ISSN : 0975-3664 RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696 UGC No. : 41386shodhdhara.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/final-49-01.pdf · (A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social

(A peer reviewed Quarterly Research Journal of Humanities & Social Scienceswith Grade 'A' & Impact Factor 5-10)

49

ISSN : 0975-3664RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696UGC No. : 41386

Contents

1- 6

7-11

12-18

19-2324-28

29-31

32-3435-40

41-4344-45

46-48

49-5354-58

59-6162-66

67-69

70-7374-77

ISSN : 0975-3664 RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC :41386

78-8283-88

89-92

93-96

97-99

100-102

103-105

106-108109-111112-114115-118

119-124

125-127128-131132-135

136-140

141-143144-147

148-150

151-152153-159

160-167

168-172173-176177-180181-184

185-188189-191

192-195196-200

201-202203-206

207-209

210-212213-215

216-217218-220221-223224-226

227-231

232-236237-239240-248

249-251

252-254255-258

259-263

264-266

67. Current Status,Lacunas and Scope of Scientific Dr. Ashish Tiwari 267-273

Temperament in India68. Government Efforts for Women Empowerement and Prof. Dr. Chandana Mitra 274-276

Development of India with Digitalisation69. Contribution of Industrial Sector in Developing India Harsha Sahu 277-282

Economically70. Casteism and Exploitation in India : Represented in Dr. Avinash Lal 283-286

'Untouchable' by Mulk Raj Aanand and "The White Priyanka Kumari PatleTiger' By Arvinda Adiga

71. Industrial Pollution Impact on Pond Water Dr. Prasanna Kumar Sharma 287-29272. Information Technology as a Tool for Developing Kiran Sahu 293-297

and Empowering Rural India73. Role of Women In Nation's Development Mrs. Alka Shukla 298-30174. Role of Economic and Industrial Sector in National Mira Tandon 302-306

Development75. Indian Writing in English and The Idea of Nationalism Dr. Nidhi Mishra 307-30976. The Medicinal Properties of Neem Tree on Soil Archana Pandey 310-313

Bacteria : An Ecofriendly Approach

'kks/k /kkjk 1

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUNE 2018; Vol. 2; P. 1-6

jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkekftd fpUru¼Lokeh foosdkuUn ds lUnHkZ esa½

lkguq jke egsUnz'kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] MkW0 lh-oh- jeu fo'ofo|ky;] dksVk] fCkykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 lq/khj flag xkSjlgk;d izksQslj ekuns;] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] th-th-;w-] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 ch-ih- nsokaxuizkpk;Z] v'kksdk dkyst] mEesniqj&lkjax<+] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractfdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa fofHkUu fo}kuksa ds fopkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA jk"Vª

ds fodkl dks le>us ds fy, vko';d gS fd mldh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks le>ktk;A p¡wfd gekjs 'kks/k i=k dk 'kh"kZd jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkekftd fpUru ¼Lokeh foosdkuUn ds lUnHkZ esa½gSA blfy, jk"Vª fodkl dks le>us ds fy, Lokeh foosdkUkUn ds lkekftd fpUru dh rjQ izdk'k Mkykx;k gSA lekt fuf'pr :i ls ,d fnO; laLFkk gS( fQj Hkh O;kogkfjd n f"Vdks.k ls bldh vkarfjd nsoRo]okLrfod çÑfr] çdV dh tkuh pkfg,A fQj Hkh bl egku rF; dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksxk fd ;g çdVdjus ds fy, lR; dk lgkjk fy;k tkuk pkfg,A 19oha 'krkCnh ds vafre n'kd esa yksdra=k ,oa jk"Vªoknds mQku us lHkh rjg dh :f<+;ksa dks [kRe dj fn;kA 'kh?kz gh iqutkZxj.k dh çfØ;k ds mn~Hko ,oa fodklls vkfFkZd 'kfä;ksa ds vH;qn;] f'k{kk ds çlkj] vk/kqfud ik'pkR; ewY;ksa ,oa laLÑfr ds çHkko rFkk fo'oleqnk; dks l'kä djus dh lksp us lq/kkj ds ekxZ dks ç'kLr fd;kA

Figure : 00 References : 12 Table : 00

Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl] lkekftd fpUru] lekt] jk"Vª

Hkkjr esa mifuos'kh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds i'pkr ns'k esa vaxzsth lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr ds çlkjgsrq lqfu;ksftr ç;kl fd;s x;sA 'kgjhdj.k rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k us Hkh yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks çHkkforfd;kA bu uohu fopkjksa ds fo{kksHk us Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa çlkj dh Hkkouk mRiUu dh rFkk Kku dkçlkj gqvkA vk/kqfud ik'pkR; laLÑfr ,oa fons'kh 'kfä;ksa dks ijkftr djus dh psruk us tkx frdh u;h fdj.k QSyk;hA /khjs&/khjs ;g psruk tkx r gksus yxh fd Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk ,oalaLÑfr esa nqcZyrk ds dkj.k Hkkjr tSlk fo'kky ns'k eqB~BhHkj fonsf'k;ksa ds gkFkksa esa pyk x;k gSA ;gHkh eglwl fd;k tkus yxk fd Hkkjr lH;rk dh nkSM+ esa dkQh fiNM+ x;k gSA bl lksp us ,dçfrfØ;koknh Lo:i dks tUe fn;kA

Hkkjr esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa lkekftd&/kkfeZd lq/kkjksa dh tks çfØ;k çkjaHk gq;h og mifuos'kh'kklu dh mifLFkfr dk gh çHkko FkkA ysfdu dgha Hkh mifuos'kh 'kkldksa us bls çkjaHk ugha fd;kA

'kks/k /kkjk 2

Hkkjr esa tks lkekftd&/kkfeZd ifjorZu çkjaHk gq;s mldk eq[; lkekftd vk/kkj mHkjrk gqvk e/;oxZ ,oa ijEijkxr lkFk gh ik'pkR; f'k{kk çkIr ckSf)d oxZ FkkA fdarq if'pe esa tUeh rRdkyhu psruk,oa cqtqZvkbZ ewY;ksa rFkk iw.kZ çHkqRo çkIr cqtqZvk jfgr lkekftd vk/kkj esa egRoiw.kZ Vdjko FkkA 19oha'krkCnh ds ckSf)d oxZ esa tks eq[;r;k ;wjksi dk e/; oxZ Fkk] ,oa çFkkvksa dks orZeku le; gsrqçklafxd cukus dh rhoz bPNk tkx r gq;hA rc mUgksaus iqutkZxj.k ,oa /keZ&lq/kkj tSlh fopkj/kkjk dklgkjk ysdj lekt esa ,d Økafrdkjh ifjorZu fd;kA iqutkZxj.k ,oa /keZ&lq/kkj dh çfØ;k esa ftloxZ us lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h] og dksbZ vkS|ksfxd ;k O;kikjh oxZ ugha Fkk( vfirq os ljdkjhdk;kZy; esa dk;Zjr] O;fä] f'k{kd] i=kdkj] odhy ,oa fpfdRld tSls yksx Fks] ftuds fgr dgha&u&dgha ij ,d&nwljs ds leku FksA

foosdkuan] ,d egku ekuorkoknh Fks rFkk mUgksaus jkeÑ".k fe'ku ds }kjk ekuoh; lgk;rk,oa lkekftd dk;Z dks viuk loZçeq[k mís'; cuk;kA fe'ku us lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkj ds vusddk;Z fd;sA mUgksaus deZQy dh loksZPprk dks çfrikfnr djrs gq;s bls gh loZJs"B crk;kA foosdkuanus tho dh lsok dh rqyuk f'ko dh iwtk ls dhA muds vuqlkj thou Lo;a ,d /keZ gSA deZ ds }kjkgh ekuo dk nSoh; vfLrRo gksrk gSA mUgksaus rRdkyhu rduhd ,oa vk/kqfud foKku dk mi;ksxekuoek=k ds dY;k.k gsrq djus dh egÙkk çfrikfnr dhA foosdkuan us vius ekuorkoknh vkSj dk;ZlEca/kh fopkjksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus ds fy;s ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa jkeÑ".k fe'ku dh vusd'kk[kk;sa LFkkfir dhaA bl fe'ku us yksxksa ds fy;s Ldwy] iqLrdky;] nok[kkus] vukFkky; bR;kfn dhLFkkiuk dhA fe'ku] fofHkUu çkÑfrd vkinkvksa ;Fkk&ck<+] lw[ks ,oa egkekjh bR;kfn esa Hkh yksxksa dhlgk;rk ds fy;s dk;Z djrk FkkA fe'ku us varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk Lo:i /kkj.k fd;kA fe'ku ,dfgUnw /kkfeZd laxBu Fkk fdarq blus vU; /keksZ dks Hkh egku crk;kA

vk;Z lekt ds foijhr] fe'ku us ewfrZiwtk dk leFkZu fd;kA blds vuqlkj] ewfrZiwtk]mikluk dk mÙke ,oa ljy rjhdk gSA ewfrZiwtk ls vk/;kReokn dk fodkl cM+h ljyrk ls fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;g Js"B gS D;ksafd ewfrZiwtk ls dksbZ Hkh euq"; cgqr de le; esa bZ'oj dh oanuk esafuiq.k gks ldrk gSA fgUnw /keZ ;k osnkar loZJs"B gSA bldh lgk;rk ls fgUnw] lPpk fgUnw ,oafØf'p;u lPpk fØf'p;u cu ldrk gSA foosdkuan us 1893 esa f'kdkxks vesfjdk] esa lEiUu fo'o/keZ lEesyu esa yksxksa dks ;g crkus dk ç;kl fd;k fd osnkar dsoy fgUnqvksa dk gh ugha vfirq lHkheuq";ksa dk /keZ gSA mUgksaus vk/;kReokn ,oa HkkSfrdrkokn ds larqyu ij cy fn;kA bl lEesyu esamUgksaus dgk fd ;fn if'pe ds HkkSfrdrkokn ,oa iwoZ ds vk/;kReokn dk lfEeJ.k dj fn;k tk;srks ;g ekuo tkfr dh HkykbZ dk loksZÙke ekxZ gksxkA

foosdkuan us dHkh yksxksa dks jktuhfrd lans'k ugha fn;kA mUgksaus ns'k dh ;qok ih<+h ls vihydh fd os Hkkjr dh çkphu lH;rk ij xoZ djsa rFkk Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr dh laLÑfr dks ekuo tkfr dsdY;k.kkFkZ lefiZr djsaA os Hkkjr dh ,d tkx r ,oa çxfr'khy jk"Vª cukuk pkgrs FksA os tkfrokn]NqvkNwr ,oa fo"kerk dks jk"Vª ds nqcZy gksus dk egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekurs FksA mUgsa Hkkjr dh turk dh'kfä esa iw.kZ vkLFkk FkhA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd ,d fnu Hkkjr dk fodkl gksxk rFkk ns'k ls vf'k{kk

'kks/k /kkjk 3

,oa xjhch iwjh rjg lekIr gks tk;sxhALokehth us Hkkjr ds laiw.kZ ifjorZu ds fy, fdlh ,d oxZ ;k leqnk; ds ifjorZu dks i;kZIr

ugha ekuk gSA tc rd lHkh bl fn'kk esa rRij ugha gksaxs] rc rd ;g cnyko v/kwjk gh jgsxkA blhfy,os ;qok] L=kh] fu/kZu] dkexkj] fdlku&lHkh dks txkus ds vfHkyk"kh gSaA os lHkh dks fopkjoku cukukpkgrs gSa] ogha vkpj.k dh 'kq)rk ij Hkh cy nsrs gSaA L=kh f'k{kk ij mUgksaus fo'ks"k cy fn;k] rHkh ogLo;a dh HkkX;fo/kkrk cu ldrh gSA os dgrs gSa] ^^gesa ukfj;ksa dh ,slh fLFkfr esa igq¡pk nsuk pkfg,]tgk¡ os viuh leL;k dks vius <ax ls Lo;a lqy>k ldsaA muds fy, ;g dke u dksbZ dj ldrkgS vkSj u fdlh dks djuk gh pkfg,A vkSj gekjh Hkkjrh; ukfj;k¡ lalkj dh vU; fdUgha Hkh ukfj;ksadh Hkk¡fr bls djus dh {kerk j[krh gSaA os ;qokvksa dks Hkh lkekftd cnyko ykus ds fy, rRij gksusdk lans'k nsrs gSaA blds fy, os ;qokvksa esa vkRefo'okl] ohjrk] vHk;] bPNk'kfä] vkRefuHkZjrk vkSjân; dk foLrkj pkgrs gSaA os ekurs gSa fd ;qokvksa ds ek/;e ls ns'k dks iqu#RFkku gks ldrk gSA os;qok tkxj.k ds fy, dgrs gSa] ^mBks] tkxks] rqEgkjh ekr Hkwfe dks bl egkcfy dh vko';drk gSA bldk;Z dh flf)] ;qodksa ls gh gks ldsxhA ;qok] vkf'k"B] cfy"B] es/kkoh*] mUgha ds fy, ;g dk;Z gSA**os ;qokvksa esa vkarfjd vkSj cká nksuksa çdkj dh 'kfä;ksa dk vf/k"Bku pkgrs gSa] rHkh os lkekftdifjorZu ds Øe esa çHkkodkjh ifj.kke yk ldrs gSaA

mUgksaus Hkkjr ds uo ifjorZu dk fojkV fcac jpk gS] tks lfn;ksa dh tM+rk dks R;kx dj ghvk ldrk gS] igys os [kqn dks fu''ks"k djus dk vkºoku blh vFkZ esa djrs gSa&rqe yksx 'kwU; esa foyhugks tkvks vkSj fQj ,d uohu Hkkjr fudky iM+sA fudys gy idM+dj] fdlkuksa dh dqVh Hksndj]>ksifM;ksa lsA fudy iM+s cfu;ksa dh nqdkusa ls] dkj[kkus ls] gkV ls] cktkj lsA fudys >kfM;ksa] taxyksaigkM+ksa] ioZrksa lsA bu yksxksa us lglz o"kksaZ rd uhjo vR;kpkj lgu fd;k gS&mlls ik;h gS viwoZlfg".kqrkA lukru nq%[k mBk;k] ftlls ik;h gS vVy thouh 'kfäA ;s yksx eqëhHkj lÙkw [kkdjnqfu;k myV ns ldsaxsA vk/kh jksVh feyh rks rhuksa yksd esa bruk rst u vVsxkA ;s jächt ds çk.kksals ;qä gS vkSj ik;k gS lnkpkj] cy tks rhuksa yksdksa esa ugha gSA orZeku nkSj esa Lokeh foosdkuan dh;g vkokt lquh tkuh pkfg,] vU;Fkk Hkkjr dh nqjkoLFkk dh J a[kyk vlekIr cuh jgsxhA

orZeku ih<+h ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgh gSA thou'kSyh] uSfrd ewY;ksa ,oa vkn'kksaZ esa cnykovk jgk gSA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd mUu;u ds cks> rys bruh vf/kd nc xbZ gS fdog vius ikjEifjd vk/kkjHkwr mPp vkn'kksaZ ls le>kSrk rd djus esa fgpd ugha jgh gSA ifj.kker%loZ=k vlarks"k] çsj.kk dk vHkko ,oa fcuk ç;Ru fd, gh csbZekuh ls le )'kkyh cuus dh ço fÙk tUeys jgh gSA thou ds çR;sd {ks=k esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj cqtqxksaZ dh vk;q ,oa mudh jk; ds çfr vuknj ,dvke ckr gks xbZ gSA la{ksi esa] lekt esa Hkz"Vkpkj ,oa vukpkj c<+rk gh tk jgk gS A vke turk çdk'kesa vkus okys fur u, ?kksVkyksa ,oa vijk/kksa ls vpafHkr ,oa vkØkar gSA jktuhfrd nyksa esa Hkz"Vkpkjviuh tM+s tek pqdk gSA lkEçnkf;drk ,oa tkfrokn lekIr gksus dh ctk; viuk flj mBk jgs gSaAvkn'kksaZ dh ijokg fd, cxSj yksx vuSfrd rjhdksa ls Lo&fgr lEiknu esa yxs gq, gSaA ,sls le; esa]lekt dks iru ls cpkus ds fy, Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vkstLoh çsjd&fopkjksa dh egrh vko';drk

'kks/k /kkjk 4

gSALokeh foosdkuUn ,d lPps jk"VªHkä Fks vkSj mUgsa viuh jk"Vªh;rk ij xoZ Hkh FkkA Hkkjrh;

laLÑfr ,oa Hkkjrh; /keZ ds çfr mudk xoZ ,oa vknj f'kdkxksa ds /keZ laln esa muds }kjk fn, x,laHkk"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS tc mUgksaus dgk Fkk eSa ,d ,sls /keZ dk vuq;k;h gksus esa xoZ dk vuqHko djrkg¡] ftlus lalkj dks lfg".kqrk rFkk lkoZHkkSe LohÑfr nksuksa dh f'k{kk nh gSA eq>s ,d ,sls ns'k dk O;fägksus dk vfHkeku gS ftlus bl i Foh ds leLr /keksaZ vkSj ns'kksa ds mRihfM+rksa vkSj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks vkJ;fn;k gS vkSj fQj bfrgkl esa tkrs gq, dgk fd eq>s vkidks ;g crykrs gq, xoZ gksrk gS fd geus viuso{k esa ;gwfn;ksa ds fo'kq)re vfof'k"V vax dks LFkku fn;k ftUgksaus nf{k.k Hkkjr vkdj blh o"kZ 'kj.kyh Fkh] ftl o"kZ mldk ifo=k eafnj jkseu tkfr ds vR;kpkj ls /kwy esa fey x;k Fkk A ,sls /keZ dkvuq;k;h gksus esa eSa xoZ vuqHko djrk gw¡] ftlus egku tjFkqLr tkfr ds vof'k"V va'k dks 'kj.k nhvkSj ftldk ikyu og vc rd dj jgk gSA

os lkEçnkf;drk] gB/kfeZrk vkSj budh ohHkRl oa'k/kj /kekZU/krk ds vR;Ur f[kykQ Fks] tks bllqUnj i Foh ij cgqr le; ls fo|eku gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk ;fn ;s ohHkRl nkuo ugha gksrs rks ekuolekt vkt dh voLFkk ls dgha vf/kd mUur gks x;k gksrkA vkt ds bl ;qx esa Lokeh foosdkuUnds ;g fopkj fdrus çklafxd gSaA Lokeh foosdkuUn dk n f"Vdks.k çxfr'khy FkkA mUgksaus ,d ckjdgk Fkk fd eSa ,sls Hkkjr dh vk'kk djrk g¡w] ftlesa iqjkus Hkkjr ds ln~xq.kksa dk vkt ds ;qx dsln~xq.kksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls lekos'k fd;k x;k gksA u, ;qx ds Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k vius vki gksukpkfg, u fd fdlh vukf/kdkj cy ç;ksx lsA mUgsa jk"Vª ds fy, dksbZ Hkh R;kx djus esa vkuUn dhvuqHkwfr gksrh FkhA vkt voljoknh O;fä buds fopkjksa ls lcd ysdj ns'k lsok ls feyus okys vkuUndks çkIr dj ldrs gSaA

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd gesa Hkkjr dks vuko';d fons'kh Hkkoksa ,oa nckoksa ls cpkuk gksxkA vxjge yksx jk"Vªh; xkSjo ds mPp f'k[kj ij vkjksg.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk gksxkfd gesa ik'pkR; ns'kksa ls cgqr dqN lh[kuk ckdh gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa ls gesa mudk vk/kqfud f'kYi vkSjfoKku lh[kuk gksxk] muds HkkSfrd foKkuksa dks lh[kuk gksxk vkSj m/kj ik'pkR; ns'kokfl;ksa dks gekjsikl vkdj /keZ vkSj vk/;kRe fo|k dh f'k{kk xzg.k djuh gksxhA gesa vius vki esa ;g fo'okl txkukgksxk fd ge lalkj ds xq: gSaA vius mnkj ân;] fo'kky vuqHko rFkk rqyukRed v/;;u ls os blfu"d"kZ ij igqaps Fks fd ekuo tkfr dk dY;k.k iwoZ dh vk/;kfRedrk vkSj if'pe dh HkkSfrdrk dsleUo; vkSj fopkjksa ds vknku&çnku ij fuHkZj gSA

Lokeh foosdkuUn lnSo Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks ihf<+;ksa dh vKkurk dh fuæk ls txkus ds fy,ç;Ru'khy jgsA blds fy, mUgksaus yksxksa ls Lo;a ds çfr fo'okl txkus dk vkºoku fd;kA mudh;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd ns'k ds vid"kZ ds ftEesnkj vaxzst ugha] vfirq ge Lo;a gSaA lfn;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dsdkj.k xjhc turk ekuo gksus rd dk vglkl [kks pqdh gSA os Lo;a dks tUe ls gh xqyke le>rsgSaA blh dkj.k bl oxZ esa fo'okl ,oa xkSjo tkx r djus dh egrh vko';drk gSA mudk ;g n <+fo'okl Fkk fd detksj O;fä og gksrk gS tks Lo;a dks detksj le>rk gS vkSj blds foijhr tks

'kks/k /kkjk 5

O;fä Lo;a dks l'kä le>rk gS og iwjs fo'o ds fy, vts; gks tkrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuan dk çR;sdHkkjrh; ds fy, lans'k Fkk ^mBks! tkxks vkSj rc rd ç;Ru djks tc rd fd y{; çkIr u gksA

Lokeh foosdkuUn lkgl ds ewrZ:i FksA mUgksaus ,d ckj vius f'k"; dks fy[kk Fkk fd eq>sdk;jrk ls ?k .kk gS] eSa dk;jksa ls dksbZ okLrk ugha j[kuk pkgrk g¡] ew>s jktuhfr esa Hkh fo'okl ughaAesjs fy, bZ'oj vkSj lR; gh iwjs fo'o dh jktuhfr gS] blds vfrfjä lc csdkj gSA os ewY;ksa dksloksZPp çkFkfedrk nsrs Fks vkSj ekurs Fks fd bu çkphu uSfrd ewY;ksa dk ikyu çR;sd euq"; dks viusthou ds çR;sd {ks=k esa djuk pkfg;sA mUgksaus lkoZtfud thou dks vk/;kRe ls tksM+us dk ç;klfd;kA ,d ckj mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd xjhch mUewyu ds fy, bruh vf/kd ,oaçHkkoh ;kstukvksa ds ckotwn buds lgh fn'kk esa dk;kZUo;u ds vHkko esa vkt Lora=krk çkfIr dsN% n'kd ckn Hkh ns'k esa bruh cM+h ek=kk esa xjhch O;kIr gSA

Lokeh foosdkuan dh vusdkusd fof'k"Vrkvksa esa ls ,d Fkh çflf) ,oa uke ds çfr mudhmnklhurkA vkt dk ;qx rks çpkj dk ;qx gks x;k gSA O;fä pkgs dksbZ dke u djs ysfdu mldkçpkj rks vR;ko';d gSA ogha nwljh vksj /keZ laln esa vius vn~Hkqr Hkk"k.k okyh jkr dks fdlh cPpsdh rjg ;g fopkj dj jks, Fks fd vc mudk vutkus lU;klh dk thou lekIr gks pqdk gSA cknesa Hkh os dbZ ckj çflf) ds ckn [kks pqdh 'kkafr dks ;kn dj O;fFkr gks mBrs FksA os lknk thou ijUrqmPp fopkjksa okys egkiq:"k Fks ysfdu mUgksaus viuk u;k thou djksM+ksa Hkkjrh;ksa ds iqu:)kj gsrqvaxhdkj dj fy;k FkkA

efgykvksa ds çfr lekt ds HksnHkko dks ns[kdj Hkh Lokeh foosdkuan fpfUrr FksA mUgksaus lektdk /;ku efgykvksa dks çkphu ;qx esa ckSf)d vkSj vk/;kfRed {ks=k esa fn, x, mPp LFkkuksa dh vksjvkÑ"V fd;k FkkA os pkgrs Fks fd orZeku ;qx esa Hkh efgykvksa dks ogh Åaapk ntkZ çkIr gksA mudkekuuk Fkk fd efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ns'k ds fodkl ds Lrj dh |ksrd gSA cky fookg ds os dêj fojksèkhFks vkSj efgykvksa dks viuk O;olk; o dk;Z{ks=k pquus dh Lora=krk nsus ds i{k/kj FksA vkt Hkh efgyk,acM+h la[;k esa fuj{kj gSaA efgykvksa dh bl 'kkspuh; fLFkfr dks mUgsa f'k{kk ,oa vkfFkZd LokoyEcuçnku djds gh nwj dh tk ldrh gSA

vUr esa ;g dguk lgh gksxk fd Lokeh foosdkuUn dh ns'kHkfä] Hkkjrekrk ds çfr mudkLusg] ns'k dh lkaLÑfrd /kjksgj ds çfr mudk xoZ] mudk 'kSf{kd n'kZu] efgykvksa ,oa oafpr oxZ dsçfr mudh lgkuqHkwfr] fu"dke deZ ds çfr mudh opuc)rk rFkk mudk lkekftd fpUru vkt Hkhmruk çkalfxd gSA

lUnHkZ1- foosdkuUn] Lokeh( f'k{kk laLÑfr vkSj lekt] i 0 102- foosdkuUn] LOkeh( Hkkjr dk Hkfo";] i 0 23- fgt bZLVuZ ,.M oSLVuZ fMlkbfiYl & ykbQ vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn] i 0 274- n ykbQ vkQ Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼[k.M 2½] i 0345- Hkkjr esa foosdkuUn&Lokeh foosdkuUn] i 0146- foosdkuUn& Hkkjrh; thou esa osnkUr dk izHkko] i 0 09

'kks/k /kkjk 6

7- foosdkuUn] Lokeh( vkRekuqHkwfr rFkk mlds ekxZ] i 0138- "Article on S¡mi Vivekananda" (http://www.ramakrishna.eu/EnglishVivekananda.

html). Retrieved 13 September 2011.9- "Celebration of anniversaries in 2013" (http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/events/

prizes-and-celebrations/celebrations/anniversaries-celebrated-by-member-states/2013/). UNESCO.Retrieved 8 March 2012.

10- "Article on S¡mi Vivekananda" (http://www.isical.ac.in/~econophys/s¡miji.html). Re-trieved 20 August 2011.

11- The Cyclonic S¡mi-Vivekananda in the West (http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=k14641)

12- Vivekanand- A Biography in Pictures, Edition: 2005, Publishers: Advaita Ashrama(Publication Department) 5, Dehi Entally Road, Kolkata 700014, Page: 118, ISBN:81-

'kks/k /kkjk 7

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGCNo. : 41386

SHODH-DHARA ; JUNE 2018; Vol. 2; P. 7-11jk"Vª ds fodkl esa /keZ ,oa laLÑfr dh Hkwfedk % ,d

lekt'kkL=kh; v/;;uMkW0 ¼Jherh½ vatw 'kqDyk

lgk;d izk/;kid] Mh-ih- foiz LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 Lokrh 'kekZlgk;d izk/;kid] Mh-,y-,l- egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<++

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractHkkjr ns'k dks Hkkjr ekrk ekudj ekrk ds :i esa oansekrje~* ls ueu fd;k tkrk gSA /keZ Hkkjrh;

laLÑfr ds izk.k dsUnz esa izfrf"Br gSA O;fDr fuekZ.k gh lekt fuekZ.k vkSj lekt fuekZ.k gh fo'o ds fgrdk eq[; gsrq gSA O;fDr fuekZ.k] laLÑfr ;qDr /keZ vFkkZr~ fgUnqRo ds fcuk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls laHko ughagSA laLÑfr :ih Hkwfe esa /keZ :ih o {k 'kksHkk ikrk gSA ftl izdkj o {k esa Qy] Qwy] iRrh] 'kk[kk vkfn vusdvax gS( mlh izdkj /keZ :ih o {k ds lHkh lEiznk; vax gSaA lkoZHkkSe] lkoZtfud lksiku dk uke /keZ vkSjO;fDrxr lk/kuk dk uke lEiznk; gSA Hkkjrh; /keZ'kkL=kksa esa /keZ dk O;kid vFkZ fn;k x;k gSA euq dsvuqlkj& ^^f/kz;rs ;su lk /keZ% vFkkZr ftlus bl fo'o czá.M dks /kkj.k fd;k gS] og /keZ gSA

oS'ksf"kd n'kZu ds vuqlkj &^^;rks•nE;qn;fuJs;l flf) l/keZ%A vFkkZr~&^^ftlls lE;d~&lkalkfjdmUufr vkSj eks{k vFkkZr~ ijekFkZ dh izkfIr gks] ogh /keZ gSA /keZ 'kCn dk i;kZ; gS iq.;] Js;] lqÑr] U;k;]LoHkko] vkpkj] {kek] Ørq] vfgalk] mifu"kn~] /kuq] ;e] la;e] lRlax vkfnA dsoy iwtk i)fr gh /keZ ughavfirq og rks lEiznk; dk vax gSA ykSfdd ls ikjykSfdd lRrk ds fy, fo'okl izdVhdj.k dk ,d lkèkugSA /keZ fo'kn gSA iqjk.kksa esa /keZ 'kCn dk iz;ksx O;kid gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª ,oa /keZ] /keZ ,oa laLÑfr] jk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ ,oa laLÑfr dh Hkwfedk

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vk/;kRe iz/kku gSA Lokeh foosdkuan us mn~?kks"k fd;k Fkk fd Hkkjrh;laLÑfr dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh vk/;kRe gSA tc rd bls NsM+k ugha tkrk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks dksbZ u"Vugha dj ldrkA1

Hkkjr ns'k dks Hkkjr ekrk ekudj ekrk ds :i esa ôansekrje~* ls ueu fd;k tkrk gSA èkeZHkkjrh; laLÑfr ds izk.k dsUnz esa izfrf"Br gSA O;fDr fuekZ.k gh lekt fuekZ.k vkSj lekt fuekZ.kgh fo'o ds fgr dk eq[; gsrq gSA O;fDr fuekZ.k] laLÑfr ;qDr /keZ vFkkZr~ fgUnqRo ds fcuk fdlh Hkhizdkj ls laHko ugha gSA

laLÑfr :ih Hkwfe esa /keZ :ih o {k 'kksHkk ikrk gSA ftl izdkj o {k esa Qy] Qwy] iRrh] 'kk[kkvkfn vusd vax gSa] mlh izdkj /keZ :ih o {k ds lHkh lEiznk; vax gSaA lkoZHkkSe] lkoZtfud lksikudk uke /keZ vkSj O;fDrxr lk/kuk dk uke lEiznk; gSA Hkkjrh; /keZ'kkL=kksa esa /keZ dk O;kid vFkZfn;k x;k gSA euq ds vuqlkj&^^f/kz;rs ;su lk /keZ% vFkkZr~ ftlus bl fo'o czá.M dks /kkj.k fd;k

'kks/k /kkjk 8

gS] og /keZ gSAoS'ksf"kd n'kZu ds vuqlkj&^^;rks•nE;qn;fuJs;l flf) l/keZ%A vFkkZr~&^^ftlls lE;d&

lkalkfjd mUufr vkSj eks{k vFkkZr~ ijekFkZ dh izkfIr gks] ogh /keZ gSA /keZ 'kCn dk i;kZ; gS iq.;] Js;]lqÑr] U;k;] LoHkko] vkpkj] {kek] Ørq] vfgalk] mifu"kn~] /kuq] ;e] la;e] lRlax vkfnA dsoy iwtki)fr gh /keZ ugha vfirq og rks lEiznk; dk vax gSA ykSfdd ls ikjykSfdd lRrk ds fy, fo'oklizdVhdj.k dk ,d lk/ku gSA /keZ fo'kn~ gSA iqjk.kksa esa /keZ 'kCn dk iz;ksx O;kid gSA

^êukso fRr;ksa dks /keZ dgk x;k gS tSls&n;k] /keZ] lR; /keZ vfgalk ijeks /keZ] Øks/k viÑ"V/keZ] bafnz;ksa ds dk;Z dsk Hkh /keZ dgk x;k tSls&vk¡[k dk /keZ ns[kuk] dku dk /keZ Jo.k] ukfldkdk ?kzk.k'kfDr] eu dk /keZ euu] drZO; dk uke Hkh /keZ gS tSls&firk dk /keZ] iq=k dk /keZ] iRuh dk/keZ] fe=k dk /keZ] vkpk;Z dk /keZ] f'k"; dk /keZ xq.kksa dh fØ;k dks Hkh /keZ dgk x;k gSA tSls 'khrdk /keZ ladkspu] rki dk /keZ lEizlkj.k ty dk dk;Z&'khryrk] vfXu dk /keZ ngduk vkfno fRruqdwy dk;Z dks Hkh /keZ dgrs gSaA tSls ekuo dk /keZ] Ñ"kd dk /keZ] O;olk;h dk /keZ] jktk dk/keZ] iztk dk /keZ] blh izdkj fof'k"V O;ogkjksa dh lef"V dks Hkh /keZ dgk x;k gSA tSls& tkxfrd/keZ] ykSfdd /keZ] lkekftd /keZ] dkfyd /keZ] nSfgd /keZ ekufld /keZ] okfpd /keZ] dkf;d /keZ vkfnLi"V gS leLr czá.M ftlls lapkfyr gksrk gS] mlh dk uke /keZ gSA l f"V ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyuds fy, fof/k&fu"ks/k vFkkZr~ D;k djuk gS] D;k ugha djuk gS] ;gh osn&fofnr Kku gS] blh dks /keZ,oa v/keZ dgk x;kA lR; dk ikyu /keZ gSA >wB cksyuk v/keZ gSA

