ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) Article

ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

Accepted by A. Letardi: 6 Aug. 2019; published: 17 Oct. 2019 497

Zootaxa 4686 (4): 497–541https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/

Copyright © 2019 Magnolia PressArticle

https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.4.3http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8A62C7C0-CFC6-4158-8AB8-87680901FBA3

Neuropterida (Insecta: Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera) of Pakistan: a catalogue and faunistic review

MUHAMMAD ASGHAR HASSAN1, JOHN D. OSWALD2, AHMED ZIA3 & XINGYUE LIU1,4

1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. 2Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.3National Insect Museum, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan.4Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Table of content

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Materials and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500RAPHIDIOPTERA Navás, 1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Family Inocelliidae Navás, 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Subfamily Inocelliinae Navás, 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Family Raphidiidae Latreille, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Subfamily Raphidiinae Latreille, 1810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501MEGALOPTERA Latreille, 1802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Family Corydalidae Leach, 1815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Subfamily Corydalinae Davis, 1903 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Genus Nevromus Rambur, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502NEUROPTERA Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Family Coniopterygidae Burmeister, 1839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Subfamily Aleuropteryginae Enderlein, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Genus Aleuropteryx Löw, 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Genus Helicoconis Enderlein, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Genus Hemisemidalis Meinander, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Genus Semidalis Enderlein, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Subfamily Coniopteryginae Enderlein, 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Genus Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Family Dilaridae Newman, 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Subfamily Dilarinae Newman, 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Genus Dilar Rambur, 1838 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Family Berothidae Handlirsch, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Subfamily Berothinae Handlirsch, 1906 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Genus Asadeteva U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Family Mantispidae Leach, 1815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Subfamily Mantispinae Leach, 1815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Genus Mantispa Illiger in Kugelann, 1798 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Genus Nampista Navás, 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Family Hemerobiidae Leach, 1815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Subfamily Drepanepteryginae Krüger, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Genus Neuronema McLachlan, 1869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Subfamily Hemerobiinae Latreille, 1802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Genus Wesmaelius Krüger, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Subfamily Sympherobiinae Comstock, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Genus Sympherobius Banks, 1904 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Subfamily Microminae Krüger, 1922 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Genus Micromus Rambur, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

HASSAN ET AL. 498 · Zootaxa 4686 (4) © 2019 Magnolia Press

Family Chrysopidae Schneider, 1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Subfamily Chysopinae Schneider, 1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Genus Mallada Navás, 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Genus Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Genus Suarius Navás, 1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Family Nemopteridae Burmeister, 1839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Subfamily Crocinae Navás, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Genus Croce McLachlan, 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Genus Dielocroce Cowley, 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Subfamily Nemopterinae Navás, 1910 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Genus Halter Rambur, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Family Myrmeleontidae Latreille, 1802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Subfamily Ascalaphinae Lefèbvre, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Genus Abronius Needham, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512Genus Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Genus Ascalohybris Sziráki, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Genus Bubopsis McLachlan, 1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Genus Deleproctophylla Lefèbvre, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Genus Horischema Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Genus Idricerus McLachlan, 1871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Genus Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Genus Nousera Navás, 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Genus Ogcogaster Westwood, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Genus Palpares Rambur, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514Genus Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Genus Perissoschema Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Genus Protidricerus van der Weele, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Genus Protobubopsis van der Weele, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Genus Stenares Hagen, 1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Genus Stylascalaphus (Sziráki, 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Genus Suhpalacsa Lefèbvre, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Genus Tomatares Hagen, 1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Subfamily Myrmeleontinae Latreille, 1802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Genus Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Genus Centroclisis Navás, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517Genus Cueta Navás, 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Genus Iranoleon Hölzel, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Genus Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Genus Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Genus Naya Navás, 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Genus Solter Navás, 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Genus Subgulina Krivokhatsky, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Genus Syngenes Kolbe, 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Subfamily Nemoleontinae Banks, 1911 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Genus Creoleon Tillyard, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Genus Delfimeus Navás, 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520Genus Distoleon Banks, 1910. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Genus Ganguilus Navás, 1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Genus Indoleon Banks, 1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Genus Macronemurus Costa, 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Genus Mesonemurus Navás, 1920 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Genus Neuroleon Navás, 1909 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

Abstract

The first comprehensive catalogue of the extant Neuropterida of Pakistan is presented, and the known distributions of all of these species from Pakistan are summarized. The fauna, as presently known, comprises 113 species in 63 genera and 11 families, but this certainly attributes to a significant under-representation of the true fauna. Eighteen species are

CATALOGUE OF NEUROPTERIDA FROM PAKISTAN Zootaxa 4686 (4) © 2019 Magnolia Press · 499

presently known only from Pakistan and are possibly endemic. The biogeography and several related aspects of the fauna are discussed.

Key words: lacewings, dobsonflies, snakeflies, taxonomy, distribution, South Asia, Central Asia

Introduction

The Neuroptera, together with Megaloptera and Raphidioptera, constitute an ancient monophyletic group of holom-etabolous insect orders that are now generally recognized as the superorder Neuropterida (Oswald 2018; Yang et al. 2018). The superorder is distributed world-wide except for Antarctica and regions with near-polar latitudes. The global extant Neuropterida fauna contains ca. 6530 species (Oswald 2018). Based on the data in Oswald & Machado (2018), the Palaearctic region contains the highest number of known species (1440), followed by the Afrotropical (1390), Oriental (1260), Neotropical (1170), Australian (710), Nearctic (480) and Oceania regions (130).

The Neuropterida fauna of Pakistan is understudied and has not previously been comprehensively catalogued or reviewed. Most of the faunistic work undertaken to date has been published by the European and American en-tomologists working on taxonomically restricted parts of the fauna: e.g., Ábrahám (2014), Ábrahám & Mészáros (2002, 2006), H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck (1967b), Aspöck et al. (1982), Aspöck & Randolf (2014), Canard & Thierry (2014), Dobosz & Ábrahám (2009, 2007), Dobosz et al. (2016), Hölzel (1973, 1978), Kimmins (1943, 1960), Kriv-okhatsky et al. (2015), Meinander (1981, 1990), Mészáros & Ábrahám (2003, 2005), Monserrat (2014, 2001), Ohl (2004), Oswald (1998, 2018), Stange (2004), Sziráki (1998, 1999, 2000), Sziráki & Mirmoayedi (2012), Tjeder (1963), and Whittington (2002). A smaller amount of work has been published in recent decades by authors from Pakistan or adjacent regions, e.g., Ari et al. (2007), Akhtar et al. (2018), Ghosh (2000), Iqbal & Yousuf (1990, 1991a, b, 1992, 1997), Mirmoayedi et al. (2012), Nasreen et al. (2004), and Sultan et al. (2017). The current work has been undertaken with the objective of synthesizing taxonomic and distributional knowledge of the extant Neu-ropterida of Pakistan (no fossils of Neuropterida are reported from Pakistan so far); a larger goal of this work is to develop a uniform treatment of the Pakistani fauna that can support and encourage the growing number of local and regional entomologists to pursue additional studies of this pivotal fauna.

Materials and methods

Data sources. Most of the baseline taxonomic, synonymic, and distributional data for this work are derived from the recent works of Oswald (2018) and Yang et al. (2018), with updates and additions from other published literature. The classification of the Myrmeleontidae (+Ascalaphidae) reflects the recent taxonomy of Machado et al. (2019). In this catalogue we did not use the tribe or subtribe levels, which are present in some families, such as Chrysopidae, Myrmeleontidae, etc.

Distribution data format. Distribution data are summarized in the catalogue using the following format: (Paki-stani records) “Pakistan:” followed by an alphabetical list of units at the ranks of Province/State, Territory/Divi-sion, District, and city or other designation, and (Extralimital records) “Extralimital:” followed by an alphabetical list of countries, sometimes grouped into regional areas. Abbreviations: dist.—district; div.—division; prov.—prov-ince; stat.—state; terr.—territory.

Political units. In 1947 the former territory of British India was divided into two independent dominions, Pakistan (Muslim-majority) and India (Hindu-majority). The former Princely States of British India were given the option to join Pakistan, join India, or remain independent. Most Princely States either joined or were annexed by Pakistan or India. The region of Kashmir has come to be partly administered by Pakistan and partly by India. East Pakistan became an independent country—Bangladesh—in 1971. This work treats the Neuropterida fauna of the current country of Pakistan, which lies in southern Asia (24º–37ºN, 61º–75ºE) and has a total area of ca. 882,000 km2. Pakistan (Fig. 1) is presently divided into four provinces (Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Punjab, and Sindh), and three territories (Gilgit-Baltistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the federal capital city of Islamabad). Pakistan shares borders with India to the east, China to the north, and Afghanistan and Iran to the west. The northern portion of the Pakistan-India border has not yet been formally established. In this work we include species known to occur in the Pakistan-administered portions of Kashmir (i.e., Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan).


General physiography. Pakistan is a country of widely varying topography, ranging from plains, to foothills, to mountains with peaks that are among the highest in the world (parts of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges of the western Himalayas). Approximately one-third of the country is mountainous, resulting in a fauna that is highly stratified by elevation. These variations in topography, together with variation in precipitation, result in a diversity of plant communities—ranging from costal mangrove forests, to desert vegetation, upland forests, and subalpine meadows—that are occupied by neuropteridan insects.

Biogeographic regions. Pakistan occupies a biogeographically significant position near the junction of three of the world’s major biogeographic realms—the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical. Due in part to this position it is expected to harbour a particularly diverse Neuropterida fauna. The Palaearctic parts of the country are primarily northern and western and include the mountainous areas of the eastern Iranian Plateau, Hindu Kush, Karakorum, Sulaiman Range and western Himalayas, and the lower areas of the North Pakistan sandy desert and western Indus valley. The Oriental-influenced parts of the country are primarily eastern and include the Indus river delta, the east-ern Indus valley desert, the Thar desert, the Rann of Kutch (southern Punjab), and the western Himalayas. Signifi-cant Afrotropical influences are restricted primarily to the extreme southwestern parts of Balochistan, adjacent to Iran (Khan 1980; Qadir 1968; Rafi et al. 2010).

FIGURE 1. Outline map of Pakistan (original map based on ArcGis 10.2 boundary files).

Results

Catalogue of the Neuropterida of Pakistan

Species currently known only from Pakistan—possible endemics—are marked with an asterisk (*). Because the neuropteridan faunas of Pakistan and adjacent regions are relatively poorly known, it is not currently possible to critically assess whether these species represent true endemics.


RAPHIDIOPTERA Navás, 1916

Family Inocelliidae Navás, 1913

Subfamily Inocelliinae Navás, 1913

Genus Inocellia Schneider, 1843

Inocellia Schneider, 1843: 84. Type species: Raphidia crassicornis Schummel, 1832: 15.

Inocellia fulvostigmata fulvostigmata U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1968Inocellia (Inocellia) fulvostigmata U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1968: 184. Type locality: India (Jammu and Kash-

mir).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Abbottabad dist., Ayubia, Malakand div., Swat

dist.; Punjab prov., Rawalpindi dist., Murree (Aspöck et al. 1982),—Afghanistan, India (Oswald 2018).

Family Raphidiidae Latreille, 1810

Subfamily Raphidiinae Latreille, 1810

Genus Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968

Mongoloraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968: 59. Type species: Agulla sororcula H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967a: 226.

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kashmirica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) kashmirica H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982: 3. Type locality: India

(Jammu and Kashmir: Tangmarg).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Kashmir stat., Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan

Valley,—India (Aspöck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018).

