ISSN 00)36..8075

11 August 1978Volumel201l -N4355

LETTERS Human Rights: Visiting the Soviet Union; D. P. Cruikshank; C. DeLisi; CubanHealth Care: T. E. Morgan; Animal Rights in the Laboratory: F. M. Loew 482

fDhTO@AL The Federal Government and Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

ATcILs Surface Science: G. A. Somorjai ........................Biological Activity ofSome Oxygenated Sterols: A. A. Kandutsch, H. W. Chen,

I -J. Heiniger . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Human Issues in Human Rights: R. W. Kates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

489

4.9

502

RERSARON NEWS

BOOK REBVIEW

Andrus in Alaska: A Tour of the Wild Estate ...................... . .

Briefing:The Canceled Computer: Were Carter's Facts Right? In Vitro Infait-aeises Tempest in Test Tube; Tank Can Run, Shoot, and Vanish inaPuff

-of Smoke ...... . . . .:-China's "Four Modernizations" Lead to Closer Sino-U.S. Science Ties'.'.Encounters with the Third World Seen in Allocating Frequencies . . . . . .

.L

gB''..'.

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5jo: f--.., 2.0...5..f

:,X,, s

5.tt ^ ^-...

Tumor Promoters: Carcinogenesis Gets More Complicated . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Moons: Encounters of the Serendipitous Kind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Edward Jenner's Cowpox Vaccine and The Conquest ofSmallpox, reviewed byG. L. Geison; Microbial Interactions, M. Dworkih,; The Chemistry

of Gold, C. F. Shawl!!I; Earthquakes, B. F. Howell, Jr.; BooksRec'eived and Book Order Service ........................

REPORTS Interstellar Cloud Material: Contribution to Planetary Atmospheres:D. M. Butler, M. J. Newmani, R. J. Talbot, Jr ..

DNA Structure: Evidence from Electron Microscopy: J. D. Griffith .........Histidine Transfer RNA Levels in Friend Leukemia Cells: Stimulation by.

Histidine Deprivation: M. Litt and K. Weiser ..................

Virus-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Reovirus Infection of Pancreatic /3 Cellsin Mice: T. Onodera et a]l.............................

Toxicity of a Furanocoumarin to Armyworms: A Case of Biosynthetic Escapefrom Insect Herbivores: M. Berenbaum .....................

Choice Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys: Cocaine Versus Food: T. G. Aignferand R. L. Baister .................. . ..............

Electrfical Stimulation of the Amygdala as a Co'nditioned Stimulus in aBait-Shyness Paradigm: A. G. Phillips and F. G. LePiaie ............

Vasectomy Increases the Severity of Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis inMacacafascicularis: N. J. Alexander and T. B. Clark-son ............

Proctodeal Feeding by Termitophilous Staphylinidae Associated withReticuilitermes virginicius (Banks): R. W. Howard ................

Disulfiram Enhances Pharmacological Activity of Barbital and Impairs ItsUrinary Elimination: M. Shark-awi and D. Cianflote ..............

Iconic Storage: The Role of Rods: E. H. Adelson .-........

PRODUCTS AND

MATERIALS

Pump Driven by Magnetic Stirrer; Infrared Microscope; Acid Bath Heaters;

Desk-Top Computer; Microcomputer-Based Liquid Chromato'graphs;Microelectrode Instrumentation; Literature ...................548

CCORMACK RUSSELLW. PETERSONtoCKIIASTELLER CHEN NING YANG

(3YANOGEORAPHY (E) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (0) AoPQCY44