^^ osn izf.kfgrks /keksZ] áka/keZLrn~ foiiZ;%** ¼Jhen~ Hkkxor½vFkkZr~ osn esa tks dqN dgk x;k gS] og /keZ gS] mlds foijhr lc dqN v/keZ gSA

fofgr fØ;;k lk/;ks /keZ% iqalks xq.kks er%izfrf"k) fØ;klk/;% l xq.kks•/keZ mP;srAA ¼/keZ nhfidk½vFkkZr~ 'kkL=k&fofnr fØ;k lk/; xq.k dk uke /keZ gS] izfrf"k) fØ;k lk/; xq.k dk uke

v/keZ gSA osn&mifu"kn~] Jqfr&Le fr] vkj.;d lafgrk] czkEg.k xzaFk] iqjk.k lHkh 'kkL=k lEer vkpj.k,oa fpUru ls lekt ns'k] ifjokj dk dY;k.k gksrk gSA

^^/k fr% {kek neks•Lrs;a 'kkSpfefUnz; fuxzg%A/khfoZ|k lR;eØks/kks n'kda /keZ y{k.ke~A**¼euq Le fr 6@92½

vFkkZr~&1½ /k fr ¼/kS;Z½ vFkkZr~& larks"k2½ {kek vFkkZr~&lkeF;Z jgus ij Hkh vidkjh dk vidkj u djukA3½ ne vFkkZr~&fo"k;ksa dk lalxZ gksus ij Hkh fufoZdkj jgukA4½ vLrs;&vFkkZr~&dke] opu vkSj eu ls nwljs dk nzO; u pqjkukA5½ 'kkSp&vFkkZr~&'kkL=kkuqlkj nsg'kqf)] eu vkSj ok.kh dh ifo=krk A6½ bfUnz; fuxzg vFkkZr~&fo"k; okluk ls gVkdj bfUnz;ksa dks ijekFkZ] vykSfdd lRrk ds rjQ ys

pyukA7½ /kh & vFkkZr~&vkRe fo"k;d cqf) esa 'kjhj ugha vfirq vkRek gw¡A

'kks/k /kkjk 9

8½ fo|k&vFkkZr~&vkReKku ftlls czEg fo|k dh izkfIr gksA9½ lR;&vFkkZr~&;FkkFkZ opu ,oa izkf.k;ksa dk fgr lk/kuA10½ vØks/k&vFkkZr~& Øks/k dk dkj.k mifLFkr gksus ij Hkh Øksf/kr uk gksukA

Li"V gS fd /keZ gh tho txr dk vk/kkj gSA /keZ vkRek gS] /keZ rRoKku] /keZ izk.kh gS] /keZ'kkL=kfof/k :i gSA /keZ iq.; gS /keZ lR; gS /keZ deZ gSA n "V&vn "V :i ls /keZ gh dk;Z mRiknu djrkgSA

;gh lkoZHkkSfed] lkoZnsf'kd lkoZdkfyd fl)kar] thou n'kZu] thou i)fr] Hkkjrh; laLÑfrdk izk.k gSA lukru] xzg.k'khyrk] ij nq[k dkrjrk] ijfgr] dY;k.k] lR; ok.kh] lE;d n f"V] olqèkSodqVqEcde dh Hkkouk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krk gSaA bUgha fpUru dk] bUgha Hkkouk dk] vkpkj dsizpkj&izlkj ls Hkkjrh; lekt dk Hkkjr ns'k dk lokZaxh.k fodkl laHko gSA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr o ) iwtk ij vk/kkfjr gSA fir nsoks Hko% ekr nsoks Hko%] vkpk;Z nsoksHko% dsvkSnk;Z Hkko ls gh jk"Vª dk fodkl gksxkA ekrk&firk] vkpk;Z iwtuh; gkasxs rc lekt esa o )kJe]>wyk?kj] vukFkky;] ukjh fudsru] Ms ds;j tSls laLFkkuksa dh vko';drk gh ugha gksxhA ikfjokfjdfo?kVu ls lekt dk fo?kVu gksrk gSA

^^vfHkoknu 'khyL; fuR;e o )~;ksilsfouaA pRokfj rL; o/kZusr] vk;qfoZ|k ;'kkscy%AAO;fDr ds fodkl ds fy, vk;q&fo|k] ;'k vkSj cy izeq[k gS vkSj bl 'kfDr dh izkfIr O;fDr

dks cM+ks ds vfHkoknu ls feyrh gSA O;fDrxr fodkl ls ifjokj dk fodkl vkSj ifjokj ds fodklesa jk"Vª dk fodkl fufgr gksrk gSaA ukjh tkfr ds egku xkSjo dh ekU;rk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh fo'ks"krkgSA

^^;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=knsorkA** euq Le frAHkkjr ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh ukjh vkt fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd leL;kvksa ls xzLr gSA

?kjsyw fgalk] ekj&ihV ls ysdj ngst] dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k] fo/kok mRihM+u] cykRdkj] ;kSu mRihM+u] 'kjkchifr ds fgalk dk f'kdkj] lkl&cgw >xM+k] ikfjokfjd dyg] cky&fookg] inkZ izFkk ls ihfM+r gSAnks;e ntkZ ikdj misf{kr vkSj frjLÑr gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vU; mnkgj.k dh lekt esa ukjhekrk ds :i esa firk ls lkS xquk vf/kd vknj.kh; gSA Hkfxuh ds :i esa HkkbZ dk izeq[k drZO; cfgudk vknj] Hkk;kZ ds :i ifr ds thou dk vk/kkj] iq=kh ds :i orZeku esa QSyh gqbZ lkjh leL;k dklek/kku fey tk,xkA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ?k .kk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA ^xhrk* dk fl)kar ekuk tkrk gS&^^fo|k fou; lEiUus] czká.k% xfo gfLruhA 'kqfu pSo 'oikds p iafMrk% lenf'kZu%A

vFkkZr~& fo|k fou; lEiUu czkEg.k] xk;] gkFkh] pk.Mky ,oa dqRrk esa tks leHkko j[krk gS ogha iafMrgS ogh rRon'khZ gSA lgkuqHkwfr] loZ /keZ leHkko Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk vkn'kZ gS fQj lekt esaÅ¡p&uhp] NqvkNwr] tkfr&ikfr dh ?k .kk Åij dk Fkksik gqvk fopkj /keZ izka.k Hkkjrh; laLÑfr lsgh bldk lek/kku gksxk&

^^tkfr&ikafr iwNS ufga dksbZ] gfj dks HktS lks gfj dk gks;A** ¼rqylhnkl½

'kks/k /kkjk 10

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr leLr lalkj ds ekuo tkfr dks viuk ekurh gSA fo'o vH;qn; dh fpUruj[krk gSA Hkkjr ds laln Hkou esa fy[kk gS &

^^v;e futa ijkosfRr] x.kuk bfr y?kq psrlkeA mnkj pfjrkukerq olq/kSo dqVqEcde~AA**;g mifu"kn~ okD; Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds m}kUr Hkko dks] mnkj vkpj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA ;gka

ij lEiznk;] Hkk"kk] {ks=k] tkfr dks ysdj yM+kbZ >xM+s tks gks jgs gSa] mldk gy Nqik gS ^loZ [kfYone~czEg] rRoefl v;e~ vkRek] 'kq/nks fl] cq)ks fl] fujatuks fl esa mifu"kn~ okD; esa tho dh bZ'ojh;okn dh O;k[;k djrk gSA

^^bZ'oj va'k tho vfouk'kh] psru vey lgt lq%[kjkf'kA**¼rqylhnkl] jkepfjr ekul mRrjdkaM½

ekesoa'ks tho yksds tho Hkwr lukru& ¼xhrk iUnzgok v/;k;½;g Hkko Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk mPp vkn'kZ gSA leLr tho ml ije rRo dk va'k gSA blfy,

tks czEg dk LoHkko gS] ogh tho dk LoHkko gSA czEg lr~ fpr vkuan Lo:i gS rks tho Hkh lr fprvkuan Lo:i gksxkA tho rks vKkurk o'k vius vkidks tM+ le>dj deZ pDdj esa HkVdrs jgrkgSA okLro esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr blh Åaps :iksa dks Nwrs gq, osnkUr dks vkRelkr~ djds pyrh gSA

^^vfrfFk nsoks Hko%** ds fl)kar dks ysdj pyus okys Hkkjr ns'k us fo'o ds leLr nq%[kh] ihfM+ryksxksa dks] tu lewg dks] vius ;gka 'kj.k fn;k vkSj bZ'oj rqY; tkudj larq"V fd;kA Lokehfoosdkuan dk mn~?kks"k&f'kdkxks 1893 ^êq>s xoZ gS fd eSa ,sls /keZ dk vuq;k;h gw¡ ftlus fo'o dkslfg".kqrk vkSj lkoZykSfdd laLÑfr dh f'k{kk nh] dsoy lkoZykSfdd] dsoy lfg".kqrk esa gh fo'oklugha j[krs vfirq lkjs /keZ dh ;FkkFkZrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, xzg.k djrs gaSA eq>s ;g crkus esa xoZgS fd geus ;gwfn;kas ds ifo=kre oa'ktksa dks ,df=kr fd;k gS] tks mlh o"kZ nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vk, vkSjmlus ;gka vkJ; fy;k( ftl o"kZ muds ifo=k eafnj dks jkseu vR;kpkfj;ksa }kjk rgl&ugl fd;kx;k FkkA eSa ,sls /keZ dk gksus ij vfHkeku j[krk gw¡] ftlus ikjfl;ksa ds oa'ktksa dks vkJ; fn;k vkSjvHkh Hkh ml /keZ dk ikyu gks jgk gSA cpiu esa dkO;lw=k xquxqukrk FkkA

^^:phukeoSfp=k;kf}t dqfVy] ukukiFktq"kke] u .kkesdks xE;Roefl i; lkeZ.k bo**vFkkZr~ ^ftl izdkj fofHkUu Vs<+&es<+s jkLrksa ls ufn;ksa dk ty pydj var esa leqnz esa fey tkrk gSAblh izdkj gs izHkks fofHkUu /keZ] fopkj&izo fr okys yksx var esa vkids gh ikl igqaprs gSaA**

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds mPp vkpj.k vkSj O;ogkj esa fdlh ds fy, Hkh oSj&}s"k dk Hkko gh ughagSA Hkkjr dh lalkj dks izeq[k nsu gS&vk/;kfRed HkkoukA /keZ vk/;kRe iz/kku laLÑfr gh jk"Vª dhugha] vfirq fo'o fodkl dk vk/kkj cu ldrk gSA ekr or ijnkjs"kq* vkSj ijnzO;s"kq yks"Vor* fopkjdh n f"V Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk vkn'kZ gSA jkepfjr ekul esa fy[kk gS & ^îj/kuyEiV ds ijnkjk**

nwljksa ds /ku ,oa nwljksa dh iRuh ij dqn f"V Mkyuk ;k Nhuuk gh yEiVrk gSA ,slk mPpvkn'kZ tgka jk"Vªh; pfj=k gksxk ogka rLdjh ?kql[kksjh] u'kk[kksjh] ,oa ;kSu izrkM+uk ds fy, dksbZ LFkkuugha gksxkA bu rF;ksa ls Li"V gS fd /keZ Hkwfe fgUnqLrku] /keZ iz/kku laLÑfr esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esaftu&ftu fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr ns'k djksM+ksa o"kksZ ls vc rd thfor gS vkSj muds ewy esa tks

'kks/k /kkjk 11

fpUru gS] mldks Hkyh izdkj le>dj] rnkuqdwy] 'kklu O;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk] fu;eu O;oLFkk]iz;qDr gksus ls gh fgUnqLrku dk mRd"kZ gksxk vkSj ljdkj Hkh nh?kZ dky rd LFkk;h jgsxkA

orZeku le; esa ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k pkgs og ik'pkR; laLÑfrdj.k gks] HkkSfrdrk vFkZfyIlk] cktkjokn] uxjhdj.k] vkS|ksxhdj.k] mifuos'kokn] fdlh dkj.k ls /keZ laLÑfr iks"kd 'kkluO;oLFkk] lekt O;oLFkk cukus esa vleFkZ gks rks ckr ugha( de ls de bruk rks vo'; iz;kl gksukpkfg, fd fgUnw laLÑfr ?kkrd u;s&u;s dkuwu cukdj vius tkfr ij dqBkjk?kkr u djsA egkRekxka/kh us dgk Fkk ^^/keZ foghu jktuhfr 'ko ds leku gSA** vjfoUn ?kks"k th dgrs gSa fd /keZ Hkkjrekrk dk izk.k gS] fQj ge /keZ fcuk jk"Vª fodkl dh dSls ifjdYiuk dj ldrs gSaA

var esa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr Kku iz/kku gSA eu dh izlUurk dk vk/kkj lekt dh 'kkafr vkSjle f) dk vk/kkj dHkh okLrq lkis{k ;k HkkSfrd lkis{k ugha gks ldrk] vfirq Kku lkis{k] fparu lkis{kgksrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds fy, _f"k&eqfu] fpard&nk'kZfud] ifjozktd lar lekt us lR; dksmtkxj fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ewy vk/kkj lukru vkSj vikS:"ks; gSA osn ftudk fu%'okl ewy rRo gSos gh drqZedrqZa loZFkk draqZ leFkZ ,oa loZ 'kfDreku Hkxoku fgUnw laLÑfr ds tud gS vkSj os gh lcdsj{kd jgs gSa xhrk esa mn~?kks"k gSA

;nk ;nk gh /keZL; XykfuHkZofr&HkkjrA vH;qRFkkue/keZL; rnkRekua l tkE;ge~AAifj=kk.kk; lk/kwuka fouk'kk; p n "Ñrke~A /keZ laLFkkiukFkkZ; laHkokfe ;qxs&;qxsAA

lanHkZ1- foosdkuan lkfgR; 2- euq Le fr3- oS'ksf"kd n'kZu 4- Jhen~ Hkkxor xhrk5- /keZ nhfidk 6- euq le fr 6@927- lqHkkf"krkfu 'yksd 8- egkHkkjr9- Jhen Hkxor xhrk 10- jkepfjr ekul] rqylhnkl11- /kekZd dY;k.k xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj 12- /keZ'kkL=kkad xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj13- lar vad xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj

'kks/k /kkjk 12

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. :41386

SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 12-18jk"Vª fodkl ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k

MkW0 ¼Jherh½ uafnuh frokjhizk/;kid fgUnh] 'kkldh; egkek;k egkfo|ky;] jruiqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 lat; dqekj frokjhl0izk0] jkt0'kkL=k] 'kkl0 ts-ih- oekZ ¼LukrdksRrj½ dyk ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj]NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractHkkjr tSls iztkrkfU=kd] iaFk fujis{k] jk"Vª&jkT; ftlesa fofo/krkvksa ,oa cgqyrkvksa dks lkafo/kkfud

lqj{kk izkIr gS] ds fy, oS'ohdj.k ds ek;us vesfjdh ,oa ;wjksih; jk"Vªksa ls dgha fHkUu gSaA bldk dkj.k;g gS fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k fofo/krk ,oa cgqyrk dks le:irk esa cnyus dh izfØ;k gS] ftldk y{; ^,dfo'o^ vFkok ôSf'od lekt^ ;k ôSf'od xzke^ mn~?kksf"kr gSA Hkkjr tSls jk"Vª esa tgka vusd jk"Vªh;rk;safo|eku gSa] fHkUu&fHkUu laLÑfr;k¡ vius Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds vkpkj&O;ogkjksa ds lkFk mifLFkr gSa rFkk vkfFkZdiz.kkyh dk viuk ,d Lons'kh ekWMy tks 'ks"k fo'o ls vyx jgk gS] ds fy, vesfjdkuhr oS'ohdj.k jk"VªfuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djuk gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIrgsrq uhfr fuekZrkvksa us ftu fl)kUrksa] fu;eksa] uhfr;ksa rFkk lajpukRed <kapkxr izfØ;kvksa dks viuk;k( muekudksa ,oa lk/kuksa ls ,dk,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkok czsVuoqM~l laLFkkvksa ds ck/;rkdkjh izHkko ls ihNs gVukiM+k gSA ftldk rkRdkfyd ,oa nwjxkeh izHkko ns'k dh turk ij iM+k gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj oS'ohdj.k] vkS|ksfxd uhfr ,oa oS'ohdj.k] oS'ohdj.k dk fodkl ij izHkko

jk"Vª fodkl ds lanHkZ esa fiNyh 'krkCnh eas Hkkjr dks fczfV'k lRrk ls eqfDr] Hkkjrh;lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k ,oa fØ;kUo;u] yksdra=kkRed 'kklu i)fr rFkk vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;kds :i esa oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k dks viukuk jk"Vª ds fy, egRoiw.kZ iz?kVuk;sa gSaA buesa ls oS'ohdj.kHkkjr ds fy, uohu ?kVuk gSA ftlus 20oha 'krkCnh ds vfUre n'kd esa jktdh; uhfr ds rgr dkQhrsth ls Hkkjrh; tuekul dks izHkkfor djuk izkjEHk fd;kA

Hkkjr tSls iztkrkfU=kd] iaFk fujis{k] jk"Vª&jkT; ftlesa fofo/krkvksa ,oa cgqyrkvksa dkslkafo/kkfud lqj{kk izkIr gS] ds fy, oS'ohdj.k ds ek;us vesfjdh ,oa ;wjksih; jk"Vªksa ls dgha fHkUu gSaAbldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k fofo/krk ,oa cgqyrk dks le:irk esa cnyus dh izfØ;k gS]ftldk y{; ^,d fo'o^ vFkok ôSf'od lekt^ ;k ôSf'od xzke^ mn~?kksf"kr gSA Hkkjr tSls jk"Vª esatgka vusd jk"Vªh;rk;sa fo|eku gSa]A fHkUu&fHkUu laLÑfr;k¡ vius Hkkafr&Hkkafr ds vkpkj&O;ogkjksa dslkFk mifLFkr gSaA rFkk vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dk viuk ,d Lons'kh ekWMy tks 'ks"k fo'o ls vyx jgk gS]ds fy, vesfjdkuhr oS'ohdj.k jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu djuk gSA Lora=krkizkfIr ds i'pkr fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq uhfr fuekZrkvksa us ftu fl)kUrksa] fu;eksa] uhfr;ksa rFkklajpukRed <kapkxr izfØ;kvksa dks viuk;k mu ekudksa ,oa lk/kuksa ls ,dk,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkok

'kks/k /kkjk 13

czsVuoqM~l laLFkkvksa ds ck/;rkdkjh izHkko ls ihNs gVuk iM+k gSA ftldk rkRdkfyd ,oa nwjxkeh izHkkons'k dh turk ij iM+k gSA

oS'ohdj.k dk izeq[k dsUnz vesfjdk gSA ftldk bfrgkl ,oa orZeku i¡wthoknh gSA bldsdkj.k og vius fgrksa dh fuckZ/k iwfrZ ds fy, ,d ,slh fo'o O;oLFkk fufeZr djuk pkgrk gS] ftlesafuckZ/k O;kikj gksA vesfjdh le:i laLÑfr gks] :X.k miHkksDrkoknh ekufldrk okys ukxfjd gksa]fHkUu jk"Vªh;rkvksa dk yksi gks rFkk jk"Vª&jkT; detksj gksa( ftlls mls viuh bPNk;sa] vkdka{kk;sa iwjhdjus esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gksA

Hkkjr us 24 tqykbZ] 1991 dks czsVuoqM~l laLFkkvksa (IMF, WB, GATT) ds ck/;rkdkjhizHkko ls uohu vkfFkZd uhfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh] ftls vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k dk uke fn;k x;k ,oa ;g?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd vkt ls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o cktkj ds lkFk tqM+ jgh gSA ftlls Hkkjr dsukxfjdksa ,oa jk"Vª dk fgr gksxkA bl ?kVuk dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vª jkT; ds oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkxhnkjcuus ds :i esa izpkfjr fd;k x;kAoS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Globalization) oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqi{kh; izfØ;k gSA ftldksfofHkUu n f"Vdks.kksa ls le>k tk ldrk gS&vkfFkZd n f"Vdks.k (Economic Perspective)& vkfFkZd n f"Vdks.k ds vUrxZr bldk vfHkizk; ,doSf'od vFkZra=k ,oa cktkj ds fuekZ.k ls gS] ftlesa lHkh jk"Vªksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk;sa vfuok;Z :i ls,d&nwljs ls tqM+saA fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF) ,oa fo'o cSad (WB)tSlh laLFkkvksa }kjk blh y{; dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+us dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSAjktuSfrd n f"Vdks.k (Political Perspective) & blds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ ,slh izfØ;kls gS] ftlds ek/;e ls oSf'od jktuhfr dks oSf'od vFkZra=k ,oa cktkj dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:ilapkfyr fd;k tk;s] rkfd vesfjdk ,oa ;wjksih; ns'kksa ds fgrksa dh iwfrZ lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsAlkaLÑfrd&lkekftd n f"Vdks.k (Cultural-Socio Perspective) & blds vuqlkj oS'ohdj.k dkvfHkizk; le:i lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd laca/kksa dk lEiw.kZ fo'o rd foLrkj gSA blesa lsVsykbZV]Vsyhfotu] bUVjusV vkfn lapkj ds vk/kqfudre lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª&jkT;ksa] leqnk;ksa]laLÑfr;ksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa ds e/; nwfj;ksa dks U;wure djrs tkdj ,d le:i oSf'od laLÑfr dkfuekZ.k djuk ftlds dsUnz esa ukxfjd ds LFkku ij miHkksDrk gksA

oSysUVkbZu ,e- eks?kne ds vuqlkj ^ôS'ohdj.k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd rFkk lkaLÑfrd vk;keksads lkFk lkekftd ifjorZu dh ,d cgqvk;keh izfØ;k gS] tks fd le:irk ,oa fo"kke:irk]vlekurk rFkk izfrLi)kZ ds u;s :iksa ,oa laxBu rFkk ykecUnh ds vUrnsZ'kh; :iksa dks izfrfcfEcrdjrk gSA**1

ukxs'k dqekj ds vuqlkj&^ôS'ohdj.k ,d lkekftd&vkfFkZd izfØ;k gS] tks fd bl iFk ij/kdsys x;s jk"Vªksa ij xgu ,oa O;kid izHkko Mkyrh gSA nwljh] ;g fo'ks"kdj rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksaesa i¡thoknh :>ku okyh laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa iYyou dh O;wg jpuk gS] rhljh] ;g ,d fopkjèkkjkgS tks la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds usr Ro okys ;wjksih; ,oa mRrj vesfjdh cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa (MNCs)

'kks/k /kkjk 14

rFkk vUrnsZ'kh; fuxeksa (TNCs) dk izHkqRo ,oa vkf/kiR; LFkkfir djrh gSA ftls uo mnkjokn dgktkrk gSA

,aFkuh fxfMaXl us viuh iqLrd ^dkalhDost vkWQ ekWMfuZVh^ esa fy[kk gS fd ^ôS'ohdj.k dkslkekftd laca/kksa ds fo'oO;kih l?kuhdj.k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tks nwj&nwjfLFkr LFkkuh;rkvksa dks vkil esa tksM+ nsrk gSA ;g lw=k dqN bl rjg ls dke djrk gS fdLFkkuh;rkvksa ds nk;jksa esa gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dh 'kDy&lwjr muls cgqr nwj py jgs ?kVukØe dsvk/kkj ij curh gS vkSj ,slk gh vlj LFkkuh;rkvksa dk ?kVukØe Lo;a dks izHkkfor dj jgh lqnwj?kVukvksa ij Mkyrk gSA**

blls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh izfØ;k gSA ftlds ewy esavesfjdk ,oa mlds fe=k jk"Vªksa ds vkfFkZd fgr fufgr gSaA bu fgrksa dh iwfrZ gsrq os ,d ,slh fo'o&O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k pkgrs gSa( ftlesa mudks pqukSrh iznku djus okyh jk"Vªh;rk;sa] vkuq"kkafxd bdkbZ;ksaesa :ikUrfjr gks tk;saA bl izdkj oS'ohdj.k dks eqDr cktkj O;oLFkk] mnkj jktuSfrd <kaps rFkkle:i miHkksxoknh laLÑfr ds iSjksdkj ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS tks fd lEiw.kZ fo'o dks lapkjds vk/kqfudre lk/kuksa] mixzgh; rduhdh] ;krk;kr ds uohure lk/kuksa rFkk Vhoh] bUVjusV vkfndh lgk;rk ls ôSf'od xzke^ (Global Village) esa ifjofrZr dj jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa lekt ,oa O;fDr ds thou dk ,slk dksbZ Hkh {ks=k ugha gS] tks oS'ohdj.k ls vizHkkforjgk gksA ;s izHkko pkgs ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa ldkjkRed gksa vFkok udkjkRed ijUrq budkizHkko laiw.kZ ns'k ij gksxkA ;fn ns'k dh turk (Indigenous People) ij oS'ohdj.k ds izHkkoksa dslUnHkZ esa ckr djsa rks ;g ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd vkt Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLÑfr vLlh&uCcs dsn'kd ds lekl ,oa laLÑfr fy;s gq;s gSA la{ksi esa oS'ohdj.k ds Hkkjrh; vuqHko bl izdkj gSa %&(1) oS'ohdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; jk"Vª&jkT; (Globalization and Indian Nation-State)Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k dk y{; fofo/krk iw.kZ ,oa cgqjaxh laLÑfr dks ,d fo'kky rFkk izHkqrkokys le:ih <kaps ds vUrxZr ykuk gSA ;g <kapk vesfjdh usr Ro }kjk fufeZr gSA ^vius fgrksa dh iwfrZds fy, vesfjdk ,oa if'peh ;wjksi ds O;kolkf;d xBcU/ku us cgqns'kh; fuxeksa] vUrjkZ"kVªh; eqnzkdks"k]fo'o cSad rFkk fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSlh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vª&jkT; ij ncko cukj[kk gSA bl ncko ls dqN cqf)thfo;ksa rFkk jktusrkvksa ,oa fons'kh fuos'kdksa esa ijLij lgefr curhfn[kkbZ iM+ jgh gS fd jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer djrs gq, jk"Vª dks cktkj dh rkdrksa ds gokysdj nsuk pkfg;sA ftlls Hkkjr vf/kdkf/kd fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk ,dhÑr gks ldsA bldsQyLo:i jk"Vª dh lEizHkqrk dk {kj.k gqvk gSA bldk Li"V mnkgj.k gS fd Hkkjr dks ikfdLrku dslkFk uk pkgrs gq;s Hkh vesfjdh ncko esa okrkZ djuk iM+rk gSA f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k] LokLF; rFkk vkokltSls yksdkfHkeq[k eqn~nksa ls t;knk /;ku fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (SEZ)] fo'oLrjh; gokbZ vM~Ms] ,dyf[kM+dh ;kstuk] fo'oLrjh; lM+dsa rFkk fons'kh fuos'k ds vuqdwy laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k djus ij fn;ktkus yxk gSA dsUnzh; ctV fuekZ.k esa czsVuoqM~l laLFkkvksa dk izR;{k gLr{ksi n f"Vxkspj gks jgk gSAvuqnku dVkSrh] jktdks"kh; ?kkVk de djuk] vf/kdka'k {ks=kkasa dks fons'kh fuos'k ds fy;s [kksyuk]

'kks/k /kkjk 15

tsusfVd ekWfMQkbZM QwM] cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk lh/kk jkT;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk] fdlkuksa dh [ksrhdks yht ij nsuk vkfn ,sls vusd fu.kZ; gSa] tks jk"Vª&jkT; dh oS/krk esa dVkSrh djrs fn[kkbZ ns jgsgSaA(2) oS'ohdj.k ,oa efgyk;sa (Globalization & Women)- Hkkjr fo'o dk nwljk cM+k efgyktula[;k iz/kku ns'k gSA oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks jkstxkj] f'k{kk] lEifRr dk LokfeRo rFkkxfr'khyrk esa o f) ds lUnHkZ esa iq:"kkksa ds led{k [kM+k dj fn;k gSA lkekftd&vkfFkZd lUnHkZ esafyaxHksn esa deh vkuk efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dk ldkjkRed igyw gSA efgyk;sa vc u dsoy v/;kiu]fpfdRlk ,oa Lokxrh is'ks rd lhfer gSa( vfirq os i=kdkfjrk] QS'ku m|ksx] foeku ifjpkfjdk]vfHk;kfU=kdh] foKku] j{kk] U;kf;d ,oa lkekU; iz'kklu ds {ks=k esa Hkh vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA

nwljh rjQ oS'ohdj.k us efgyk dh fLFkfr dks udkjkRed :i ls Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSAefgykvksa dk cktkj dh oLrq ds :i esa izLrqrhdj.k gksus yxk gSA lsDl ,oa [kqysiu dk izn'kZu c<+rktk jgk gSA cktkjokn dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, L=kh 'kjhj dks ek/;e cuk;k tk jgk gSA i=k&if=kdkvksa]v[kckjksa] flusek] Vh-oh-] bUVjusV ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; efgyk dks ijEijkxr Nfo ls ckgj fudkydj mUeqDrrk dh rjQ vxzlj fd;k gSA U;k;ewfrZ jaxukFk feJ dk ekuuk gS fd ^^tu lapkjek/;eksa esa vfu;af=kr vf'k"Vrk ,oa fgalk ds fglkc ls Hkkjrh; lekt vkt viuh fLFkfr dks ;q) lscnrj ik jgk gSA----- os ewY; tks _XoSfnd dky ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk ,oa iq:"kksa dks vuq'kkflrj[krs vk;s gSa] frjksfgr gks x;s gSaA**

13 tuojh] 2010 dks ns'k dh jkt/kkuh fnYyh esa bf.M;k VqMs ds izeq[k laoknnkrk fefgjJhokLro rFkk QksVks ,MhVj cUnhi flag us ,d fLVax vkWijs'ku ls Li"V fd;k fd Hkkjr dk orZekuesa ,d fHkUu izdkj ds oS'ohdj.k ls lkeuk gks jgk gS] ftlus lkekftd laLdkjksa vkSj otZukvksa dhlhekvksa dks /kqa/kyk dj fn;k gSA ;gka rd fd vklku ,oa eksVh dekbZ ds ykyp us e;kZnk] laLdkj]ewY;ksa ,oa ekun.Mksa dks ihNs NksM+ fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dks viuh fLFkfr ij iqufoZpkj djoS'ohdj.k ds ldkjkRed i{k dks xzg.k djuk pkfg, lkFk gh vius lkaLÑfrd oSHko dks Hkh cpk,j[kuk pkfg,A(3) oS'ohdj.k] xkao rFkk xjhc (Globalization, Village & Poor) & oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjrh;xkaoksa dh rLohj dks Hkh cnyk gSA ,slkspSe v/;;u ds vkadM+s crk jgs gSa fd lu~ 2001 esa xzkeh.k vk;8]00]000 djksM+ Fkh] lu~ 2011 esa bldk vuqeku 13]00]000 djksM+ :i;s gSA udnh Qlysa] ubZrduhd] cSfdax iz.kkyh rd igqap] izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx rFkk eujsxk tSls yksdfgrdkjh dk;ZØeksa usxkaoksa dks cnyus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

foijhr xjhch js[kk ls uhps xqtj clj djus okyksa dk jk"Vªh; vkSlr 37-2 izfr'kr gSA ftlesalqjs'k rsanqydj lfefr ¼tuojh] 2010½ us Li"V fd;k gS fd 'kgjh dh rqyuk esa xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa chih,yla[;k vf/kd gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd xkaoksa esa oS'ohdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dk ykHk fo'ks"k oxZ rd ghlhfer jgk] oafpr ,oa lEiUu ds e/; dh [kkbZ c<+rh tk jgh gSA ,d rjQ tgka Jh v'kksd xgyksr¼iwoZ eq[;ea=kh] jktLFkku½ ds vuqlkj ^xjhch gS vkSj nwljh rjQ 1000&1000 :i;s ds 'kknh ds dkMZ