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1978)*Raphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1978: 97. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber

Pakhtunkhawa: Khagan Valley, Shogran).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley, Shogran (As-

pöck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018).

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) solitaria H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982*Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) solitaria H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982: 9. Type locality: Pakistan

(Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Swat, Matiltan).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Kalam Valley, Matiltan (Aspöck

et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018).

Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982*Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo H. Aspöck, U. Aspöck & Rausch, 1982: 5. Type locality: Pakistan (Khy-

ber Pakhtunkhawa: Khagan valley, Shogran).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Khagan Valley, Shogran (As-

pöck et al. 1982, 1991; Oswald 2018).

MEGALOPTERA Latreille, 1802

Family Corydalidae Leach, 1815


Subfamily Corydalinae Davis, 1903

Genus Nevromus Rambur, 1842

Nevromus Rambur, 1842: 441. Type species: Nevromus testaceus Rambur, 1842: 442.

Nevromus intimus (McLachlan, 1869)Nevromus intimus McLachlan, 1869a: 44. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr., Islamabad city,—China, India, Myanmar and Nepal

(Liu et al. 2012; Liu & Dvorak 2017; Oswald 2018; Yang et al. 2018).

NEUROPTERA Linnaeus, 1758

Family Coniopterygidae Burmeister, 1839

Subfamily Aleuropteryginae Enderlein, 1905

Genus Aleuropteryx Löw, 1885

Aleuropteryx Löw, 1885: 79. Type species: Aleuropteryx loewii Klapálek, 1894: 122.

Aleuropteryx vartianorum H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967Aleuropteryx vartianorum H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1967b: 98. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist.,—Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates

(H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck 1967b; Oswald 2018), Iran (Sziráki & Mirmoayedi 2012).

Genus Helicoconis Enderlein, 1905

Helicoconis Enderlein, 1905a: 226: Type species: Coniopteryx lutea Wallengren, 1871: 55.

Helicoconis csorbai Sziráki, 1999Helicoconis csorbai Sziráki, 1999: 180. Type locality: Pakistan (Azad Jammu and Kashmir).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat. (Sziráki 1999),—India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Hemisemidalis Meinander, 1972

Hemisemidalis Meinander, 1972: 290. Type species: Parasemidalis pallida Withycombe, 1924.

Hemisemidalis pallida (Withycombe, 1924)Parasemidalis pallida Withycombe, 1924: 141. Type locality: Egypt.Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Malakand div., Chitral dist., Garam Chasma; Gilgit-Baltistan

terr., Gilgit div., Hunza dist., Hunza Valley; Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat. (Sziráki 1999),—Southern Eu-rope (Spain, Italy, Greece), Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East (widespread), Iran, East to Mongolia (Ghahari et al. 2010; Oswald 2018).

Genus Semidalis Enderlein, 1905

Semidalis Enderlein, 1905b: 197. Type species: Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis Stephens, 1836: 116.Alema Enderlein, 1905a: 226. Type species: Alema boliviensis Enderlein, 1905a: 226.


Alemella Enderlein, 1906: 208. Type species: Alemella boliviensis Enderlein, 1905a: 226. Niphas Enderlein, 1908: 12. Type species: Niphas absurdiceps Enderlein, 1908: 12.Parasemidalis Roepke, 1916: 156. Type species: Parasemidalis decipiens Roepke, 1916: 157.Protosemidalis Karny, 1924: 474. Type species: Protosemidalis pluriramosa Karny, 1924: 476.Metasemidalis Karny, 1924: 478. Type species: Protosemidalis decipiens Roepke, 1916: 157.Ahlersia Enderlein, 1929: 221. Type species: Coniopteryx pulchella Mclachlan, 1882: 173.

Semidalis aleyrodiformis (Stephens, 1836)Coniopteryx aleyrodiformis Stephens, 1836: 116. Type locality: United Kingdom (England: near Ripley).Semidalis curtisiana Enderlein, 1906: 212. Type locality: Germany (Berlin).Semidalis albata Enderlein, 1907: 5. Type locality: Japan (Honshu: Kanagawa).Semidalis alpina Withycombe, 1925: 17. Type locality: India (Jammu and Kashmir: Gulmarg).Semidalis poincianae Withycombe, 1925: 18. Type locality: India (Bihar: Samastipur).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Malakand div., Chitral dist., Garam Chasma (Sziráki 1999),—

Palaearctic (widespread), Oriental (China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Thailand) (Yang et al. 2018; Os-wald 2018).

Subfamily Coniopteryginae Enderlein, 1905

Genus Coniopteryx Curtis, 1834

Coniopteryx Curtis, [1834] 1824–1839: pl. 528. Type species: Coniopteryx tineiformis Curtis, [1834] 1824–1839: pl. 528.Malacomyza Wesmael, 1836: 166. Type species: Malacomyza lacea Wesmael, 1836: 167.Sciodus Zetterstedt, 1840: 1050. Type species: Sciodus lacteus Zetterstedt, 1840: 1051.Aleuronia Fitch, 1856: 96. Type species: Aleuronia westwoodi Fitch, 1856: 98.Deasia Navás & Marcet, 1910: 150: Type species: Deasia parthenia Navás & Marcet, 1910: 151.

Coniopteryx (Coniopteryx) exigua Withycombe, 1925Coniopteryx (Coniopteryx) exigua Withycombe, 1925: 12. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Abbot-

tabad).Coniopteryx pusana Withycombe, 1925: 14. Type locality: India (Bihar: Pusa).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Hazara div., Abbottabad dist. (Meinander 1981, 1990; Ghosh

2000),—India, Nepal (Ghosh 2000), Malaysia, Yemen (Oswald 2018).

Coniopteryx (Xeroconiopteryx) venustula Rausch & Aspöck, 1978Coniopteryx (Xeroconiopteryx) venustula Rausch & Aspöck, 1978: 100. Type locality: Iran (Laristan: Bandar Ab-

bas).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Malakand div., Chitral dist., Garam Chasma; Punjab prov.,

Islamabad Capital Terr., Islamabad city (Sziráki 1999; Sziráki & Mirmoayedi 2012),—Iran, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates, Yemen (Sziráki 2004; Oswald 2018).

Family Dilaridae Newman, 1853

Subfamily Dilarinae Newman, 1853

Genus Dilar Rambur, 1838

Dilar Rambur, 1838: 9. Type species: Dilar nevadensis Rambur, 1838: 9.Cladocera Hagen, 1860a: 56. Nomen nudum.Lidar Navás, 1909a: 153. Type species: Dilar meridionalis Hagen, 1866a: 295.Fuentenus Navás, 1909a: 154. Type species: Dilar campestris Navás, 1903: 380.Nepal Navás, 1909b: 661. Type species: Nepal harmandi Navás, 1909b: 661.Rexavius Navás, 1909b: 664. Type species: Dilar nietneri Hagen, 1858: 482.


Dilar similis Monserrat, 1989*Dilar similis Monserrat, 1989: 419. Type locality: Pakistan (North-West Frontier: Salf-ui-Maluk Sar).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Salf-ui-Maluk Sar (Oswald 1998,

2018).

Family Berothidae Handlirsch, 1906

Subfamily Berothinae Handlirsch, 1906

Genus Asadeteva U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981

Asadeteva vartianorum U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981: 9.

Asadeteva vartianorum U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981*Asadeteva vartianorum U. Aspöck & H. Aspöck, 1981: 9. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Madyn).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Madyn (Aspöck & Randolf 2014;

Oswald 2018).

Family Mantispidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Mantispinae Leach, 1815

Genus Mantispa Illiger in Kugelann, 1798

Mantispa Illiger in Kugelann, 1798: 499. Type species: Mantis pagana Fabricius, 1775: 278.Mantispilla Enderlein, 1910: 346. Type species: Mantispa indica Westwood, 1852: 268.Amycla Rafinesque, 1815: 118. An unjustified emendation of Mantispa Illiger in Kugelann, 1798.

Mantispa scabricollis McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875Mantispa scabricollis McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875a: 13. Type locality: Unknown.Mantispilla minuta Kozhanchikov, 1949: 357. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Sindh prov., Mirpur Khas div., Tharparkar dist., Islamkot,—Palaearctic: Afghanistan,

Eastern Greece, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Middle East (widespread) (Mirmoayedi et al. 2012; Monserrat 2014).

Mantispa styriaca (Poda, 1761)Raphidia styriaca Poda, 1761: 101. Type locality: Austria (Steiermark).Raphidia mantispa Scopoli, 1763: 272. Type locality: Slovenia (Carniolia).Mantis pagana Fabricius, 1775: 278. Type locality: France.Mantispa hauseru Poivre, 1982: 11. Type locality: Unknown.Mantispa kononenkoi Makarkin, 1985a: 620. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat., Mirpur div., Kotli dist.; Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital

Terr., Islamabad city (Mirmoayedi et al. 2012),—China (Yang et al. 2018).

Genus Nampista Navás, 1914

Nampista Navás, 1914a: 97. Type species: Nampista speciose Navás, 1914a: 98 (= Mantispa auriventris Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 202).

Forciada Kozhanchikov, 1949: 355. Type species: Forciada relicta Kozhanchikov, 1949: 356.Bucharispa; Martynov, 1936: 437. An unavailable name.


Nampista auriventris (Guérin-Méneville, 1838)Mantispa auriventris Guérin-Méneville, 1838: 202. Type locality: Egypt.Mantispa apicalis Loew, 1843: 433. Type locality: Greece. Forciada relicta Kozhanchikov, 1949: 356. Type locality: Tadzhikistan.Distribution: Pakistan: Sindh prov., Mirpur Khas div., Tharparkar dist., Islamkot,—Palaearctic: Egypt, Greece,

Oman, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan (Ohl 2004; Mirmoayedi et al. 2012).

Family Hemerobiidae Leach, 1815

Subfamily Drepanepteryginae Krüger, 1922

Genus Neuronema McLachlan, 1869

Neuronema McLachlan, 1869b: 27. Type species: Hemerobius decisus Walker, 1860: 185.Ninguta Navás, 1912a: 420. Type species: Megalomus deltoides Navás, [1910a] 1909: 396.Ninga Navás, 1913a: 122. Type species: Megalomus deltoides Navás, [1910a] 1909: 396.Kulinga Navás, 1936a: 49. Type species: Kulinga pielina Navás, 1936a: 50.Sineuronema Yang, 1964: 276. Type species: Neuronema sinensis Tjeder, 1936: 6.

Neuronema irroratum Kimmins, 1943Neuronema irroratum Kimmins, 1943: 50. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Thundiani), India (Gu-

vair Valley).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Abbottabad dist., Thundiani,—India, China

(Kimmins 1943; Oswald 2018).

Subfamily Hemerobiinae Latreille, 1802

Genus Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758

Hemerobius Linnaeus, 1758: 549. Type species: Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus, 1758: 550.Egnyonyx Wesmael, 1836: 167. Type species: Hemerobius humulinus Linnaeus, 1758: 550. Mucropalpus Rambur, 1842: 420.

