table 2. The mean values of parental characters studied, 2010–2011

Genotype

P.I. 451628

P.I. 107128

P.I. 462196

Bărbuţa

Stepnovoi

35.0

38.0

43.8

44.4

52.0

17.4

23.7

20.1

20.0

25.4

31.3

19.9

47.3

64.9

55.4

8.4

12.8

45.1

65.3

50.2

1.12

3.62

1.58

14.75

16.70

130.33

279.00

342.66

227.33

333.66

Height ofPlant, %

Insertion of thefirst pod, cm

No. ofpod/plant

No. ofseed/plant

Seed weight/Plant, g

TKW, g

Table 1. The values of variability coefficients of genetic characters studied, 2011–2012

Genotype

P.I. 451628

P.I. 107128

P.I. 462196

Bărbuţa

Stepnovoi

Iran

Italy

India

Rumania

Bulgaria

1.73

1.81

1.85

2.73

1.91

1.62

1.65

1.61

2.80

1.93

1.58

1.57

1.59

2.91

1.90

1.88

1.98

1.95

3.73

2.75

1.78

1.93

1.88

2.03

3.73

1.78

1.93

1.88

2.03

3.73

OriginHeight ofPlant, %

Insertion of thefirst pod, %

No. ofpod/plant, %

No. of seed/plant, %

Seed weight/plant,%

TKW,%

Table 3. Analysis of variance and coefficients of variability corresponding to genetic characters studied in chickpea,2011–2012

The causeof variability

Blocks

Genotypes

Error

Variabilitycoefficient (%) 12.34 14.56 13.78 13.69

2

14

28

0.64

121.53

26.03

0.32

8.67

0.93

0.34

9.32**

-

0.40

364.51

24.47

0.20

26.04

0.87

0.02NS

29.93**

-

0.31

131.36

75.44

0.15

9.38

2.69

0.08NS

3.49**

-

1.52

166.58

56.47

0.76

11.90

2.02

0.38NS

5.89**

-

GLGL GL GL GLF FFF2s 2s 2s 2s

Height of plant, cm Insertion of the first pod, cm No. of pod per plant No. of seed per plant

382

the error variance for all the characters studied, variability number of seeds/plant (b=0.81), seed weight/plant (b=0.97) and coefficients having corresponding values for the purpose, these TKW (b=0.76), suggesting large genetic effects and small being 12.34% for height plant, 14.56% for insertion of the first pod, environmental effects. Compared with the high values of the 13.78% for number of pods per plant, 13.69% for number of seeds regression coefficients of the quantitative genetic characters per plant, 18.67% for seed weight per plant and 20.17% for the value studied, the values in the narrow sense heritability coefficients of TKW (Table 3). obtained by dividing the variance in genetic components differ from

The high values of regression coefficients for quantitative one character to another, the values of the coefficients of heritability genetic characters studied show high heritability of these in the broad sense being great for all characters studied. characters, the values were between 0.65 and 0.96 (Table 4). Lower factor heredity values in the narrow sense is recorded Regression coefficients prove to be a more reliable assessment of only at first pod insertion (h=0.4954), this genetic character suffering the heredity of the quantitative characters analyzed. an influence of environmental conditions on phenotypic

High values of regression coefficients for height of plant manifestation and therefore a lower heritability compared to the (b=0.65), first pod insertion (b=0.98), number of pods/plant (b=0.96), coefficient value of regression (b = 0.61) (Table 4).

Table 4. Values of regression coefficients and coefficients of genetic inheritance to the main characters studied, 2011–2012

Studied genetic character

Height of plant, cm

Insertion of the first pod, cm

No. of pod/plant

No. of seed/plant

Seed weight, g

TKW, g

0.65

0.61

0.96

0.81

0.97

0.76

0.5672

0.4954

0.7295

0.7751

0.7978

0.7224

0.9712

0.9185

0.9928

0.9964

0.9953

0.9983

Regression coefficientsHeredity coefficients

In a narrow sense In a large sense

number per plant (r = 0.948***), the number of seeds per plant show high heritability of all characters and their values can be and seed weight per plant (r=+0.484*), seed weight per plant and optimized to a higher level on the basis of obtained new genetic TKW (r = 0.691*). These high positive and statistically provided material and selection. Heritability coefficients in a narrow sense that values of the correlation coefficients give us useful and beneficial estimate the additive variance, of great importance for breeding, are information for improving the absolute values of the studied high and efficient selection can lead in the early segregated characters. Similar results were obtained by Sturzu and Patrascu generations – F2–F3. Variation coefficients are also high for all the (2004), Sturzu (2006). traits studied and give a possibility desired genotypes to be selected.