'kks/k /kkjk 16

gSaA xjhc] fo/kok] o ) ,oa fu'kDr tuksa dks ljdkj 400 :i;s izfrekg isU'ku ugha ns ik jgh gSA dbZyksx 300 :i;s izfrekg isa'ku ikrs gSaA ogha nwljh rjQ csgj [kphZys vk;kstu djus okys yksx gSaA**izks- jktho xqIrk ds vuqlkj] ^^mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa ds forj.k dh vlekurk ,oa oS'ohdj.k dhvUr%lEc)rk ds QyLo:i gks jgs ifjorZuksa dk vlj gS] ftlls Jfed tula[;k dk nfjnzhdj.k,oa dkiksZjsV i¡wthifr /kuk<~;ksa dh la[;k esa rhoz o f) foijhr izÑfr dh ?kVukvksa ds :i esa ?kfVr gqbZgSaA**

oS'ohdj.k xkao dh txg 'kgj vkSj ukxfjd ds LFkku ij miHkksDrk dh lRrk dks vafre :ils LFkkfir djrk gSA ftlls l{ke ,oa lEiUu rcdk gh vfLrRo cpkdj j[k ldrk gSA

xjhch cktkj dh t:jr gS] ftlls mUgsa lLrk Je miyC/k gksrk jgsA fcuk vojks/k rFkkfojksèk ds LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dk nksgu fd;k tk ldsA FkksM+k lk izyksHku nsdj ,oa lius fn[kk djleFkZu gkfly fd;k tk ldsA blfy, xjhc dks xjhc cuk;s j[kus dh izfØ;k oSf'od Lrj ijiw¡thoknh rkdrksa }kjk tkjh gSA 1991 ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa <kapkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØe (SAP) tkjhjgus ds mijkUr Hkh xjhcksa dh la[;k esa o f) gq;h gS] tcfd nkok ;g fd;k tk jgk Fkk fd oS'ohdj.kdk ykHk lHkh dks leku :i ls feysxkA(4) oS'ohdj.k] i;kZoj.k ,oa tSo&fofo/krk (Globalization, Environment & Bio-diver-sity) & i¡wthoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl dks ldy jk"Vªh; mRikn (GNP) esa ekik tkrk gSA ftlesay{; izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds iz;ksx }kjk ykHk ,oa iw¡th ds lap;u dks vf/kdre djuk gksrk gSA blizfØ;k esa i;kZoj.k ,oa tSo&fofo/krk dk g~kl gksrk gS rFkk ubZ izdkj dh xjhch mRiUu gksrh gSA blesafodkl ,oa foLFkkiu nksuksa lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k ij oS'ohdj.k dk izHkko i;kZoj.k ,oa tSo&fofo/krk ds lUnHkZ esavU; xjhc ns'kksa tSlk gh fouk'kdkjh fl) gqvk gSA rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds fy, viuk;s x;s lHkhmik;ksa us xEHkhj ikfjfLFkdh; vlarqyu mRiUu dj fn;s gSaA ouksa dk fouk'k] ty dk vfrnksgu] Hkwfe]ty ,oa ok;q esa fo"kkDrrk dh o f)] 'kgjksa dk vfu;af=kr fodkl] izkÑfrd lEink ij fuHkZj ns'k dhturk dk foLFkkiu] xjhcksa dh la[;k esa o f)] lekt esa vlarks"k esa o f)] uDlyokn tSls fgaldvkUnksyuksa dk foLrkj] jklk;fud [kkn ,oa dhVk.kquk'kd ds iz;ksx ls Ñf"k dh moZjk 'kfDr dk degksuk rFkk chekfj;ksa esa c<+ksRrjh vkfn ,sls vusd izHkko gSa] tks izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds vfrnksgu lsmRiUu ikfjfLFkfrdh; vlarqyu ds ifj.kke gSaA(5) oS'ohdj.k] dqVhj m|ksx /kU/ks rFkk Lojkstxkj (Globliazation, Small Scale Indus-try & Self Employment) & cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh mUur rduhd] cM+h i¡wth] vk/kqfud izcUèk]vkØked izpkj ,oa ljdkjh laj{k.k us LFkkuh; dqVhj m|ksx /kU/kksa dks vykHkdkjh cukdj cktkj lsckgj dj fn;kA dgha i;kZoj.k ds uke ij] dgha ckyJe ds iz;ksx ds uke ij] dgha vLokLF; djifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ltZu ds uke ij rks dgha fodkl ds uke ij ljdkj us NksVs m|ksxksa dks fu;af=krdjuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA blls ns'k esa csjkstxkjh esa o f) gqbZ gSA

yqqHkkous foKkiuksa ,oa vkØked iap ykbZuksa ds ek/;e ls cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa us lEiUu oxZ ij

'kks/k /kkjk 17

ekufld vkf/kiR; tek fy;k gSA mUgsa izR;sd fons'kh oLrq ftls os czk.MsM dgrs gSa] izfLFkfr izrhdyxrh gS ftlls os jsgM+h] Qsjhokyksa dks vfrØe.kdkjh] voS/k rFkk fodkl esa ck/kd le>rs gSaA ljdkjHkh fur u;s dkuwu cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds fgr esa rFkk QqVikFk vFkok xfy;ksa esa viuk O;olk; djusokyksa ds fo:) cuk jgh gSaA bUgsa viuk /kU/kk tkjh j[kus ds fy, uxj&fuxe] ikfydk] ifj"kkn~ ,oaiqfyl ds yksxksa dks ?kwl nsuh iM+rh gSaA blds i'pkr~ Hkh fodkl ,oa lkSUn;Zu ds uke ij bUgsa dHkhHkh csn[ky fd;k tk ldrk gSA(6) oS'ohdj.k] cgqyrk ,oa lkaLÑfrd fofo/krk (Globalization, Plurality & CulturalDiversity) & oS'ohdj.k le:ihdj.k dh izfØ;k gksus ds fl)kUr :i ls cgqyrk rFkk lkaLÑfrdfofo/krk ds fo:) gSA Hkkjr esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls igys vusd Hkk"kk] cksfy;ksa] izFkk&ijEijkvksa][kku&iku] os'k&Hkw"kkvksa] /keksZa] leqnk;ksa] tkfr;ksa ,oa fopkjksa&fo'oklksa ds yksx fuokl djrs FksA 24tqykbZ] 1991 ds i'pkr~ vf/kdkf/kd :i ls fons'kksa vkSj fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds fy, LFkkuh; cktkj dhlhek;sa [kksy nsus ls fons'kh Hkk"kk] jhfr&fjokt] [kku&iku] os'k&Hkw"kk] fopkj&fo'okl dk vkØked:i ls vkxeu gqvkA if'peh laLÑfr us viuh cktkjh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk miHkksxh; 'kSyh ls LFkkuh;fofo/krk iw.kZ laLÑfr dks viuh fxj¶r esa ys fy;kA fodkl dh vk;kfrr ifjHkk"kk us LFkkuh; fopkj&O;ogkj O;oLFkk dks fiNM+siu dk y{k.k fl) dj fn;k rFkk izxfr ds fy, ik'pkR; ,oa vesfjdhlkaLÑfrd y{k.kksa dk vuqdj.k ,dek=k mik; LFkkfir dj fn;kA Hkkjrh;rk] fofo/krk ,oa cgqyrkdh ckr djuk vc ,d fo'ks"kk izdkj dh jktuhfr dk |ksrd ekuk tkus yxk rFkk oS'ohdj.k dsykHkkfFkZ;ksa us ,sls yksxksa dks fodkl dh jktuhfr ds fo:) eku fy;kA

bu lcdk izHkko ;g gqvk fd Hkkjr Hkh le:ih fo'o O;oLFkk dh rjQ gYds izfrjks/k ls tkusyxkA vkt ns'k esa vusd cksfy;ka e r izk;% gSaA Hkk"kk esa vaxzsth dk cksyckyk gSA cgqr lh ijEijkxrjhfr;ka viuk vfLrRo [kksrh tk jgh gSaA oSf'od mRlo ,oa R;kSgkj viuh iSB c<+k jgs gSaA ftudk ns'kdh Hkkoukvksa ,oa laosnukvksa ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA bu lcls cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds lUnHkZ esaizfrjksèk dh laLÑfr lekIr gks jgh gS rFkk mUgsa ywV dh [kqyh NwV fey jgh gS vkSj ,d uohu izdkjdk vkSifuos'khdj.k izkjEHk gks pqdk gSAfu"d"kZ (Conclusion) %&Hkkjr esa 24 tqykbZ] 1991 dks ykxw dh x;h uohu vFkZ uhfr us Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk dks fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, [kksy fn;k ftlds ifj.kke orZeku esa Li"kVr% n f"kVxkspj gks jgsgSaA cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa rFkk czsVuoqM~l laLFkkvksa ds c<+rs gLr{ksi ls tgka Hkkjr jk"Vª&jkT; ds :i esadetksj gqvk gS] ogha mlus rduhd vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ds ekeyksa esa vk'kkrhr lQyrk izkIr dh gSAxjhcksa] efgykvksa rFkk NksVs m|ksx /kU/kksa dh fLFkfr udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor gq;h gSA i;kZoj.k ,oatSo fofo/krk dks Hkh cM+s /kU/kksa us gkfu igqapkbZ gSA 'kgjksa esa tgka vk/kqfudre rduhd dk ykHk feykgS ogha >qXxh& >ksifM+;ksa us vekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa dk l tu fd;k gSA lapkj ds v|ru lk/kuksa] flapkbZrduhd] lM+d] fo|qr rFkk fpfdRlk dh lqfo/kkvksa us tgka xzkeh.k {ks=kksa dh rLohj cnyus esa egRrhHkwfedk fuokZg dh gS( ogha jklk;fud [kkn rFkk dhVuk'kdksa ds vU/kk/kqU/k iz;ksx us tehu ,oa ekuonksuksa ds LokLF; ij xEHkhj izHkko Mkyk gSA oS'ohdj.k us rduhdh fo'ks"kKksa ds fy, jkstxkj dh

'kks/k /kkjk 18

miyC/krk esa o f) dh gS( ogha Jfedksa dh vkthfodk ds fy, fodV leL;k mRiUu dj nh gSAik'pkR; laLÑfr ds izfrfufèk ds :i esa Hkwe.Myhdj.k us lkaLÑfrd le:ihdj.k dks c<+kok nsdjHkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd fofo/krk dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA :X.k miHkksxoknh thou'kSyh ds izlkj ls vk/;kfRed thou n'kZu ij vk?kkr yxk gSA rhoz xfr ls thou dk /;s; ;koTthosr lq[knthosr] _.ke~ÑRok ?k re~ ihosr^ gksrk tk jgk gSA Hkk"kk] os'k&Hkw"kk] vknrsa] fopkj&O;ogkj vkfn if'peh <ax ds gksrspys tk jgs gSaA drZO; ,oa bZekunkjh dk LFkku vf/kdkj psruk rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj us ys fy;k gSA i¡wthoknhO;oLFkk dh lqn <+rk us ekuoh;rk] lnk'k;rk ,oa ijksidkj ds LFkku ij vkfFkZd ykHk dks vafre y{;ds :i esa efgek eafMr dj fn;k gSA lwpuk Økafr us tgka nwfj;ksa dks de fd;k gS] ogha v'yhyrkrFkk lkbZcj vijk/kksa dks c<+k fn;k gSA oS'ohdj.k us tgka ;qok vkdka{kkvksa dk Lrj dkQh Å¡pk djfn;k gS ogha lQyrk dh izkFkfed 'krZ xq.koRrk iw.kZ f'k{kk dks egaxk dj xjhcksa dh igqap ls nwj djfn;k gSA ,d rjQ Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk izpkj&izlkj fo'o ds dksus&dksus esa vizokfl;ksa us fd;k gS]ogha ?kksj O;kolkf;drk ds bl ;qx esa yksd ijEijkvksa dk QwgM+ :ikUrj.k Hkh ns[kus dks fey jgkgSA

l f"V ds vfLrRo ds fy;s fofo/krkvksa dk gksuk vifjgk;Z gS] ijUrq oS'ohdj.k ,d le:ihdj.kdh izfØ;k gksus ds dkj.k vusd leL;kvksa dk tUenkrk gSA blh dkj.k oS'ohdj.k dh izfrfØ;kLo:i blds fodYi dh O;oLFkk gsrq fofHkUu laxBuksa }kjk oSf'od U;k; vkanksyu (Global JusticeMovement) dk izkjEHk fd;k x;k gS ,oa 'kkafriw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk oS'ohdj.k ds nq"izHkkoksa dksle>kus rFkk oSdfYid mik;ksa dh O;kogkfjdrk iznf'kZr djus gsrq oYMZ lksf'k;y Qksje dk xBu2001 esa fd;k x;k gSA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds ifjizs{; esa gesa oS'ohdj.k ds nq"izHkkoksa ls viuh laLÑfr dk laj{k.k vkSjloa)Zu djuk gSA lkjk fo'o ftl vk/;kfRed Kku dh vkdak{kk esa gekjh vksj ns[k jgk gS] ml vewY;/kjksgj dks gesa cpk, j[kuk gSA oS'ohdj.k dh ;g vka/kh gekjh O;oLFkk jgu&lgu dks cny ldrhgS] ysfdu gekjh tM+ksa dks ugha m[kkM+ ldrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh uhao cgqr xgjh gS vkSj v/;kRerFkk n'kZu vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k ;g gesa vkRekuq'kkflr djrh gSA viuh laLÑfr ds laj{k.k ds lkFkgesa oSf'od jkg ij pyuk pkfg,A

lUnHkZ1- eks?kne] osysUVkbu ,e-( XykscykbZts'ku ,.M lks'ky ewoesUVl] jkEesu ,.M fyfVy QhYM ifCy'klZ] bad]

;w-,l-,-] 2009-2- dqekj] ukxs'k( bdkWukfed ,.M iksfyVhdy ohdyh] okW- 10] ckWEcs] 2000-3- egyk] vjfoUn dqekj( MkW- lqjsUnz dVkfj;k] Hkkjrh; lekt ij oS'ohdj.k dk izHkko] ôS'ohdj.k Hkkjr

% izHkko ,oa ck/kk;sa^ us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] t;iqj ,.M fnYyh] 2010-4- ohesu] ,V oØ( bu n bjk vkWQ XykscykbZts'ku] jkf/kdk ;kno] ohesUl fyad] okW- 14] i "kB 3&6] lks'ky

,Dlu VªLV] ubZ fnYyh 03 vDVwcj fnlEcj 20085- xqIrk] izks- jktho( oSdfYid O;oLFkk dh lkekftd psruk ,oa Hkkjr esa lekt 'kkL=k] jktLFkku tuZy vkWQ

lks'k;ksykWth] okW- 1] ua- 1] 2009-

'kks/k /kkjk 19


SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 19-23jk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk fparu

MkW0 lquhrk jkBkSjl0 izk0] fgUnh] 'kkldh; ,e-,e-vkj] ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo|ky;] pkEik] tkatxhj] NRRkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vª Hkkoiz/kku 'kCn gS] ftlds }kjk leku ,sfrgkfld] lkaLÑfrd vkSj fodkloknh psruk ls izsfjr

O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks laxfBr :i esa leku feFkdksa vkSj fcEcksa ls vkc) fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r%]HkkSxksfyd vkSj Hkk"kk;h lekurk Hkh jk"Vª esa fufgr gksrs gSaA Øe'k% jk"Vª 'kCn ds vFkZ esa vc fopkj/kkjk dksizfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls bl 'kCn dh ifjfèk rks ladqfpr gksrh gS ijUrq vkilh lkgp;Z dh xkBsavkSj nq:Lr gksrh gSaA vr% ,slk Hkw&Hkkx ftlesa leku laLÑfr ds yksx jgrs gSa vkSj oks ml Hkw&Hkkx vkSjmlds vrhr ls tqM+ko eglwl djrs gS( jk"Vª dgykrk gSaA jk"Vª ds fy, rhu rRoksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS&¼1½tu ¼2½ Hkwfe ¼3½ laLÑfrA

gekjs ân; esa vius oru ds izfr lEeku ,oa izse dh Hkkouk dk gksuk gh jk"Vªokn dgykrk gSA ;gjk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk ds lkFk o"kksZ rd fd;s x;s dfBu la?k"kksZa ,oa vla[; cfynkuksa dk ifj.kke gS fd vaxzstksals Hkkjr dks vktknh fey ik;h gSA ml le; Hkkjr ds fj;klrksa esa foHkkftr gksus ds ckotwn Lora=krkds fy, la?k"kZ esa ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa [kM+k FkkA tkfr] /keZ] {ks=kh;rk dh ladh.kZ ekudfldrk ls Åij mBdj ns'k ds izfr xoZ dh ,d xgjh Hkkouk eglwl djuk gh jk"Vªokn gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª vkSj /keZ] jk"Vªh; laLÑfr] /keZ vkSj laLÑfr

jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh vo/kkj.kk gS] ftlesa jk"Vª loksZifj gS] vFkkZr~ jk"Vª dks lcls vf/kdizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA jk"Vªokn] jk"Vª ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fdlh Hkh ns'k dsukxfjdks dh ,dtqVrk ds fy, vko';d gSA ;gh otg gS fd cpiu ls gh Ldwyksa esa jk"Vªxku dkfu;fer vH;kl djk;k tkrk gS vkSj vktdy tks flusek?kjksa esa Hkh fQYe 'kq: gksus ls igys jk"Vªxkupyk;k tkrk gS vkSj lkFk gh ikB~;Øeksa esa ns'k ds egku~liwrksa] ohjksa ,oa Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dh xkFkkvksadk lekos'k fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ,d lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd vkSj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk okyk ns'k gSA jk"Vªokngh og /kkxk gS tks yksxksa dks muds fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd] tkrh;] i "BHkwfe ls lacaf/kr gksus ds ckotwn,drk ds lw=k esa ,d lkFk cak/krk gSA ;g d'ehj ls dU;kdqekjh rd lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,dtqV djusesa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

/keZ ds fo"k; esa lkekU; /kkj.kk gS fd ^/keZ /kkj;fr bfr /keZ%* tks /kkj.k fd;k tk; ogh /keZ gS vkSj /keZ ds varxZr ekuo ds fo'okl ,oa O;ogkj nksuks vkrs gSaA fgUnw /keZ ds varxZr gj rjgds yksxksa dh vkLFkk jgrh gSA bZ'oj esa fo'okl djus okys dh Hkh] bZ'oj es fo'okl ugha djus okysdh Hkh] ewfrZiwtd dks Hkh vkSj ewfrZiwtk ds fojks/kh dk HkhA ds-,e- lsu us ^fgUnwtu^^ esa fy[kk gS&blesadksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd fgUnw rRo fo'oklksa dh rqyuk esa ekSfyd :i ls vkpj.k ls vf/kd lacaf/kr

'kks/k /kkjk 20

gSA ;g /k /kkrq ls ¼cuk;s j[kuk] /kkj.k djuk] iq"V djuk½ cuk gS] vFkkZr~ ftls /kkj.k fd;k tk, ogh èkeZgSA

jk/kkÑ".ku us viuh iqLrd ^/keZ ,oa lekt* esa fy[kk gS ftu fl)kUrksa dk ges vius nSfudthou esa rFkk lkekftd laca/kks esa ikyu djuk gS] os ml oLrq }kjk fu;r fd;s x;s gSa] ftls /keZ dgktkrk gSA ;g lR; dk thou esa ewrZ :i gS vkSj gekjh izÑfr dks u;s :i esa <kyus dh 'kfDr gSA/keZ dh O;k[;k vyx&vyx <ax ls egkiq:"kksa fo}kuksa ,oa ys[kdksa us Hkh dh gSA egkHkkjr esa d.kZ ioZesa /keZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, osnO;kl us fy[kk gS ^^/kkj.kkn~nHkZ fuR;ka nq/kZ;ksa /kkj;rsiztk%A;r~L;kn~nkj.k la;qDr la?k"kZ bfr fu'p;%A^^ vFkkZr~ /kkj.k djus ls yksx bls /keZ dgrs gSA /keZ vkSjiztk dks /kkj.k djuk gS tks /kkj.k ds lkFk jgs og /keZ gS ;g fu';p gSA

egf"kZ d.kkn us ^d.kkn lw=k^ esa /keZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS] ^^;rks•H;n;fu% Js;lflf)% l/keZ%A^^ vFkkZr~ ftlls bl yksd esa mUufr vkSj ijyksd esa dY;k.k dh izkfIr gks og /keZ gSA

ckyxaxk/kj fryd us /keZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ^xhrk jgL;^^ esa fy[kk gS /keZ 'kCn dk vFkZO;kogkfjd] lkekftd vkSj uSfrd /keZ le>uk pkfg,A^^

tgka /keZ ekuo ds drZO;ksa dk ladsr djrk gS] ogha og lR; dh dlkSVh Hkh gS vkSj bl ckrdk ladsr Hkh djrk gS fd izR;sd ekuo dk O;ogkj dSlk gSA /keZ ds varxZr izFkk,a uSfrd fu;e]lkekU; drZO; lHkh vk tkrk gSA blfy, /keZ ds ekuo dks izFke iq:"kkFkZ dgk tkrk gSA fgUnw èkeZesa dgk x;k gS fd ^^lR; gh loksZPp /keZ gS^^/keZ dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lar dfo rqylhnkl dgrs gaS^îjfgr lfjl /keZ ufga HkkbZ] ij ihM+k ugha le vf/kdkbZA^^

ekuo dk ekuo ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr d:.kk] n;k] 'khy] lR;] vfgalk] ca/kqRo] ijfgr dkeukvkfn ekuo /keZ gSA Hkxon~ xhrk ekUkrk gS fd lnkpkj ;k lR; dk vkpj.k gh ekuo /keZ gSA

laLÑfr 'kCn laLÑr ds ^^Ñ^^ /kkrq ls ^^fäu^^ izR;; vkSj ^^le^^ milxZ dks tksM+dj cukgSA le$Ñ$fä¾laLÑfrA okLro esa laLÑfr 'kCn dk vFkZ vR;Ur O;kid gSA dqN fo}kUk laLÑfrdks laLdkj dk :ikUrfjr 'kCn ekurs gSaA

laLÑfr lh[ks gq, O;ogkjksa dh laiw.kZrk gSA okLro esa ekuo }kjk vizHkkfor izkÑfrd 'kfDr;ksadks NksM+dj ftruh Hkh ekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ka gesa pkjkas vksj ls izHkkfor djrh gSa] mu lHkh dh lEiw.kZrkdks ge laLÑfr dgrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj laLÑfr ds bl ?ksjs dk uke gh ^^lkaLÑfrd i;kZoj.k^^ gSA

^^laLÑfr ,d O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa ge thou ds izfrekuksa] O;ogkj ds rjhdksa] vusdkusd HkkSfrd,oa vHkkSfrd izrhdksa] ijEijkvksa] fopkjkas] lkekftd ewY;ksa] ekuoh; fØ;kvksa vkSj vkfo"dkjksa dks 'kkfeydjrs gSaA^^

loZizFke ok;qiqjk.k esa ^/keZ^] ^vFkZ^] ^dke^ rFkk êks{k^ fo"k;d ekuoh; ?kVukvksa dks laLÑfrds varxZr lekfgr fd;k x;kA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd ekuo&thou ds fnu&izfrfnu dsvkpkj&fopkj] thou&'kSyh rFkk deZ O;ogkj gh laLÑfr dgykrh gSA

^^Hkwyksd dk xkSjo] izÑfr dk iq.; yhyk LFky dgk¡\QSyk euksgj fxfj] fgeky; vkSj xaxk ty tgk¡

'kks/k /kkjk 21

lEiw.kZ ns'kksa ls vf/kd] fdl ns'k dk mRd"kZ gS\mldk fd tks _f"kHkwfe gS] og dkSu\ Hkkjr o"kZ gSAA^^

Jh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr }kjk jfpr bu iafDr;ksa esa gekjs ns'k dk xkSjo izfrfcafcr gSA Hkkjr ns'kdh laLÑfr] lH;rk] HkkSxksfyd okrkoj.k] jhfr fjokt fo'o esa fo[;kr gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr muizkphure~ laLÑfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS] tks le; ds dqpØksa dk izgkj >syrs gq, Hkh viuk vfLrRo iwjhxfjek ds lkFk vkt Hkh cuk, gq, gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dbZ milaLÑfr dk lqUnj lefUor :i gSArht&R;kSgkj] ozr&mikluk] u R;&laxhr] dyk] jgu&lgu] [kku&iku rFkk vkpkj&fopkj esa gekjhlaLÑfr dk lqanj :i fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA gekjh laLÑfr esa fofo/krk gksrs gq, Hkh ewy esa ^ôlq/kSodqVqECkde^^ dh Hkkouk O;kIr gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr euhf"k;ksa ds fopkjksa ls iYyfor gqbZ gSA rht&R;kSgkj o mRloksa ds jaxkas esa Mwch gqbZ gSA /keZ&vkLFkk us laLÑfr dks lqn <+rk iznku dh gSA ;g fo'odh izkphure laLÑfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS rFkk ;g laLÑfr;ksa dh tUenk=kh Hkh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr viuhdbZ [kwfc;ksa ds dkj.k fo'o izfl) gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds lHkh :iks esa gesa ekuo] txr] i'kq] i{khrFkk ouLifr txr ds izfr viusiu o izse dh Hkkouk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds bu rRoksaus Hkkjrh;ksa ds thou ds gj igyqvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA jk"Vª dk fodkl /keZ vkSj laLÑfrds vHkko esa vo:) Hkh gks tkrk gSA fdlh&fdlh vkfnoklh tutkfr;ksa esa e|iku djuk mudhlaLÑfr gSA ysfdu ;s e|iku laLÑfr mudks dbZ izdkj dh gkfu Hkh igqapkrh gSA bl izdkj e|ikutSlh laLÑfr ij izfrca/k yxkuk pkfg,( tSls&vkfnoklh tutkfr;ska esa e|iku djuk mudh laLÑfrdk ,d vfHkUu vax jgk gSA os /kkfeZd iokasZ] lkekftd mRloksa ,oa vkuan fo'ks"k dh iwfrZ gsrq e|ikudjrs gSaA e|iku ls tutkrh; lekt esa lkekftd o ikfjokfjd fo|Vu mRiUu gq, gSa] mudhvkfFkZd n'kk detksj gqbZ gSA vusd izdkj ds LokLF;xr fodkj Hkh vk x;s gaS] lkFk gh e|iku dsdkj.k ;qokvksa esa vkijkf/kd ,oa fgalkRed xfrfof/k;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dh izo fRr;ksa esa o f) gqbZ gSAtutkrh; lekt esa e|iku ls vk;s bu nq"ifj.kkeksa dks n f"Vxr j[kdj NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds dkadsjftys dh xksM+ tutkrh; lekt esa /kkfeZd ioksZa ,oa lkekftd mRloksa ds nkSjku e|iku dks fu"ks/k djfn;k x;k gSA ;g fu"ks/k xksM+ tutkrh; lekt ds eqf[k;k ,oa izeq[kkas }kjk lekt fu;a=k.k ds lk/kuksa ds :i esa viuk;k x;k gSA bl fu"ks/k ds varxZr dqN fu;ekoyh cukbZ xbZ gS tks fd dkadsj ftysds varxZr fuokljr leLr xksM+ vkfnoklh tutkrh; lekt ij leku :i ls ykxw gksaxsA bu fu;eksadk fdlh izdkj mYya?ku djus ij lacaf/kr O;fDRk ,oa ifjokj dk lekt }kjk nafMr djus dk Hkhizko/kku gSA bl izdkj vkfnoklh tutkfr;ksa ds laLÑfr e|iku ij izfrca/k yxkdj yksxksa dks lektdks tkx:d djds jk"Vª ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkjh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

tutkrh; lekt esa laLÑfr ,oa f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA NRrhlx<+ dh vf/kdka'ktutkfr;ka nqxZe LFkyksa] oU; {ks=kksa rFkk taxyksa esa fuokl djrh gSA ftuesa xksM+] cSxk vkfn gS] budh,d fof'k"V laLÑfr gksrh gSA vkt bu tutkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr nksuksa gh cgqrdetksj gSA vf'k{kk ds va/kdkj esa rks iwjk lekt Mwck gqvk gS] ftlds dkj.k bUgs vius vf/kdkjksa vkSjdrZO;ksa dk fcYdqy Hkh Kku ugha gSA budh lksp ladqfpr gksrh tk jgh gSA bUgs viuh laLÑfr ls

'kks/k /kkjk 22

cgqr I;kj gSA ij isV dh Hkw[k dc rd bUgs vkSj budh vewY; laLÑfr dks cpk ik;sxkA oSls rks gekjslafo/kkuksa esa vusd ;kstuk,a vkSj vusd dkuwu ykxw fd;s x;s ij tc rd budh f'k{kk ds Lrj ijlq/kkj ugha fd;k tk;sxk] rc rd dqN ugha gks ldrk gSA vkt bUgs vkSj budh vewY; laLÑfr dkslgh fn'kk vkSj f'k{kk dh vR;ar vko';drk gSA rHkh jk"Vª dk fodkl gks ik;sxkA

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa iq:"kkas ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA efgykvksa dhfLFkfr rks igys cgqr gh cqjh Fkh tSls inkZ izFkk] cgq fookg] csesy fookg] fdUrq /khjs&/khjs bu {ks=kkas esafodkl gksus yxk] rRi'pkr~ efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vkrk x;kA orZeku esa ?kjsyw fagalkNksVh&NksVh ckrksa esa fodjky :i ys jgh gSA dkedkth efgyk,a vkfFkZd :i ls Lora=k gaS ,oa lektifjokj iM+ksl esa mls lEekutud fLFkfr feyh gSA blds i'pkr~ Hkh efgyk,a tkus&vutkus esa ?kjsywfgalk ls ihfM+r gksrh gS vkSj dHkh fLFkfr fodjky :i ys ysrh gSA efgykvksa dks i;kZIr ek=kk esa laj{k.kiznku djus gsrq mUgs ;g vf/kdkj feys fd og viuh yM+kbZ Lo;a yM+s vkSj lQyrkiwoZd vkxs c<+sAfgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk ds fy, nkafMd izko/kkuksa ds vykok vkJe x g] fpfdRlk lqfo/kk] Lojkstxkj,oa vU; vuqrks"k dk Hkh izko/kku gSA fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk gsrq efgyk Fkkuk ftlesa efgyk vf/kdkjh,oa deZpkjh inLFk gksrs gSa lkFk gh efgyk vk;ksxksa dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA efgykvksa ds fo:)fgalk jksdus ds fy, efgykvksa dk f'kf{kr ,oa tkx:d gksuk vfr vko';d gSA iq:"kksa esa ukjh ds fy,lEeku dh Hkkouk gksuh pkfg,A lHkh dks efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk jksdus ds fy, tu tkxj.kvfHk;ku esa 'kkfey gksuk gksxkA ngst dk fojks/k gksuk pkfg,A dkuwuksa ds izfr lEeku gksuk pkfg,Abl izdkj ds izko/kkuksa dks viukus ls jk"Vª dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ,d vkSj ck/kd rRo gS iyk;u dh leL;kA jkstxkj] mPp f'k{kk ;k csgrjf'k{kk dh izkfIr] csgrj thou iyk;u dk eq[; dkj.k gSA blds vykok iyk;u dk vkSj izeq[k dkj.kgS lkekftd fo"kerk] 'kks"k.k] xjhch] izkÑfrd vkink,a] xaHkhj nq?kZVuk,a] +_.kxzLrrk] la;qDr ifjokj]ikfjokfjd dyg] lkekftd lqj{kk dk vHkko] ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk vHkko] lkekftd]n.M ls cpus vkfn ds dkj.k Je iyk;u djrs gSaA blh dkj.k vius xkao 'kgj ns'k dks NksM+dj ckgjtkrs gS] ;fn bu lHkh phtksa dh lqfo/kk,a vius xkao] 'kgj] jkT;] ns'k esa gks rks yksx ckgj D;ks HkVdsaxsvkSj vius gh ns'k ds fodkl esa yksx tqVs jgsaxsA

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laaLÑfr ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA /keZ vkSj laLÑfr ds}kjk gh jk"Vª dk fodkl unh dh /kkjk ds leku rsth ls c<+rk gSA Hkkjr ,d /kkfeZd laLÑfr okykns'k gSA ;gka ij vusd /keZ dks ekuus okys yksx fuokl djrs gSaA tSls fgUnw /keZ] ckS) /keZ] tSu /keZ]flD[k /keZ vkfn Hkkjr dks bu lHkh /keksZa dk tud ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; /keZ fo'o ds lHkh /keksZesa ls izeq[k gSA vkt fgUnw /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ iwjs fo'o ds rhljs vkSj pkSFks lcls cM+k /keZ gSA Hkkjresa /keksZa esa fHkUurk lcls T;knk gSA /keZ vkt Hkh ;gka ds T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa ds chp eq[; ,oafuf'pr Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA Hkkjr ,d cgqlkaLÑfrd vkSj cgq /kkfeZd lekt gksus ds dkj.k fofHkUu/keksZa ds R;kSgkjkas vkSj NqfV~V;ksa dks eukrk gS] lHkh dks vius&vius /keZ dks ekuus vkSj mldk izpkjdjus dk iwjk vfèkdkj gSA Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj ds nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mikluk fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh

'kks/k /kkjk 23

/keksZa dk viuk&viuk vjk/; nso gksrk gS vkSj lHkh mlh ds crk;s ekxZ ij pyrs gSa rFkk ,d nwljsdks izsfjr djrs gSa] fgUnw /keZ esa iwtkikB dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA lekt pkj oxksaZ esa caVk gqvk gSA czkEg~.k]{kf=k;] oS'; vkSj 'kwnz&lHkh dk viuk viuk dke gSA bl rjg ls ;gka ij vusd /keZ dks ekuus okysyksx fuokl djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr fo'o dh lcls izkphu ,oa le ) laLÑfr gSA vU; ns'kksa dhlaaLÑfr;k¡ rks le; dh /kkjk ds lkFk&lkFk u"V gksrh jgrh gaSA fdarq Hkkjr dh laLÑfr vkfn dkyls gh vius ijaijkxr vfLrRo ds lkFk vtj&vej cuh gqbZ gSA blh dkj.k Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks nsolaLÑfr dg dj lEekfur fd;k tkrk gS] rHkh rks ik'pkR; fo}ku viuh ns'k dh laLÑfr dks le>usgsrq Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dks igys le>us dk ijke'kZ nsrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr u dsoy izkphurk dkizek.k gS] vfirq og Hkkjrh; vk/;kRe vkSj fparu dk Js"B vfHkO;fDr gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrkgS gS fd jk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

lanHkZ1- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh i -la- 150] 151 ¼18&20 uoEcj 2017½ lg;ksx

laLÑfr foHkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafMr lqUnj yky 'kekZ ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+|ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqjdksuh] fcjdksuk ekxZ fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

2- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh i -la- 10] 11 ¼18&20 uoEcj 2017½ lg;ksxlaLÑfr foHkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafMr lqUnj yky 'kekZ ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+|ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqjdksuh] fcjdksuk ekxZ fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

3- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh i -la- 103] ¼18&20 uoEcj½ 2017 lg;ksx laLÑfrfoHkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafMr lqUnj yky 'kekZ ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+|ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh]fcjdksuk ekxZ fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

4- jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh 16&17 fnlEcj 2014 cLrj fo'ofo|ky;] txnyiqj ¼i -la- 55½ izdk'kd&cLrjfo'ofo|ky; txnyijq fnlEcj 2014 ¼N-x-½

5- 'kks/k la{ksfidk&jk"Vªh; vUrfoZ"k;d 'kks/k laxks"Bh i -la- 4 ¼17 ,oa 18 vxLr 2015½ 'kkldh; osnjkeegkfo|ky; eky[kjkSnk ftyk tkatxhj pkEik ¼N-x-½

6- 'kks/k la{ksfidk jk"Vªh; vUrfoZ"k;d 'kks/k laxks"Bh ¼i -la- 31½ ¼25&26 Qjojh 2017½ 'kkldh; osnjkeegkfo|ky; eky[kjkSnk] ftyk tkatxhj pkEik ¼N-x-½

7- Lekfjdk&2017] 'kk'or Hkkjr ICSSR jk"Vªh; laxks"Bh i -la- 179 ¼18&20 uoEcj 2017½ lg;ksx laLÑfrfoHkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] iafMr lqUnj yky 'kekZ ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo+|ky; NRrhlx<+] fcykliqj dksuh]fcjdksuk ekxZ fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

8- lR;kUos"kh Hkkjr laiknd MkW- ca'kxksiky flag] MkW- jktdqekj lpnso] izdk'kd& NRrhlx<+ jkT; fgUnhxzaFk vdkneh] ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky; ifjlj] lkeqnkf;d Hkou ds lkeus jk;iqj 492010NRrhlx<+] izFke laLdj.k 2017

9- lelkef;d lkfgR; fparu vkSj pqukSfr;ka] laiknd MkW- oh.kk nk<+s] izdk'kd& veu izdk'ku 104,@80lhjkeckx] dkuiqj] laLdj.k izFke 2015

10- fgUnh vuq'khyu Hkkjrh; fgUnh ifj"kn~ dk =kSekfld eq[k&i=k lEiknd&izks- f=kHkqouukFk 'kqDy] izdk'kd& izks- jkefd'kksj] izca/kea=kh] Hkkjrh; fgUnh ifj"kn fgUnh foHkkx] bykgkckn] fo'ofo|ky; bykgkckn

'kks/k /kkjk 24

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGCNo. : 41386

SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 24-28

jk"Vª fodkl esa jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk;saMkW0 egs'k dqekj 'kqDy

lgk;d v/;kid] bfrgkl foHkkx] xq0?kk0fo0fo0] foykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractvaxzstksa dh mRrjksRrj c<+rh gqbZ lkezkT;oknh fyIlk ,oa 'kks"k.koknh xfrfof/k;ksa us 19oha 'krkCnh ds

mRrjk)Z esa Hkkjrh; tuekul esa ,d vHkwriwoZ tkx fr iSnk dj nhA ifj.kkeLo:i lEiw.kZ ns'k esa lq/kkjoknh]lkekftd /kkfeZd vkUnksyu dk Jhx.ks'k gqvkA eksVs rkSj ij Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk dk vH;qn; dkaxzsl dhLFkkiuk ds lkFk ekuk tkrk gS] rFkkfi bldk chtkjksi.k ykMZ MygkSth ds 'kkludky esa gks pqdk FkkA'krkCnh ds vkjaHk ls gh vaxzst uhfr;ka Hkkjrh; lekt o /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa esa gLr{ksi dj jgh FkhA vaxzsth f'k{kk,oa ik'pkR; laLÑfr dk izlkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ,oa laLÑfr ds Åij ,d v?kksf"kr geyk Fkk] ftls le;jgrs Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr e/;e oxZ ,oa cqf)thoh oxZ us Hkkai fy;kA bl oxZ us ns'kh laLÑfr dh j{kk gsrqHkkjrh; lekt ,oa /keZ esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa ,oa vkMEcjksa ds mUewyu ,oa blesa ldkjkRed rRoksa dh iquLFkkZiukgsrq vius&vius Lrj ij iz;kl vkjaHk dj fn;sA ifj.kkeLo:i czg~e lekt] izkFkZuk lekt] vk;Z lekttSls vusd lq/kkjoknh laLFkkvksa dk tUe gqvk] ftlus ik'pkR; geys ds fo:) dop dk dke dj u dsoyHkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ifjj{k.k fd;k vfirq blls jk"VªO;kih iqutkZxj.k dk vH;qn; gqvk] ftlus Øe'k%jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk :i ys fy;kA


Key Words : lkfgR; vkSj ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk] bfrgkl vkSj dykn f"V

Hkkjrh; Lora=krk og txexkrh gqbZ nhi f'k[kk gS] ftlds fy, Kkr vkSj vKkr gqrkRekvksaus vius izk.kksa dh cfy nh gS vkSj vius jDrLusg tykdj mls v[k.M nhi cuk fn;kA vkUnksyu dhyiVksa esa Lora=krk laxzke lsukuh >qyls vkSj tys fQj Hkh cfynkuh mYykl c<+rk gh x;kA ikou jkohunh dk ifo=k ladYi 15 vxLr dks Lok/khurk dk ^Lo.kZ fogku^ cu x;kA

vkt Lok/khurk ds fy, ftu yksxksa us vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ fd;k gS] vius fuokl dks[k.Mgj cuk;k gS vkSj ifjokj dks vukFk] ,sls 'kghnksa ds fy, J)katfy Lo:i bfrgkl ds iUuksa esamuds ve re; O;fDrRo dks :ikdkj nsus ds flok; ge D;k dj ldrs gSa\ fo'kky Hkkjr&Hkw dkvkUnksyu Hkh bruk fojkV jgk gS fd Lora=krk laxzke lsukfu;ksa dk uke NwV tkuk vLoHkkfod ughaAvr,o v/;srk dk ;g /keZ gks tkrk gS fd jkt/keZ dks fpUgkafdr djus okys lsukfu;ksa dk gh ys[kkizLrqr u djsa izR;qr mu ij Hkh n f"Vikr djs ftUgksaus ixMafM;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA

NRrhlx<+ vapy esa vlarks"k o fonzksg dh NqViqV ?kVuk;sa oLrqr% 1857 ls iwoZ gh fn[kkbZ nsrhgSaA bl n f"V ls vius nkeu esa fiNM+us dk nkx yxk;s gq, ijks{k :i ls 1833 esa ;gka jk"Vªh; Hkkouk,atUe ysus yxh FkhA jk;x<+ fj;klr ds tq>kj flag ds iq=k nsoukFk flag us vaxzstksa ds fo:) fonzksgfd;k ij lQyrk ugha feyhA1 ;g fonzksg vf[ky Hkkjrh; fonzksg ds iwoZ fonzksg FkkA

'kks/k /kkjk 25

fczfV'k Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa 1857 dk o"kZ ,d egRoiw.kZ o"kZ gS] ftlesa vaxzstksa ds fo:)NqVdkjk ikus dk ,d lfEefyr iz;kl gqvkA ftldh vlQyrk us Hkkjr dh izkphurk dk var djfn;k vkSj og vk/kqfud ;qx esa izfo"V gqvkA ns'k dk usr Ro lkeUrksa ds gkFkksa ls fudydj ik'pkR;fopkj /kkjkvksa ls vksrizksr f'kf{kr ;qok ih<+h ds gkFkks esa vk x;kA vc fojks/k jktuhfrd gks x;kAdEiuh dh fujadq'krk dk var gqvk vkSj mlds LFkku ij ns'k esa fczfV'k laln ds 'kklu dh LFkkiukgqbZ] ftlus Øe'k% cnyrs gq, mRrjnk;h ljdkj dk Lo:i /kkj.k fd;k] ftldk var 15 vxLr1947 bZ- esa Hkkjro"kZ dh Lo=kark ls gqvkA2 mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z esa dksgjk NaVus yxk FkkAHkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa fNih gqbZ ,drk vkSj ns'k izse dh Hkkouk,a cyorh gksrh xbZa vkSj /khjs&/khjs ,dvkUnksyu ds :i esa izLQqfVr gksus yxhaA uotkxj.k vkSj jk"Vªokn dh /kkjk;sa fgYyksjsa ysus yxhA3

1857 ds fonzksg dk eq[; dkj.k Hkkjrh; turk dk vekuoh; 'kks"k.k FkkA fczfV'k 'kklu dkfof/kor~ izkjaHk Iyklh ds ;q) ls caxky esa gqvk FkkA vaxzst Hkkjrh;ksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs jgsA bZLV bafM;kdaiuh O;kikfj;ksa }kjk 'kkflr Fkh] ftldk mn~ns'; O;kikj ds {ks=k esa ,dkf/kdkj izkIr djuk Fkk vkSjvius bl mn~ns'; dh izkfIr ds fy, mlus Hkkjrh; O;kikfj;ksa vkSj dkjhxjksa ij ncko MkykA daiuhus iSlk mxkgh ds fy, Hkwfe O;oLFkk ds u;s mik; fudkysA jS¸;rokM+h vkSj egyokjh tSlh neudkjhuhfr;ksa dks viukdj vaxzstksa ds oQknkj tehankj vkSj jktLo lekgrkZ dks Hkwfe dk vf/kdkj ns fn;kAblls Ñ"kdksa dh gSfl;r ,d lkekU; dk'rdkj dh gks xbZ FkhA fdlkuksa dks T;knk yxku HkjukiM+rk FkkA bl fo"ke ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mUgsa egktuksa ls dtZ ysuk iM+rk FkkA iz'kklfud vf/kdkjhÑ"kdksa ij vR;kpkj djrs FksA

Hkkjrh; flQZ fuEu Lrj ds inksa ij gh dk;Z dj ldrs Fks] blls mPp vkSj e/;e oxZ dsyksx fczfV'k uhfr ls vlarq"V FksA ^fczfV'k iz'kklu dh vyksdfiz;rk dk lcls iz/kku dkj.k Fkk mldkfons'khiuA4 Hkkjrh; mUgsa gs; n f"Vdks.k ls ns[krs FksA Hkkjrh; dHkh Hkh muls ?kfu"B ugha gks ldsAns'kh jkT;ksa dks fczfV'k iz'kklu esa 'kkfey djuk Hkh ns'kh jktkvksa ds vlarks"k dk dkj.k FkkA MygkSthdh uhfr us Hkh muds xkSjo dks Bsl igqapk;hA Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dks Hkh cgqr de osru fn;k tkrk Fkkmudks feyus okyk fuokZg O;; fczfV'k flikgh ij vkus okys O;; ls ,d frgkbZ FkkA blds vfrfjDrfczfV'k vf/kdkjh muls vf'k"V O;ogkj djrs Fks vkSj mUgsa viekfur gksuk iM+rk FkkA Hkkjrh; lSfudlwcsnkj ds in ls Åij ugha tk ikrs FksA blds vfrfjDr muds /keZ ij Hkh dqBkjk?kkr fd;k tk jgkFkkA dbZ LFkkuksa ij mUgsa bZlkbZ&/keZ esa ifjorZu ds lekpkj feyrs FksA flikfg;ksa dh rjg vke turkHkh vaxzstksa ds neudkjh uhfr;ksa ls fonzksg ij mrj vk;h FkhA nksuksa ds lg;ksx dh ifjf.kfr vkSjmRrstukiw.kZ okrkoj.k esa pchZ okys dkjrwl dh ckr lkeus vk;h] ftlesa xk; vkSj lqvj dh pchZ yxhgqbZ FkhA blls fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku nksuksa Øq) gks x;s tks fd bl fonzksg dk rkRdkfyd dkj.k cukA27 ekpZ lu~ 1857 bZ- esa cSjdiqj ds ;qok lSfud eaxy ik.Ms; us fczfV'k vf/kdkfj;ksa ij geyk djcxkor dj fn;kA mls Qkalh nh xbZA bl ?kVuk ls Hkkjrh; flikfg;ksa ij rhoz izfrfØ;k gqbZ vkSjvxys fnu esjB esa rSukr lSfudksa us fonzksg dj fn;k tks lkjs mRrj vkSj if'peh Hkkjr esa QSyk x;kAbldh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk fgUnw vkSj eqlyekuksa dh ,drk FkhA5

'kks/k /kkjk 26

ns'k ds vf/kdka'k Hkkxksa dh rjg NRrhlx<+ Hkh bl fonzksg dh ?kVuk ls izHkkfor gqvkA ysfdubl ?kVuk ds iwoZ tSls izkjaHk esa ;g ckr dgh xbZ fd nsoukFk flag us vaxzstksa ds fo:) fonzksg fd;kFkk rFkk lksuk[kku dh Hkh ?kVuk ?kfVr gqbZA lu~ 1854 esa tc NRrhlx<+ dk {ks=k fczfV'k lkezkT;dk vax cuk;k x;k rc ogka fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fonzksg dh lwpuk ugha feyhA ij ckn esa fczfV'kvfèkdkfj;ksa dh xyr uhfr;ksa ds dkjd ;g 'kkafre; {ks=k vkUnksfyr gks mBk FkkA

jke jk; dh e R;q ds ckn ohj ukjk;.k flag lksuk[kku ds tehankj cusA os tufgr dk;ksZa esavfHk:fp j[krs Fks] blfy, os viuh iztk esa yksdfiz; gks x;s FksA 1856 esa nqHkkZX;o'k lksuk[kku esaHkh"k.k vdky iM+kA yksx Hkw[kksa ejus yxsA yksxksa dh tku j{kk ds fy, mlus ,d O;kikjh ds xksnkedk vukt fdlkuksa esa forfjr dj fn;kA O;kikjh dh fjiksVZ ij fMIVh dfe'uj us ohj ukjk;.k flagdks fxj¶rkj fd;k vkSj ohj ukjk;.k ij MdSrh dk vkjksi yxkdj jk;iqj tsy esa Mky fn;k x;kAmlh le; 1857 dh ?kVuk gqbZ vkSj 20 vxLr 1857 dks ohj ukjk;.k jk;iqj tsy ls 10 eghus pkjfnu jgus ds ckn Hkkx fudysA ogka ls os lksuk[kku igqaps rFkk 500 lSfudksa dh ,d lsuk rS;kj dhAb/kj fLeFk lksuk[kku ds fy, jokuk gks x;sA fLeFk us tehnkjksa ls lg;ksx fy;kA lksuk[kku ds dqNnwj ukys ds lehi ohj ukjk;.k us fLeFk dh lsuk ij vkØe.k fd;k izkjaHk esa fLeFk ijkftr gksrkfn[kkbZ fn;k ij ckgjh lgk;rk ls fLeFk us ohj ukjk;.k flag dks ihNs gVus ij foo'k dj fn;kAfLeFk dks HkVxkao] fcykbZx<+ o nsojh ds tehnkjksa ls lg;ksx feykA fLeFk us xkao esa vkx yxk nhAiwjk xkao ty x;k FkkA6

ohj ukjk;.k ij eqdnek pyk;k x;k 10 fnlEcj 1857 dks ohj ukjk;.k dks t; LraHk pkSdij Qkalh ns nh xbZ bl izdkj ns'k ds Lora=krk vkanksyu esa NRrhlx<+ dk izFke lsukuh 'kghn gksx;kA7 18 ekpZ 1858 dks 'kke lkr cts jk;iqj esa lSfud fonzksg gqvkA bl fonzksg esa lSfudksa us r rh;jsxqyj jsthesaV* ds vaxzst estj dh gR;k dj nhA8 fonzksg dks nckus ds fy, fczfV'k 'kklu }kjktcyiqj ls 33oha enzkl ns'kh iSny lsuk eaxk;h x;h ,oa fonzksg nck fn;k x;kA Nkouh ds leLrHkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa fonzksfg;ksa ij eqdnek pykdj mUgsa Qkalh ns nh xbZA9 izFkeLora=krk laxzke dh Tokyk dsoy flikfg;ksa o tehnkjksa rd gh lhfer ugha Fkh oju~ lkearh fj;klrsatks fczfV'k O;oLFkk ls ijs'kku Fkh] yksgk ysus ls ugha pwdhA NRrhlx<+ dh mn;iqj fj;klr ds 2jktdqekjksa us 1857 ds fonzksg esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds fo:) fojks/k fd;k FkkA10 blds vfrfjDr eSxthuy'dj guqeku flag us fonzksg ds nkSjku NRrhlx<+ ds bfrgkl esa ftl ohjrk dk ifjp; fn;k] oglnSo vfoLej.kh; jgsxkA11 bl lHkh NqViqV ?kVukvksa esa 1857 bZ- dk fonzksg Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dhvlk/kkj.k ?kVuk FkhA blds ifj.kke Lo:i uoEcj 1858 esa fczfV'k laln us Hkkjr esa daiuh ds 'kkludk var dj bls vius da/kksa esa ys fy;kA ysfdu bl lRrk ifjorZu ls Hkkjrh; turk ds d"Vksa esadksbZ deh ugha gqbZA 1857 bZ- dh Økafr dks vaxzstksa us vius lSU;cy ls nck rks fn;k ijUrq vaxzstfojks/kh Hkkouk,a [kRe ugha gqbZ vkSj blh us vkxs pydj ns'k esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks tUe fn;kA

vaxzstksa dh mRrjksRrj c<+rh gqbZ lkezkT;oknh fyIlk o 'kks"k.koknh xfrfof/k;ksa us 19oha 'krkCnhds mRrjk)Z esa Hkkjrh; tuekul esa ,d vHkwriwoZ tkx fr iSnk dj nhA ifj.kkeLo:i lEiw.kZ ns'k esa

'kks/k /kkjk 27

lq/kkjoknh] lkekftd /kkfeZd vkUnksyu dk Jhx.ks'k gqvkA eksVs rkSj ij Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh;rk dk vH;qn;dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk ekuk tkrk gS] rFkkfi bldk chtkjksi.k ykMZ MygkSth ds 'kkludky esagks pqdk FkkA 'krkCnh ds vkjaHk ls gh vaxzst uhfr;ka Hkkjrh; lekt o /kkfeZd fo"k;ksa esa gLr{ksi djjgh FkhA vaxzsth f'k{kk ,oa ik'pkR; laLÑfr dk izlkj Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ,oa laLÑfr ds Åij ,d v?kksf"krgeyk Fkk] ftls le; jgrs Hkkjrh; f'kf{kr e/;e oxZ ,oa cqf)thoh oxZ us Hkkai fy;kA bl oxZ usns'kh laLÑfr dh j{kk gsrq Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa /keZ esa O;kIr :f<+;ksa ,oa vkMEcjksa ds mUewyu ,oa blesaldkjkRed rRoksa dh iquLFkkZiuk gsrq vius&vius Lrj ij iz;kl vkjaHk dj fn;sA ifj.kkeLo:i czg~elekt] izkFkZuk lekt] vk;Z lekt tSls vusd lq/kkjoknh laLFkkvksa dk tUe gqvk ftlus ik'pkR;geys ds fo:) dop dk dke dj u dsoy Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk ifjj{k.k fd;k vfirq bllsjk"VªO;kih iqutkZxj.k dk vH;qn; gqvk] ftlus Øe'k% jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu dk :i ys fy;kA

jk"Vªh; psruk ds vH;qn; ds ewy esa dksbZ ,d ;k nks rRo ugha Fks] cfYd ;s rks vusdviekutud mRihM+udkjh rFkk Hkkjrh; LokfHkeku dks u"V djus okys rRoksa dk lfEefyr izHkko Fkkftlesa ik'pkR; laLÑfr o f'k{kk dk izlkj o Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] lkfgR;] /keZ] ijEijk ,oa leLr fgUnwiz.kkyh dk vieku] tkfr o uLyh HksnHkko] vaxzstksa }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfrghu n f"Vdks.k] vkSifuosf'kd'kks"k.k vkSj blds o'khHkwr lkezkT;oknh uhfr;ksa dk voyEcu jk"Vªh; izsl dh LFkkiuk ,oa jk"Vªh;lkfgR; dk fodkl vkfn vusdkusd dkj.k FksA12 ,d vksj vaxzsth f'k{kk us Hkkjrh;ksa dk ik'pkR;lkfgR; lqyHk djk;k ftlls mUgsa cØ] fey] XySMLVksu] eSdkys tSls yksxksa ds fopkjksa dks lquus le>usdk volj feyk rks nwljh vksj tkWu feYVu] ih-ch-'ksyh] ykWMZ ck;ju tSls egku dfo;ksa dh jpukvksadks i<+us ,oa okWYVs;j] :lks vkfn ds fopkjksa dks tkuus dk volj feykA13 Hkkjrsanq] cafdepUnz]fpiyks.kdj] ueZn lcze.;e~ Hkkjrh us ,d vksj viuh jpukvksa ls ns'k izse dh Hkkouk tkx fr dh rksnwljh vksj nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth vkSj jes'kpUnz nRr tSls vFkZ'kkL=kh us /ku ds cfgxZeu dk fl)karle>kdj vaxzstksa ds 'kks"k.k dk [kkdk lhapkA jsy] Mkd] rkj tSls rhoz ifjogu ,oa lapkj lk/kuksa usHkh jk"Vªokn dh tM+ksa dks etcwr fd;kA ckSf)d iqutkZxj.k us Hkh jk"Vªokn ds mn; esa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

lanHkZ1- ekgs'ojh] jke xksiky ¼eq[; lEiknd½ ^^jfo'kadj 'kqDy vfHkuanu xzaFk** ¼bfrgkl [k.M½ fgUnh lkfgR;

lEesyu o/kkZ jksM ukxiqj 1955 i - 1302- oekZ] MkW- Hkxoku flag % ^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd** i - 144 e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk

vdkneh 19953- ukxiky] MkW- vkse % ^^Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ,oa laoS/kkfud fodkl** i - 3 dey izdk'ku bUnkSj

1987&884- oekZ] MkW- Hkxoku flag % ^^N-x- dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd** i - 1455- oekZ] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^ôgh** i - 1456- f=kikBh] lat; f=kikBh] Jherh panu ^^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanHkZ** i - 366 midkj izdk'ku vkxjk&27- oekZ] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd** i - 1478- 'kekZ] ts-ih- % ê/;izns'k esa jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu**] 1920 ls 1947 i - 28 nqxkZ ifCyds'kUl fnYyh 1989

'kks/k /kkjk 28

9- ekgs'ojh] jke xksiky ¼eq-laiknd½ ^'kqDy vfHkuanu xzaFk** ¼bfrgkl [k.M 3½ i - 13610- The Commercial and General Directory of C.P.and Barar, 1938 P. 10711- oekZ] MkW- Hkxoku flag ^^NRrhlx<+ dk bfrgkl jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd** i - 14812- f=kikBh] lat; f=kikBh] Jherh panu ^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanHkZ** i - 36913- f=kikBh] lat; f=kikBh] Jherh panu ^NRrhlx<+ o gn~ lanHkZ** i - 369

'kks/k /kkjk 29

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGCNo. : 41386


lukru /keZ ,oa laLÑfr esa izfrfcfEcr jk"Vª&HkkjrMkW0 jktho 'kekZ

l0 izk0] 'kkldh; ts-,e-ih-egkfo|ky;] r[kriqj] ¼fcykliqj½] NRRkhlx<+

MkW0 vt; dqekj flaglgk;d izk/;kid] ,p-ch- egkfo|ky;] tcyiqj] e0iz0

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vª fuekZ.k ,d lexz izfØ;k gSA ;g fofHkUu /kkjkvksa ds izokg dk leosr Lo:Ik gSA jk"Vª

ds fuekZ.k esa ekuo lH;rk laLÑfr lkfgR; dyk foKku rduhdh m|ksx O;kikj ,sls vxf.kr rRoksa dkla;kstu gksrk gSA rHkh Lof.kZe jk"Vª dh ifjdYiuk lkdkj gksrh gSA lHkh vk/kkjHkwr ?kVdksaa dk viukvHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA blh izdkj ,d xkSjo'kkyh jk"Vª dh xkSjoe;h laLÑfr ,oa mlds /kjksgj jk"Vªªdks oSf'od Lrj ij ,d igpku nsrs gSaA jk"Vª xkSjo gh og ekSfyd rRo gS tks fd ekuo ek=k dks o lEiw.kZjk"Vª dks fodkl ds iFk ij vizfre mRlkg ds lkFk vxzlj dj nsrk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa ekr Hkwfe i Foh dks eka vkSj leLr tkfr dks mldh larku dgk x;k gS& ekrkiq=ks ga i fFkC;k^ oSfnd lkfgR; esa jk"Vª vkSj /keZ ds lEc/k esa O;kid vo/kkj.kk izLrqr dh x;h gSA vFkoZosnesa bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd&gs txnh'oj vki gesa ,slh cqf} iznku djsa fd ge lc feydj ,d lkFkpysa( ,d leku oka.kh cksysa( ,d leku g n; ;qDr gksdj Lojk"Vª dh mUufr dh vksj pysaA oSfnd lkfgR;tgka ,d rjQ /keZ ,oa n'kZu ds ek/;e ls Kku o foosd ls l f"V dks vkyskfdr djrk gS( ogha jkT; ojk"Vª ds fuekZ.k jkT; uhfr ,oa jk"Vª dh mUufr dk ekxZ Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA oSfnd lkfgR; /keZ] foKkuo jktuhfr dk ,d vn~Hkqr leUo; LFkkfir djrk gSA


Key Words : lukru /keZ] laLÑfr] jk"Vª] Hkkjr% osn] /keZ] jkT;] fo'o jktuhfrA

izLrkouk&jk"Vª fuekZ.k ,d lexz izfØ;k gSA ;g fofHkUu /kkjkvksa ds izokg dk leosr Lo:Ik gSA jk"Vª

ds fuekZ.k esa ekuo lH;rk] laLÑfr] lkfgR;] dyk] foKku] rduhdh] m|ksx&O;kikj ,sls vxf.krrRoksa dk la;kstu gksrk gS( rHkh Lof.kZe jk"Vª dh ifjdYiuk lkdkj gksrh gSA lHkh vk/kkjHkwr ?kVdksaadk viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA blh izdkj ,d xkSjo'kkyh jk"Vª dh xkSjoe;h laLÑfr ,oa mlds/kjksgj jk"Vªª dks oSf'od Lrj ij ,d igpku nsrs gSaA jk"Vª xkSjo gh og ekSfyd rRo gS] tks fd ekuoek=k dks o lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dks fodkl ds iFk ij vizfre mRlkg ds lkFk vxzlj dj nsrk gSA vaxzsthesa jk"Vª 'kCn ds fy, us'ku (Nation) dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj jk"Vª dh ladYiuk es lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZrRo laLÑfr dks ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr&jk"Vª dh ladYiuk fuEu 'yksd ls izdV gksrh gS&

mRrja ;r~ leqnzL; fgeknzs'pSo nf{k.ke~A o"kaZ rn~ Hkkjra uke Hkkjrh ;=k larfrAAlukru /keZ esa jk"Vª ds Lo:i dks js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gS jk"Vª dh ladYiuk oSfnd lkfgR;

esa izLrqr dh xbZ gSA oSfnd lkfgR; eas /keZ 'kCn dks lkoZHkkSfed :i esa fn;k x;k gSA /keZ 'kCn laLÑfr

'kks/k /kkjk 30

ds */k * /kkrq ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS /kkj.k djukA laLÑr esa */k ;rs ;% l% /keZ%* izdV fd;kx;k gSA jk"Vª ds lanHkZ esa egkHkkjr xzaFk esa /keZ dks dqN bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS&*/kkj.kkr/keZ bR;kgq% /keksZ /kkj;rs iztk*%A bldk vFkZ ;g izdV gksrk gS fd /kkj.k djus ds dkj.k bls /keZ dgrsgSa vkSj /keZ iztk dks /kkj.k djrk gSA /keZ ds }kjk iztk dks /kkj.k fd;s tkus dk vFkZ ,oa lanHkZ ladqfprugha gSA ;g flQZ O;fDr o lekt dks bafxr ugha djrk ;g lEiw.kZ o lkoZHkkSfed jkT; dks lekfgrfd;s gq;s gSA orZeku lanHkZ es bldk vFkZ jk"Vª ds Lo:i ls fy;k tk ldrk gS] ftls /kEkZ /kkj.k djrkgSA /keZ jk"Vª dh vkRek gS vkSj laLÑfr mldk lkdkj :iA lukru lkfgR; osn dks leLr /kekasZ dkewy ekuk tkrk gSA osn gh og lkoZHkkSe lkfgR;d ftlesa lR; ds vkyksd ds loZ dY;k.k dh ckrdgh xbZ gS &

vlrks ek ln~xe;A relks ek T;ksfrxZe;A e R;ksekZ ve raxe;Abldk vFkZ gS vlr~ ls lr~ dh vksj va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj e R;q ls ve r dh vksj izo Rr

djsaA lukru oSfnd lkfgR; esa izfrfcafcr jk"Vª Hkkjr fo'OkdY;k.k ,oa olq/kSo dqVqEcde dk vkn'kZèkkj.k fd;s gq, gSA lukru /keZ ,oa laLÑfr esa izfrfcEcr jk"Vª Hkkjr ,d Js"B Hkkjr dh rjQ lnSovxzlj gSA

Hkkjrh; /keZ ,oa laLÑfr dh var%psruk ds :i esa Hkkjr jk"Vª lrr~ fo|eku gSA Hkkjr jk"VªfofHkUu Lo:i esa ;qxksa&;qxksa ls lukru /keZ ;k orZeku fgUnw /keZ ds :i esa izokfgr ,d vofjy /kkjkgSA ;gh /kkjk jk"Vª dk lkaLÑfrd ,oa HkkSxksfyd izfrfuf/kRo Hkh djrh gSA lkekftd lapsruk /keZ esavarfuZfgr gSA blfy;s /keZ jk"Vª ds ewy esa fLFkr gSA _zXosn ds iq:"k lwDr esa leLr tkfr dks bZ'ojds fojkV~ 'kjhj dk vax dgk x;k gSA bZ'oj loZ=k O;kIr gS vkSj lcds vUnj mldk okl gSA Hkkjrh;laLÑfr es ekr Hkwfe i Foh dks eka vkSj leLr tkfr dks mldh larku dgk x;k gS&

êkrk Hkwfd% iq=kks ge~ i fFkO;k*oSfnd lkfgR; es jk"Vª vkSj /keZ ds lEc/k esa O;kid vo/kkj.kk izLrqr dh x;h gS vFkoZosn esa

bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk dh xbZ gS fd&gs txnh'oj vki gesa ,slh cqf} iznku djsa fd ge lc feydj ,dlkFk pysa ,d leku ok.kh cksysa] ,d leku g n; ;qDr gksdj Lojk"Vª dh mUufr dh vksj pysaA oSfndlkfgR; tgka ,d rjQ /keZ ,oa n'kZu ds ek/;e ls Kku o foosd ls l f"V dks vkyskfdr djrk g(Sogha jkT; o jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k jkT; uhfr ,oa jk"Vª dh mUufr dk ekxZ Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA

fu"d"kZ& bl izdkj oSfnd lkfgR; /keZ] foKku ,oa jktuhfr dk ,d vn~Hkqr leUo; LFkkfirdjrk gSA blh izdkj oSfnd xzaFk ;tqosZn esa Hkh jk"Vª ds lEc/k esa vo/kkj.kk fo|eku gSA ;tqosZn dsvuqlkj& ge lek/kku iwoZd jk"Vª dks tkx r djsa] fodflr djsaA ;tqosZn dh mi;qZDr vo/kkj.kk jk"Vªds O;fDr;ksa ds mnHko ,oa jk"Vª ds lexz fodkl dks js[kkafdr djrh gSA egkHkkjr xzaFk esa osnO;klth dgrs gSa& ;rks /keZ rrks t;%^ vFkkZr~ tgk¡ /keZ gS] ogha t; gS mUufr gSA /keZ vkSj jk"Vª ,d nwljsls xgjs vkc) gSa /keZ ls gh jk"Vª ful r gS( O;qRiUu gS vr% /keZ jk"Vª ds lUnHkZ es LFkk;h gS fujis{kughaA ik'PkkR; fo'o ds fy, fdlh jk"Vª dh ifjdYiuk ,d vk/kqfud ladYiuk gSA fdUrq Hkkjr esjk"Vª dhs izkphure ifjdYiuk osnksa eas dh xbZ gSA oSsfnd lkfgR; eas mYysf[kr gS& o;a jk"Vªs tkx ;keA^