Type species: Hemerobius lutescens Fabricius, 1793: 84.Stenolomus Navás, 1906: 701. Type species: Stenolomus cabrerai Navás, 1906: 701.Hemerodomia Navás, 1909c: Type species: Hemerobius buyssoni Navás, 1909c: 212.Brauerobius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius marginatus Stephens, 1836: 109.Hagenobius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius citrinus Hagen, 1861: 204.Reuterobius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius pini Stephens, 1836: 111.Scheiderobius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius nitidulus Fabricius, 1777: 244.Anotiobiella Kimmins, 1928: 364. Type species: Anotiobiella withycombei Kimmins, 1928: 365.Allemerobius Banks, 1940: 183. Type species: Allemerobius flaveolus Banks, 1940: 184.Dyshemerobius Tjeder, 1961: 352. Type species: Dyshemerobius productus Tjeder, 1961: 354.Mesohemerobius Nakahara, 1966: 202. Type species: Mesohemerobius subacutus Nakahara, 1966: 202.Semohemerobius Yang, 1983: 128. Type species: Mesohemerobius subacutus Nakahara, 1966: 202.Monorobius Makarkin, 1985b: 167. Type species: Hemerobius lutescens Fabricius, 1793: 84.

Hemerobius adelgivorus Kimmins, 1960*Hemerobius adelgivorus Kimmins, 1960: 340. Type locality: Punjab (Punjab: Murree).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist., Murree (Kimmins 1960).

Hemerobius apatridus Monserrat, 2001*Hemerobius Monserrat, 2001: 73. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Garam Gashma).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Chitral dist., Garam Chasma (Oswald

2018).


Hemerobius bispinus Banks, 1940Hemerobius bispinus Banks, 1940: 186. Type locality: China (Hubei: Shennongjia).Hemerobius montanus Kimmins, 1960: 337. Type locality: China (Tibet, Rongshar Valley), Pakistan (Punjab: Mur-

ree).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist., Murree,—China (Monserrat 2001; Os-

wald 2018; Yang et al. 2018).

Genus Wesmaelius Krüger, 1922

Wesmaelius Krüger, 1922: 170. Type species: Hemerobius concinnus Stephens, 1836: 106.Kimminsia Killington, 1937: 254. Type species: Hemerobius betulinus Ström, 1788: 387.

Wesmaelius altissimus (Ohm, 1967)Boriomyia altissimus Ohm, 1967: 238. Type locality: Nepal (Manangbhot).Distribution: Pakistan: Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div., Gilgit dist., Naltar,—India (Kashmir: Gulmar) (Monser-

rat 2001; Oswald 2018).

Wesmaelius navasi (Andréu, 1911)Boriomyia navasi Andréu, 1911: 58. Type species: Spain.Kimminsia neimenica Yang, 1980: 60. Type species: China (Neimenggu: Helanshan).Distribution: Pakistan (Oswald 2018),—China (Yang et al. 2018).

Wesmaelius nervosus (Fabricius, 1793)Hemerobius nervosus Fabricius, 1793: 85. Type species: France.Kimminsia acuminata Yang, 1980: 61. Type species: China (Liaoning: Xiongyue).Distribution: Pakistan,—Nearctic, Palaearctic (Oswald 2018), China (Yang et al. 2018).

Wesmaelius quettanus (Navás, 1931)Hemerobius quettanus Navás, [1931a] 1930: 86. Type locality: Pakistan.Boriomyia sinica Tjeder, 1936: 10. Type locality: China (Sichuan: Tu-pa-keo).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist. (Oswald 2018).

Subfamily Sympherobiinae Comstock, 1918

Genus Sympherobius Banks, 1904

Sympherobius Banks, 1904: 209. Type species: Hemerobius amiculus Fitch, 1854: 799.Spadobius Needham, 1905: 16. Type species: Hemerobius occidentalis Fitch, 1854: 799.Palmobius Needham, 1905: 17. Type species: Hemerobius amiculus Fitch, 1854: 799.Niremberge Navás, 1909d: 377. Type species: Niremberge limpida Navás, 1909d: 377.Coloma Navás, 1915a: 129. Type species: Megalomus marmoratipennis Blanchard, 1854: 127.Nefasitus Navás, 1915a: 131. Type species: Sympherobius amicus Navás, [1915b] 1914–1915: 332.Eurobius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius elegans Stephens, 1836: 113.Lachlanius Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemerobius inconspicuous McLachlan, 1868: 177.Sympheromima Kimmins, 1928: 363. Type species: Sympheromima marginata Kimmins, 1928: 363.

Sympherobius fallax Navás, 1908Sympherobius fallax Navás, 1908a: 10. Type locality: Canary Islands.Sympherobius schmitzi Navás, 1908a: 11. Type locality: Funchal en la isla de Madera.Sympherobius tenellus Navás, 1908b: 262. Type locality: Cartagena.Sympherobius amicus Navás, 1915a: 332. Type locality: Eritrea (Semenawi Keyih Bahri; Nefasit).Sympherobius sanctus Tjeder, [1940] 1939: 43. Type locality: Palestine, Tel Aviv.


Sympherobius brincki Tjeder, 1961: 343. Type locality: South Africa (Worcester, Cape Province).Sympherobius impar Tjeder, 1961: 347. Type locality: Livingstone in Northern Rhodesia.Sympherobius nigricornis Tjeder, 1961: 348. Type locality: Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia.Distribution: Pakistan,—Southern Europe, Northern and southern Africa, Middle East, South Africa (Oswald

2018).

Subfamily Microminae Krüger, 1922

Genus Micromus Rambur, 1842

Micromus Rambur, 1842: 416. Type species: Hemerobius variegatus Fabricius, 1793: 85.Nesomicromus Perkins, 1899: 37. Type species: Nesomicromus vagus Perkins, 1899: 37.Pseudopsectra Perkins, 1899: 46. Type species: Pseudopsectra lobipennis Perkins, 1899: 46.Nesothauma Perkins, 1899: 47. Type species: Nesothauma haleakalae Perkins, 1899: 47.Nenus Navás, 1912b: 200. Type species: Nenus longulus Navás, 1912b: 200.Eumicromus Nakahara, 1915: 36. Type species: Micromus numerosus Navás, [1910a] 1909: 396.Paramicromus Nakahara, 1919: 137. Type species: Eumicronus dissimilis Nakahara, 1915: 43.Archaeomicromus Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Micromus timidus Hagen, 1853: 481.Indomicromus Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Micromus australis Hagen, 1858: 483.Stenomicromus Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Hemeiobius paganus Linnaeus, 1767: 912.Heteromicromus Krüger, 1922: 171. Type species: Heteromicromus audax Krüger, 1922: 171.Neomicromus Krüger, 1922: 154. Type species: Micromus tessellatus Gerstaecker, [1888] 1887: 129.Pseudomicromus Krüger, 1922: 172. Type species: Hemerobius angulatus Stephens, 1836: 106.Paramicromus Krüger, 1922: 172. Type species: Micromus insipidus Hagen, 1861: 199.Stenomus Navás, 1922: 55. Type species: Stenomus nesaeus Navás, 1922: 55.Phlebiomus Navás [1923a] 1922: 25. Type species: Phlebiomus yunnanus Navás, [1923a] 1922: 25.Tanca Navás, 1929a: 374. Type species: Tanca loriana Navás, 1929a: 374.Menutus Navás, 1932a: 35. Type species: Micromus haitiensis Smith, 1931: 800.Idiomicromus Nakahara, 1955a: 8. Type species: Zdiomicromus kanoi Nakahara, 1955a: 8.Spilomicromus Nakahara, 1960: 26. Type species: Eumicromus maculatipes Nakahara, 1915: 39.Anomicromus Nakahara, 1960: 30. Type species: Nesomicromus paradoxus Perkins, 1899: 39.Ameromicromus Nakahara, 1960: 33. Type species: Micromus insipidus Hagen 1861: 199.Afromicromus Nakahara, 1960: 34. Type species: Micromus capensis Esben-Petersen, 1920: 508.Austromicromus Nakahara, 1960: 35. Type species: Hemerobius tasmaniae Walker, 1860: 186.Mixomicromus Ghosh, 1977: 235. Type species: Mixomicromus lampus Ghosh, 1977: 235.

Micromus linearis Hagen, 1858Micromus linearis Hagen, 1858: 483. Type locality: Sri Lanka.Micromus multipunctatus Matsumura, 1907: 171. Type locality: Japan.Distribution: Pakistan: Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div., Hunza dist., Gojal valley, Sost,—India, China, Japan, Sri

Lanka, Nepal, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan (Ghosh 2000; Monserrat 2001).

Family Chrysopidae Schneider, 1851

Subfamily Chysopinae Schneider, 1851

Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815

Chrysopa Leach, 1815: 138. Type species: Hemerobius perla Linnaeus, 1758: 549.Aelolops Billberg, 1820: 95. Type species: Hemerobius chrysops Linnaeus, 1758: 549.Chrysopisca McLachlan, 1875a: 23. Type species: Chrysopisca miunta McLachlan, 1875a: 23.Cintameva Navás, 1914b: 214. Type species: Cintameva venulosa Navás, 1914b: 214.Metachrysopa Steinmann, 1964: 264. Type species: Chrysopa setempunctata Wesmael, 1841: 210.Nigrochrysopa Steinmann, 1964: 264. Type species: Chrysopa Formosa Brauer, 1851: 8.Prachyspa Séméria, 1983: 310. Type species: Hemerobius pallens Rambur, 1842: 425.


Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967Chrysopa astarte Hölzel, 1967a: 26: Type locality: Afghanistan.Distribution: Pakistan (Ari et al. 2007),—Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey (Oswald 2018).

Chrysopa cymbele Banks, 1933Chrysopa cymbele Banks, 1933: 4. Type locality: India (Tamil Nadu: near Aiyur).Chrysopa cymbele afasciata Nasir, 1947: 119. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Faisalabad).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist.,—India (Oswald 2018).

Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887Chrysopa dubitans McLachlan, 1887: 448. Type locality: China (Qinghai: Zaidam).Distribution: Pakistan,—Palaearctic (widespread) (Oswald 2018), China (Yang et al. 2018).

Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851Chrysopa formosa Brauer, 1851: 8. Type locality: Austria (Wien: Prater).Chrysopa burmeisteri Schneider, 1851: 123. Type locality: Brazil (Espirito Santo).Hemerobius beckii Costa, 1855: 16. Type locality: Italy (Campania: Napoli).Chrysopa atomaria Navás, 1908b: 18. Type locality: Spain (Zaragoza).Chrysopa laletana Navás, 1909e: 793. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).Chrysopa frontalis Pongracz, 1912: 201. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa decempunctata Lacroix, 1913: 106. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Châtelaillon).Chrysopa gelini Lacroix, 1913: 105. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Fouras).Chrysopa gundisavi Navás, 1914b: 214. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa bufona Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa gundisalvi Navás, 1915c: 73. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa japana Okamoto, 1919: 42. Type locality: Japan and Korea.Chrysopa foedata Navás, 1919a: 54. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Martorell).Chrysopa boguniana Navás, 1919a: 54. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarriá).Chrysopa yuanensis Navás, 1932b: 113. Type locality: China (Tsingshuiho: Sui Juan).Cintameva sobradielina Navás, [1933a] 1932: 15. Type locality: Spain (Sobradiel).Cintameva tetuanensis Navás, 1934a: 6. Type locality: Morocco (Tetuan).Chrysopa bicristata Tjeder, 1936: 28. Type locality: China (Gansu: Ma-yin-tsai).Distribution: Pakistan (Ari et al. 2007),—China (Yang et al. 2018), Palaearctic (widespread) (Oswald 2018).