The information acquired from this study can be used to Correlation analysis demonstrated positive association between formulate the most efficient breeding strategy for rapid and effective characters, except No. of seed/plant-seed weight/plant, which improvement of characters in chickpea. Regression coefficients means that selection can lead on several characters simultaneously.

Table 5. The coefficients of correlation between quantitative genetic characters studied, 2011–2012

Characteranalysed

Height of plant, cm

Insertion of the first pod, cm

No. of pod/plant

No. of fertile pod /plant

No. of seed/pod

No. of seed/plant

Seed weight/plant, g

+0.603**

-

-

-

-

-

-

+0.626**

+0.040

-

+0.950***

-

-

-

+0.665**

+0.094

+0.949***

+0.992***

+0.948***

-

-

+0.708***

+0.165

+0.919***

-

-

-0.117

-

+0.515*

+0.348

+0.452*

+0.519*

-

+0.484*

+0.691**

Insertion of thefirst pod, cm

No. of pod/plant

No. of seed/plant

Seed weight/plant, g

TKW, g

These values suggest a high probability that the progeny height of plant and number of seeds per plant (r = +0.665**), produced opportunities to be close to parents regarding the height plant and seed weight per plant (r = +0.708***), height of absolute values of plant height, first pod insertion, number of plant and TKW value (r = +0.515*), number of pods per plant and pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, seed weight/plant and TKW's. number of seeds per plant (r = +0.949***), number of pods per Correlations between the studied quantitative genetic characters plant and seed weight per plant (r =0.919***), number of pods and show their interdependence (Table 5). Large positive values and TKW (= 0,452*), the number of fertile pods and total number of statistically provided correlation coefficients are obtained between pods per plant (r = +0.950***), the number of fertile pods and height of plant and the insertion of the first pod (r = +0.603**), number of seeds per plant (r = +0.992***), the number of fertile height of plant and total number of pods per plant (r = 0.626**), pods and TKW (r = +0.519*), the number of seed pods and seed

383

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Testing of new Bulgarian sunflower hybrids under the conditions of North-East BulgariaI. Productivity and traits related to productivityG. Georgiev, P. Peevska, E. Penchev

Comparative morphological study of new Burley tobacco linesT. Radoukova, Y.Dyulgerski

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Changes in some blood parameters in yearling rams fed diets with different protein and lipid levelsV. Radev, T. Slavov, I. Varlyakov

Effect of the sowing norm and nitrogen fertilization on the yield from dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Beslet G. Milev

Evapotranspiration of corn crop for silageR. Bazitov, A. Stoyanova

Productivity and economic traits of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. biennis) under the conditions of DobrudzhaG. Georgiev, G. Georgiev, P. Chamurliyski

Feasibility of the use of heat energy from alternative sources for air conditioning in sows facilityK. Peichev, R. Georgiev

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The influence of organic carbon on bioremediation process of wastewater originate from aquaculture with use of microalgae from genera Botryococcus and Scenedesmus I. Sirakov, K. Velichkova, G. Beev, Y. Staykov

Sanitary hygienic assessment of drinking water from underground source at a pig farmG. Kostadinova

Study of bee honey by spectral analysis in the near infrared spectrumI. Zhelyazkova, S. Atanasova , K. Elencheva – Karaneycheva

Comparative GC/MS analysis of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) inflorescence and essential oil volatilesT. Zagorcheva, S. Stanev, K. Rusanov, I. Atanassov