'kks/k /kkjk 31

_XoSfnd lkfgR; o mRrj oSfnd lkfgR; esa jk"Vª] iqjksfgr%jkT;] fojkV~ rFkk jkf"Vªd 'kCn dkmYYsk[k feyrk gSA osnksa eas jktk vkSj jk"Vª dks lekukFkhZ :i es fy;k x;k gSA ftl izdkj ls leqnzesa ufn;ksa dk ty ,d :i gks tkrk gS] mlh izdkj jktk fofHkUUk o.kksZ ds yksaxksa dks jk"Vª ds vUnj,d:irk iznku djrk gSA5 vr% jktk jk"Vª ds ,dhdj.k dk Lkzksr curk gSA Lo;a jk"Vª dk Lo:imleas izfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA ;gh ugha Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa jk"Vª dh tks ladYiuk izLrqr dh xbZ gS] ogvR;ar O;kidrk fy, gq, gS Hkkjrh; jk"Vª dh ladYiuk tgk¡ ,d rjQ i Foh dks eka ,oa gj ukxfjddks mldk iq=k crkrh gS( rks nwljh rjQ lEiw.kZ olq/kk dks ,d ifjokj ekurs gq, mlds dY;k.k dhckr djrh gSA

v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk bfr y?kqpsrlke~A mnkj pfjrkuke rq olq/kSo dqVqEcdeAAvFkkZr ;g esjk gS] og ijk;k gS] ,slh lksp ladqfpr fpRr g n; okys O;kfDr;ksa dh gksrh gSA mnkj g n;okys O;fDr;ksa ds fy, rks ;g lEiw.kZ i Foh ,d ifjokj gSA6 bl izdkj Hkkjrh; /keZ laLdfr es flQZjk"Vª dh thoUr O;kid ladYiuk izLrqr djrs gSa cfYd ,d O;kid o lekos'kh fo'o ds fl}kar dksHkh izfrikfnr fd;k gS rFkk mldk vuqlj.k ih<+h&nj&ih<+h ge Hkkjrh; djrs vk, gSA

lanHkZ1- egkHkkjr d.kZ ioZ 69-582- vFkoZosn 12-1-123- ;tqosZn-9-234- tk;loky*] dk'khizlkn] *fgUnw ikfyVh* caxykSj] 1943] i - 815-+ _Xosn i -7%34-116- 'kekZ] ,l-lh- ,oa flag] ,-ds- *Hkkjr dk bfrgkl* ,e-,e-,Q-ojk.klh 2009 i - 135

'kks/k /kkjk 32



jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk vkSj Hkkjrh; fparuJherh dkafr vapy

lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vªokn ,d ,slh vo/kkj.kk gS] ftlesa jk"Vª loksZifj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ jk"Vª dks lcls vf/kd

izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA ;g ,d ,slh fopkj/kkjk gS] tks fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh ,drk o v[k.Mrkdks c<+kok nsrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh mUufr ,oa lEiUurk ds fy, ukxfjdksa esa lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd]lkekftd vkSj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk ls Åij mBdj jk"Vª ds izfr xkSjo dh Hkkouk dks etcwrh iznku djukvko';d gS vkSj blesa jk"Vªokn ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; us jk"Vª fparu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh ,d ekSfyd Hkwyds ckjs esa fy[kk gS fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrKksa dh lcls cM+h Hkwy ;g gS fd os Hkkjr ds fHkUu&fHkUu oxkZsa dkLora=k vfLrRo ekurs gSaA muds bl vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djds fQj os bl ckr dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd ;gvfLrRo fdl izdkj jk"Vª ds fgrkFkZ dke esa vk;sA vkt rd mudk lEiw.kZ iz;Ru bl izdkjfHkUu&fHkUu Lora=k ekuh gqbZ bdkbZ;ksa ds chp ,drk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk gh jgk gSA fdlh Hkh oxZds vfLrRo dks] tks fd okLrfod ugha gS( ladV u igqapkrs gq, cfYd mudk lao)Zu djrs gq,] vkt rd dsjktuSfrd iz'u gy djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS vkSj mldk ifj.kke lnk gh vlQyrk ds :i esa vk;k gSA


Key Words : jk"Vªokn vkSj Hkkjrh; n'kZu] nhun;kyth dk jk"Vª fparu

jk"Vªokn ,d ,slh vo/kkj.kk gS] ftlesa jk"Vª loksZifj gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ jk"Vª dks lcls vf/kdizkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA ;g ,d ,slh fopkj/kkjk gS] tks fdlh Hkh ns'k ds ukxfjdksa dh ,drk ov[k.Mrk dks c<+kok nsrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh mUufr ,oa lEiUurk ds fy, ukxfjdkas esa lkaLÑfrd]/kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj Hkk"kk;h fofo/krk ls Åij mBdj jk"Vª ds izfr xkSjo dh Hkkouk dksetcwrh iznku djuk vko';d gS vkSj blesa jk"Vªokn ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; us jk"Vª fparu ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh ,d ekSfydHkwy ds ckjs esa fy[kk gS fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrKksa dh lcls cM+h Hkwy ;g gS fd os Hkkjr ds fHkUu&fHkUuoxkZsa dk Lora=k vfLrRo ekurs gSaA muds bl vfLrRo dks Lohdkj djds fQj os bl ckr dk iz;Rudjrs gSa fd ;g vfLrRo fdl izdkj jk"Vª ds fgrkFkZ dke esa vk;sA vkt rd mudk lEiw.kZ iz;Rubl izdkj fHkUu&fHkUu Lora=k ekuh gqbZ bdkbZ;ksa ds chp ,drk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk ghjgk gSA fdlh Hkh oxZ ds vfLrRo dks] tks fd okLrfod ugha gS( ladV u igqapkrs gq, cfYd mudklao)Zu djrs gq,] vkt rd ds jktuSfrd iz'u gy djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS vkSj mldk ifj.kkelnk gh vlQyrk ds :i esa vk;k gSA

mUgksaus vkxs dgk fd vaxzstkas ds 'kklu esa geus ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ns'k esa eqlyeku] blkbZvkfn vusd oxZ gSa rFkk muds Lora=k vfLrRo dsh j{kk djrs gq, gh jk"Vªh;rk dk fuekZ.k gks ldsxkA

'kks/k /kkjk 33

okLro eas jk"Vªh;rk ds Lrj ij mudk Lora=k vfLrRo Lohdkj djuk ,d cM+h Hkkjh Hkwy gS] D;ksafdeqlyeku] blkbZ vkfn dk oxhZdj.k etgc ds vk/kkj ij djuk jk"Vªh;rk ls fHkUu ckr gSA ,d etgcds ekuus okys vusd jk"Vªksa ds vax gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d gh jk"Vª esa vusd etgc ds ekuus okyksa dklekos'k gks ldrk gSA jk"Vªh;rk ;fn dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh izsj.kk gS rks mlds psruk&{ks=k esa etgc dkizos'k ugha gksrk] fdUrq vkt rd gekjk iz;Ru ;gh jgk gS fd bu oxksZa dk Lora=k vfLrRo ekudjmudk ,dhdj.k djsa] ,slk ,dhdj.k ftlesa fdlh dks dqN Hkh u NksM+uk iMs+A vk'p;Z dh ckr ;ggS fd ;g tks lcdks feyk dj ,d cukus okys rRo gSa] mudh Hkh Li"V dYiuk fdlh dks ugha gSAia- tokgj yky usg: us vusd ckj dgk Fkk fd Lora=k Hkkjr dk jkT; u fgUnw dk gksxk] u eqlyekuksadk gksxk vkSj u bZlkbZ dkA loky mBrk gS fd fQj fdldk gksxk\ bldk mRrj cgqr yksxksa us ;gdgdj nsus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS fd og *fgUnqLrkfu;ksas dk gksxkA fdUrq fQj >xM+k vkrk gS fd ;gfgUnqLrkuh dkSu gS\ blesa fdldk fdruk lekos'k gksxk\ vkSj fdl vk/kkj ij gksxk\ D;k la[;k cyds vk/kkj ij ;k vkSj fdlh vk/kkj ij\ vHkh rd geus la[;k cy dk vk/kkj ekuk gS rFkk ftl&ftlpht dks ;s oxZ viuk dg dj [kM+s gq;s gSa] mudks feykus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA vaxzstksa ls gksus okyslHkh le>kSrksa rFkk ml dky ds lHkh vkanksyuksas esa ogh iz'u izeq[k jgk gS rFkk mldk ifj.kke**ikfdLrku gqvk] ;g ekuus esa fdlh le>nkj O;fDr dks vkifRr ugha gksxhA

bl izdkj oxhZdj.k dsoy lkEiznkf;d vk/kkj ij gh ugha] Hkk"kk vkSj vkfFkZd vk/kkjksa ij Hkhfd;k tkrk gSA vkt gekjs lHkh usrk ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd izR;sd Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh oxZ dk ,d Lora=kvfLrRo gS rFkk ,sls vussd Lora=k oxksZa dks feykdj lewps Hkkjr dh jpuk djuh pkfg,A vkfFkZdvkèkkj ij Hkh Lora=k oxkasZ dh dYiuk dh tkrh gSA ,d tehankj rks nwljk Ñ"kd] ,d iawthifr rksnwljk etnwj] ,d 'kks"kd rks nwljk 'kksf"krA bl izdkj dk oxhZdj.k djds ,d dks nckdj nwljs dkizHkqRo LFkkfir djus dk iz;Ru gksrk gS ;k vf/kd ls vf/kd nksuksa esa lketL; LFkkfir djus dk iz;Rufd;k tkrk gSA

mi;qZDr lHkh ,oa ,sls vusd oxZ ftudks jktuhfrK] dBksj lR; ekudj pyrs gSa] okLro esafeF;k gS rFkk tc rd ge mudk vfLrRo ekudj] mudks larq"V djus dh uhfr viukdj] mudsvgadkj vkSj LokFkZ dh o f) djrs jgsaxs rc rd jktuhfr foijhr fn'kk esa gh cgrh jgsxhA lR; rks;g gS fd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ,d gS rFkk Hkkjr dh laiw.kZ larku ,d gS vkSj mldks bl ,drk dk vuqHkodjrs gq, jguk pkfg,A vusd vaxksa dks ,df=kr djds 'kjhj dh l f"V ugha gksrhA fdUrq 'kjhj ds vusdvax gksrs gS vkSj bl fy;s izR;sd vo;o vius Lora=k vfLrRo ds fy;s ugha vfirq 'kjhj ds vfLrRods fy;s iz;Ru djrk gSA blh izdkj ds jk"Vª ds lHkh vaxksa dh viuh :ijs[kk] jk"Vªh; Lo:i vkSj fgrksads vuqdwy cukuk pkfg;s u fd jk"Vª dks gh bu vaxksa ds vuqlkj dkVk&Nk¡Vk tk;sA lEiznk;ksa] izkrkas]Hkk"kkvksa vkSj oxkasZ dk rHkh rd ewY; gS tc rd os jk"Vªfgr ds vuqdwy gSa vU;Fkk mudk cfynku djdsHkh jk"Vª dh ,drk dh j{kk djuh gksxhA

ia- nhun;ky mik/;k; dgrs gSa fd tSls unh ds ty esa rajxksa ds vusd :i gksrs gS( fdUrqmudk vfLrRo unh ds ty ls fHkUu vkSj Lora=k ugha gksrk vkSj u gh unh muds leqnk; dk uke

'kks/k /kkjk 34

gSA os igyh n f"Vdks.k ls leLr leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gS tc rd jktuhfr dh bl ekSfyd Hkwy dkifjektZu ugha gksxkA rc rd jktuSfrd Hkkjr dk fuekZ.k lqn <+ uho ij ugha gks ldrkA

egkRek xka/kh ds fu/ku ds ckn Hkkjrh; jktuhfr eas ftl rjg muds fopkjksa dks gkf'k, yxk;kx;k rc nhun;ky th mUgsa ,d u, lanaHkZ esa lkeus yk;sA os euq"; dh eqfDr ds fopkj ds izLrqrdrkZ Fks] blfy, os O;fDr dh vkRek rd dk fopkj djrs gSaA ;g lkSHkkX; gS fd ge lc bl egkuHkkjr jk"Vª ds mRrjkf/kdkjh gSaA gesa bl dk Hkh xoZ gS fd ge nhun;ky th ds jktuSfrd n'kZu dsvuqxkeh gSa] rFkk bl n'kZu dks yksd LohÑfr fey jgh gSA lfn;ksa ls iM+h /kwy >kM+dj ,d u;k Hkkjr[kM+k gks jgk gSA Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; dk fopkj djrh gqbZ ,d ubZ jktuSfrd ih<+h rS;kj gks jgh gS] ftldsizsj.kk Lkzksr nhun;ky mik/;k; tSls euh"kh gSaA

lanHkZ1- QfM+;k] MkW-ch-,y-] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl ] vkxjk 20122- voLFkh] MkW- vejs'oj( ,oa voLFkh] MkW- jkedqekj( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fparu]

fjlpZ ifCyds'kUl ubZ fnYyh 19973- 'kekZ ] MkW- ohjsUnz( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjk,a] Jh ifCyf"kax gkml ubZ fnYyh 19944- f}osnh] lat;( MkW- Jh dkar ] ehfM;k foe'kZ okf"kZdkad vDVwcj ls fnlEcj 2014

'kks/k /kkjk 35

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386, UGC No. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 35-40

jk"Vª fodkl vkSj Hkkjr esa izxfr'khy lkaLÑfrd vkanksyuMkW0 fnus'k dqekj ik.Ms;

l0 izk0] bfrgkl] 'kkldh; enuyky 'kqDy egkfo|ky;] lhir] NRRkhlx<+

Jherh 'osrk iaM~;kl0 izk0] vaxzsth] 'kkldh; enuyky 'kqDy egkfo|ky;] lhir] NRRkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½Abstract

HkfDr vkanksyu ds ckn Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu izxfr'khy vkanksyu gh FkkA nksuksads chp yxHkx 500 o"kksZa dk varj gS vkSj nksuksa dh rqyuk djus ij ;g varj lkQ utj vkrk gS fd chlohalnh esa vusd fo/kk,¡ ,slh Fkha] ftudk vfLrRo 500 o"kZ igys Fkk gh ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fQYe] foKkiu]eq'kk;jk ;k dfo lEesyu] jsfM;ks lkj.k vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA lkj dh n f"V ls ns[ksa rks u HkfDrvkanksyu dh dksbZ lhek Fkh vkSj u gh izxfr'khy vkanksyu dhA nksuksa gh ns'kO;kih vkanksyu Fks] ;g vyxckr gS fd igyh voLFkk esa Hkkjr ,d lqfu/kkZfjr vkSj lqifjHkkf"kr ns'k ugha Fkk] tcfd nwljh voLFkk esa,slk gks pqdk FkkA igyh voLFkk esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ vfLrRo esa vk jgh Fkha] tcfd nwljh voLFkkesa os u flQZ otwn esa Fkha( cfYd muesa ls T;knkrj fodflr Hkh gks pqdh FkhaA HkfDr vkanksyu viuh rekeO;kidrk vkSj xfr'khyrk ds ckotwn ,d vFkZ esa lhfer Fkk( D;ksafd HkfDr lxq.k gks ;k fuxqZ.k] HkDr vkSjHkxoku ds chp dk fj'rk FkkA xfr ds fy, ;g ugha dgk tk ldrkA xfr ds {ks=k esa ,d O;fDr dh xfrdk dksbZ vFkZ ;k egRo ugha gksrk] xfr iwjs lekt dh gksrh gS vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ mls :ikf;r vkSj fu/kkZfjrdjrk gSA HkfDr ftl rjg HkDr vkSj Hkxoku ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS] mlh rjg xfr euq"; vkSjeuq";] vkSj blds lkFk gh Ñfr vkSj euq"; ds chp ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA


Key Words : jk"Vªh; psruk vkSj izxfr'khy vkanksyu] lkaLÑfrd psruk vkSj izxfr'khyrk

[okc ejrs ugha@[okc fny gS u vk¡[ksa u lk¡ls fd tksjstk&jstk gq, rks fc[kj tk,¡xs@ftLe dh ekSr ls ;s Hkh ej tk,¡xs

[okc ejrs ugha@[okc rks jkS'kuh gSa uok gSa gok gSatks dkys igkM+ksa ls :drs ugha

tqYe ds nkst[kksa ls Hkh Qq¡drs ughajks'kuh vkSj uok vkSj gok ds vyeedryksa esa igq¡pdj Hkh >qdrs ugha

[okc rks gQZ gSa[okc rks uwj gSa[okc lqdjkr gSa[okc ealwj gSa & vgen Qjkt &

'kks/k /kkjk 36

HkfDr vkanksyu ds ckn Hkkjr esa lcls cM+k lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu izxfr'khy vkanksyu gh FkkAnksuksa ds chp yxHkx 500 o"kksZa dk varj gS vkSj nksuksa dh rqyuk djus ij ;g varj lkQ utj vkrkgS fd chloha lnh esa vusd fo/kk,¡ ,slh Fkh( ftudk vfLrRo 500 o"kZ igys Fkk gh ughaA mnkgj.k dsfy, fQYe] foKkiu] eq'kk;jk ;k dfo lEesyu] jsfM;ks lkj.k vkfn dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA lkj dhn f"V ls ns[ksa rks u HkfDr vkanksyu dh dksbZ lhek Fkh vkSj u gh izxfr'khy vkanksyu dhA nksuksa ghns'kO;kih vkanksyu Fks] ;g vyx ckr gS fd igyh voLFkk esa Hkkjr ,d lqfu/kkZfjr vkSj lqifjHkkf"krns'k ugha Fkk tcfd nwljh voLFkk esa ,slk gks pqdk FkkA igyh voLFkk esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡vfLrRo esa vk jgh Fkh( tcfd nwljh voLFkk esa os u flQZ otwn esa Fkha( cfYd muesa ls T;knkrjfodflr Hkh gks pqdh FkhaA HkfDr vkanksyu viuh reke O;kidrk vkSj xfr'khyrk ds ckotwn ,d vFkZesa lhfer Fkk D;ksafd HkfDr lxq.k gks ;k fuxqZ.k] HkDr vkSj Hkxoku ds chp dk fj'rk FkkA xfr ds fy,;g ugha dgk tk ldrkA xfr ds {ks=k esa ,d O;fDr dh xfr dk dksbZ vFkZ ;k egRo ugha gksrk] xfriwjs lekt dh gksrh gS vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ mls :ikf;r vkSj fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA HkfDr ftl rjg HkDrvkSj Hkxoku ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS] mlh rjg xfr euq"; vkSj euq";] vkSj blds lkFk gh ÑfrvkSj euq"; ds chp ds laca/kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA

dksbZ ,slh lkfgfR;d Hkk"kk u Fkh ftls xfr'khy vkanksyu us Hkkfor u fd;k gks] ;gk¡ rd fdvf/kdka'k miHkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa ij Hkh bldk izpqj izHkko FkkA laLÑfr vkSj lkfgR; dh dksbZfo/kk ,slh u Fkh ftlus blls Hkko xzg.k u fd;k gksA ,slh dbZ n '; vkSj JO; fo/kk,a Fkha ftudk bldslaidZ esa vkus ij :ikarj gh gks x;k FkkA izxfr'khy ys[ku ds ihNs fo'o ds v/kqukru vkSj oSKkfudn'kZu ekDlZokn dk lqn <+ vk/kkj Fkk( ftldh iszj.kk ls gtkjksa laLÑfrdehZ iwjs ns'k esa lfØ; gks x;sFks vkSj u flQZ vius l tu ls cfYd vius thou ls Hkh dyk&:iksa esa vk jgs ifjorZu dks laHko cukjgs FksA buesa laxBud kkZ Hkh Fks] fp=kdkj Hkh] nk'kZfud Hkh Fks] oSKkfud Hkh] ewfrZdkj Hkh Fks] f'kYidkjHkh] xk;d Hkh Fks] oknd Hkh] vfHkusrk Hkh Fks] ys[kd Hkh Fks] vkykspd Hkh] ukVddkj Hkh Fks] fQYedehZHkh] v/;kid Hkh Fks] i=kdkj Hkh] fl)kardkj Hkh Fks vkSj pkjd Hkh vkSj os gtkjksa dh la[;k esa FksA vkSjmuesa gj ,d dk ;ksxnku Fkk] fdlh dk de fdlh dk T;knk] fdlh dk lk/kkj.k] fdlh dkvlkèkkj.k lcdk ;g ;Fkk;ksX; va'knku feydj gh ml egku vkanksyu dks lkeus yk jgs Fks ftlsge izxfr'khy vkanksyu ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA izxfr'khy lkfgfR;d lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu dk bfrgkl^îzxfr'khy ys[kd ds la?k ds laxBu laca/kh igyqvksa dh mis{kk djds ugha fy[kk tk ldrkA bl ys[kesa ;g dksf'k'k gS fd izxfr'khy vkanksyu dks lgh ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa vkSj izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k dslaxBu dh lapkyd Hkwfedk dks lqlac) ik'oZ ij esa j[k dj ns[kk tk,A

fons'kh nklrk vkSj lkearh tq, ds uhps NViVkrh Hkkjr dh mRihfM+r turk lu~ 1930 dsckn la?k"kZ ds ftl nkSj ls xqtj jgh Fkh] mlesa izxfr'khy cqf)thfo;ksa dk laxfBr gksuk LokHkkfodFkkA Lok/khurk vkSj lkekftd Økafr dh ftu ekaxksa ds ncko esa lu~ lu~ 36 ls igys vusd dkj dslaxBuksa dh LFkkiuk dk flyflyk py jgk Fkk] lkaLÑfrd vkSj ckSf)d Lrj ij yxHkx mUgha ekaxksads ,sfrgkfld dk;ZHkkj dh iwfrZ ds fy, ^îzxfr'khy ys[kd la?k** dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ^îzxfr'khy

'kks/k /kkjk 37

ys[kd la?k** dh LFkkiuk ds igys l tukRed lkfgR; dks ;fn /;ku ls ns[ksa rks irk pyrk gS fdlu~ 30 ds vklikl fdlku leL;k vkSj Lok/khurk dk iz'u jpuk'khyrk ds dsUæ esa mifLFkr gks x;kFkk] ftls ml nkSj ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ l tudehZ ;FkkFkZ ds laiw.kZ }a} ds lanHkZ esa Lrqr djus dk iz;kldj jgs FksA fgUnh ds e/;eoxhZ; ys[kd lglk fdlkuksa ds izfr bruk xgjk yxko D;ksa vuqHko djus yxs\fdlkuksa ds fr ^ckSf)d lgkuqHkwfr** vFkok ^Økafrdkjh ,dkRedrk** dk ;g Hkko vpkud lqlaxr :iesa D;ksa O;Dr gksus yxk\ ftl rjg bu o fÙk;ksa ds ewy dkj.k rkRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fufgr gS]mlh rjg îzxfr'khy ys[kd la?k** ds xBu dh Hkkouk Hkh mUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds xHkZ ls iSnk gqbZ FkhA

,slk ugha gS fd lu~ 36 ds igys izxfr'khy laxBu ds fy;s dksf'k'ksa ugha gqbZ] ml le; dslkfgfR;d ifjos'k esa fufgr varfoZjks/k dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, fnudj us Bhd gh dgk gS fd iqjkus vkSju;s Ldwy ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds chp dk la?k"kZ 1928 esa eq[kj :i ys pqdk FkkA

1929 esa ,dk,d lkfgR; lEesyu ds pquko esa u;h ih<+h ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dh fot; gksrh gSAx.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ v/;{k vkSj jkeo {k csuhiqjh pkj ea=kh pqus tkrs gSa vkSj blh o"kZ dkaxzsl ds vè;{kin ij ia- tokgj yky usg: dk pquko gksrk gSA lkfgR; vkSj jktuhfr nksuksa {ks=kksa ls iqjkru iaFkhyksx gVk;s tkrs gSaA fujkyk bl ifjorZu dk mRlkg ls Lokxr djrs gSaA

iqjkrufÙ;rk] iqu:RFkkuokn ,oa fgUnw :f<+okn ij izgkj djrs usg: us fy[kk&^^vktdyfgUnh esa tks fDy"V vkSj vyadkfjd Hkk"kk bLrseky dh tkrh gS mlesa dfBu] cukoVh vkSj iqjkuh 'kSyhds laLÑr 'kCnksa dh Hkjekj jgrh gSA ;g FkksM+s ls yksxksa ds dke esa vkus okyh njckjh 'kSyh vc NksM+nsuh pkfg;s vkSj fgUnh ys[kdksa dks ;g dksf'k'k djuh pkfg;s fd os fgUnqLrku dh vke turk ds fy,fy[ksa vkSj ,slh Hkk"kk esa fy[ksa ftls yksx le> ldsaA vke turk ds lalxZ ls Hkk"kk esa u;k thou vkSjvlyh lPpkiu vk tk,xkA

blh lanHkZ esa izxfr'khy lkfgfR;d lkfgfR;d vkanksyu oLrqr% fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ds fo:)la?k"kZ] ys[kdksa ds tuoknh vf/kdkjksa ds neu dk frjks/k vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh vktknh] fgUnwiqu:RFkkuokn ds ctk; tuoknh jk"Vªh;rk] fganh lkezkT;okn dh vkdka{kk ds fo:) lHkh Hkkjrh;ksaHkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa dh vktknh] fganh ys[kdksa ds laxBu ds ctk; vf[ky Hkkjrh; loZHkk"kk Lrj ijlHkh Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh ikjLifjdrk dk okgd cukA blds fy;s u dsoy izsepan cfYd ml vofèkds reke izcq) usrk] cqf)thoh] i=kdkj vkSj ys[kd tw> jgs FksA

;gk¡ ,d ?kVuk dk mYys[k djuk lehphu gksxkA 22&23 Qjojh 1936 dks iszepan tciwf.kZ;k lkfgR; lEesyu ls ykSVs rks viuh Mk;jh esa bdcky dh tuoknh psruk ls Hkjh ,d dforkuksV dj yk;s vkSj lkfgR; ds lkekftd nkf;Ro ij ,dne u;s fljs ls fopkj fd;kA ^^dfork esatkx fr iSnk djus dh 'kfDr ugha gS rks og cstku gSA vki gkyk cka/ksa ;k ra=kh ds rkj ;k cqycqy vkSjdQl] mlesa thou dks rM+ikus okyh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg;sA izsfedkvksa ds lkFk cSBdj vk¡lw cgkus dk;g tekuk ugha gSA ml O;kikj esa geus dbZ lfn;ka [kks nhaA fojg dk jksuk jksrs&jksrs ge dgha dsugha jgsA vc gesa ,sls dfo pkfg;s tks gtjrs bdcky dh rjg gekjh ejh gqbZ gfM~M;ksa esa tku Mky

'kks/k /kkjk 38

nsA^^mBks] esjh nqfu;k ds xjhcksa dks txk nks]@dkjosa mejk ds njks&nhokj fgyk nksAxjekvksa xqykeksa dk ygw lksts ;dh ls]@ dqaft'd Qjksek;k dks 'kkgh ls yM+k nksAlqYrkfu, tegwj dk vkrk gS tekuk]@tks uD'ks dksgu rqedks utj vk;s feVk nksAtuoknh jktlÙkk dk tekuk vk jgk gS] lc dqN iqjkru dks feVk nks] bl vkg~oku dks

js[kkafdr djuk ml le; cM+h ckr FkhA izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k cukus ds mn~ns';ksa ij izdk'k Mkyrsgq, lTtkn tghj viuh jkS'kukbZ uke iqLrd esa fy[krs gSa &

^^tc geus izxfr'khy lkfgR; vkanksyu dh vksj ix mBk;k rks dqN ckrsa fo'ks"k :i ls gekjslEeq[k FkhaA igyh rks ;g fd izxfr'khy lkfgR; vkanksyu dk :[k ns'k dh turk vkSj etnwjksa]fdlkuksa vkSj e/;e oxZ dh vksj gksuk pkfg;sA mudksa ywVus okyksa vkSj mu ij vR;kpkj djus okyksadks ?kksj fojks/k djuk] viuh lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ls turk esa psruk xfr] fØ;k'khyrk vkSj ,drkmRiUu djuk vkSj mu reke vo'ks"kksa vkSj o fÙk;ksa dk fojks/k djuk tks tM+rk] izfrfØ;k] fu:RlkgmRiUu djrh gS] gekjk eq[; dÙkZO; BgjkA blh ls fQj nwljh ckr fudyrh gS vkSj og ;g fd ;glc dqN rHkh laHko Fkk tc ge psru :i ls ns'k ds Lok/khurk la?k"kZ vkSj ns'k dh turk dh viuhfLFkfr dks lq/kkjus ds vkanksyu esa Hkkx ysaA flQZ nwj ls rek'kkbZ u gksa cfYd lkeF;Z Hkj viuh ;ksX;rkds vuqlkj Lora=krk lsuk ds flikgh cusaA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha fd ys[kd jktuhfrd dk;ZdÙkkZ ghcusA ysfdu bldk ;g vFkZ vo'; Fkk fd os jktuhfr ls vyx vkSj mnklhu Hkh ugha gks ldrsA izxfr'khy ys[kd ds eu esa tkuo tkfr ls Lusg vkSj xgjh lgkuqHkwfr t:jh gSA fcuk ekuorkisze] Lora=krk dh bPNk vkSj tura=kokn ds] izxfr'khy ys[kd gksuk laHko ugha gSA bl dkj.k ge[kqYye [kqYyk vkSj tku&cw>dj vkanksyu dk laca/k ns'k dh Lok/khurk vkSj tura=koknh vkanksyu dslkFk tksM+uk pkgrs FksA ge pkgrs Fks fd izxfr'khy cqf)thoh etnwj] fdlkuksa] nfjæ vkSj ihfM+rturk ls feysa( muds jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd thou dk vax cusaA muds tyls vkSj tqywlksa esa vkSjmUgsa vius tqywlksa vkSj dkUÝsalksa esa cqyk;saA blhfy;s ge vius laxBu esa bl ckr ij vf/kd tksj nsukpkgrs Fks fd cqf)thfo;ksa ds fy;s lkfgR; jpuk ds lkFk&lkFk tuthou ds lkFk vf/kd ls vf/kdlaidZ LFkkfir djuk vko';d gS cfYd fcuk blds u;s lkfgR; dh jpuk gks gh ugha ldrhA blfy,ge pkgrs Fks fd gekjs la?k dh 'kk[kk;sa ,dkar fiz; fo}kuksa dh Vksfy;ka u gksa] cfYd muesa gjdr HkhgksA lkfgfR;d xksf"B;ksa esa nwljs yksx Hkh vk;saA ys[kdksa dh jpukvksa esa [kqyh cglsa gksaA ys[kd vkSjdfo lk/kkj.k yksxksa ls feyrs&tqyrs jgsaA muesa ?kqys jgsa] muls lh[ksa vkSj mUgsa fl[kk;saA

etsnkj ckr ;g gS fd izxfr'khy lkfgR; vkanksyu vkSj laxBu dksÙkjaHk esa pykus okys Lo;alkfgR;dkj ugha FksA galjkt jgcj us mu yksxksa ds ukeksa vkSj dk;ksZa dk mYys[k fd;k gS&¼1½ MkW-v'kjQ] tks vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh esa bfrgkl ds izksQslj Fks] ¼2½ MkW- egewn tQj] ve rlj ds,d dkWyst esa okbl fizafliy Fks] vkSj mudh iRuh MkW- j'khnk tgk¡ ¼3½ izksQslj ghjsu eq[kthZ tksvkWDlQksMZ ls cSfjLVjh dh fMxzh ysdj vk, Fks vkSj dydÙkk esa cSfjLVjh dj jgs Fks] ¼4½ MkW- ;qlqQgqlSu [kka] ftUgksaus HkfDr vkSj lwQh /keZ vkanksyu ij isfjl ls MkWDVjsV dh mikf/k izkIr dh FkhA vkSj