Chrysopa pallens (Rambur, 1838)Hemerobius pallens Rambur, 1838: 9. Type locality: Spain (near Malaga).Chrysopa bipunctata Fitch, 1855: 791. Type locality: Japan.Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael, 1841: 210. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).Hemerobius mauricianus Rambur, 1842: 425. Type locality: Mauritius.Chrysopa nobilis Schneider, 1851: 142. Type locality: Austria (Niederösterreich: Mödling).Chrysopa quadripunctata Schneider, 1851: 102. Type locality: North America.Chrysopa cognata McLachlan, [1867] 1868: 249. Type locality: Cambodia.Chrysopa centralis McLachlan, 1875a: 19. Type locality: Unknown.Nothochrysa robusta Gerstaecker, 1893: 165. Type locality: Japan (Honshu: Kanagawa: Yokohama).Chrysopa ricciana Navás, 1910b: 193. Type locality: China (Beijing Jiangxi and Sichuan).Chrysopa montandoni Navás, 1910c: 38. Type locality: Romania (Bucharest).Chrysopa pazsiczkyi Pongracz, 1912: 194. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa occipitalis Pongracz, 1912: 195. Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kawa: Lulua).Chrysopa longicollis Navás, 1913b: 509. Type locality: Belgium (Arlon).Chrysopa septemunctata var. puncticollis Navás, 1915c: 71. Type locality: Belgium (Brabant: near Brussels).Chrysopa polysticta Navás, 1915d: 473. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Sarrià).Chrysopa punctulata Navás, 1916b: 155. Type locality: Unknown.


Chrysopa hernandezi Navás, 1918a: 353. Type locality: Spain (Soria: Dévanos).Cintameva media Navás, 1929b: 34. Type locality: China (Gansu: Tsinlingschan).Cintameva rubriceps Navás, 1932c: 68. Type locality: Spain (Valencia: Burjassot, Estación Fitopatológica).Cintameva frontalis Navás, 1934a: 4. Type locality: China (Jiangsu: Hufu).Metachrysopa gibeauxi Leraut, 1989: 107. Type locality: France (Provence-Alpes-Côte: Ville-Vieille).Distribution: Pakistan (Ari et al. 2007),—China (Yang et al. 2018), India, Europe (Ghosh 2000), Palaearctic (wi-

despread) (Oswald 2018).

Chrysopa sogdianica McLachlan in Fedchenko, 1875Chrysopisca sogdianica McLachlan, 1875b: 20. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan,—Northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan), Middle East (Saudi Arabia) east to

Mongolia (Oswald 2018).

Genus Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964

Chrysopa (Chrysoperla) Steinmann, 1964: 260. Type species: Chrysopa carnea Steinmann, 1836: 103.

Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836)Chrysopa carnea Stephens, 1836: 103. Type locality: United Kingdom (England: near London).Chrysopa affinis Stephens, 1836: 104. Type locality: United Kingdom (England: near London, Dover or Devon-

shire).Chrysopa microcephala Brauer, 1851: 6. Type locality: Austria (Wien: Prater); Switzerland (Thurgau: Erlen).Chrysopa vulgaris Schneider, 1851: 68. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa lamproptera Stein, 1863: 419. Type locality: Montenegro (Dalmatia: Herceg Novi).Chrysopa radialis Navás, 1904a: 119. Type locality: Spain (Madrid: Chamartin de la Rosa).Chrysopa rubricata Navás, 1905: 14. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).Chrysopa namurcensis Navás, 1910b: 75. Type locality: Belgium (near Namur: Jambes).Chrysopa lulliana Navás, 1910d: 248. Type locality: Spain (Illes Baleares: Pollenca).Chrysopa viridella Navás, 1911a: 207. Type locality: Spain (Granada).Chrysopa notata Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa minor Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa fulviceps Pongracz, 1912: 209. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa cingulate Navás, 1912c: 751. Type locality: Austria (Steiermark).Chrysopa lucasina Lacroix, 1912: 203. Type locality: Algeria (Tiare: Frend).Chrysopa nigropilosa Navás, 1913b: 507. Type locality: Belgium (Arlon).Chrysopa lateralis Navás, 1913b: 508. Type locality: Belgium (Namur and Arlon).Chrysopa memorosa Navás, 1913b: 508. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa stigmalis Navás, 1913b: 508. Type locality: Belgium (Lives and Arlon).Chrysopa mista Navás, 1913c: 279. Type locality: Turkey (Fergana).Chrysopa pillichi Pongracz, 1913: 185. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa praetexta Lacroix, 1913: 101. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Busseau).Chrysopa thoracica Navás, 1915d: 471. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).Chrysopa tristicta Navás, 1915d: 472. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).Chrysopa disticha Navás, 1915d: 472. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).Chrysopa doriana Navás, 1915e: 277. Type locality: Italy (Toscana: Giglio).Chrysopa catalaunica Navás, 1915c: 28. Type locality: Spain (Catalunya: Barcelona).Chrysopa ornate Navás, 1915c: 31. Type locality: Spain (Gerona).Chrysopa haematodes Navás, 1915f: 194. Type locality: Spain (Madrid: San Lorenzo de El Escorial).Chrysopa vicina Lacroix, 1915: 229. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Amuré, Sainte-Pezenne).Chrysopa striolata Navás, 1916c: 593. Type locality: Spain (Lleida: Arán valley: Bossòst).Chrysopa entoneura Navás, 1917a: 167. Type locality: Andorra (San Julián de Loria).


Chrysopa gemella Navás, 1917b: 87. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa festiva Navás, 1918a: 350. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).Chrysopa inversa Navás, 1918a: 350. Type locality: Spain (Ribas: Madrid).Chrysopa proxima Navás, 1918b: 18. Type locality: Spain (Puente la Reina: Osca).Chrysopa seriata Navás, 1919b: 195. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).Chrysopa perepzacostai Navás, 1919b: 195. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).Chrysopa moneri Navás, 1919b: 196. Type locality: Spain (Girona: Viladráu).Chrysopa seroi Navás, 1919b: 197. Type locality: Spain (Lleida: Grañena de Cervera).Chrysopa prothoracica Navás, 1919a: 52. Type locality: Spain (Aragon: Zaragoza).Chrysopa cephalica Navás, 1926a: 52. Type locality: Egypt (Ghizeh and Amrieh).Chrysopa rubescens Navás, 1927a: 4. Type locality: China (Jiangsu).Chrysopa quettana Navás, 1930a: 43. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Chrysopa vitellina Navás, [1931b] 1930: 159. Type locality: Spain (Tabescan: Lleida).Cintam angelnina Navás, 1931c: 84. Type locality: Germany (Schleswig-Holstein: Satrup).Chrysopa ferganica Navás, 1933b: 108. Type locality: Uzbekistan (Fargana: Sphara).Chrysopa pictavica Lacroix, 1933: 147. Type locality: France (Poitou-Charentes: Marais d’ Ammuré).Chrysopa canariensis Tjeder, [1940] 1939: 31. Type locality: Spain (Canary slands: Tafira).Chrysopa lundblahdi Tjeder, [1940] 1939: 8. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa maderensis Tjeder, [1940] 1939: 9. Type locality: Portugal (Madeira: Rabaçal).Chrysopa shansiensis Kuwayama, 1962: 9. Type locality: China (Shanxi: Wangmaochen).Chrysoperla nanceiensis Séméria, 1980: 29. Type locality: France (Lorraine: Campus of the Université de Nancy-

Vandoeuvre).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist.; Punjab prov.; Sindh prov., Hyderabad div.,

Jamshoro dist., Nuclear Institute of Agriculture Tandojam (Nasreen et al. 2004; Sultan et al. 2017),—China (Yang et al. 2018); Palaearctic (widespread), Afrotropical (Cape Verde, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Ye-men), Oriental (China, India, Nepal) (Oswald 2018).

Chrysoperla mutata (McLachlan, 1898)Chrysopa mutata McLachlan, 1898: 167. Type locality: Algeria (Biskra).Anisochrysa (Chrysoperla) concinna Hölzel, 1974: 44. Type locality: Iran, Pakistan (Punjab: Lahore).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov.; Punjab prov., Lahore div., Lahore dist., Lahore city (Canard & Thierry

2014),—Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East to India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Mallada Navás, 1925

Mallada Navás, [1925a] 1924: 24. Type species. Mallada stigmatus Navás, [1925a] 1924: 24.Anisochrysa Nakahara, 1955b: 145. Type species. Anisochrysa paradoxa Nakahara, 1955b: 146.Triadochrysa Adams, 1978: 294. Type species. Mallada (Triadochrysa) triangularis Adams, 1978: 295.

Mallada murreensis (Tjeder, 1963)Chrysopa murreensis Tjeder, 1963: 125. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Murree).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist., Murree (Tjeder 1963),—India: Uttar

Pradesh (Oswald 2018).

Mallada vartianorum (Hölzel, 1973)*Anisochrysa vartianorum Hölzel, 1973: Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhawa: Madyan).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Madyan (Hölzel 1973; Oswald

2018).

Genus Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995

Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995: 67. Type species: Chrysopa congnatella Okamoto, 1914: 70.


Navasius Yang & Yang, 1990: 327. Type species: Navasius eumorphus Yang & Yang, 1990: 332.Dichochrysa Yang, 1991: 150 (unavailable new name for Navasius Yang & Yang, 1990). Type species: Navasius eumorphus

Yang & Yang, 1990: 332.

Pseudomallada venosus (Rambur, 1838)Hemerobius venosus Rambur, 1838: 9. Type locality: Spain (Andalucía: Granada).Distribution: Pakistan,—Russia, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East to Mongolia (Ari et al. 2007;

Dobosz et al. 2016; Oswald 2018).

Genus Suarius Navás, 1914

Suarius Navás, [1914c] 1913–1914: 73. Type species: Suarius walsinghami Navás, [1914c] 1913–1914.Vasquenzius Navás, [1914c] 1913–1914: 75. Type species: Vasquenzius alisteri Navás, [1914c] 1913–1914.Prochrysopa Tjeder, 1936: 18. Type species: Prochrysopa mongolica Tjeder, 1936: 18.

Suarius nanus (McLachlan, 1893)Chrysopa nana McLachlan, 1893: 231. Type locality: Turkey (Adana).Chrysopa pretiosa Gerstäcker, 1894: 158. Type locality: Unknown.Chrysopa nymphula Navás, 1910e: 475. Type locality: Greece (Atica).Cintameva egena Navás, 1940: 101. Type locality: Cyprus (Limassol).Distribution: Pakistan (Ari et al. 2007),—South Eastern Europe (Macedonia, Greece), Northern Africa (Algeria),

Middle East (widespread) (Oswald 2018).

Suarius paghmanus (Hölzel, 1967)Chrysopa (Suarius) paghmana Hölzel, 1967a: 38. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghma) and Pakistan (Kash-

mir: Gilgit).Chrysopa mongolica Steinmann, 1968: 94. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Gilgit-Baltistan Terr.,—Afghanistan, Mongolia (Oswald 2018).

Suarius walsinghami orientalis Hölzel, 1978Suarius walsinghami orientalis Hölzel, 1978: 6. Type locality: Iran (Tehran), Afghanistan (Kadaghan: Kabul), Pa-

kistan (Balochistan: Quetta, Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit, Hunza, Nagar, Chalt). Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist.; Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div., Hunza dist.,

Nagar, Chalt,—Afghanistan, Iran (Hölzel 1978; Oswald 2018).