IFtiedmen UrsulaK. Abbotl H ew~~Waiter Chavin

d.SCIENCES0N) AGRICULTURE (0) IDUSTIALSOIENCE( P)~~James B. KINXOC -.SVMdHaftCo IT. WiIso R bobetL

flC$(t) -ATMOSPHERICANDOHYDROSPHERIC GENERAL(XW~GreuViouse SCIENCES (W) Allen V. Astin -

~~~~~Kerneth C. Spengle .Josee; F. Coate

pticai for A dvancam of S ien w in 18 in 1874 ,

ro hw N W orilof scienluts faciliate am ong thorn to foster acsnedflfreedorn and resp

Oe tMO nes ot scienc inl moiwo hum anwelfare,and to kice asepub ic undestan ingrwk:ationotft mo!W tance and pro istedo Mheme thodsc eciencein hunmanpo

COVER

Sections of pancreas from five mice (ar-

ranged vertically) stained with fluores-

cein-labeled antibody to reovirus and

rhodamine-labeled antibody to insulin.

When viewed with fluorescein filters,cells containing viral antigens appearedgreen (left column). When the same

sections were viewed with rhodamine

filters, insulin-containing cells in the

islets of Langerhans appeared orange.

(middle column). Double-exposure.:-photography (right column) shows viral

antigens in cells. Transition from topto bottom reveals a progressive in-

crease in the -number of .8 cells infected

with reovirus. See page 529. IT._Ono:

AI ii

519

522

525

527

529

532

534

536

538

541

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11 August 1978, Volume 201, Number 4355

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR The ITHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the presenta- In thi

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SCIENCE

Federal Government and Innovationie recent third annual AAAS R & D Policy Colloquium, "R & D inLeral Budget," about half the agenda was devoted to university-gov-it relationships, the other half to industrial research and develop-Attention to the business sector is timely; the United States has lostity to compete in many products involving technology. This contrib-a sinking dollar, inflation, and unemployment.Lkers at the symposium, including President Carter's Science Advis-nk Press, emphasized that a major factor has been a lack of in-ns. In the past, new high-technology products were an importantof prestige and of a favorable balance of payments. Innovations alsod gains in employment and productivity.iearly two decades after World War II, the United States was a lead-,stering research and development. Expenditures for R & D rose to 3of the gross national product (GNP). At the same time, Westernand Japan were only gradually recovering from the war. But whilerivals continued a vigorous effort to catch up, the United Statesto expand its support of R & D. In constant dollars, the level ofias been static for more than a decade and now represents only 2.2of the GNP. While governments in other countries such as Japanclosely with industry to foster innovations and exports, the Unitedadopted a hostile attitude toward business, subjecting it to thousandsly regulations. For example, in the making of steel, companies mustwith more than 5000 regulations issued by 27 different federal

bS.*

nilar level of federal intervention prevails in other industries, and itnts only part of the problem: states and municipalities have addedburdens. The cost of federal regulations, which is passed on to con-,,has been estimated as high as $100 billion a year and it is increasing.)her cost fosters inflation at home and inability to compete abroad.Of the effects of creating this vast structure of federal regulations hasi enormous concentration of power in Washington. In contrast, vice-nts for R & D of major companies tend to be subdued and anxious.them told me he devoted 90 percent of his efforts to matters dictatedilations or anticipated regulations. The time required to proceed from,h to the introduction of an innovative product is 10 years or more. Inantime, who knows what regulations may be imposed?r factors discouraging innovation include high interest rates and taxs. In Japan, companies can write off capital expenditures in 3 to 5Here, 10 years or more is common.result of the current climate is that many major companies are con-ing their R & D on improvements in existing processes and prod-t the same time, the creation of small high-technology companies hasy ceased.k Press, who is fully aware of the trends in innovation, has broughttter to the President's attention. In consequence, a major domesticreview has been launched. The Cabinet-level study will be under-)y a committee drawn from 15 federal departments, agencies, andThe committee will be chaired by Secretary of Commerce Juanitawith day-to-day coordination by Jordan Baruch. During the studyy, labor, and public interest groups will have an opportunity to make

initiative of Press and the good intentions of President Carter are tolauded. But the committee is loaded with representatives of the regu-They will be merely acting as humans if they seek to escape blame.o, the policy review will surely have constructive consequences asnmittee looks at the government's role in inhibiting innovation.

-PHILIP H. ABELSONon Wage and Price Stability, Catalog of Federal Regulations Affectins the Iron andustry (Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1976). 460{