'kks/k /kkjk 39

¼5½ gBh flag] ftudk ckn esa ia- usg: dh cgu Ñ".kk ls fookg gqvk vkSj tks vkWDlQksMZ ls f'k{kkizkIr dj Hkkjr ykSVs FksA blds vfrfjDr bykgkckn esa izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k pykus ds fy, tkslg;ksxh feys] muesa vgen vyh] fQjkd xksj[kiqjh] MkWDVj lS¸;n ,tkt gqlSu] izks- ,grs'kke gqlSu]odkj vthe] lqfe=kkuanu iar] f'konku flag pkSgku vkSj ujsUæ mYys[kuh; gSaA

bl vkys[k esa NBs vf[ky Hkkjrh; xfr'khy ys[kd la?k lEesyu] fnYyh 1953 ds fy;s rS;kjfd;s x;s Mªk¶V esa MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ ds fopkjksa dks mn~/k r djuk vko';d gS&^êk=k lkfgR; ugha]izxfr'khy lkfgR; D;ksa gksuk pkfg;s vkSj ek=k ys[kd la?k dh txg izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k D;ksa gksukpkfg;s\ izxfr'khy lkfgR; blfy, fd bldk mn~ns'; turk dh lsok djuk gS u fd lkezkT;oknh]lkearh vkSj i¡wthoknh vkrrkbZ;ksa dhA ,slk fizfØ;koknh lkfgR; miyC/k gS] ftlus turk dh txg] turk ij tqYe djus okyksa dkHkyk gksrk gSA dqN lkfgR;dkj ekurs gSa fd lkfgR; ls lHkh dk leku :i ls Hkyk gksrk gS vkSjblfy;s bl rjg dk foHkktu lkfgR; ds fu;eksa ds f[kykQ gSA tcfd gekjk vuqHko gesa fl[kkrkgS\ D;k dchj vkSj rqylh us gh mlh Loj esa fy[kk ftlesa nwljs njckjh dfo fy[k jgs FksA D;kjfoUæukFk VSxksj mUgha LokFkZ&fgrksa esa fy[k jgs Fks] ftuds fy;s :M;kMZ fdifyax fy[k jgs Fks\ D;kvKs; mlh LokFkZ&fgr esa fy[k jgs gSa] ftlesa Ñ".k panj fy[k jgs gSa\ tks yksx ;g ekurs gSaA fdyksdrkaf=kd vkSj lkezkT;okn rFkk lkearokn ds fgr esa fy[kk x;k lkfgR; fHkUu ugha gS os lkfgR;esa fopkjksa dh egRrk dks udkjrs gSaA os yksx dsoy lkfgR; ds vkoj.k ls larq"V gSa vkSj dyk dks dykds fy, ekurs gSaA mudk lkfgR; ds mn~ns'; ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA ,slk :>ku u rks lkfgR;ds ijaijk ds vuq:i gksrk gS vkSj u gh mlls gekjh turk dk Hkyk gksrk gSA

izxfr'khy lkfgR; ml nwljs lkfgR; ls] tks lkearh jktdqekjksa vkSj lkezkT;&okfn;ksa ds fgresa lsokjr~ gS] ls fHkUu gS] ;g >wBh ns'kHkfDr dk lkfgR; turk dks /kks[kk nsrk gS] ls vyx gSA Hkkjrdh [kkst esa ia- usg: us Hkkjr esa tks baXyS.M dh ppkZ djrs gSa] ,d 'ksDlfi;j vkSj feYVu dk baXyS.Mtks vius lkfgR;] Hkk"k.kksa vkSj cgknqjh ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gS( tks jktuhfr] Økafr] foKku rFkkrduhfd ds fy;s la?k"kZ djrk gS rFkk ,d oks baXyS.M tks ltk nsus ds rjhds bZtkn djrk gS vkSjlkearoknh] izfrfØ;koknh crkZo esa fufgr Øwjrk ds fy;s tkuk tkrk gSA

Bhd oSls gh gekjs ns'k esa Hkh jk"Vªh; pfj=k ds nks igyw gSa] ,d rjQ cYyFkksy vkSj egkdfoJh dk] lqUnj yky vkSj xq:cD'k flag dk] Ñ'u panj vkSj ekfud cSuthZ dk Hkkjr tks vius lkfgR;]Hkk"k.kksa vkSj cgknqjh ds fy, tkuk tkrk gS( tks jktuhfrd Økafr vkSj Lok/khurk la?k"kZ ds fy, tkuktkrk gS] ogha ,d nwljk Hkkjr gS] tks lkearokn vkSj izfrfØ;kokn esa fufgr ltk;sa nsrk gS] tsy HkjrkgS vkSj xksyh&ckjh djrk gSA izxfr'khy lkfgR; igys okys jk"Vªh; pfj=k vkSj lH;rk dks izfrfcafcrdjrk gSA

lanHkZ %&1- voLFkh] js[kk( izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k dh jk"Vªh; vfuok;Zrk ys[k tuoknh ys[kd la?k dh dsUæh; if=kdk

^û;k iFk** tuojh&twu la;qDrkad 2012] i - 24-

'kks/k /kkjk 40

2- voLFkh] js[kk( ogh] i - 24-3- fnudj] MkW- jke/kkjh flag( fHkÙkh dh vksj mn~;kpy izdk'ku] iVuk 1946] i - 147-4- fujkyk] lw;Zdkar f=kikBh( if=kdk lq/kk] fnlacj 19295- usg:] ia- tokgj yky( esjh dgkuh] X;kjgoka laLdj.k] lLrk lkfgR; eaMy] ubZ fnYyh 1965] i -635&36-6- izsepan] dye dk flikgh] i - 613-7- jgcj] galjkt( izxfrokn % iquewZY;kadu] izFke laLdj.k] 1966] i "B 26&27- ¼lTtkn tghj dh mnwZ

iqLrd jkS'kukbZ ls mn~/k r½8- jgcj] galjkt( ogh] i "B 25-9- 'kekZ] MkW- jkefoykl( vizdkf'kr nLrkost&jk"Vªh; laLÑfr % izxfr'khy vkanksyu] lkHkkj] okxFkZ] vad

268] uoacj 2017] i "B 90-

'kks/k /kkjk 41



jk"Vª % psruk vkSj izÑfrMkW0 Qqylks jkts'k iVsy

'kkldh; LukrdksRrj f'koukFk foKku egkfo|ky;] jktukanxkao] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractHkwfe] ty] vfXu] ok;q vkSj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa 'kq) gSA vkSj leLr izkf.k;ksa ds fy,

'kqf)dkjd gSA dfo;ksa ds ik=k] izÑfr ds bu miknkuksa ds lq[k lkSUn;Z ls nq[kh ugha gksrs cfYd nwljksa dsnq[k dks nwj djus esa budh 'kfDr vkSj lkSUn;Z dk foosdkiw.kZ mi;ksx djrs gSaA dfo dk dkO; ewyr% izÑfrdkO; ugha gSA os izÑfr dks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds ifjizs{; esa gh fpf=kr djrs gSaA ekuo dh vHkkoxzLrthou&ihM+k] ruko] fonzksg] volkn] la?k"kZ vkfn dks dfo;ksa us izÑfr ds ek/;e ls vius dkO; esa vfHkO;fDrnh gSA mudh jpukvksa dk dsUnzh; rRo jk"Vªh; psruk Fkk] ,d ,slh psruk tks ekuo ds g n; esa laosnukvkSj tkx:drk dh Hkkouk dks tkx r dj nsA


Key Words : psruk vkSj jk"Vªh;rk] jk"Vª vkSj izd fr&psruk

ÞpsrukÞ 'kCn Hkkjrh; n'kZu ls laLÑr vkSj fgUnh esa fy;k x;k gSA vusd lkfgR;dkjksa rFkknk'kZfudksa dk er gS fd& Þpsruk dk lEcU/k izk.kh txr ds loksZPp :i] ekuo dh vkUrfjd 'kfDrÞfpr~ ;k fpr ls gSA psruk ls ckg~; txr dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA vr% euq"; ds thou dk fodklblh psruk dk izek.k gSA ekuo ds thou lekt] jk"Vª] okrkoj.k vkfn dk Kku blh psruk dhfØ;kvksa ls gksrk gSA ekuo efLr"d esa ÞpsrukÞ og xq.k gS] ftlds }kjk og vius vklikl ?kfVr gksusokyh lHkh ?kVukvksa dk cks/k izkIr dj ldrk gSA psruk ds fy, u dsoy efLr"d] vfirq inkFkZ vFkokoLrqvksa dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gSA

izÑfr dk ekuo vkSj lkfgR; ls xgjk laca/k gSA dkO; tho] txr] vkSj czEg ds ,dkRe cksèkvkSj jkxkRed laca/k dks vfHkO;fDr nsrk gSA Hkwfe] ty] vfXu] ok;q vkSj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa'kq) gS vkSj leLr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kqf)dkjd gSA ysfdu tc euq"; viuh thou j{kk ds fy, budkmi;ksx u dj fo"k; oklukvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, djus yxrk gS rks mudh 'kq)rk nwf"kr gks tkrh gSA

lkekU;r% ekuk tkrk gS fd ftu ikap rRoksa ls 'kjhj cuk gS] os ewyr% 'kq) gSA Hkwfe lnk lsifo=k ekuh tkrh jgh gSA /kjrh gekjh ek¡ gS vkSj leLr ekuo mldh larku gSA dfo;ksa us Hkwfe dsbl Lo:i dh HkkofoHkksj gksdj oanuk&Lrouk dh gS vkSj og mlds lkSUn;Z ij eqX/k Hkh gS &

ÞuhykEcj ifj/kku gfjr iV ij lqUnj gSA lw;Z&pUnz ;qx eqdqV es[kyk jRukdj gSAAÞlkfgR; vkSj lekt vkSj jk"Vª dk vfofNUu laca/k gksrk gSA dfo dh iqdkj lnSo jk"Vª dh

iqdkj gksrh gSA og jk"Vª ds Hkkoksa dks viuh ok.kh esa Hkjdj mn~cks/ku djrk gSA oLrqr% lkfgR;dkjØkafrl"Vk gksrk gSA jk"Vª ij ;fn fonsf'k;ksa dk 'kklu gks rks og ikBdksa ds eu esa fonzksg dh HkkoukmRiUu dj jk"Vª dks Lora=k djkuk pkgrk gSA jk"Vª dks Lora=krk fnykus ds fy, og R;kx ds fy, rRij

'kks/k /kkjk 42

jgrk gSA vkt jk"Vªh;rk detksj iM+rh tk jgh gS( ftlds dkj.k fj'or[kksjh] dkepksjh] i Fkdrkokn]uDlyokn] Økafrokn] lkEiznkf;drk tSlh leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks jgh gaSA ftl izdkj 'kjhj esa jksxizfrdkj {kerk detksj gks tkrh gS rks 'kjhj jksxxzLr gks tkrk gSA mlh izdkj ns'k dh jk"Vªh;rkdetksj iM+us ls jk"Vª LoLFk ugha jg ldrk gSA jk"Vª dks 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj fodflr cukuk gS rks izÑfrdks vfèkd iz[kj cukuk gksxkA gesa jk"Vª esa izÑfr ds xkSjoe; izlax dks vk/kkj cukdj jk"Vªh;rk psrukdks m}sfyr djuk gksxkA

fxfjtkdqekj ekFkqj us izÑfr dks fofo/k :iksa esa ns[kk gSA mlds lkSUn;Z dks ljkgk gS] fofHkUuizdkj ds fØ;kdykiksa esa yhu izÑfr dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fp=k vafdr fd;s gSa u;s&u;s izkÑfrd n ';ksadh vo/kkj.kk dh gS vkSj izÑfr ds izfr viuk vuqjkx O;Dr fd;k gSA muds dkO; esa Lons'kkuqjkxcM+h lthork ,oa LokHkkfodrk ds lkFk O;Dr gqvk gSA mUgksaus izÑfr ds ek/;e ls jk"Vªh; psruk dhHkkouk dks turk ds ân; esa m}sfyr fd;k gSA muds Lons'kkuqjkxiw.kZ jk"Vªh; Hkkouk Þ<kd ouhÞdfork esa vf/kd rhozrk ds lkFk eq[kfjr gqbZ gS&Þvkbuksa ls xk¡o gksrs] ?kj u jgrs /kwy dwM+k]te u ikrk ftUnxh ij ;qxksa dk bfrgkl&?kwjk]e R;q&lk lqulku cudj tks cuSyk izsr fQjrk][kkn cu thou Qly dh yksd eaxy :i ?kVrk]jax feV~Vh dk cnyrk uhj dk lc iky /kqyrk] gjs gksrs ihr Ålj LoLFk gks tkrh euqtrkAAÞ

dfo us izÑfr dks vk/kkj ekudj Lons'kkuqjkxe;h jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks mu egkiq:"kksa ds fp=k.kesa fn[kk;k gS] tks jk"Vª dh vkRek gSaA ftuds iz;klksa ls jk"Vª dk flj Å¡pk gqvk vkSj jk"Vª dh vUrjkRekesa jes gq, gSa&tSls egkRek cq) ds izfr J)k ,oa fu"Bk dks O;Dr djrh gqbZ Þcq)Þ uked dfork eafy[kk gS&

ÞQSy xbZ Fkh feV~Vh ds vUrj gh ckgsa] lR; vkSj lqUnjrk ds vfojy la?kksa ls]L;ke] czEg] tkiku] phu] xa/kkj] ey; rdA nh?kZ fons'kksa ds v'kksd lkezkT;ksa Åij Þdfo us jk"Vª esa O;kIr vkfFkZd] vlekurk ,oa fo"kerk ds izfr vkØks'k] {kksHk ,oa ?k .kk gh O;Dr

ugha dh cfYd bl vlekurk dks feVkus ds fy, jDre;h Økafr dk vkOkkgu Hkh fd;kA gS bufo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, la?k"kZ dh izsj.kk nh rFkk bl Hk;adj oS"kE; dks gVkus ds fy,vfXu/keZ dks ekuus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA mUgksaus izÑfr ds ek/;e ls fo"kerk ds vU/kdkj dks feVkdjlekurk dk vkyksd izkIr djus ds fy, vkokt mBk;h &

Þdfo ,d ckj fQj xk nks] ,d ckj bl vU/kdj esa fQj vkyksd fn[kk nksAÞfu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkwfe] ty] vfXu] ok;q vkSj vkdk'k vius ewy LoHkko esa 'kq)

gSA vkSj leLr izkf.k;ksa ds fy, 'kqf)dkjd gSA dfo;ksa ds ik=k] izÑfr ds bu miknkuksa ds lq[k lkSUn;Zls nq[kh ugha gksrs cfYd nwljksa ds nq[k dks nwj djus esa budh 'kfDr vkSj lkSUn;Z dk foosdkiw.kZ mi;ksxdjrs gSaA dfo dk dkO; ewyr% izÑfr dkO; ugha gSA os izÑfr dks ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds ifjizs{; esagh fpf=kr djrs gSaA ekuo dh vHkkoxzLr thou&ihM+k] ruko] fonzksg] volkn] la?k"kZ vkfn dks dfo;ksaus izÑfr ds ek/;e ls vius dkO; esa vfHkO;fDr nh gSA mudh jpukvksa dk dsUnzh; rRo jk"Vªh; psrukFkk] ,d ,slh psruk tks ekuo ds g n; esa laosnuk vkSj tkx:drk dh Hkkouk dks tkx r dj nsA

'kks/k /kkjk 43

lUnHkZ1- cUus] MkW-iafMr( vk/kqfud fgUnh lkfgR; fofo/k ifjn ';2- prqosZnh] izks-jkeLo:i( vKs; vkSj vk/kqfud jpuk dh leL;k &3- ikfVy] MkW-gseyrk ';ke( fgUnh lkfgR; esa e/;dkyhu rFkk vk/kqfud dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnkuA

'kks/k /kkjk 44

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 44-45

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk fparuMkW0 js[kk nqcs

lgk0 izk0] fgUnh] MkW- lh-ch- jeu fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

fgUnw /keZ esa xq: ijaijk] nsoksikluk] {ks=kh; lqfo/kk vkfn dh n f"V ls vusd er vkSj laiznk;ksa dhl f"V gksrh jgh ijarq os vius ewy Lkzksr ls tqM+s jgsA 'kSo] oS".ko] 'kkDr] jkekuqt] oYyHk laiznk; vkfn xq:ijEijk ls tqM+s er gSaA le;≤ ij jktkJ; ds dkj.k fookn dh fLFkfr Hkh mRiUu gqbZ] fdUrq fpardksaes bldk lek/kku dj leUo;dkjh jpuk djds bl fookn dk var dj fn;kA Hkwfe ij clus okyk tuvkSj tu dh laLÑfr] bu rhuksa ds lfEeyu ls jk"Vª dk Lo:i curk gSA Hkwfe dk fuekZ.k nsoksa us fd;kgSA og vuar dky ls gS] mlds HkkSfrd :i&lkSan;Z vkSj le f) ds Ikzfr lpsr gksuk gekjk ije drZO; gSHkwfe ds ikfFkZo Lo:i ds izfr ge ftrus tkx r gksaxs] mruh gh gekjh jk"Vªh;rk cyorh gks ldsxhA ;gi Foh lPps vFkksZa esa leLr jk"Vªh; fopkj&/kkjkvksa dh tuuh gSA i Foh dk lkaxksaikax v/;;u tkx:d jk"Vªds fy, cgqr gh vkuannk;d drZO; ekuk tkrk gSA jk"Vª ds fy,&ekrk Hkwfe%] iq=kks vga i fFkO;k%A


Key Words : jk"Vª vkSj /keZ] jk"Vª ,oa laLÑfr] /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk varlZca/k

fgUnw /keZ esa xq: ijaijk] nsoksikluk] {ks=kh; lqfo/kk vkfn dh n f"V ls vusd er vkSj laiznk;ksadh l f"V gksrh jgh] ijarq os vius ewy Lkzksr ls tqM+s jgsA 'kSo] oS".ko] 'kkDr] jkekuqt] oYyHk laiznk;vkfn xq: ijEijk ls tqM+s er gSaA le;≤ ij jktkJ; ds dkj.k fookn dh fLFkfr Hkh mRiUugqbZ fdUrq fpardksa us bldk lek/kku dj leUo;dkjh jpuk djds bl fookn dk var dj fn;kA

^^Hkkjr Hkwfe fgUnw* ;k Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us fo'o ds ekuo /keZ ds ukrs ,d fopkj fparu izLrqrfd;kA ;g ,d dky[k.M ,d nks euhf"k;ksa }kjk ugha oju lSdM+ksa o"kksZa vkSj vusd euhf"k;ksa }kjkla'kksf/kr ifjofgr vkSj lqijhf{kr gksdj ^fgUnw /keZ* uke ls vfHkfgr gqvkA ;g fujarj fodkl'khy]LoLFk uohurk dk Lokxr djus okyk] dwie.Mwdrk ls nwj] lR;kUos"k.k ds fy;s lnSo izLrqr jgrk gSAblfy, ;gk¡ u dksbZ ,d izorZd ;k laLFkkid] u dksbZ fo'ks"k ,d xaazFk ;k lans'k gSA O;fDr ds vuqHkoksaij fo'okl j[kuk pkfg,A ,slk vkxzg Hkh ugha gS] blds foijhr blesa gj euq"; dks bZ'oj ds laca/k esa miyC/k Kku vkSj vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij lR;kUos"k.k djus dh Lora=krk gS vkSj feyuh pkfg,] ,slkvkxzg Hkh jgrk gSA ^,d ln~ foIZk cgq/kk onfUr* bZ'oj ,d gS fdUrq fo}ku yksx mls fofHkUu :iksa esans[krs vkSj dgrs gSa ^gfj vuUr gfj dFkk vuUrkA**

vr% bZ'oj ds dbZ :i gSa vkSj mudh efgek Hkh vuUr gSaA lHkh dk xUrO; ,d gh gSA pkgsog fdlh Hkh er laiznk; ls lacaf/kr gks flQZ ml rd igq¡pus dk ekxZ lk/ku fHkUu gSA ;gh lgh le;gS] gesa vius bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa dk iquysZ[ku djuk pkfg,A

Hkwfe ij clus okyk tu vkSj tu dh laLÑfr] bu rhuksa ds lfEeyu ls jk"Vª dk Lo:i curk

'kks/k /kkjk 45

gSA Hkwfe dk fuekZ.k nsoksa us fd;k gSA og vuar dky ls gS] mlds HkkSfrd :i lkSan;Z vkSj le f) dsZizfr lpsr gksuk gekjk ije drZO; gSA Hkwfe ds ikfFkZo Lo:i ds izfr ge ftrus tkx r gksaxs] mruhgh gekjh jk"Vªh;rk cyorh gks ldsxh] ;g i Foh lPps vFkksZa esa leLr jk"Vªh; fopkj&/kkjkvksa dh tuuhgSA i Foh dk lkaxksaikax v/;;u tkx:d jk"Vª ds fy, cgqr gh vkuannk;d drZO; ekuk tkrk gSA jk"Vªds fy, &

ekrk Hkwfe% iq=kks vga i fFkO;k%A;g lw=k gh tu ds g n; esa jk"Vªh;rk dh dqath gSA jk"Vª ds vax ds :i esa /kjrh] euq";] èkeZ]

laLÑfr lc dk lekukUrj ;ksxnku gS] bUgha lexz Lo:i dk uke jk"Vª gSA fcuk laLÑfr ds tu dhdYiuk dca/k ek=k gSA laLÑfr gh tu dk efLr"d gS] laLÑfr ds fodkl vkSj vH;qn; ds }kjk ghjk"Vª dh o f) laHko gSA jk"Vª ds lexz :i esa tu ds lkFk&lkFk tu dh laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ LFkkugSA ;fn Hkwfe vkSj viuh laLÑfr ls fojfgr dj fn;s tk;sa rks jk"Vª dk yksi le>uk pkfg;sA thouds foVi dk iq"i gh laLÑfr gSA* laLÑfr ds lkSan;Z vkSj lkSjHk esa gh jk"Vªh; tu ds thou dk lkSan;ZvkSj ;'k varfuZfgr gSA iwoZtksa us pfj=k vkSj /keZ] foKku] lkfgR;] dyk vkSj laLÑfr ds {ks=k esa tksdqN Hkh ijkØe fd;k gS] ml lkjs foLrkj dks ge xkSjo ds lkFk /kkj.k djrs gSa vkSj mlds rst dksvius Hkkoh thou esa lk{kkr~ ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA ;gh jk"Vª lao)Zu dk LokHkkfod Lo:i gS ml jk"Vª dkge ueu dj Lokxr djrs gSa D;ksafd Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk laLÑfr ls mRiUu gqbZ gSA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] MkW- 'kadj n;ky( gekjs fparu dh ewy /kkjk2- Hkkj}kt] deys'k( Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewy vk/kkj3- 'kekZ] MkW- jes'kpaæ( lkef;d fuca/k4- Jher Hkkxor~ xhrk5- jkepfjr ekul

'kks/k /kkjk 46

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 46-48

O;fDrRo ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.k ij foosdkuUn ds dkyt;h fopkjMkW0 vkyksd oekZ

xf.kr] 'kkldh; tequk izlkn oekZ ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 eatw ik.Ms;'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] dksrjh] eqaxsyh]NRRkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractLokehth ds vuqlkj ;qok fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lcls cgqewY; laifÙk gksrk gSA mUgksaus ;qokvksa dks vuar

ÅtkZ dk lzksr crk;k gSA mUgksaus dgk gS fd vxj ;qokvksa dh mUur ÅtkZ dks lgh fn'kk çnku dj nh tk,rks jk"Vª ds fodkl dks u, vk;ke fey ldrs gSaA Lokehth dgk djrs Fks fd ftlds thou esa è;s; ughgS] ftlds thou dk dksbZ y{; ugha gS] mldk thou O;FkZ gSA ysfdu gesa ,d ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,fd gekjs y{; ,oa dk;ks± ds ihNs 'kqHk mís'; gksuk pkfg,A Lokeh foosdkuanth us ;qok oxZ dks pfj=k fuekZ.kds 5 lw=k fn,& vkRefoÜokl] vkRefuHkZjrk] vkReKku] vkRela;e vkSj vkReR;kxA mi;qä 5 rRoksa dsvuq'khyu ls O;fä Lo;a ds O;fäRo rFkk ns'k vkSj lekt dk iqu fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSA ftlus fu'p;dj fy;k] mlds fy, dsoy djuk 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA


Key Words : O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª fuekZ.k] foosdkuan dh thou&n'kZu] foosdkuan dk oSpkfjd n'kZu

Lokeh foosdkuan ,d O;fäRo ugha] ,d cqfu;kn gSaA ,slh cqfu;kn ftl ij Hkkjr dk fojkV~lkaLÑfrd egy [kM+k gSA Lokeh foosdkuan us vè;kRe] oSfÜod ewY;ksa] èkeZ] pfj=k fuekZ.k] f'k{kk ,oalekt dks cgqr foLr r ,oa xgjs vk;keksa ls fo'ysf"kr fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds gh ugha] cfYd foÜo ds;qokvksa ds fy, muds fopkj çklafxd ,oa vuqdj.kh; gSaA muds fopkj vkt ds fo[kafMr ,oa iFkHkz"Vlekt dks tksM+us ds fy, jkeck.k vkS"kfèk gSaA

Lokehth us f'k{kk dks lekt dh jh<+ ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj f'k{kk euq";rk dh laiw.kZrk dkçn'kZu gSA Lokehth us dgk gS fd tks f'k{kk euq"; esa vkRefuHkZjrk ,oa vkRefoÜokl u txk,] mlf'k{kk dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA f'k{kk ls O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k] thou thus dh fn'kk ,oa pfj=k fuekZ.kgksuk pkfg,A èkeZ dh O;k[;k djrs gq, Lokehth us dgk gS fd èkeZ ges'kk euq"; dks lf}pkj ,oavkRek ls tksM+rk gSA èkeZ og fopkj ,oa vkpj.k gS] tks euq"; ds vanj dh i'kqrk dks balkfu;r esavkSj balkfu;r dks nsoRo esa cnyus dh lkeF;Z j[krk gSA mUgksaus lHkh èkeks± dk lkj lR; dks crk;kgS ,oa mlds vkpj.k dh çsj.kk nh gSA

Lokeh foosdkuan us ;qokvksa dks pfj=k fuekZ.k dh vksj çsfjr djrs gq, dgk gS fd çR;sd euq";tUe ls gh nSoh; xq.kksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;s xq.k lR;] fu"Bk] leiZ.k] lkgl ,oa foÜokl ls tkxzrgksrs gSaA budks vius vkpj.k esa ykus ls O;fä egku ,oa pfj=koku cu ldrk gSA euq"; dks egkucuus ds fy, lansg] bZ";kZ ,oa }s"k NksM+uk gksxkA

'kks/k /kkjk 47

L=kh foe'kZ ij ppkZ djrs gq, Lokehth us dgk gS fd vkRek dk dksbZ fyax ugh gksrk gSA vr%L=kh ,oa iq#"k dk foHksn çkÑfrd ugha gS] ;s flQZ 'kjhj dk foHksn gS] tks bZÜoj }kjk ekU; ugha gSAvr% lekt esa fL=k;ksa dks ogh lEeku ,oa LFkku feyuk pkfg,] tks iq#"k dk gSA gesa L=kh ,oa iq#"kds Hksn dks R;kxuk gksxk vkSj çR;sd dks ekuo :i esa ,dkRe n f"V ls ns[kuk gksxkA Lokehth dsvuqlkj tc rd foÜo esa efgykvksa dh csgrjh ds fy, dke ugha gksxk rc rd foÜo dk dY;k.k laHkough gSA

Lokehth ds vuqlkj ;qok fdlh Hkh ns'k dh lcls cgqewY; laifÙk gksrk gSA mUgksaus ;qokvksa dksvuar ÅtkZ dk lzksr crk;k gSA mUgksaus dgk gS fd vxj ;qokvksa dh mUur ÅtkZ dks lgh fn'kk çnkudj nh tk, rks jk"Vª ds fodkl dks u, vk;ke fey ldrs gSaA Lokehth dgk djrs Fks fd ftldsthou esa è;s; ugh gS] ftlds thou dk dksbZ y{; ugha gS] mldk thou O;FkZ gSA ysfdu gesa ,dckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd gekjs y{; ,oa dk;ks± ds ihNs 'kqHk mís'; gksuk pkfg,A

Lokeh foosdkuanth us ;qok oxZ dks pfj=k fuekZ.k ds 5 lw=k fn,&vkRefoÜokl] vkRefuHkZjrk]vkReKku] vkRela;e vkSj vkReR;kxA mi;qä 5 rRoksa ds vuq'khyu ls O;fä Lo;a ds O;fäRo rFkkns'k vkSj lekt dk iqu fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSA ftlus fu'p; dj fy;k] mlds fy, dsoy djuk'ks"k jg tkrk gSA

Lokeh foosdkuan us dgk Fkk fd thou esa ,d gh y{; lkèkks vkSj fnu&jkr ml y{; ds ckjsesa lkspks vkSj fQj tqV tkvks ml y{; dh çkfIr ds fy,A gesa fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa vius y{;ls HkVduk ugha pkfg,A

Lokeh foosdkuanth dgk djrs Fks fd vkn'kZ dks idM+us ds fy, lglz ckj vkxs c<+ks vkSj ;fnfQj Hkh vlQy gks tkvks rks ,d ckj u;k ç;kl vo'; djksA bl vkèkkj ij lQyrk lgt ghfuf'pr gks tkrh gSA

fgUnw èkeZ dks Lokehth us jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; eap ij igpku nh gSA 19oha 'krkCnh ds varrd foÜo Hkkjr ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkurk FkkA vaxzstksa ,oa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us Hkkjr ds ckjs esa dbZHkzkafr;ka QSykb±] tSls fd Hkkjr vlH; ,oa lisjksa dk ns'k gS] ;gka ij cqjkb;ksa dh Hkjekj gS] yksx taxyh,oa cqjh ijaijkvksa dks ekurs gSa vkfn&vkfnA

Lokehth us bu Hkzkafr;ksa dks nks Lrjksa ij nwj fd;kA çFke mUgksaus Hkkjr esa caVs fgUnw leqnk;ksadks ,d eap ij ,df=kr dj fgUnw èkeZ dk lkj le>k;k] ogha nwljh vksj if'peh ns'kksa dh ;k=kk djHkkjr ds ckjs esa tks Hkzkafr;ka QSyh Fkha] mUgsa nwj fd;kA mUgksaus Hkkjr ds oSHko'kkyh lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksadh èot irkdk iwjs foÜo esa QSykbZA

Lokeh foosdkuan us xjhch dks Hkksxk FkkA vr% os tkurs Fks fd tc rd Hkkjr esa xjhch dkfuewZyu ugha gksxk] rc rd Hkkjr dk lkaLÑfrd vkSj HkkSfrd fodkl laHko ugha gSA ,d ckj os xjhchls rax vkdj vius xq# Lokeh jkeÑ".k ijegal ds ikl igqaps ,oa xjhch ls futkr fnykus dh ckrdghA Lokeh jkeÑ".k us muls dgk fd ^tk eka nf{k.ksÜoj dkyh ls tkdj èku ekax ysA*

Lokeh foosdkuan tc ewfrZ ds le{k x, rks mudh lekfèk yx xbZ ,oa muds eqag ls flQZ ,d

'kks/k /kkjk 48

okD; fudyk&*eka eq>s Kku vkSj oSjkX; nks*A ;g çfØ;k mUgksaus 3 ckj nksgjkbZ ,oa rhuksa ckj mudseqag ls dsoy ogh okD; fudyk fd *eka eq>s Kku vkSj oSjkX; nks*A rc Lokeh jkeÑ".k us mUgsa le>;kfd mudk tUe HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfoèkk Hkksxus ds fy, ugha gqvk gS] cfYd xjhcksa dks Åapk mBkus ds fy,gqvk gSA

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lfn;ksa ds 'kks"k.k ds dkj.k xjhc turk ekuo gksus rd dk vglkl[kks pqdh gSA os Lo;a dks tUe ls gh xqyke le>rs gSaA blh dkj.k bl oxZ esa foÜokl ,oa xkSjotkx r djus dh egrh vko';drk gSA mudk ;g n <+ foÜokl Fkk fd detksj O;fä og gksrk gS]tks Lo;a dks detksj le>rk gS vkSj blds foijhr tks O;fä Lo;a dks l'kä le>rk gS] og iwjsfoÜo ds fy, vts; gks tkrk gSA Lokeh foosdkuan dk çR;sd Hkkjrh; ds fy, lans'k Fkk& *tkxks] mBksvkSj rc rd ç;Ru djks tc rd fd y{; çkIr u gksA*

jk"Vªh; ,drk ds ckjs esa Lokeh foosdkuan us dgk gS fd Hkys gh Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk;h] tkfrokn,sfrgkfld ,oa {ks=kh; fofoèkrk,a gSa] ysfdu bu fofoèkrkvksa dks Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ,drk ,d lw=kesa fijks;s gq, gSA mUgksaus Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa tkdj vius Hkk"k.kksa esa èkkfeZd psruk dks txkus,oa nfyr] 'kksf"kr o efgykvksa dks f'kf{kr dj mUgsa jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsus dh ckr dgh gSA Lokehfoosdkuan ,d lPps jk"VªHkä Fks vkSj mUgsa viuh jk"Vªh;rk ij xoZ Hkh FkkA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oaHkkjrh; èkeZ ds çfr mudk xoZ ,oa vknj f'kdkxks ds èkeZ laln esa muds }kjk fn, x, laHkk"k.k lsKkr gksrk gS] tc mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd *eSa ,d ,sls èkeZ dk vuq;k;h gksus esa xoZ dk vuqHko djrk g¡wftlus lalkj dks lfg".kqrk rFkk lkoZHkkSe LohÑfr nksuksa dh f'k{kk nh gS---A eq>s ,d ,sls ns'k dk O;fägksus dk vfHkeku gS] ftlus bl i Foh ds leLr èkeks± vkSj ns'kksa ds mRihfM+rksa vkSj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dksvkJ; fn;k gSA*

vkSj fQj bfrgkl esa tkrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd *eq>s vkidks ;g crykrs gq, xoZ gksrk gS fdgeus vius o{k esa ;gwfn;ksa ds fo'kq)re vfof'k"V vax dks LFkku fn;k] ftUgksaus nf{k.k Hkkjr vkdjblh o"kZ 'kj.k yh Fkh ftl o"kZ mudk ifo=k eafnj jkseu tkfr ds vR;kpkj ls èkwy esa fey x;k FkkA,sls èkeZ dk vuq;k;h gksus esa eSa xoZ vuqHko djrk g¡w ftlus egku tjFkzq"V tkfr ds vof'k"V va'k dks'kj.k nh vkSj ftldk ikyu og vc rd dj jgk gSA*

orZeku ih<+h ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqtj jgh gSA thou'kSyh] uSfrd ewY;ksa ,oa vkn'kks± esa cnykovk jgk gSA vkt dh ;qok ih<+h fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd mUu;u ds cks> rys bruh vfèkd ncxbZ gS fdog vius ikjaifjd vkèkkjHkwr mPp vkn'kks± ls le>kSrk rd djus esa fgpd ugha jgh gSA vkt ds;qokvksa ds ikl mÙkjkfèkdkj ds :i esa Lokeh foosdkuan ds fopkjksa dh èkjksgj gS] ftlds vuqikyu lsog Hkkjr esa gh ugha] oju foÜo esa lQyrk ds u, vk;ke LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA tSlk fd Lokehfoosdkuan us ,d ckj vkºoku fd;k Fkk&*tkxks] mBks vkSj eafty rd igqapus ls igys er #dks* vkSj*ge lHkh ,dtqV gksa vkSj 'kq)rk] èkS;Z vkSj n <+rk ds lkFk ns'k ds fy, dke djsaA*

lanHkZ1- jksyk¡] jksE;k( Lokeh foosdkuUn dh thouh 2- izdk'k] vkRe( foosdkuan dk thou lanHkZ