Family Nemopteridae Burmeister, 1839

Subfamily Crocinae Navás, 1910

Genus Croce McLachlan, 1885

Croce McLachlan, 1885: 378. Type species: Nematoptera filipennis Westwood, 1841: 13.Klugina Navás, 1910f: 394. Type species: Nematoptera aristate Klug, [1838] 1836: 96.Walthornia Navás, 1927b: 183. Type species: Walthornia schmidti Navás, 1927b: 184.

Croce schmidti (Navás, 1927)Walthornia schmidti Navás, 1927b: 184. Type locality: Unknown.Croce zarudnyi Alexandrov-Martynov, 1930: 242. Type locality: Iran (Baluchestan: Karvandar, Bampur).Distribution: Pakistan (Dobosz & Ábrahám 2009),—Middle East (Israel East) (Oswald 2018).


Genus Dielocroce Cowley, 1941

Dielocroce Cowley, 1941: 124. Type species: Nemoptera (Croce) baudii Griffini, 1895: 2.Nina Navás, 1910f: 405. Type species: Nemoptera (Croce) baudii Griffini, 1895: 2.Berlandus Pierre, [1952] 1950: 3. Type species: Berlandus saharae Pierre, [1952] 1950: 3.

Dielocroce elegans (Alexandrov-Martynov, 1930)Nina elegans Alexandrov-Martynov, 1930: 244. Type locality: Iran (Southeastern, Gjazymanzel, Bagu, Makran).Distribution: Pakistan,—Middle East (widespread), Israel East to Afghanistan, Southeast to Yemen (Oswald

2018).

Dielocroce meadewaldoi (Navás, 1911)Nina meadewaldoi Navás, 1911b: 25. Type locality: India and Pakistan (Punjab: Murree).Nina leptostoma Navás, 1913d: 15. Type locality: India and Pakistan (Punjab: Murree).Nina withycombei Navás, 1926a: 195. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist., Murree,—India, Iran (Oswald 2018).

Subfamily Nemopterinae Navás, 1910

Genus Halter Rambur, 1842

Halter Rambur, 1842: 332. Type species: Nemoptera alba Olivier, 1811.

Halter albostigma (Westwood, 1874)Nemoptera albostigma Westwood, 1874: 179. Type locality: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal).Distribution: Pakistan: Sindh prov., Mirpur Khas div., Mirpur Khas dist., Thar,—South Africa (a probable wrong

distribution record due to mislabelled type) (Ábrahám 2014).

Halter halteratus (Forskål, 1775)Panorpa halterata Forskål, 1775: 97. Type locality: Yemen (near Al Mukha, Beit el Fakih).Nemoptera pallida Olivier, 1811: 179. Type locality: Bagdad.Nematoptera forskallii Westwood, 1841: 11. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002),—Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East to India (widespread)

(Oswald 2018).

Halter nutans Navás, 1910Halter nutans Navás, 1910f: 373. Type Locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist. (Ábrahám 2014),—Middle East (widespread)

East to India (Oswald 2018).

Family Myrmeleontidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Ascalaphinae Lefèbvre, 1842

Genus Abronius Needham, 1909

Abronius Needham, 1909: 197. Type species: Abronius canescens Needham, 1909: 197.

Abronius canescens Needham, 1909*Abronius canescens Needham, 1909: 197. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist. (Sziráki 1998; Oswald 2018).


Genus Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775

Ascalaphus Fabricius, 1775: 313. Type species: Myrmeleon barbarum Linnaeus, 1767: 914.Helicomitus McLachlan, [1871] 1873: 261. Type species: Ascalaphus insimulans Walker, 1853: 249.

Ascalaphus abdominalis (Kimmins, 1949)Helicomitus abdominalis Kimmins, 1949: 4. Type locality: India (Karnataka: Coorg; Santikuppa, Hoskoti).Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002),—India (Sziráki 1998; Oswald 2018).

Ascalaphus dicax Walker, 1853Ascalaphus dicax Walker, 1853: 423. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002),—Bangladesh, China (Yang et al. 2018), India, Indo-Malayan Islands,

Iraq, Malayan Peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Syria, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Sziráki 1998; Ghosh 2000).

Genus Ascalohybris Sziráki, 1998

Ascalohybris Sziráki, 1998: 59. Type species: Ascalaphus javanus Burmeister, 1839: 1001.Hybris Lefèbvre, 1842: 6. Type species: Ascalaphus javanus Burmeister, 1839: 1001.

Ascalohybris javana (Burmeister, 1839)Ascalaphus javanus Burmeister, 1839: 1001. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Sindh prov., Karachi div., Karachi dist., Karachi city (Sziráki 1998),—India, Indonesia

(Oswald 2018).

Genus Bubopsis McLachlan, 1898

Bubopsis McLachlan, 1898: 159. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, [1838] 1837–1840.Bubo Rambur, 1842: 353. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, [1838] 1837–1840.Phyurus Navás, [1901] 1900–1901: 95. Type species: Ascalaphus agrionoides Rambur, [1838] 1837–1840.

Bubopsis tancrei van der Weele, 1909Bubopsis tancrei van der Weele, 1909: 273. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002).

Genus Deleproctophylla Lefèbvre, 1842

Deleproctophylla Lefèbvre, 1842: 6. Type species: Ascalaphus australis Fabricius, 1787: 250.

Deleproctophylla dusmeti (Navás, 1914)Theleproctophylla dusmeti Navás, 1914l: 57. Type locality: Spain (Madrid: Montarco).Distribution: Pakistan (Dobosz & Ábrahám 2007),—France, Spain, Turkey, Azerbaijan (Oswald 2018).

Genus Horischema Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003

Horischema Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003: 341. Type species: Horischema ronkayorum Mészáros & Abrahám, 2003: 341.

Horischema ronkayorum Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003Horischema ronkayorum Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003: 341. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Margalla Hills; Islam-

abad), Nepal (Annapurna Himal: Talbagar).


Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr, Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava (Mészáros & Ábrahám 2003),—Nepal (Oswald 2018).

Genus Idricerus McLachlan, 1871

Idricerus McLachlan, 1871: 240. Type species: Ascalaphus decrepitus Walker, 1860: 197.

Idricerus sogdianus McLachlan, 1875Idricerus sogdianus McLachlan, 1875: 2. Type locality: Turkestan.Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat.; Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div., Hunza dist., Hunza val-

ley (Sziráki 2000),—Afghanistan, India, Turkmenistan (Oswald 2018).

Genus Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988

Indopalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988: 77. Type species: Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842: 375.

Indopalpares pardus (Rambur, 1842)Palpares pardus Rambur, 1842: 375. Type locality: India (Maharashtra: Mumbai).Myrmeleon expertus Walker, 1853: 311. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon nepalensis Hagen, 1866b: 444. Type locality: Unknown.Palpares pardus partitus Banks, 1911c: 100. Type locality: India (Bombay, Bassein Fort).Palpares pardus pardus asanai Kuwayama, 1933: 446. Type locality: India (Maharashtra; Mumbai).Palpares pardus stellatus Navás, 1912g: 223. Type species: Type locality: Sri Lanka.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist., (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; Stange

2004),—India (Ghosh 2000), Burma, East Indies (Oswald 2018).

Genus Nousera Navás, 1923

Nousera Navás, 1923e: 5. Type locality: Nousera gibba Navás, 1923e: 5.

Nousera herczigi Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2006*Nousera herczigi Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2006: 323. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Islamabad, Margella Hills).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr., Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava (Ábrahám & Mészáros

2006; Oswald 2018).

Genus Ogcogaster Westwood, 1848

Ogcogaster Westwood, 1848: 69. Type species: Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster) tessellatus Westwood, 1848: 69.

Ogcogaster tessellata Westwood, 1848Ascalaphus (Ogcogaster) tessellatus Westwood, 1847: 69. Type locality: East Indies.Ascalaphus tessellatus Lichtenstein, 1796: 192. Type locality: Suriname.Helicomitus xaverii Navás, 1930e: 34. Type locality: India: Annand.Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002),—India (Sziráki 1998; Ghosh 2000; Oswald 2018).

Genus Palpares Rambur, 1842

Palpares Rambur, 1842: 365. Type species: Hemerobius libelluloides Linnaeus, 1764: 401.


Negretus Navás, 1912i: 56. Type species: Negretus ertli Navás, 1912i: 57.Palparellus Navás, 1912g: 225. Type species: Palpares spectrum Rambur, 1842: 376.

Palpares astarte Banks, 1913Palpares astarte Banks, 1913b: 187. Type locality: India (West Bengal: Chapra).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Dera Ghazi Khan div., Rajanpur dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; Stange

2004),—India (Oswald 2018).

Palpares cephalotes (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834)Myrmeleon cephalotes Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834: 35. Type locality: Egypt (Bani Suwayf).Myrmeleon sollicitus Walker, 1853: 302. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon subducens Walker, 1853: 308. Type locality: Unknown.Palpares burmeisteri Hagen, 1887: 93. Type locality: Senegal.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Dera Ghazi Khan div., Rajanpur dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990, 1997; Stange

2004),—Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East (widespread) east to Pakistan (Oswald 2018).

Palpares trichogaster Navás, 1913Palpares trichogaster Navás, 1913b: 481. Type locality: Pakistan (Sindh: Karachi, Manora).Distribution: Pakistan: Sindh prov., Karachi div., Karachi dist., Manora (Stange 2004),—India (Oswald 2018).

Palpares zebratus Rambur, 1842Palpares zebratus Rambur, 1842: 371. Type locality: India (Tamil Nadu: Pondicherry).Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002),—India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988

Parapalpares Insom & Carfi, 1988: 76. Type species: Parapalpares latipennis Rambur, 1842: 374.

Parapalpares solidus (Gerstaecker, 1894)Palpares solidus Gerstaecker, [1894] 1893: 113. Type locality: Unknown.Palpares klapaleki Navás, 1912d: 53. Type locality: Iran.Palpares zugmayeri Navás, 1912i: 55. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Pasni).Palpares validus Navás, 1927d: 12. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Kabul).Palpares solidus validus Navás, 1928b: 28. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Kabul).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Makran div., Gwadar dist., Pasni; Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Ra-

walpindi dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1990; Whittington 2002; Stange 2004),—Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey (Oswald 2018).

Genus Perissoschema Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003

Perissoschema evae Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003: 343. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Margall Hills, Pir Sohawa).

Perissoschema evae Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003*Perissoschema evae Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2003: 346. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Margall Hills, Pir So-

hawa).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat., Muzaffarabad div., Muzaffarbad dist.; Gilgit-Baltistan

Terr., Baltistan div., Himalaya; Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr., Margalla Hills, Pir Sohava (Mészáros & Ábrahám 2003; Oswald 2018).


Genus Protidricerus van der Weele, 1909

Protidricerus van der Weele, 1909: 61. Type species: Idricerus exilis McLachlan, 1894: 424.

Protidricerus elwesii (McLachlan, 1891)Idricerus elwesii McLachlan, 1891: 424. Type locality: China (Sichuan: Ta-chien-Lu).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr. (Sziráki, 2000),—China (Yang et al. 2018), India

(Ghosh 2000; Oswald 2018).

Genus Protobubopsis van der Weele, 1909

Protobubopsis van der Weele, 1909: 269. Type species: Protobubopsis braueri van der Weele, 1909: 270.

Protobubopsis braueri van der Weele, 1909Protobubopsis braueri van der Weele, 1909: 270. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002).

Genus Ptyngidricerus van der Weele, 1908Ptyngidricerus van der Weele, 1908: 67. Type species: Idricerus albardanus McLachlan, 1891: 514.