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Production Systems

Agriculture and Environment

Product Quality and Safety

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Preparation of papersPapers shall be submitted at the editorial office typed on standard typing pages (A4, 30 lines per page, 62 characters per line). The editors recommend up to 15 pages for full research paper ( including abstract references, tables, figures and other appendices)The manuscript should be structured as follows: Title, Names of authors and affiliation address, Abstract, List of keywords, Introduction, Material and methods,Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements (if any), References, Tables, Figures.The title needs to be as concise and informative about the nature of research. It should be written with small letter /bold, 14/ without any abbreviations. Names and affiliation of authorsThe names of the authors should be presented from the initials of first names followed by the family names. The complete address and name of the institution should be stated next. The affiliation of authors are designated by different signs. For the author who is going to be corresponding by the editorial board and readers, an E-mail address and telephone number should be presented as footnote on the first page. Corresponding author is indicated with *.Abstract should be not more than 350 words. It should be clearly stated what new findings have been made in the course of research. Abbreviations and references to authors are inadmissible in the summary. It should be understandable without having read the paper and should be in one paragraph. Keywords: Up to maximum of 5 keywords should be selected not repeating the title but giving the essence of study. The introduction must answer the following questions: What is known and what is new on the studied issue? What necessitated the research problem, described in the paper? What is your hypothesis and goal ?Material and methods: The objects of research, organization of experiments, chemical analyses, statistical and other methods and conditions applied for the experiments should be described in detail. A criterion of sufficient information is to be possible for others to repeat the experi-ment in order to verify results.Results are presented in understandable

tables and figures, accompanied by the statistical parameters needed for the evaluation. Data from tables and figures should not be repeated in the text.Tables should be as simple and as few as possible. Each table should have its own explanatory title and to be typed on a separate page. They should be outside the main body of the text and an indication should be given where it should be inserted.Figures should be sharp with good contrast and rendition. Graphic materials should be preferred. Photographs to be appropriate for printing. Illustrations are supplied in colour as an exception after special agreement with the editorial board and possible payment of extra costs. The figures are to be each in a single file and their location should be given within the text. Discussion: The objective of this section is to indicate the scientific significance of the study. By comparing the results and conclusions of other scientists the contribution of the study for expanding or modifying existing knowledge is pointed out clearly and convincingly to the reader.Conclusion: The most important conse- quences for the science and practice resulting from the conducted research should be summarized in a few sentences. The conclusions shouldn't be numbered and no new paragraphs be used. Contributions are the core of conclusions. References:In the text, references should be cited as follows: single author: Sandberg (2002); two authors: Andersson and Georges (2004); more than two authors: Andersson et al.(2003). When several references are cited simultaneously, they should be ranked by chronological order e.g.: (Sandberg, 2002; Andersson et al., 2003; Andersson and Georges, 2004).References are arranged alphabetically by the name of the first author. If an author is cited more than once, first his individual publications are given ranked by year, then come publications with one co-author, two co-authors, etc. The names of authors, article and journal titles in the Cyrillic or alphabet different from Latin, should be transliterated into Latin and article titles should be translated into English. The original language of articles and books translated into English is indicated in parenthesis after the bibliographic reference (Bulgarian = Bg, Russian = Ru, Serbian = Sr, if in the Cyrillic, Mongolian =

Мо, Greek = Gr, Georgian = Geor., Japanese = Jа, Chinese = Ch, Arabic = Аr, etc.)The following order in the reference list is recommended:Journal articles: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Full title of the journal, volume, pages. Example:Simm G, Lewis RM, Grundy B and Dingwall WS, 2002. Responses to selection for lean growth in sheep. Animal Science, 74, 39-50Books: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. Edition, name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Oldenbroek JK, 1999. Genebanks and the conservation of farm animal genetic resources, Second edition. DLO Institute for Animal Science and Heal th, Netherlands.Book chapter or conference proceedings: Author(s) surname and initials, year. Title. In: Title of the book or of the proceedings followed by the editor(s), volume, pages. Name of publisher, place of publication. Example: Mauff G, Pulverer G, Operkuch W, Hummel K and Hidden C, 1995. C3-variants and diverse phenotypes of unconverted and converted C3. In: Provides of the Biological Fluids (ed. H. Peters), vol. 22, 143-165, Pergamon Press. Oxford, UK.Todorov N and Mitev J, 1995. Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perfor-

thmance in dairy cows,IX International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 – 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.).Thesis:Penkov D, 2008. Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp.

The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.EthicsStudies performed on experimental animals should be carried out according to internationally recognized guidelines for animal welfare. That should be clearly described in the respective section “Material and methods”.

Volume 5, Number 4December 2013