'kks/k /kkjk 49


/keZ fparu vkSj jk"Vª fodklMkW0 rkj.kh'k xkSre

l0 izk0] fgUnh] uohu 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] ikex<+] tkapxhj] pk¡ik] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk fparu fdl izdkj lgk;d gS bls tkuus ds fy, loZizFke

Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk dks tkuuk vko';d gksxkA Hkkjr dsoy HkkSxksfyd lhek rFkkjktuSfrd n f"V ls jk"Vª ugha gS vfirq bl /kjk ij fuokljr yksxksa us bls êk¡* dh ekU;rk nsdj mldhvfLerk vkSj xkSjo dh j{kk ds fy, ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ml ij viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj fd;k gS] ;gk¡ rd fdizk.kksRlxZ Hkh fd;k gSA êkrk Hkwfe% iq=kks•ga i fFkO;k%A** vFkoZosn ds bl lwDr esa Hkwfe dks ekrk ,oa Lo;a dksmldk iq=k ekuus dk Hkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ Hkwfe 'kCn laiw.kZ i Foh ds fy, gS vr,o Hkwfe dks ekrkekudj ,d iq=k dh rjg bldk laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu djus dk nkf;Ro blds fuokfl;ksa dk gSA tcvoèkkj.kk i Foh dks ekrk ,oa Lo;a dks iq=k ekuus dh gS rks bl ij fuokljr lHkh tu vkil esa lgksnjgq, vkSj blhfy, Hkkjr esa jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk & ^*loZtu fgrk;] loZtu lq[kk;** ij dsfUnzr gSA


Key Words : /keZ vkSj jk"Vª] jk"Vª vkSj laLÑfr] jk"Vªh; laLÑfr vkSj iqjk.k

Hkkjr ,d HkkSxksfyd Hkw&Hkkx dk uke ek=k ugha gSA Hkkjr ml ns'k dk uke gS tks vius esa,d fof'k"V vk/;kfRed laLÑfr dks latks;s gq, gSA Hkk$jr ¾ Hkkjr tgk¡ ^Hkk* dk rkRi;Z îzdk'k*,oa jr* dk rkRi;Z *layXu gksuk* ;k yhu gksuk* gSA vFkkZr~ Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS] tks lnSo ls izdk'k¼Kku½ esa jr~ ;k yhu jgk gSA vc tks Kku esa layXu jgsxk og nwljksa dks Hkh Kku gh ckaVsxk] blfy,Hkkjr us cgqr igys gh ;g mn~?kks"k fd;k Fkk&**Å¡ vlrks ek ln~xe;] relks ek T;ksfrxZe;] e R;ksekZve raxe;A** vFkkZr~ Hkkjr og gS tks vlR; ls lR; dh vksj va/kdkj ls Kku dh vksj rFkk e R;q lsvejRo dh vksj c<+rk jgk gS vkSj ;gh lans'k og fo'o dks nsrk jgk gSA

^^leqnzL;ksRrjs Hkkx] fgeknzs'pSo nf{k.ksA o"ksZ rn~ Hkkjra uke] Hkkjrh ;=k larfr%AA**HkkSxksfyd n f"V ls leqnz ds mRrj vkSj fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa tks ns'k gS] mldk uke Hkkjr

gS rFkk ;gk¡ fuokl djus okyh larfr Hkkjrh dgykrh gSA Hkkjr esa v/;kRe] /keZ ,oa laLÑfr dk ,slkfof'k"V leUo; gS fd bUgsa i Fkd&i Fkd dj ns[kuk laHko ugha gSA ;s rhuksa vkil esa ,d lw=k esa caèksgq, gSa vkSj bldk ifj.kke gS vk/;kfRed vkSj HkkSfrd thou dk larqyuA thou ds pkj iq:"kkFkZ gSa&/keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{kA ;gk¡ /keZ vkSj eks{k vk/;kfRed rFkk vFkZ ,oa dke HkkSfrd thou ds iq:"kkFkZgSaA v/;kRe dk vFkZ gS vkReizK gksukA

jk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk fparu fdl izdkj lgk;d gS] bls tkuus ds fy,loZizFke Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk dks tkuuk vko';d gksxkA Hkkjr dsoy HkkSxksfydlhek rFkk jktuSfrd n f"V ls jk"Vª ugha gS] vfirq bl /kjk ij fuokljr yksxksa us bls ek¡* dh ekU;rk

'kks/k /kkjk 50

nsdj mldh vfLerk vkSj xkSjo dh j{kk ds fy, ;qxksa&;qxksa ls ml ij viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj fd;kgS] ;gk¡ rd fd izk.kksRlxZ Hkh fd;k gSA êkrk Hkwfe% iq=kks ga i fFkO;k%A** vFkoZosn ds bl lwDr esa Hkwfedks ekrk ,oa Lo;a dks mldk iq=k ekuus dk Hkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ;gk¡ Hkwfe 'kCn laiw.kZ i Foh dsfy, gS vr,o Hkwfe dks ekrk ekudj ,d iq=k dh rjg bldk laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu djus dk nkf;Roblds fuokfl;ksa dk gSA tc vo/kkj.kk i Foh dks ekrk ,oa Lo;a dks iq=k ekuus dh gS rks bl ijfuokljr lHkh tu vkil esa lgksnj gq, vkSj blhfy, Hkkjr esa jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk&^*loZtu fgrk;]loZtu lq[kk;** ij dsfUnzr gSA ;gk¡ laiw.kZ /kjk dks vk/kkj ekudj fo'o dks ifjokj ekuk x;k gS rHkhrks dgk x;k gS &

^*v;a fut% ijksosfRr x.kukbfry?kqpsrlke~A mnkjpfjrkukarq olq/kSo dqVqEcde~AA*Lokeh foosdkuan us blh jk"Vªh; psruk dks tkx r djus ds rFkk jk"Vª ij ru] eu] /ku viZ.k

djus dh izsj.kk nsrs gq, *jk"Vª nsoks Hko%* dk ea=k fn;k gSA bl ea=k ls izsj.kk ikdj lokZReuk ,dtqVgks jk"Vª dh j{kk ds fy, 'k=kq dk eqdkcyk djus lu) gq,A gekjh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk fo'o ekuo leqnk;ds dY;k.k dh jgh gSA ;gk¡ jk"Vª ds izfr Hkkouk dks fuEu lqHkkf"kr ds ek/;e ls vkRelkr fd;k tkldrk gS &

^*vfi Lo.kZe;h yadk u esa y{e.k jksprsA tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lhAA**tUe Hkwfe ds izfr ;g izse jk"Vª ds izfr izse dk loksZRÑ"V mnkgj.k gSA^/keZ* Hkkjr dh vkRek gSA izR;sd jk"Vª dk dksbZ u dksbZ dsUnzh; rRo gksrk gS] ftlds pkjksa vksj

ml jk"Vª dh lH;rk] laLÑfr] jktuhfr] lektuhfr] vFkZuhfr] ewY; vkfn lapkfyr gksrs gSaA èkeZ Hkkjrjk"Vª dh vk/;kfRed f'kyk gS] ftl ij bldk lkfgR; laxhr] dyk] n'kZu] lekt] mikluk rFkkvkpkj&fopkj fVdk gqvk gSA thou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa bldh lRrk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA /keZ Hkkjrh;tu ekul ds jx&jx esa lek;k gqvk gSA [kku&iku] jgu&lgu] iwtk&izkFkZuk] ?kj&ifjokj] mBus&cSBus ;gk¡ rd dh dgkuh lquus&lqukus ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd thou ds izR;sd dk;Z esa /keZ dh mifLFkfrfn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

ôsn* fo'o ds izkphure xzaFk gSaA osnksa dks leLr /keZ dk ewy dgk x;k gS&**osnks f[kyksèkeZewyL;**AHkkjrh; eqfu;ksa us osnksa dks vikS:"ks; dgk gSaA osn 'kk'or lR; gSaA ;g fdlh O;fDr dh Ñfr ughavfirq Hkxoku dh jpuk gSA osn dk vFkZ gS ^Kku*A vFkkZr~ /keZ vkfn iq:"kkFkZ ftlls Kkr gksrs gSa ososn gSaA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr osn /kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k bls ^lukru* dgk tkrk gSA blhfy, ;gk¡ dk /keZ lukru /keZ* dgykrk gSA blh lukru /keZ dks orZeku esa fgUnw /keZ* dgk tkrk gSA fgUnw /keZ dkewy gS&^^vkReu% izfrdwykfu ijs'kka lekpjsrA** vFkkZr tks Lo;a dks vPNk u yxs ge mls nwljksa dslkFk Hkh u djsaA uSfrdrk dk ;gh ewy ea=k fgUnw /keZ dk gSA

/keZ D;k gS\ bls tkuus dh bPNk vkt loZ=k fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] ysfdu bldk lgh vFkZ /;kuesa ysrs gSa ,slk ns[kus esa ugha vkrkA izk;% /keZ dks vaxzsth 'kCn *fjfytu* ls tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gS vkSjogha ls bldk O;kid Lo:i ladqfpr ,oa ladh.kZ fn[kkbZ iM+us yxrk gSA Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa /keZ dkvuqokn fjfytu* ;k etgc* djuk mfpr ugha gSA ;g laiw.kZ /keZ ugha /keZ dk NksVk fgLlk ek=k gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 51

rc iz'u mBrk gS vkf[kj /keZ D;k gS\ Hkxor~ xhrk esa dgk x;k gS &^^;nk ;nk fg /keZL; XykfuHkZofr HkkjrA vH;qRFkkue~ /keZL; rnkRekua l tkE;geAAifj=kkk.kk; lk/kwuka fouk'kk; p nq"Ñrke~A /keZlaLFkkiukFkkZ; lEHkokfe ;qxs ;qxsAA**1

vFkkZr tc&tc /keZ dh gkfu gksrh gS vkSj v/keZ dk izHkko c<+rk tkrk gS] rc&rc /keZ dh laLFkkiukds fy, eSa gj ;qx esa tUe ysrk gw¡A blh izdkj leUo; dh fojkV ps"Vk djus okys xksLokeh rqylhnklth us Hkh ^jkepfjr ekul* esa dgk gS&

^^tc&tc gksbZ /kje dS gkuhA ck<+fga vlqj&v/ke vfHkekuhAAdjfga vuhfr tkbZ ufga cjuhA lhnfga foiz /ksuq lqj /kjuhAArc&rc izHkq /kj fofo/k 'kjhjkA gjfga Ñikfuf/k lTtu ihjkAA**2

vFkkZr~ tc&tc /keZ dh gkfu gksxh vkSj v/keZ] vfHkeku] vuhfr c<+rh tk,xh] rc&rc foiz tu dsd"Vksa dks nwj djus ds fy, izHkq fofo/k 'kjhj /kkj.k dj /kjk ij vorfjr gksaxsA yksd O;ogkj esa ge,sls vusd lkekfld 'kCn iz;ksx esa ykrs gSa] ftuds lkFk /keZ tqM+k gqvk gSA tSls&jkt/keZ] L=kh/keZ]iq=kèkeZ] O;fDr/keZ] tkfr/keZ] lekt/keZ] xzke/keZ] ns'k/keZ] jk"Vª/keZ] fo'o/keZ] O;kij /keZ] odhy/keZ]oSn~;èkeZ] v/;kid/keZ] Nk=k/keZ] Jelsok/keZ vkfnA bu 'kCnksa dk vuqokn djsa rks jkt/keZ dgk rks iztkdh vis{kk gS] iq=k/keZ dgk rks og ekrk&firk dh vis{kk gS] L=kh/keZ dgk rks og iq:"k dh vis{kk gSvkfnA blh izdkj ge ekxZ esa pyrs le; fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij fy[kk ikrs gSa&/keZ'kkyk] /keZdk¡Vk]èkeZvLirky vkfnA gesa ;g fofnr gS fd budk vFkZ Øe'k%fjfytu Ldwy] etgc dks rkSysus okykdk¡Vk rFkk etgc ds bykt dk LFkku dnkfi ugha gksrk gSA rc ge iqu% ogha vkdj [kM+s gks tkrs gSa]vkf[kj /keZ D;k gS\ blfy, /keZ ds lgh vFkZ dks tkuus ds fy, gesa /keZ 'kCn ds ewy vFkZ dh vksjtkuk pkfg,A /keZ 'kCn dk ewy gS laLÑr dk ^/k * /kkrqA ftldk vFkZ gS&/kjuk] /kkj.k djuk] xzg.kdjuk] LFkkfir djuk] idM+uk] idM+dj laHkkyuk] lkFk esa j[kuk] cka/kdj j[kuk] tksM+ ds j[kukvkfnA vFkkZr~ /keZ euq"; ds fy, vkSj euq"; esa gh jgrk gS] D;ksafd og ekuo dks tksM+dj j[krk gSA

/keZ dk Hkkjrh; thou esa loksZifj egRo gSA euq"; ds tUe ls ysdj e R;q rd loZ=k /keZ dkgh 'kklu jgk gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ,oa lekt esa /keZ dh mikluk >ydrh gSA /keZ gh euq";dks la;eh] lkglh] /khj] ohj] ftrsfUnz; vkSj drZO; ijk;.k cukrk gSA og /keZ gh gS tks n;k] vfgalk]{kek] ijnq[kdkrjrk] lsok vkSj czEgp;Z dk ikB fl[kkrk gSA euqLe fr esa /keZ ds nl y{k.k crk, x, gSa&

^^/k fr% {kek neks Lrs;a 'kkSpfeUnz;fuxzg%A /khfoZ/kk lR;eØks/kks n'kda /keZ y{k.ke~AA**3

vFkkZr /k fr] {kek] eu dk fuxzg] vLrs;] 'kkSp] bfUnz; fuxzg] fueZy cqf)] fo|k lR; vkSj vØks/k gSaAeuq"; vkSj i'kq esa buesa dbZ ckrsa leku gSa( tSls vkgkj] funzk] Hk;] eSFkqu vkfn ysfdu og èkeZ

gh gS tks buesa vkil esa foHksn djrk gSA pkjksa iq:"kkFkksaZ esa /keZ dks izFke LFkku fn;k x;k gSA^^/keksZ /kkj;rs iztk%**] vFkkZr~ /keZ og gS ftls /kkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ^^/keksZ j{kfr j{kr%**] vFkkZr~ /keZdh j{kk ls gh lcdh j{kk gksrh gSA

rqylh nkl us jkepfjrekul esa fofo/k izlaxksa esa /keZ dh fofo/k O;k[;k dh gS] ftlesa ijfgrds leku dksbZ vU; /keZ ugha gS* dks Hkh izfrikfnr fd;k gSA mUgksaus dgk Hkh gS &

'kks/k /kkjk 52

^îjfgr lfjl /kje ufga HkkbZA ij ihM+k le ufga vf/kekbZAAijfgr cl ftuds eu ekghA fruds tx nqyZHk dNq ukghAA**4

Hkxor~ iqjk.k esa /keZ laca/kh tks :id dFkk vkrh gS og vR;Ur izcks/kd gSA dFkk esa ik=kksa dsuke Lo;a /keZ ds ifjpk;d gSaA os lkjh xq.k |ksrd laKk,a gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd dFkk esa tks izlax fn,x, gSa os Hkh izrhdkRed gSaA tjk lk fopkj vUrjkFkZ ;k rkRi;Z dks vklkuh ls voxr djk tkrk gSAl f"V drkZ czEgk th ds nkfgus Lru ls mRiUu iq=k gS&/keZA ftUgsa ;{k iztkifr us dU;knku ds :ieaaaaaas viuh rsjg iqf=k;k¡ nku esa ns nhaA os lc /keZ dh lg/kekZpkjf.k;k¡ cu xbZA muds uke Fks&J)k]eS=kh] n;k] 'kkafr] rqf"V] iqf"V] fØ;k] mUufr] cqf)] es/kk] frfr{kk] g h vkSj ewfrZA /keZ vkSj buds ;qfr lsdqy pkSng larkus gqbZA /keZ&J)k ;qfr ls 'kqHk] /keZ&eS=kh ;qfr ls izlkn] /keZ&n;k ;qfr ls vHk;]èkeZ&'kkafr ;qfr ls lq[k /keZ&rqf"V ;qfr ls eqn ¼g"kZ½] /keZ&iqf"V ;qfr ls Le; ¼vfHkeku½] /keZ fØ;k;qfr ls ;ksx] /keZ&mUufr ;qfr ls niZ] /keZ&cqf) ;qfr ls vFkZ] /keZ&es/kk ;qfr ls Le fr] /keZ&frfr{kk;qfr ls {kse] /keZ&g h ¼yTtk½ ;qfr ls izJ; vkSj /keZ&ewfrZ ;qxy ls uj&ukjk;.kksa dk mn; gqvkA bldFkk dk lans'k gS fd /keZ ls fookfgr xq.k ekuo lewg ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh gS] tks euq"; dks izÑfrls laLÑfr dh fn'kk esa mUu;u djus okys gSaA

;gk¡ ij Hkkjr jRu MkW- Hkxoku nkl ds dFku dks lkj :i esa m)r djuk pkgsaxs fd&^^/keZog gS tks fdlh oLrq dks /kkj.k djrk gSA mlds Lo:i dks cuk;s j[krk gSA mlds LokHkkfod xq.kksavkSj ps"Vkvksa dks f'kfFky gksus ls jksdrk gS vkSj iz/kkur% ml oLrq ds vfLrRo dks fLFkj j[krk gSA èkeZtxr ds vusd va'kksa dks dk;Z&dkj.k Hkko ls cka/kus okyk txr lapkyd fulxZ&fu;e gS vFkok txr&O;oLFkk gSA /keZ euq"; ds Hkko&Hkoukvksa ds ikFkZD; ds ifj.kke Lo:i izknqHkwZr fofo/k Ñfr&ÑR;ksarFkk vf/kdkj&drZO;ksa dks ikjLifjdrk ls x¡wFkdj lekt dks laHkkyus okyk fof/k&fo/kku gSA**

Hkkjr Hkys gh /keZ fuisZ{k jkT; gks ysfdu fofHkUu /keksZa dk ;gk¡ lkdkj lk{kkRdkj fd;k tkldrk gSA ;gk¡ dh tula[;k esa ,d cM+k Hkkx fgUnqvksa dk gS tks ;gk¡ ds ewy fuoklh gSaA fgUnqvksa dsdeZdk.M] ;K] iwtk&vpZukfn esa deZdk.MdrkZ] ;KdrkZ ;k ;kfKd] iwtk&vpZukfn drkZ ;tekuLo;a ek=k ds lq[k dh dYiuk ugha djrk oju og leLr fo'o ds dY;k.k vkSj lq[k dh dkeuk djrkgSA rHkh rks og ?kks"k.kk djrk gS& /keZ dh t; gks] v/keZ dk uk'k gks] izkf.k;ksa esa ln~Hkkouk gks] fo'odk dY;k.k gksA ,slh fojkV ps"Vk j[kus okyk ;kfKd okrkoj.k dh 'kq)rk vkSj ouLifr;ksa ls ysdjpj&vpj dh eaxy dkeuk rFkk lao/kZu dk iz;Ru djrk gSA jk"Vª mlds fy, loksZifj gksrk gS D;ksafdog olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* dh ps"Vk djrk gS vkSj fo'o dks tc ,d ifjokj :i esa ns[krk gS rc og viusifjokj dk vfgr dSls fopkj dj ldrk gSA /keZ euq"; dks ln~Hkkouk ds ekxZ ij ys tkrk gSA ogeuq"; ds fopkjksa dk 'kks/ku&ifjektZu djrk gSA bldh izfrewfrZ ge Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd fojklr esa^vusdrk esa ,drk&Hkkjr dh fo'ks"krk* ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA ;gha fo'ks"krk iwoZ esa Hkkjr dks fo'o xq:ds pje f'k[kj ij cSBkrh jgh gS vkSj vkus okyk le; iqu% Hkkjr dh vksj fugkj jgk gS] D;ksafdHkkjrh; laLÑfr fdlh ds vf/kdkjksa dks neu djuk mldh Lora=krk dk guu djuk ugha fl[kkrhA;gk¡ rks mn~?kks"k fd;k tkrk gS&^loZ /keZ lEHkko gekjk] ukjk gS fuekZ.kA ge Hkkjr dh larkuA* og

'kks/k /kkjk 53

fnu nwj ugha tc Hkkjr vius blh fparu ekxZ ij pydj iqu% fo'o xq: ds :i esa lq'kksfHkr gksxkAvarr% ;g dguk lehphu gksxk fd Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa /keZ iapHkwrksa ls fufeZr bl 'kjhj esa

vkRek dh Hkk¡fr gSA tc rd 'kjhj esa vkRek gS] 'kjhj xfreku jgrk gSA /keZ ds vkpj.k ls izkjC/k dkdks"k ifjiw.kZ jgrk gS vkSj vkRek izkjC/k ds Qy dk Hkksx djrh gSA /keZ&v/keZ ds vk/kkj ij iqutZUedh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA laLdkj ;qDr deZ /kkfeZd ¼iq.;½ vkSj lalkj foghu deZ ¼iki½ dks ?kksf"kr djrhgSA /keZ Hkkjrh; tu&thou esa laLdkj ds :i esa lnSo tuekul dk 'kks/ku djrh jgrh gSA Hkkjresa /keZ ds vUrxZr fofHkUu iaFk] laiznk; vius Lora=k vfLrRo esa fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa] ysfdu bu lcdks ,dlw=k esa fijksrs gq, laHkkyus okyk /keZ gh gSA blhfy, dgk tkrk gS&^/kkj;fr bfr /keZ%A tks lcdkstksM+us okyk gS og /keZ gSA tks lcdk fodkl pkgrk gS og /keZ gSA êkrk Hkwfe% iq=kks ga i fFkO;k%** dh?kks"k.kk ,oa ikyu djus okys Hkkjrh; /keZ dh vafre ifj.kfr gS&

^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;%A losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq ek df'pr~ nq%[k HkkxHkosr~A****lcls Å¡ph fot; irkdk] fy, fgeky; [kM+k jgsxkAekuork dk ekufcanq ;g] Hkkjr lcls cM+k jgsxkAA**6

var esa viuh ftl ifo=k Hkwfe ds mRFkku ds fy, ge lc lrr~ iz;Ru'khy gSa mldk ge lc mn~?kks"kdjrs gSa fd&*Hkkjr ekrk dh t;A*

lanHkZ1- Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk] 7] 8&4] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj2- nkl] rqylh( jkepfjr ekul] ckydk.M] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj3- euqLe fr 6&92] xhrk izsl] xksj[kiqj4- nkl] rqylh( jkepfjr ekul5- gfj] Jhjaxk( /keZ dh vo/kkj.kk] Jh Hkkjrh izdk'ku] ukxiqj6- izsj.kk ds Loj&Kku xaxk izdk'ku] ch&19] U;w dkyksuh] t;iqj

'kks/k /kkjk 54


jk"Vª fodkl esa /keZ vkSj laLÑfr dk fparuMkW0 ,-,y- /kzqoa'kh

l0izk0]jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo|ky;] HkkVkikjk] cykSnk cktkj] NRRkhlx<+

MkW0 lqjs'k ef.k f=k ikBhlgk;d izk/;kid] fof/k] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo|ky;] HkkVkikjk] cykSnk cktkj]NRRkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractlaLÑfr dh O;qRifRr laLÑr 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ ifj"Ñr gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ iw.kZr % mn~ns';

dks izkIr djukA nwljh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj laLÑfr 'kCn laLdkj ls cuk gSA laLdkj dk vFkZ 'kqf) dh fØ;kls gSA 'kqf) dk vfHkizk; ;gka ifo=krk ls u gksdj lekftdrk ls gSA vFkkZr~ O;fDr dks ,d lkekftd izk.khcukus es ftrus Hkh rRokssa dk ;ksxnku gS] mu lHkh rRoksa dh O;oLFkk dk uke gh laLÑfr gSA eka ds mnjls mRiUu f'k'kq ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gS] ;g laLÑfr gh gS tks ml tSfodh; izk.kh dks lkekftd izk.khds :Ik es ifjofrZr djrh gS laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k la;ksx ls ugha gksrk vkSj u gh ,d O;fDr ds O;fDrxriz;kl ls gh laHko gS] ;g lkewfgd o ckSf)d fodkl dk ifj.kke gSaaaA laLÑfr okLrOk esa xq.kksa dk,d=khdj.k gS] ftUgsa euq"; xgu v/;;u] fparu] euu] iz;Ru ,oa Je ls izkIr djrk gS laLÑfr foosds cqf)}kjk thou dks Hkyh izdkj tku ysus dk uke gSA O;fDr ds O;fDrROk fodkl esa laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ LFkkugSA laLÑfr ekuoh; lekt dh vknrks O;ogkjksa o vuqHkoksa dk laxzg gSA laLÑfr dk laca/k lekt ls gksrkgS]laLÑfr dk laca/k gekjh vkRek ls gSA ftl izdkj 'kCn lsa vFkZ dks vFkZ ls 'kCn dks 'kjhj ls izk.k dksvkSj izk.k ls 'kjhj dks i Fkd ugh fd;k tk ldrk mlh izdkj ge jk"Vª dks /keZ vkSj laLÑfr ls i Fkd ughdj ldrs ;fn gekjk /keZ mUur gS] laLÑfr le )'kkyh gS rks gekjk jk"Vª Hkh mUur gksxk vkSj ;fn /keZ olaLÑfr dk vHkko gS] rks jk"Vª dk thfor jguk Hkh nqyHkZ gS] /keZ o laLÑfr ds fcuk futhZo jk"Vª fpjLFkk;hugha jg ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, lHkh /kekZoyfEc;ksa esa lân;rk o leUo;rk dh vko'drk gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa /kkfeZd&fparu] jk"Vª fodkl esa lkaLÑfrd fparu] jk"Vª vkSj /keZ

izR;sd jk"Vª dh viuh ,d ewy izÑfr gksrh gS vkSj Hkkjr dh ewy izÑfr lfg".kqrk iz/kku oleUo;kRed gS ]blhfy, bldk mn~ns'; gS losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%A blh Hkko dks ysdj Hkkjr esa thouewY;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;kA fo'o ds lHkh /keZ Hkkjr es fo|eku gSA olq/kSo dqVqEcde~* Hkkjr dkgh fparu gSA

ekuo ds vUrfuZfgr psruk dk Lej.k gh /keZ gS vkSj foLej.k v/keZA /keZ ekuo ân; dh ,dmPp] mnkRr] iquhr vkSj ifo=k Hkkouk gSA /keZ ,d fof'k"V xq.k gS] ,d ,slh thoar xq.koRrk ftlesalekfgr gks] lR; ds lkFk gksus dh {kerk] izekf.kdrk] lgtrk] LokHkkfodrk] izse ls Hkjs ân; dhèkM+dus vkSj lexz vfLrRo ds lkFk eS=kh iw.kZ y; c)rkA blfy, dgrs gSa /kkj;fr bfr /keZ% ftlsèkkj.k fd;k tk lds ogh /keZ gS vkSj gekjk lcls cM+k /keZ ekuo /keZ gSA /keZ og lk/kuk gS] ftlls

'kks/k /kkjk 55

Ik'kqRo ls euq"; rd vkRek ls ijekRek rd iq:"k ls iq:"kksRre rd balku ls Hkxoku rd dh ;k=kklk/kd lgt gh dj ysrk gSA /keZ bZ'oj rd igq¡pus dk ekxZ gS] blls gh vkRecks/k o vkRe tkxj.kdk Kku gksrk gSA varl dk Hkko gh /keZ dk fupksM+ gS( ;gh /keZ dh vkRek gSA

egkHkkjr esa ;{k tc ;qf/kf"Bj ls udqy dks D;ksa thfor djkuk pkgrs gks iwNrs gSa rc;qfèkf"Bj mRrj nsrs gaS %&

/keZ ,oa grks gfUr /keksZ j{kfr jf{kr %] RkLek)eZs u R;tkfe ek uks /keksZ grksMo/khr~AA;fn /keZ dk uk'k fd;k tk, rks og u"V gqvk /keZ drkZ dks Hkh u"V dj nsrk gS vkSj vxj

mldh j{kk dh tk, rks ogh drkZ dh Hkh j{kk dj ysr gS] blh ls eS /keZ dk R;kx ugha djrk fddgh u"V gksdj og /keZ esjk gh uk'k u dj nsA lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k ds ihB ij tksegkdkO; Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gS og egkdkO; gSa] /keksZZ j{kfr jf{kr% ;gh Hkkjrh; U;k; dk mn~?kks"k gSblh es fNik gqvk gS Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk leLr jgL; vxj O;fDr es ekuq"k Hkko vkSj vuq"kalrk dkHkko ugks rks ,slk O;fDr lekt ij cks> cu tkrk gS mls lekt dk 'kks"kd dgk tk ldrk gS mlesvklqjh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh iz/kkurk gks tkrh gS og ladh.kZrk] LokFkZ] ijrk] eksg vkSj vk'kfDr ls Hkjk gksrkgS bl o fRr dks v/keZ dk uke fn;k x;k gSA

laLÑfr dh O;qRifRr laLÑr 'kCn ls gqbZ gSA ftldk vFkZ ifjLÑr gksrk gS vFkkZr~ iw.kZr %mnns'; dks izkIr djuk nwljh O;k[;k ds vuqlkj laLÑfr 'kCn laLdkj ls cuk gS laLdkj dk vFkZ'kqf) dh fØ;k ls gSA 'kqf) dk vfHkizk; ;gka ifo=krk ls u gksdj lkekftdrk ls gSA vFkkZr~ O;fDrdks ,d lkekftd izka.kh cukus esa ftrus Hkh rRokssa dk ;ksxnku gS] mu lHkh rRoksa dh O;oLFkk dk ukegh laLÑfr gSA eka ds mnj ls mRiUu f'k'kq ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gSA ;g laLÑfr gh gS] tks mltSfodh; izka.kh dks lkekftd izka.kh ds :Ik esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k la;ksx ls ughagksrk vkSj u gh ,d O;fDr ds O;fDrxr iz;kl ls gh laHko gSA ;g lkewfgd ,oa ckSf)d fodkl dkifj.kke gSA laLÑfr okLrOk esa xq.kksa dk ,d=khdj.k gS( ftUgsa euq"; xgu v/;;u] fparu] euu] iz;Ruo Je ls izkIr djrk gSA laLÑfr foosd cqf) }kjk thou dks Hkyh izdkj tku ysus dk uke gSA O;fDrds O;fDrROk fodkl esa laLÑfr dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA laLÑfr ekuoh; lekt dh vknrksa&O;ogkjksa,oa vuqHkoksa dk laxzg gSA laLÑfr dk laca/k lekt ls gksrk gSA laLÑfr dk laca/k gekjh vkRek ls gSAftl izdkj 'kCn ls vFkZ dks vFkZ ls 'kCn dks 'kjhj ls izk.k dks vkSj izk.k ls 'kjhj dks i Fkd ugha fd;ktk ldrk] mlh izdkj ge jk"Vª dks /keZ vkSj laLÑfr ls i Fkd ugha dj ldrsA ;fn gekjk /keZ mUurgS] laLÑfr le f)'kkyh gS rks gekjk jk"Vª Hkh mUur gksxk vkSj ;fn /keZ o laLÑfr dk vHkko gS] rksjk"Vª dk thfor jguk Hkh nqyHkZ gS] /keZ o laLÑfr ds fcuk futhZo jk"Vª fpjLFkk;h ugha jg ldrk gSAjk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, lHkh /kekZoyfEc;ksa esa lân;rk o leUo;rk dh vko';drk gSA