Ptyngidricerus pakistanensis Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2002*Ptyngidricerus pakistanensis Ábrahám & Mészáros, 2002: 394. Type locality: Pakistan (Jammu and Kashmir: Na-

ltar Valley, Nomal Village).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat.; Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Baltistan div., Shigar dist., Mts.

Karakorum; Gilgit div., Nagar dist., Chalt Nagar, Hispar Valley, Karakorum Huru, Valley of Indus; Gilgit dist., Naltar Valley, Normal Village (Ábrahám & Mészáros 2002; Oswald 2018).

Ptyngidricerus venustus Tjeder & Waterston, 1977Ptyngidricerus venustus Tjeder & Waterston, 1977: 88. Type locality: United Arab Emirates (Ajman: Manama).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat.,—Oman, United Arab Emirates (Sziráki 2000; Oswald

2018).

Genus Stenares Hagen, 1866

Stenares Hagen, 1866b: 372, 460. Type species: Myrmeleon hyaena Dalman,1823: 89.

Stenares hyaena (Dalman, 1823)Myrmeleon hyaena Dalman, 1823: 89. Type locality: Sierra Leone.Stenares hyaena obscurus Navás, 1932f: 271. Type locality: Democratic Republic of the Congo.Myrmeleon peritus Walker, 1853: 325. Type locality: Unknown.Stenares hyaena clarus Navás, 1932g: 951. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Sargodha div., Mianwali dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1991a, 1997; Stange 2004),—

Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, East to India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Stylascalaphus (Sziráki, 1998)

Stylonotus Needham, 1909: 198. Type species: Ascalaphus obscurus Westwood, [1847] 1848: 69.

Stylascalaphus fabiani Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2005Stylascalaphus fabiani Mészáros & Ábrahám, 2005: 103. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Islamabad).


Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr.; Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div., Gilgit dist., Bagro-th Valley, Karakoram Mts., Gilgit, South Himalaya Mts.; Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Hazara div., Mansehra dist., Kaghan Valley (Mészáros & Abrahám 2005),—Turkey, Iran (Oswald 2018).

Genus Suhpalacsa Lefèbvre, 1842

Suhpalacsa Lefèbvre, 1842: 7. Type species: Ascalaphus flavipes Leach, 1814: 48.Ceraus Navás, [1901] 1900–1901: 95. Type species: Ascalaphus flavipes Leach, 1814: 48.

Suhpalacsa orsedice Banks, 1914Suhpalacsa orsedice Banks, 1914: 617. Type locality: India (West Bengal: Darjeeling, Singla).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islamabad Capital Terr. (Sziráki 2000),—India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Tomatares Hagen, 1866

Tomatares Hagen, 1866b: 372. Myrmeleon compositus Walker, 1853: 397.

Tomatares pardalis (Fabricius, 1781)Myrmeleon pardalis Fabricius, 1781: 398. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Sahiwal div., Pakpattan dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1991a, 1997; Stange 2004),—

India, Indonesia (Oswald 2018).

Subfamily Myrmeleontinae Latreille, 1802

Genus Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842

Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842: 378. Type species: Myrmeleon occitanicum Villers, 1789: 63.Acanthoclisis Agassiz, [1847] 1842–1847: 2. An unjustified emendation of Acanthaclisis Rambur, 1842.

Acanthaclisis neozelandica (Navás, 1912)*Cosina neozelandica Navás, 1912b: 168. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta, Toba bei).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist., Toba bei (Stange 2004).

Acanthaclisis occitanica (Villers, 1789)Myrmeleon occitanicus Villers, 1789: 63. Type locality: France (Occitanie near Nîmes).Acanthaclisis gandolphi McLachlan, 1873: 131. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon georgianus Fischer von Waldheim, [1822]: 43. Type locality: Mare Caspium (near the Caspian Sea).Myrmeleon pisanus Rossi, 1790: 14. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan,—Western Palaearctic (widespread) east to India (Oswald 2018).

Genus Centroclisis Navás, 1909

Centroclisis Navás, 1909f: 71. Type species: Centroclisis lanosa Navás, 1909f: 72.Neboda Navás, 1911c: 116. Type species: Neboda negligens Navás, 1911c: 116.Neoclisis Navás, 1914d: 205. Type species: Neoclisis lineata Navás, 1914d: 206.Sograssa Navás, 1924a: 71. Type species: Sogra superba Navás, 1912b: 161.Stenoclisis Navás, 1932d: 62. Type species: Stenoclisis media Navás, 1932d: 63.

Centroclisis eustalacta (Gerstaecker, 1863)Acanthaclisis eustalacta Gerstaecker, 1863: 178. Type locality: Unknown.


Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Toba Tek Singh dist., Gojra; Sargodha div., Sargodha dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India, Sri Lanka (Oswald 2018).

Centroclisis indica (Banks, 1911)Acanthaclisis indica Banks, 1911a: 100. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—In-

dia: Bihar (Oswald 2018).

Genus Cueta Navás, 1911

Cueta Navás, 1911e: 242. Type species: Cueta trilineata Navás, 1911e: 243.Polancus Navás, 1914e: 19. Type species: Polancus secretus Navás, 1914e: 19.Furga Navás, 1930b: 122. Type species: Furga tunetana Navás, 1930b: 122.

Cueta facile Banks, 1939Cueta facile Banks, 1939a: 455. Type locality: India (Coimbatore: Tamil Nadu).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India

(Bihar: Orissa, Tamil Nadu) (Oswald 2018).

Cueta lineosa (Rambur, 1842)Myrmeleon lineosus Rambur, 1842: 389. Type locality: Egypt.Cueta albanica Capra, 1945: 295. Type locality: Albania (Scutari).Cueta anomala Navás, 1915g: 380. Type locality: Unknown.Cueta trilineata Navás, 1911e: 243. Type locality: Unknown.Cueta syriaca Navás, 1914f: 236. Type locality: Turkey (Hatay, near Iskenderun).Myrmeleon morosus Walker, 1853: 389. Type locality: India.Myrmeleon ulianini McLachlan, 1875: 8. Type locality: Turkestan.Myrmeleon grammaticus Navás, 1912d: 49. Type locality: Turkey.Cueta natti Navás, 1914g: 640. Type locality: Egypt.Myrmeleon ulianini McLachlan, 1875: 8. Type locality: Turkestan.Cueta morosa (Walker, 1853): 389. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Dera Ghazi Khan div., Muzaffargarh dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Whitting-

ton 2002; Stange 2004),—Eastern Europe (Albania, Greece, Italy, western Russia), Northern Africa (wide-spread), Middle East (widespread) (Oswald 2018).

Genus Iranoleon Hölzel, 1968

Iranoleon Hölzel, 1968: 7. Type species: Iranoleon vartianae Hölzel, 1968: 7.

Iranoleon vartianae Hölzel, 1968Iranoleon vartianae Hölzel, 1968: 7. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist.—Iran (Stange 2004; Oswald 2018).

Genus Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855

Myrmecaelurus Costa, 1855: 10. Type species: Myrmeleon flavus Rambur, 1842: 398.Nohoveus Navás, 1918c: 169. Type species: Myrmeleon lepidus Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834: 36.Loveus Navás, 1920c: 29. Type species: Myrmeleon punctulatus Steven in Fischer von Waldheim, [1822] 1820–1822: 210.


Myrmecaelurus acerbus (Walker, 1853)Myrmeleon acerbus Walker, 1853: 366. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon atrox Walker, 1853: 390. Type locality: Turkey. Myrmeleon iners Walker, 1853: 390. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmecaelurus nigellus Navás, 1930e: 38. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Toba Tek Singh dist., Gojra; Rawalpindi div., Chakwal dist.

(Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004; Krivokhatsky et al. 2015),—Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East (widespread) East to India (Oswald 2018).

Myrmecaelurus ghoshi Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997*Myrmecaelurus ghoshi Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997: 135. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Pakpattan).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Sahiwal div., Pakpattan dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004).

Myrmecaelurus implexus (Walker, 1853)Myrmeleon implexus Walker, 1853: 376. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Multan div., Khanewal dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1991b, 1997; Stange 2004),—

India (Oswald 2018).

Myrmecaelurus longiprocessus Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997Myrmecaelurus longiprocessus Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997: 134. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Faisalabad).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004).

Myrmecaelurus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771)Myrmeleon trigrammus Pallas, 1771: 469. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmecaelurus trigrammus trigrammus (Pallas, 1771): 469. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon pictum Fabricius, 1798: 206. Type locality: Russia Meridonali.Myrmecaelurus trigrammus pupillus Navás, 1910g: 469. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmecaelurus trigrammus aureus Navás, 1910g: 4. Type locality: Iran (Bazouft: Haut Karoum).Myrmecaelurus trigrammus obscuratus Navás, 1914b: 197. Type locality: Somalia (Somaliland).Myrmecaelurus trigrammus languidus Navás, 1918c: 168. Type locality: Algeria (Laghouat: El Aghouat).Myrmecaelurus trigrammus phaeophlebius Navás, 1928a: 93. Type locality: Iran.Myrmecaelurus trigrammus derbendicus Hölzel, 1972: 15. Type locality: Iran (Tehran: Darband).Distribution: Pakistan,—southern Europe (widespread), Middle East (widespread) east to Afghanistan (Whitting-

ton 2002; Stange 2004; Oswald 2018).

Myrmecaelurus virgulatus (Iqbal & Yousuf, 1991)*Nohoveus virgulatus Iqbal & Yousuf, 1991: 74. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Murree).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi dist., Murree (Iqbal & Yousuf 1991b, 1997; Stange 2004).

Genus Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767

Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767: 913: Type species: Myrmeleon formicarium Linnaeus, 1767: 914.Macroleon Banks, 1909a: 4. Type species: Myrmeleon validus McLachlan, 1894: 515.Enza Navás, 1912f: 113. Type species: Enza otiosus Navás, 1912f: 114.Myrmeleodes Navás, 1912g: 242. Type species: Myrmeleodes medius Navás, 1912g: 243.Moreyus Navás, 1914j: 55. Type species: Moreyus brasiliensis Navás, 1914j: 55.Morter Navás, 1915h: 466. Type species: Myrmeleon hyalinus Olivier, 1811: 126.Neleon Navás, 1915i: 53. Type species: Myrmeleon immaculatum De Geer, 1773: 564.Neseurus Navás, 1916e: 53. Type species: Myrmeleon alternans Brullé in Webb & Berthelot, 1839: 83.Cocius Navás, 1919d: 296. Type species: Cocius angustatus Navás, 1919d: 297.Myrmeleonellus Esben-Petersen, 1918: 17. Type species: Myrmeleonellus pallidus Esben-Petersen, 1918: 18.Leptoleon Esben-Petersen, 1918: 18. Type species: Leptoleon regularis Esben-Petersen, 1918: 18.Dicholeon Navás, 1920c: 193. Type species: Dicholeon nigritarsis Navás, 1920c: 193.


Tafanerus Navás, [1921] 1919: 62. Type species: Tafanerus indicus Navás, [1921] 1919: 63.Talosus Navás, 1923c: 35. Type species: Talosus oberthuri Navás, 1923c: 35.Banya Navás, 1923d: 145. Type species: Banya trifasciata Navás, 1923d: 145.Grocus Navás, 1925b: 185. Type species: Grocus gerstaeckeri Navás, 1925b: 185.Colinus Navás, 1925b: 187. Type species: Colinus philippinus Navás, 1925b: 187.Afroleon Navás, 1927c: 13. Type species: Afroleon basutus Navás, 1927c: 13.Neurocolinus Navás, 1930a: 42. Type species: Colinus philippinus Navás, 1925b: 187.Nemeyus Navás, 1934b: 502. Type species: Nemeyus sanaanus Navás, 1934b: 503.Nezuela Navás, 1934c: 155. Type species: Nezuela geayana Navás, 1934c: 156.Bordus Navás, 1936c: 165. Type species: Bordus temeratus Navás, 1936c: 166.Congoleon Navás, 1936d: 337. Type species: Congoleon sociatus Navás, 1936d: 337.Hypsoleon Navás, 1936e: 103. Type species: Hypsoleon chappuisinus Navás, 1936e: 103.Nelneja Navás, 1936e: 104. Type species: Nelneja guttata Navás, 1936e: 105.

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) assamensis Ghosh, 1984Myrmeleon assamensis Ghosh, 1984: 23. Type locality: India (Assam: Raimona).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Islam Capital Terr.; Multan div., Khanewal dist.; Rawalpindi div., Jhelum

dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1992, 1997; Stange 2004; Akhtar et al. 2018),—India (Ghosh 2000).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) bore (Tjeder, 1941)Grocus bore Tjeder, 1941: 74. Type locality: Sweden, Norway.Enza otiosus Navás, 1912f: 114. Type locality: Japan.Myrmeleon exigus Yang, 1999: 148. Type locality: China (Fujian: Dongshan).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Jhelum dist., Dokh Masyal, Harappa (Akhtar et al. 2018),—

Palaearctic (widespread) (Yang et al. 2018; Oswald 2018).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) clothilde Banks, 1913Myrmeleon clothilde Banks, 1913a: 223. Type locality: India (Bihar: Samastipur, Pusa).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1992, 1997; Stange 2004),—

India, Sri Lanka (Ghosh 2000; Oswald 2018).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) hyalinus Olivier, 1811Myrmeleon hyalinus Olivier, 1811: 126. Type locality: Saudi Arabia.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Dera Ghazi Khan div., Dera Ghazi Khan dist., Chak Talpur; Faisalabad div.,

Faisalabad dist.; Rawalpindi div., Chakwal dist., Chak 160 Sadiqabad, Lal Sunahara National Park; Sargodha div., Darya Khan dist., Mithi (Akhtar et al. 2018),—Widespread, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Middle East, East to Western India and Atlantic islands (Oswald 2018).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) inconspicuus Rambur, 1842Myrmeleon inconspicuus Rambur, 1842: 406. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon incertus Rambur, 1842: 406. Type locality: Probably from Southern France.Myrmeleon erberi Brauer, 1868: 190. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon ariasi Navás, 1913e: 114. Type locality: Morocco.Myrmeleon inconspicuus leoninus Navás, 1912d: 30. Type locality: Unknown.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Dera Ghazi Khan div., Dera Ghazi Khan dist., Chak Talpur; Sargodha div.,

Darya Khan dist., Mithi; Rawalpindi div., Chakwal dist., Lal Sunahara National Park; Sahiwal div., Sahiwal dist., Harappa (Akhtar et al. 2018),—Southern Europe (widespread), Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East east to Iran (Oswald 2018).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) noacki Ohm, 1965Myrmeleon noacki Ohm, 1965: 108. Type locality: Greece (West Greece: Zachlorou).Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat., Poonch div., Bagh dist.: Gilgit-Baltistan Terr., Gilgit div.,

Gilgit dist. (Akhtar et al. 2018),—South Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia (Pantaleoni & Badano 2012).


Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) paghmanus Hölzel, 1972Myrmeleon paghmanus Hölzel, 1972: 37. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat; Gabral-Tal).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Gabral-Tal (Stange 2004),—Af-

ghanistan (Oswald 2018).

Myrmeleon (Myrmeleon) trivialis Gerstaecker, 1885Myrmeleon trivialis Gerstaecker, [1885] 1884: 23. Type locality: Himalayas.Distribution: Pakistan: Azad Jammu and Kashmir stat., Muzaffarabad div., Muzaffarabad dist., Pir Chanasi; Khy-

ber-Pakhtunkhwa prov., Hazara div, Mansehra dist., Garhi Habib Ullah; Punjab prov., Rawalpindi dist., Mur-ree (Akhtar et al. 2018),—China, India, Nepal, Thailand (Oswald 2018).

Genus Naya Navás, 1932

Naya Navás, 1932e: 111. Type species: Naya stigmata Navás, 1932e: 112.

Naya palpalis (Klapálek, 1914)Myrmecaelurus palpalis Klapálek, 1914: 723. Type locality: Algeria (Naama: Aïn Séfra).Nohoveus surcoufi Navás, 1918c: 170. Type locality: Algeria (Laghouat: El Aghouat).Naya stigmata Navás, 1932e: 112. Type locality: Libya (Fezzan: Al Awinat).Distribution: Pakistan,—Northern Africa (widespread), Middle East (Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran) (Oswald 2018).

Genus Solter Navás, 1912

Solter Navás, 1912d: 32. Type species: Solter liber Navás, 1912d: 33.Nelus Navás, 1929d: 44. Type species: Nelus griseipennis Navás, 1929d: 45.Sartous Navás, 1914d: 207. Type species: Sartous ardens Navás, 1914d: 208.

Solter hardei Hölzel, 1968Solter hardei Hölzel, 1968: 17. Type species: Iran (Sistan va Baluchestan: Iranshahr).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Sahiwal div., Pakpattan dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—Iran,

Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates (Oswald 2018).

Solter truculentus (Walker, 1853) Myrmeleon truculentus Walker, 1853: 347. Type locality: India. Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Multan div., Khanewal dist.; Sahiwal div., Pakpattan dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf

1997; Stange 2004),—India (Oswald 2018).

Solter vartianae Hölzel, 1967Solter vartianae Hölzel, 1967b: 106. Type locality: Iran (NW Zahidan).Distribution: Pakistan (Stange 2004),—Middle East (widespread) (Oswald 2018).

Genus Subgulina Krivokhatsky, 1996

Subgulina Krivokhatsky, 1996: 315. Type species: Subgulina kerzhneri Krivokhatsky, 1996: 315.

Subgulina iranica (Hölzel, 1968)Maracanda iranica Hölzel, 1968: 29. Type locality: Iran (Sistan va Baluchestan: Iranshahr).Distribution: Pakistan (Stange 2004),—Iran (Oswald 2018).


Genus Syngenes Kolbe, 1897

Syngenes Kolbe, 1897: 15. Type species: Acanthaclisis debilis Gerstaecker, [1888] 1887: 100.Onclus Navás, 1912d: 53. Type species: Myrmeleon horridus Walker, 1853: 336.

Syngenes horridus (Walker, 1853)Myrmeleon horridus Walker, 1853: 336. Type locality: Probably from somewhere in India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Toba Tek Singh dist., Gojra (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange

2004),—India (widespread) (Oswald 2018).

Subfamily Nemoleontinae Banks, 1911

Genus Creoleon Tillyard, 1918

Creoleon Tillyard, 1918: 436. Type species: Myrmeleon plumbeum Olivier, 1811: 126.Creagris Hagen, 1860b: 364. Type species: Myrmeleon plumbeum Olivier, 1811: 126.

Creoleon elegans Hölzel, 1968Creoleon elegans Hölzel, 1968: 27. Type locality: Iran (Sistan va Baluchestan: Iranshahr).Distribution: Pakistan (Whittington 2002; Stange 2004),—Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria (Oswald 2018).

Creoleon griseus (Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834)Myrmeleon griseus Klug in Ehrenberg, 1834: 36. Type locality: Unknown.Myrmeleon perfidus Walker, 1853: 350. Type locality: North India.Myrmeleon sedulus Walker, 1853: 355. Type locality: India (North Bengal).Myrmeleon adversus Walker, 1853: 358. Type locality: North India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist.; Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist. (Iqbal &

Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India, Egypt, Sudan, Israel, Iran (Ghosh 2000), Spain, Northern Africa (wide-spread), Middle East (Oswald 2018).

Creoleon irene Banks, 1939Gama irene Banks, 1939a: 456. Type species: India (Darjeeling: Mysore).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist.; Multan div., Khanewal dist.; Sargodha div.,

Sargodha dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India (Oswald 2018).

Creoleon parallelus (Banks, 1911)Creagris parallela Banks, 1911a: 101. Type locality: India (Pusa, Bengal).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Bahawalpur div., Bahawalpur dist.; Rawalpindi div., Chakwal dist.; Faisala-

bad div., Faisalabad dist.; Sahiwal div., Pakpattan dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India: Bihar (Oswald 2018).

Genus Delfimeus Navás, 1912

Delfimeus Navás, 1912e: 223. Type species: Delfimeus scriptus Navás, 1912e: 224.Rotanton Navás, [1914f] 1913–1914: 242. Type species: Rotanton clarus Navás, [1914f] 1913–1914: 242.Pignatellus Navás, 1914h: 39. Type species: Pignatellus extorris Navás, 1914h: 40.Nocaldria Navás, 1916d: 362. Type species: Nocaldria signata Navás, 1916d: 363.

Delfimeus laetus (Hölzel, 1968)Pignatellus laetus Hölzel, 1968: 20. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist. (Stange 2004), Afghanistan, Iran (Oswald

2018).


Genus Distoleon Banks, 1910

Distoleon Banks, 1910: 42. Type species: Distoleon verticalis Banks, 1910: 42.Formicaleon Banks, 1911b: 16. Myrmeleon tetragrammicum Fabricius, 1798: 205.Eidoleon Esben-Petersen, 1918: 15. Type species: Myrmeleon bistrigatus Rambur, 1842: 391.Salvaza Navás, 1917c: 12. Type species: Salvaza cornutus Navás, 1917c: 12.Feinerus Navás, 1919c: 190. Type species: Feinerus umbratus Navás, 1919c: 191.Nefeirus Navás, 1926b: 103. Type species: Nefeirus maesi Navás, 1926b: 104.Dolicholeon Navás, 1929c: 190. Type species: Formicaleo substigmalis Navás, 1917c: 10.Hyloleon Navás, 1929c: 188. Type species: Hyloleon rhodocerus Navás, 1929c: 189.Nasma Navás, 1930c: 409. Type species: Nasma coreana Navás, 1930c: 410.Feina Navás, 1931d: 263. Type species: Feina languida Navás, 1931d: 264.Vessa Navás, 1931d: 265. Type species: Vessa guttata Navás, 1931d: 266.Formileo Navás, 1933c: 312. Type species: Formileo collartinus Navás, 1933c: 312.Nima Navás, 1935: 53. Type species: Nima somalica Navás, 1935: 54.

Distoleon luteomaculatus Hölzel 1972Distoleon luteomaculatus Hölzel, 1972: 57. Type locality: Afghanistan (Kabul: Paghman).Distribution: Pakistan (Stange 2004),—Afghanistan, Turkey (Oswald 2018).

Distoleon verendus (Walker, 1853)Myrmeleon minax Walker, 1853: 343. Type locality: India.Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Faisalabad div., Faisalabad dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004),—India

(Ghosh 2000; Oswald 2018).

Distoleon zonarius (Navás, 1934)Formicaleo zonarius Navás, 1934b: 505. Type locality: Yemen (Sana’a).Distribution: Pakistan,—Yemen (Whittington 2002).

Genus Ganguilus Navás, 1912

Ganguilus Navás, 1912d: 72. Type species: Ganguilus pallescens Navás, 1912d: 72.Cordeses Navás, 1914i: 94. Type species: Cordeses oblitus Navás, 1914i: 95.

Ganguilus pulchellus (Banks, 1911)Macronemurus pulchellus Banks, 1911d: 26. Type locality: Eritrea.Distribution: Pakistan,—Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (Oswald 2018).

Genus Indoleon Banks, 1913

Indoleon Banks, 1913a: 222. Type species: Myrmeleon tacitus Walker, 1853: 362.Indophanes Banks, 1940: 195. Type species: Myrmeleon barbarus Walker, 1853: 358.Yunleon Yang, 1986: 425. Type species: Yunleon longicorpus Yang, 1986: 425.

Indoleon vartianorum (Hölzel, 1972)*Indophanes vartianorum Hölzel, 1972: 63. Type locality: Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Swat, Gabral-Tal).Distribution: Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa prov., Malakand div., Swat dist., Gabral-Tal (Hölzel 1972; Stange

2004; Oswald 2018).

Genus Macronemurus Costa, 1855

Macronemurus Costa, 1855: 8. Type species: Myrmeleon appendiculatum Latreille, 1807: 193.


Uroleon Brauer, 1900: 475. Type species: Uroleon caudatus Brauer, 1900: 475.Neusmia Navás, 1912e: 221. Type species: Neusmia pura Navás, 1912e: 221.Barreja Navás, 1915g: 390. Type species: Barreja persica Navás, 1915g: 390.Nemurius Navás, [1936b] 1935: 80. Macronemurus lacroixi Navás, 1923b: 339.

Macronemurus notofasciatus Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997*Macronemurus notofasciatus Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997: 132. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Rawalpindi).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Rawalpindi div., Rawalpindi dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004).

Genus Mesonemurus Navás, 1920

Mesonemurus Navás, [1920a] 1919: 283. Type species: Mesonemurus harterti Navás, [1920a] 1919: 283.Lacroixia Navás, 1924b: 212. Lacroixia sibirica Navás, 1924b: 213.Myrmenemurus Navás, 1926a: 45. Type species: Myrmenemurus clavatus Navás, 1926a: 45.Nefta Navás, 1930d: 125. Type species: Nefta tunetana Navás, 1930d: 126.

Mesonemurus harterti Navás 1920Mesonemurus harterti Navás, 1920b: 284. Type locality: Unknown. Nefta tunetana Navás, 1930b: 126. Type locality: Tunisia (Nefta).Myrmenemurus clavatus Navás, 1926c: 45. Type locality: Egypt (Wadi Ibtadi).Distribution: Pakistan (Stange 2004),—Northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt), Middle East (widespread) (Os-

wald 2018).

Genus Neuroleon Navás, 1909

Neuroleon Navás, 1909a: 148. Type species: Myrmeleon arenarius Navás, 1904b: 24.Ganussa Navás, 1912e: 222. Type species: Ganussa leptalea Navás, 1912e: 222.Nelees Navás, 1912d: 31. Type species: Myrmeleon nemausiensis Borkhausen, 1791: 162.Klapalekus Navás, 1912h: 46. Type species: Klapalekus nubilatus Navás, 1912h: 46.Neleoma Navás, 1914i: 95. Type species: Neleoma striolatum Navás, 1914i: 96.Gibrella Navás, 1914k: 98. Type species: Gibrella congolana Navás, 1914k: 99.Maldonatus Navás, 1914f: 247. Type species: Maldonatus argutus Navás, 1914f: 247.Barceus Navás, 1914b: 114. Type species: Barceus diffusus Navás, 1914b: 114.Nocaldria Navás, 1917d: 362. Type species: Nocaldria signata Navás, 1917d: 363.Nechodetus Navás, 1926c: 87. Type species: Nechodetus inspersus Navás, 1926c: 87.Afroclimacius Navás, 1930d: 128. Type species: Afroclimacius dumontinus Navás, 1930d: 129.Oligoleon Esben-Petersen, 1931: 202. Type species: Oligoleon longipennis Esben-Petersen, 1931: 202.Campestretus Navás, 1933d: 103. Type species: Neuroleon extraneus Navás, 1912d: 71.

Neuroleon (Ganussa) erato Hölzel, 1972Neuroleon erato Hölzel, 1972: 53. Type locality: Pakistan (Balochistan: Quetta).Distribution: Pakistan: Balochistan prov., Quetta div., Quetta dist. (Stange 2004),—Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Sau-

di Arabia (Oswald 2018).

Neuroleon (Neuroleon) punjabensis Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997*Neuroleon punjabensis Iqbal & Yousuf, 1997: 131. Type locality: Pakistan (Punjab: Sargodha).Distribution: Pakistan: Punjab prov., Sargodha div., Sargodha dist. (Iqbal & Yousuf 1997; Stange 2004).

Discussion

The faunal diversity and geopolitical distributions of Pakistani Neuropterida are summarized in Table 1. The cur-rently known fauna consists of 113 species in 63 genera and 11 families. When compared to the documented neurop-


teridan faunas of adjacent countries with similar physiographic features and comparable size, the species diversity of Pakistan is similar to that of Afghanistan (112 species; Oswald, unpublished data; an under-collected country), but is significantly smaller than that of Iran (225; Oswald, unpublished data) or India (360; Oswald, unpublished data). Based on the documented faunas of adjacent regions and the pivotal location of Pakistan with respect to three major biogeographic realms, we estimate that the true diversity of the Pakistani Neuropterida fauna will eventually prove to lie somewhere in the range of 200–300 species.

TABLE 1. Diversity of Pakistani Neuropterida by taxon rank and geopolitical unit. Abbreviations: AJK, Azad Jammu and Kashmir; BA, Balochistan; GB, Gilgit-Baltistan; KPK, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa; UNK, Pakistan record only (prov-ince/territory unknown); PB, Punjab; SD, Sindh.

ORDERFamily

Pakistan Province / Territory (species count)Genera Species AJK BA GB KPK PB SD UNK

RAPHIDIOPTERA Inocelliidae

1 1 - - - 1 1 - -

Raphidiidae 1 4 1 - - 4 - - -MEGALOPTERA Corydalidae

1 1 - - - - 1 - -

NEUROPTERAConiopterygidae 5 6 2 1 1 4 1 - -Dilaridae 1 1 - - - 1 - - -Berothidae 1 1 - - - 1 - - -Mantispidae 2 3 1 - - - 1 2 -Hemerobiidae 5 10 - 1 2 2 2 - 3Chrysopidae 5 14 - 3 2 1 4 1 7Nemopteridae 3 6 - 1 - - 1 1 3Myrmeleontidae 38 66 6 6 5 4 35 2 17Total (taxon count) 63 113 10 12 10 18 46 6 30Total (% total species) - 100 7.6 9 7.6 13.6 35 4.5 22.7

The following 18 species are presently known only from Pakistan and are possible endemics: [Berothidae] Asa-deteva vartianorum; [Chrysopidae] Mallada vartianorum; [Dilaridae] Dilar similis; [Hemerobiidae] Hemerobius adelgivorus, Hemerobius apatridus; [Myrmeleontidae, including former Ascalaphidae] Abronius canescens, Acan-thaclisis neozelandica, Indoleon vartianorum, Macronemurus notofasciatus, Myrmecaelurus ghoshi, Myrmecaelu-rus virgulatus, Neuroleon (Neuroleon) punjabensis, Nousera herczigi, Perissoschema evae, Ptyngidricerus pakista-nensis; and [Raphidiidae] Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) pakistanica, Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) solitaria, Mongoloraphidia (Mongoloraphidia) virgo.

Species diversity within the Pakistani fauna is heavily skewed toward the Neuroptera (107/113 species; 95%), with smaller numbers of Megaloptera (1/113; 1%) and Raphidioptera (5/113; 4%). This ordinal distribution is similar to the proportional diversity of the orders worldwide—Neuroptera (5900/6530 species; 90%), Megaloptera (380/6530; 6%), and Raphidioptera (250/6530; 4%).

Within the Neuroptera, the Myrmeleontidae (antlions and owlflies) represent the largest proportion of the fauna (66/113 species; 58%), with no other family accounting for more than 12% (14/113 species; Chrysopidae). The other six neuropteran families together account for 30% of the fauna (27/113). The large proportion of Myrmel-eontidae, which are diverse in desert regions, is consistent with the aridity of much of the country, it may be also due to the bias of collection of the species with larger body-size such as the adult antlions. The species counts for several families—particularly Chrysopidae (14 species), Coniopterygidae (6), Hemerobiidae (10), and Mantispidae (3)—are unexpectly low and certainly represent poor and incomplete sampling across the country.

Megaloptera are underrepresented in the fauna (with only one species), which, given the known diversity of Corydalidae in the montanous regions of southeastern Asia, including the Himalayas, is almost certainly due to poor sampling in the mountainous areas of northern Pakistan (Gilgit-Baltisan), having high influence of western Himalayas, Karakoram and Hind Kash range. Additional species of Corydalidae are expected to be discovered in those areas in the future.


Raphidioptera reach the southern margin of their regional distribution in northern Pakistan. Five species (three possibly endemic) are currently known from the northwestern portion of the country. However, given the highly dissected mountainous terrain of northern Pakistan, and the small ranges typical of many Asian snakefly species, additional species are likely to be discovered in the mountainous areas of Pakistan in the future.

Knowledge of the Pakistani Neuropterida fauna is in a preliminary stage of development, and the country re-mains both generally under-sampled and very unevenly sampled. Although differences are expected in the counts and proportions of the fauna that are found in different provinces and territories, the current counts and proportions (Table 1) are not believed to accurately reflect the complete, true fauna. Based on current data, knowledge of spe-cies diversity is heavily skewed toward Punjab province (46/113 species; 41%), but this is certainly due to the fact that this province contains most of the major cities and academic/museum institutions in the country and has, thus, been the focus of the majority of collecting effort by both foreign and local entomologists (e.g., Iqbal and Yousuf 1900, 1991a, b, 1992, 1997). The faunal percentages for other provinces and territories—ranging from 5–16%—are clearly low and due to under-sampling. It is also notable that the high percentage of species (30/113; 27%) is known only from country-level records, without province/territory associations. This fact is a consequence of the reliance of our current knowledge of the fauna on a relatively high number of old records that are derived from poor-quality early data—records that have not yet been replaced by more accurate recent records.

In order to significantly increase our knowledge of the Pakistani Neuropterida fauna additional sampling is needed in all parts of the country, but particularly outside of Punjab province. While further sampling in desert and grassland regions will certainly lead to the discovery of additional species, our sense is that sampling density is par-ticularly low in low- to mid-elevation forest and forest-edge habitats. In addition, faunal representation of species that are physically small (e.g., Coniopterygidae, Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Dilaridae, and Hemerobiidae) is notably low and should represent another focus for future sampling activities.

Pakistan encompasses a wide range of habitats shaped by extremes in topography and precipitation, and the country should contain a rich diversity of neuropteridan species. We hope that this species catalogue and review of the current status of the Pakistani Neuropterida fauna will encourage and stimulate local entomologists to undertake the additional field work that is necessary to fill in the significant gaps that currently exist in our knowledge of this interesting fauna.

Acknowledgements

We thank to Dr. Horst Aspöck and an anonymous reviewer for their critical review, valuable comments and correc-tions to improve the manuscript. The first author is acknowledged to Syed Ishfaq Hussain Shah (China Agricultural University Beijing) for moral support during the course of this research work. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31972871, 31672322).

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