/keZ ,d ve re; thoar rRo gS] lrr~ izokg gS] ftldk y{; gS] izk.kh ek=k dk dY;k.kA èkeZ,d xq.k gS lEiznk; ughaA i Foh ij 300 lEiznk; gSaA nqfu;k esa lcls T;knk vkcknh bZlkbZ;ksa dh gSAfo'o vkcknh esa mudh fgLlsnkjh 31-5 izfr"kr vkSj vkcknh yxHkx 2-2 vjc gSA bLyke nqfu;k dknwljk lcls cM+k lEiznk; gS] ftls ekuus okyksa dh vkcknh 1-6 vjc ekuh tkrh gSA fo'o vkcknh esa

'kks/k /kkjk 56

yxHkx 22-32 vjc gSA ukfLrd ftUgsa fdlh lEiznk; o /keZ esa fo'okl ugha mudh vkcknh 15-35izfr"kr gSA la[;k ds fglkc ls ;s vkadM+k 1-1 vjc ds yxHkx gSaA fgUnw 1 vjc vkcknh ds lkFk nqfu;kesa rhljk cM+k laiznk; gS] iwjh nqfu;k esa yxHkx 15 izfr'kr fgUnw gSa] dqy vkcknh fo'o ds 1-1 izfr'krgSaA phuh ikjaifjd /keZ dks ekuus okyksa dh la[;k 39-4 djksM+ gS vkSj nqfu;k dh vkcknh esa mudhfgLlsnkjh 5-5 izfr'kr gSA ckS) /keZ dks nqfu;k esa 37-6 djksM+ yksx ekurs gSaA ;kuh nqfu;k esa 5-25izfr'kr yksx ckS) /keZ ds vuq;k;h gSaA tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dh la[;k yxHkx 42 yk[k gS vkSjflD[k /keZ ds ekuus okyksa dh la[;k yxHkx 3 djksM+ gSA

Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS] tgk¡ /kkfeZd fofo/krk vkSj /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk dks dkuwu rFkk lektnksuksa }kjk ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA /keZ nks izdkj dk gSa] igyk Jo.k /keZ vkSj nwljk oSfnd /keZA ekuotkfr ds HkkX; fuekZ.k esa ftruh 'kfDr;ksa us ;ksxnku fn;k gS] vkSj ns jgs gSa( mu lHkh esa /keZ ds :iesa izdV gksus okyh 'kfDr ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ dksbZ ugha gSA lHkh lkekftd laxBuksa ds ewy esa dgha&u&dgha ;gh vn~Hkqr 'kfDr dke djrh jgh gSA /keZ ds nks fl)kar ij yksx lger gSaA ,d /keZ dkvkRekewyd fl)kar vkSj nwljk vlhe dh /kkj.kk dk fodkl ewyd fl)karA vkRekewyd fl)kar dsvuqlkj iwoZtksa dh iwtk ls gh /kkfeZd Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvkA fodkl ewyd ds vuqlkj izkÑfrd'kfDr;ksa dks oS;fDrd Lo:i nsus ls /keZ dk izkjEHk gqvkA euq"; vius fnoaxr lEcaf/k;ksa dh Le frltho j[kuk pkgrk gS vkSj lksprk gS fd ;|fi muds 'kjhj u"V gks pqds gSa fQj Hkh os thfor gSaAblh fo'okl ij og muds fy, [kk| inkFkZ j[krk rFkk mudh iwtk djrk gSA euq"; dh blh Hkkoukls /keZ dk fodkl gqvkA

/keZ dk okLrfod vFkZ gS% varl dk :ikarj.k varl ds dyq"k dk fouk'kA erHksnksa dk varvkSj lexzrk esa thuk rFkk lef"V dks igpkuuk vxj varl dk :ikarj.k ugha gqvk] varl ugha cnyk]varl esa iwokZxzg T;ksa&ds&R;ksa cus jgs] Hksn dh lRrk cuh jgh rks ckgj dk vkpj.k dsoy ik[kaM gksxkvkSj /keZ ls dqN Hkh laca/k ugha gksxkA Hkkjrh; euh"kh ckj&ckj ;g ?kks"k.kk djrs gSa fd tgk¡ HksnHkkogS] vga Hkko gS] jkx vkSj }s"k gS] vklfDr gS] LokFkZ o eksg gS] ogka /keZ ds gksus dk dksbZ iz'u gh ughamBrkA lHkh laiznk; fdlh&u&fdlh :i ls Hksn gh fl[kkrs gSa] lHkh laiznk; fdlh&u&fdlh :iesa ekuo lekt dks ckaVrs gh gSaA tc ekuo lekt c¡Vsxk rks fQj ?k .kk vkSj fo}s"k c<s+xkA ?k .kk o fo}s"kdh psruk vFkok lkaiznkf;d psruk esa jgdj dksbZ Hkh O;fDr /keZ ls /kkfeZdrk ls laiUu gks gh ughaldrkA vkaf'kd /kkfeZdrk rks ik[k.M gS] mlls vgadkj c<s+xkA vkt ekuo dks ftl :i esa /keZ dsckjs esa crk;k tk jgk gS ml :i esa /keZ ds }kjk /kkfeZdrk dk fuekZ.k gks gh ugha ldrkA xq: ds ukeij vkt ik[k.M iy jgk gS] LokFkZ o vgadkj iksf"kr gks jgk gSA /keZ ds Bsdsnkj ekuork dks ytk jgsgSa] ,sls esa Hkyk /keZ dk mn~ns'; iw.kZ fdlls gksxk\

laLÑfr dh lfjrk lgL=k o"kksaZ ls vfojy xfr ls izokfgr gksrh jgh gSA leLr ekuoksa usfeydj bls vkRelkr~ dj vkSj vf/kd laiUu xfr'khy vkSj thou nkf;uh cuk;k gSA ftl O;fDresa laLdkj ugha gS] og ,d taxyh tkuoj dh rjg gS] ftls bl nqfu;k esa NksM fn;k x;k gSA lae f)dh nkSM+ esa laLÑfr foghu thou laosnughu lekt dks tUe nsrk gSA fodkl ds vanj ls izk.k ,oa

'kks/k /kkjk 57

ÅtkZ nsus okyh tM+ gh xk;c gS rks Hkyk tM+ ghu fodkl dh ;g pdk pkSa/k dc rd cuh jgsxh\bl fodkl esa gekjh ijaijk dh lksa/kh lh egd gksuh pkfg,] laLÑfr dh fnO;rk gksuh pkfg,] ewY;ksadh xfjek gksuh pkfg,] rHkh 'kgj ,oa xk¡o esa lkeatL; c<+sxk] jk"Vª etcwt vkSj le ) gks ldsxkAgekjk thou uhjl ugha ljl gks] e r izk; ugha thoar gks] blds fuoklh [kq'kgky ,oa laosnu'khy gksaAgekjh ijaijk] gekjk vkn'kZ] gekjh /kjksgj laLÑfr gh rks gSA laLÑfr l tukRedrk dh /kkjk gSAlH;rk] laLÑfr vkSj /keZ thou ds vk/kkj LrEHk gSaA laLÑfr ubZ lksp] laLdkj] mRlkg] lei.kZ ekuoesa jk"Vª HkfDr dh Hkkouk Hkjrk gS] y{e.k js[kk [khprk gS] vkSj lQyrk dh jkg fn[kkrk gSA laLdkjf'k{kk dk izeq[k vk/kkj gks] rHkh laLÑfr dk fuekZ.k gksxkA euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd izk.kh ugha] bZ'ojh;va'k gS] ve r iq=k gSA laxfBr gksdj gh laLÑfr dh j{kk dh tk ldrh gS] xzke] lekt o jk"Vª dkscpk;k tk ldrk gS] Hkkjr dh [kksbZ gqbZ izfr"Bk okil ykbZ tk ldrh gSA laLÑfr ls gh Hkkjr dksiqu% txr~ xq: ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA laLÑfr gh jk"Vª dk ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA izxfriFk ij lrr~ pyus dk uke gh laLÑfr gSA HkkSfrd ds lkFk uSfrd le f) Hkh vko';d gS] ekuo dhekufld mUufr mldh iz'kaluh; vkpj.k i)fr] fo|k ls foHkwf"kr rFkk ln~xq.kksa ls ef.Mr ekuolqlaLÑr ekuk tkrk gSA mPp dksfV dk vkn'kZ okn vkSj Js"B thou i)fr laLÑfr ds |ksrd ekusx;s gSaA

/keZ fl)kar vkSj fo'okl ls dgha vf/kd vkpj.k esa clrk gSA lekt] LokfHkeku vkSj jk"Vªdh j{kk ds fy, vkifRr dky esa yM+uk gh /keZ gSa] gekjk lexz thou /keZ gS vkSj /keZ dks gh thoucuk ysuk pkfg,A vkt dk ekuo /keZ ds vk/kkj ij dqN izkIr gh u dj ldkA blhfy, /keZ dh vkM+ysdj lkjs fo'o esa va/k fo'okl vkSj ik[kaM c<+rk tk jgk gS] vkt lalkj esa pkjksa vksj tks dksykgyvkSj v'kkafr gS] og okLro esa ekuo ds Hkhrj Nk, var}ZUn vkSj eyhurk dk gh izfrfcEc gSA ;geyhurk dSls lekIr gks] blls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA O;fDr okLro esa lR; ds iFk ij dSls pysA Lo;adks vKku o rel ls dSls ckgj djsa vkSj izdk'k dks dSls vanj djsaA le f)] fot;] l tu] vH;qn;vkSj fu%Js;l ogha gS tgk¡ /keZ gSA ge bl Hkzkar /kkj.kk dks iksf"kr djrs gSa fd laU;kl HkfDr vkSjlkfRod Hkkoksa ds flok; vkSj dqN Hkh /keZ ugha gS] fdUrq ;g ladh.kZ /kkj.kk gS] tks lrr~ thoar gS ijepSrU; gS tks loZ dY;k.kdkjh gS ftlds ikl vHksn n f"V gS] tks vkRe Kku ls lEiUu gS] ogh /keZgSA

vUr% LQqj.k gh /keZ dk ,d ek=k lzksr gSA /keZ cksyus ds fy, gh ugha] bldh pknjsa flQZvks<+us ds fy, gh ugha] vius vkH;arj txr eas mrkjus ds fy, O;ogkfjd thou esa ykus ds fy, ghgSA Lokeh foosdkuan th dgrs gSa fd fu%LokFkZrk gh bZ'oj izkfIr dk mik; gSA tho lsok gh f'ko lsokgS( uj gh ukjk;.k gS ukjh gh ukjk;.kh gS( /keZ thou thus dh ,d Js"B 'kSyh gS( /keZ dks vkpj.k esamrkjus ls lkjk lalkj ,d ifjokj cu tk,xkA ôlq/kSo dqVqEcde* gesa nsoRo dh vksj ys tkrk gSAgekjs iwoZt fuj{kj gksdj Hkh f'kf{kr vkSj lqlaLÑr Fks] ge Hkh f'kf{kr gksdj Hkh fonsf'k;ksa dh vkokt]Vsyhfotu o jsfM;ks ij lqu ysrs gSa ysfdu iM+kslh dh vkokt ugha lqursA /keZ vuqHkwfr esa gS er esaughaA lHkh ekxZ ,d gh xarO; dh vksj tkrs gSaA /keZ jgL; ds laLdj.k esa dgk] gs txr xq: riksHkwfe

'kks/k /kkjk 58

Hkkjr esa jgus okys balku] rqe bZ'oj ds larku gks] vej vkuan ds Hkkxhnkj gks] ifo=k vkSj iw.kZ vkRekgks] _f"k eg"khZ] riLoh ls vksrizksr gks] rqe Hkyk iki dSls dj ldrs gks] rqe ij Hkyk vkjksi dSls yxldrk gSA bl feF;k Hkze dks >Vddj nwj Qsad nks] fd rqe detksj gks] HksaM+ gks] ,s flagksa mBks! rqefuR;kuan vkRek gks] rqe va'k Hkh ijekRek ds gks blfy,&ÞmfRr"B tkx r izkI;ojkfUucks/kr~Aß

/keZ o laLÑfr gh jk"Vª dh vkRek gksrh gSA blls gh jk"Vª dh ifjdYiuk dk tUe gqvkA ns'kHkfDr ifo=k lfyyk HkkxhjFkh ds leku gS] ftlesa Luku djus ls ru gh ugha] cfYd euq"; dk eu vkSjvUrjkRek Hkh ifo=k gks tkrh gSSA Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us lnSo Hksn&Hkko Hkqykdj jk"Vª ds /kkfeZd ,oalkaLÑfrd ,dRo dh vo/kkj.kk dks ifjiq"V djus ij tksj fn;k gSA D;ksafd ekuo ds drZO; o vkpj.kdh ifo=krk ij gh /keZ&laLÑfr ,oa jk"Vª [kM+k gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, lHkh /kekZoyfEc;ksa esaleUo; dh vko';drk gSA vU;Fkk fofHkUu la?k"kZ o xfrjks/k dks tUe nsxk vkSj yksx ;g dgrs utjvk,axs fd&

ßfdlls lh[kw eSa jc dh canxh] lc jc dk caVokjk fd, cSBs gSaAtks yksx dgrs gSa jc d.k&d.k esa gS] ogh eafnj] efLtn] xq:}kjk fy, cSBs gSaAÞ

lanHkZ1 foosdkuUn] Lokeh( /keZ jgL;] i "B 17] 492 izkFkZuk] vgk ftUnxh] mtkZ i "B 1393 eksgu] ujsUnz( Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] i "B 5] 17] 113]1164 eqaMdksifu"kn~ 3 i "B 1&65 tSu] fot; dqekj 20126 vkpk;Z] mek Lokeh rRokFkZ lw=k 978&817 jkt gal izdk'ku eafnj] esjB i "B 147

'kks/k /kkjk 59


jk"Vª fodkl vkSj xka/kh fparuMkW0 ,e-ih- jksg.kh

lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr 'kkL=k] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] is.Mªk] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractfo'o lajpuk ij&jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd ?kVdksa rFkk buds ewY;kas esa rsth ls ifjorZu gksrs

jgs gSaA bu lkef;d ifjorZuksa ij Hkkjr esa Hkh ,d [kkl rjg dh ifjfLFkfr;ka cuh vkSj fofHkUu O;fDrRobuds dsUnz fcUnqA yksdra=k vkt ls 50&60 o"kZ igys dh vis{kk vkt vf/kd etcwr vk/kkj ij [kM+k gS]fdUrq og mruk vk'kkoknh ugha ftruk fd 19oha 'krkCnh esa Fkk] izFke fo'o ;q) ds ckn ls gh yksx ;glkspus yxs Fks fd lalkj dk yksdra=khdj.k gks jgk gSA fu%lansg jktuhfrd fodkl dh orZeku izo fRr lexzyksdra=k dh vksj gS] yksdra=k dh dfBukb;ksa dks vkt ge vf/kd tkurs gSaA vkt ge O;fDrxr Lora=krkftldk yksdra=k vk'oklu nsrk gS fd vis{kk] lqj{kk vkSj HkkSfrd vkjke dh vf/kd fpark djrs gSaA fdUrqgesa ,sls mik; lkspus gksaxs] ftuls fd yksdra=k ds varfuZfgr nks"kksa dks nwj fd;k tk ldsA

orZeku esa iztkrkaf=kd ewY;kas dh fxjkoV o fo'o ekufp=k ij cnyrs&curs u;s lehdj.kjktuhfrd foKku ls tqM+s ekuoh; ân;ksa dks fujarj fparu ds fy, vkanksfyr dj jgs gSaA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl ds vk;ke vkSj xk¡/kh&fparu] yksdra=k ds fofo/k vk;ke vkSj xk¡/khoknh fparu

jk"Vª ds fodkl dh ,d fopkj/kkjk %&xka/khn'kZu euq"; ds mRFkku o lekt ds iqufuZek.k ds fy, ekSfyd fopkjksa dh ,d fopkjèkkjk

&*xka/khn'kZu esa ,d O;ofLFkr lajpuk feyrh gS( tks lR;] vfgalk] lR;kxzg vkSj lk/kuksa dh ifo=krkij vk/kkfjr gSA xka/khth ds fopkjksa dks Øec) fd;k tk, rks xka/khn'kZu dh ,d iwjh rLohj cu tkrhgS] ftls *xkaa/khokn* uke fn;k tkrk gSA xka/khoknh fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, esjsfparu ds fofHkUu fcanq fuEukuqlkj gS %&O;fDrxr Lora=krk&,d vko';d ?kVd

jkT; dh mRifRr euq"; ds fy, gqbZ gS u fd euq"; dh jkT; ds fy,A xka/khth jkT; dkslkekftd mRFkku vkSj tudY;k.k dk ,d lk/ku ek=k ekurs FksA mUgksaus jkT; dh lRrk dk fojksèkfd;kA muds vuqlkj O;fDr dk uSfrd fodkl mldh vkarfjd bPNk vkSj dkeuk ij fuHkZj djrkgSA jkT; vuSfrd blfy, gS] fdUrq n.M ds Hk; vkSj dkuwu dh 'kfDr ls djkuk pkgrk gS] O;fDrRods iw.kZ fodkl ds fy, Lora=krk vR;ar vko';d gS] ysfdu jkT; fofHkUu :iksa rFkk mik;ksa }kjkLora=krk dk guu djrk gSAiztkra=kkRed 'kklu&,d O;kogkfjd ekinaM%&

yksd ra=kkRed 'kklu ds mfpr laapkyu ds fy, cgqla[;dksa dh Hkkafr vYila[;dksa dklg;ksx Hkh furkar vko';d gSA cgqer dk lnSo gh lgh gksuk vko';d ughaA ,d izHkko'kkyh O;fDr

'kks/k /kkjk 60

gtkj ew[kksZa ls vPNk gksrk gSAxka/khth us fy[kk gS fd& **cgqer ds 'kklu dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd ,d O;fDr dk jkt] ;fn

og lgh gks] dqpyh tk; cfYd mls cgqer dh jk; ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ le>k tkuk pkfg,A ;gh esjsokLrfod iztkra=k dh dYiuk gSA** Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS] ftlij gesa u;s fljs ls fopkj djuk gksxkAvkn'kZ jkT; &LoPN jk"Vª dh LFkkiuk %&

jk"Vªh;@varjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k eas vU; jkT;ksa rFkk jk"Vªksa ds lkFk eS=kh ln~Hkkouk o lg;ksx ds vkèkkjij vkn'kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, xka/kh th us *olq/kSo dqVqEcde* dh vo/kkj.kk LFkkfir djukpkgkA

xka/kh th us vfgalk iz/kku lekt dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k vkSj ,d mi vkn'kZ dh LFkkiukdh muds 'kks"k.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k 'kfDr dk dqN gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr gks tkuk gSA mUgksaus LoPNiztkra=k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkfFkZd o jktuSfrd 'kfDr;ksa ds fodsUnzhdj.k dh ckr dghA

jktuSfrd 'kfDr dk fodsUnzhdj.k O;fDr dh Lora=krk ,oa igy ij vk/kkfjr iztkra=k dsdk;Zdj.k dh O;oLFkk djrk gS vkSj O;fDr dks viuh ns'k dh ljdkj esa Hkkx ysus dk ekSdk feyrkgSA

xka/kh th jktuSfrd fodsUnzhdj.k ds leFkZd Fks & os pkgrs Fks fd jkt dh 'kfDr de ls dedj nh tk;A rFkk vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kfDr xzke leqnk;ksa ds ikl gks] leLr ekSfyd vko';drkvksadh iwfrZ ,oa j{kk ds lk/ku rFkk iz'kklu dh rhuksa 'kfDr;ka iapk;rksa ds ikl gksa rks iapk;rh jkT; jk"Vªds fodkl ds fy, ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxkAvk/;kfRed yksdra=k%&

ftl lH;rk esa euq"; dks vk/;kfRed izk.kh le>k tkrk gS] og yksdra=k ds fy, ,d HkkSfrdlH;rk dh vis{kk vf/kd vuqdwy vk/kkj izLrqr djrh gSA yksdra=k vkt ladV esa xzLRk gS( D;ksafd cM+siSekus ds m?kksx /ka/kksa ij vk/kkfjr lH;rk ,d ,sls vR;ar dsUnzhÑr lekt dks tUe nsrh gS] ftlesaO;fDr [kks tkrk gSA /ku rFkk 'kfDr ds fy, nhokuh nkSM+ vkSj ?kksj izfrLi/kkZ tks fd vkt dh lH;rkds izeq[k y{k.k gSa yksdra=k dh Hkkouk ds izfrdwy gSaA

xka/kh th us v/;kfRed yksdra=k dh ckr dgh] ftlesa lPph /keZ Hkkou O;kIr gksrh gS] tks fdvf/kdkjksa dh vis{kk drZO;ksa ij vf/kd cy nsrh gSAJe ds fy, jksVh %&

gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa tgka yksx i<+&fy[kdj cM+h ek=kk esa ckcw ¼DydZ½ cuus dh ;ksX;rk gkflydj jgs gSa] vf/kd vkjke vkSj de dke dh izo fRr c<+ jgh gS( Je ls ?k .kk dh tkrh gSA ;fn bUghafopkjksa dk fodkl gksrk jgk rks vkxkeh dqN o"kksaZ esa dksbZ Je djus okyk ugha feysxkA

xka/kh th us Je dh izfr"Bk LFkkfir djrs gq, jksVh ds fy, Je dh ,d vuks[kh ,oa dherhfopkj/kkjk nh( ftlds vuqlkj lHkh dks dqN&u&dqN ifjJe vo'; djuk pkfg,A xka/kh th ds blfl)kar dh iqf"V gekjs /kkfeZd xzaFk xhrk vkSj ckbZfcy Hkh djrs gSaA

'kks/k /kkjk 61

xka/kh n'kZu & jk"Vª ds fodkl dh fopkj/kkjk %&O;fDr ek=k ds mRFkku ,oa lkekftd iqufuZek.k gsrq xka/kh n'kZu esa ekSfyd fopkjksa dh ,d

O;ofLFkr lajpuk izkIr gksrh gS] tks lR;] vfgalk] lR;kxzg ,oa lk/kuksa dh ifo=krk ij vk/kkfjr gSA*xka/kh n'kZu* ¼ftls xka/khokn Hkh dgk tkrk gS½ fopkjksa dh ,slh Øec) J a[kyk gS] ftl ij vk/kkfjrgksdj Hkkjrh; iztkra=k viuk pjekRd"kZ izkIr dj ldrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa esjs fofHkUu fparu fcanq rFkkxka/khoknh fopkj/kkjk ds v/;;u@fparu ds vk/kkj ij dqN lkef;d lq>kko fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSa%&❄• lRrk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk vf/kdkjksa dk Hkh fodsUnzhdj.k fd;k tk; rFkk mRrjnkf;Ro

dk ewY;kadu gj Lrj ij gksA❄• if'peh lH;rk ds va/kkuqdj.k dks izfrcaf/kr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; ewY;kas dks lajf{kr fd;k tk,A❄ Lons'kh dh Hkkouk tkx r dj vkRefuHkZj cuus dk fl)kar viuk;k tk,A❄• f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj dj Je dks mRiknd cuk;k tk, vkSj O;kolkf;d f'k{kk tks Ñf"k izèkku

gksa] dks izkFkfedrk nh tk,A❄ uSfrdrk ds egku fu;eksa ds vuqdwy lkekftd fgr dh fopkj/kkjk fodflr dh tk,A

bl izdkj lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] vifjxzg] 'kkjhfjd Je] vkLokn] loZ/keZ lekurk] Lons'kho uSfrdrk ds fl)kar ij iztkrkaf=kd <kaps dk fuek.kZ dj jk"Vª ds fodkl ds dk;Z fd, tk,aAmilagkj%&

yksdra=k ,d ,sls lkekftd laxBu dk fuekZ.k djrk gS fd ftlesa fd izR;ssd uj&ukjh nwljksads lkFk lg;ksx djrs gq, vius O;fDrRo dk iw.kZ fodkl dj ,d lkekU; lqyHk thou dk fuoZgudjsaA blls izR;sd ?kVd] izR;sd vU; ?kVdksa dks fcuk mlds /keZ] o.kZ] tkfr] dqy] /ku] laink]lkekftd fLFkfr bR;kfn ckrksa dk HksnHkko fd, gq, lcds leku fgrksa ds fy, lg;ksx iw.kZ iz;Ruksaa esa,d lk>snkj cusaA xka/kh th ds mi;qZDr laiw.kZ fparu esa jk"Vª ds fodkl dh ,d lrr~ ;k=kk dj ldrsgSaA

lanHkZ1- ukjk;.k] bdcky( izfrfuf/k jktuhfrd fopkjd ,oa fopkj/kkjk,a2- osnkyadkj] gfgnRr( vk/kqfud jktuhfrdr fparu3 lwn] T;ksfrizlkn( vk/kqfud jktuhfr fopkjksa dks bfrgkl4- iky] MkW- vkseukx( izfrfuf/k jktuhfrds fopkjd ,oa fopkj/kkjk,a5- fofHkUu lekpkj i=k ,oa if=kdk,a6- xwxy baVjusV@lks'ky ehfM;k vkfn ls vkHkkjA

'kks/k /kkjk 62


jk"Vª fodkl esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk ;ksxnkuMkW0 ¼Jherh½ latw ik.Ms;

lgk;d izk/;kid] vFkZ'kkL=k] 'kkldh; ,u-ds- egkfo|ky;] dksVk] jktLFkku

MkW0 izoh.k dqekj ik.Ms;ijh{kk fu;a=kd] vVy fcgkjh oktis;h fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractvkt Hkkjr ,d laiUu jk"Vª gSA oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkkjr viuk fo"ks'k LFkku cuk pqdk gSA

fofuekZ.k fu;kZrksa dh o f) rFkk varjk"Vªh; cktkjksa esa lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk us Hkkjr dhfodkl izfØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne izkjEHk fd;k gSA gesa ,slh rduhdksa dk pquko djuk gS] tks vkS|ksfxdmRikndrk rFkk mRiknu esa o f) dj jkstxkj ds volj c<+k;sA ;|fi y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk lgtfodkl dfBu jgk ijUrq fQj Hkh Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl mÙkjksÙkj c<+rk jgkA Lora=krk ds i'pkr~vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls vkS|ksfxd mRiknu 50 o"kksZa esa 5 xquk gks x;k vkSj Hkkjr fo'o dk 10oka lclsvf/kd vkS|ksfxd mRiknu okyk ns'k cu x;kA vkS|ksfxd <kaps esa foLrkj ls u;s m|ksx vUroZrhZ ,oa iw¡thm|ksx LFkkfir gq,A bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh izxfr bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dh fons'kh O;ikj dh lajpukesa fufeZr oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa yxkrkj deh gqbZ gS] tcfd bathfu;fjax lkekuksa dk Hkkjr ds fu;kZr esa fgLlkc<+k gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa rhoz fodkl ds ykHk rduhdh ,oa izca/kdh; dkS'ky dk fodkl gqvk gSA vkS|ksfxd{ks=k dh ,d eq[; miyfC/k Hkkjr dh {kerk dk fofof/kdj.k gSA


Key Words : vkS|ksfxd fodkl vkSj le f)] fodkl ds vk;ke vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr

**Hkkjr rHkh lgh ek;uksa esa fodflr ,oa vkS|ksfxd ns'k dgyk,xk tc ;g fcuk fons'khlgk;rk ds vius dkj[kkuksa dk Lo;a fMtkbu fuekZ.k ,oa LFkkiuk djus dh {kerk izkIr dj ysxkA**¼ia- tokgj yky usg:½A izkjEHk esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk vkS|ksfxd :i ls if'peh ;wjksih;vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ls vf/kd fodflr FkhA Hkkjrh; m|ksx u dsoy LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa ds fy;s ekymiyC/k djkrs Fks] cfYd os fufeZr oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr Hkh djrs FksA fu;kZr dh eq[; oLrqvksa esa ls :bZ]flYd rFkk Åuh diM+k vkfn FksA baXyS.M ls jktuhfrd laca/k dk;e gksus vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr dsdkj.k Hkkjr ds gLr f'kYi m|ksxksa dk rhoz iru gqvkA fczfV'k ljdkj dh uhfr Hkkjr esa fufeZroLrqvksa dh vk;kr rFkk Hkkjr ds dPps eky ds fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu nsus dh FkhA ifj.kkeLo:ivktknh ds le; Hkkjr dks detksj vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj] vYi fodflr vk/kkfjr lajpuk rFkk xfrghuvFkZO;oLFkk fojklr esa feyhA Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd <kapk iw¡th dh deh] e/;e vkdkj ds m|ksxksa dkfodflr u gksuk] miHkksx oLrq vkSj i¡th oLrq m|ksxksa dk vlarqyu vkfn y{k.k Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd<kaps esa ik;s x;sA Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ jk"Vª ds fodkl esa m|ksxksa dh Hkwfedk dk vkadyu djus dsfy;s ge vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks fuEu [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gS%&

'kks/k /kkjk 63

1- vkS|ksfxd le f) dk igyk pj.k& ¼1951&65½ bl pj.k esa igyh rhu iapo"khZ; ;kstuk;sa vkrhgSaA igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds le; Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj cgqr lhfer FkkA ;g dsoy miHkksDrkoLrq] m|ksxksa rd lhfer FkkA e/;orhZ m|ksx Hkh FksA ijUrq mudk mRiknu de FkkA iw¡thxr oLrqm|ksx dh dsoy 'kq:vkr dh xbZ FkhA f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks izkFkfedrk nhx;hA egkyuksfcl ekWMy ij vkèkkfjr bl ;kstuk esa ljdkj us cM+s iSekus ij ewy o i¡thxr oLrqm|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dk y{; j[kk x;k rkfd Hkfo"; esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dk fodkl ds fy;s etcwrvkèkkj rS;kj fd;k tk ldsA

rhljh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa bl vk/kkj dks vkSj etcwr cukus vkSj foLrkfjr djus dk y{;j[kk x;kA igyh ;kstuk rhu ;kstukvksa esa vkS|ksxhdj.k mRiknu dh okf"kZd o f) nj esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZvkSj ;g nj igyh ;kstuk esa 5-7 izfr'kr ls c<+dj nwljh ;kstuk esa 7-2 izfr'kr vkSj rhljh ;kstukesa 9-0 izfr'kr gks xbZA

rkfydk Øekad & 1 % vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ds lwpdkadksa esa lao f) njsa

Ø-vkS|ksfxd oxZ 1951 ls 1955 ls 1960 ls 1965 ls 1974 ls 1979 19791955 1960 1965 1976 ikapoh ;kstuk &80¼4 o"kZ½ dh vkSlr

1- ewy m|ksx 4-7 12-1 10-4 6-5 8-4 & 0-52- iwthaxr oLrq m|ksx 9-8 13-1 19-6 2-6 5-7 & 2-33- e/;orhZ oLrq m|ksx 7-8 6-3 6-9 3-0 4-3 1-94- miHkksDrk oLrq m|ksx 4-8 4-4 4-9 3-4 5-5 & 4-4

i miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrq,a & & & 6-2 6-8 5-6ii miHkksDrk xSj fVdkÅ oLrq, & & & 2-8 5-4 6-1

5 lkekU; lwpdkad 5-7 7-2 9-0 4-1 6-1 & 1-6

L=kksr%& S.L. Shetly 'Structural Retrogression in Indian Economy Science the midSixties Economic and political Weekly, Special Supplement 1978. Table 4.P.9 andGovernment of India. Hand Book of Industrial Statistics. 1982, Table 50.P.150and Table 5.4, P. 155.

vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds n f"Vdks.k ls nwljk egÙoiw.kZ m|ksx oxZ ewyHkwr oLrqvksa o vk/kkjHkwroLrqvksa dk gSA bl {ks=k esa okf"kZd lae f) nj igyh ;kstuk esa 4-7 izfr'kr] nwljh ;kstuk esa 12-7izfr'kr rFkk rhljh ;kstuk esa 10-4 izfr'kr izfro"kZ gks xbZA bldk Js; fuLlansg lkoZtfud {ks=k esafuos'k ds O;kid foLrkj dks tkrk gSA2- vkS|ksfxd le f) dk nwljk pj.k& ¼1965&80½ % vkS|ksfxd le f) dk nwljk pj.k eanh olajpukRed izfrxeu dk jgkA 1965&76 ds chp vkS|ksfxd lao f) esa rst fxjkoV vkbZA rhljh;kstuk esa vkS|ksfxd lao f) dh nj 9-0 izfr'kr izfro"kZ Fkh] tks 1965&76 dh vof/k esa fxjdj 4-1 izfr'kr jg xbZA ik¡poh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa lao f) dh nj 6-1 izfr'kr jghA

'kks/k /kkjk 64

vkS|ksfxd lao f) ds f}rh; pj.k ds vafre o"kZ esa 1989&80 esa vkS|ksfxd lao f) esa mRiknu nj_.kkRed ¼&1-6 izfr'kr½ gks xbZArkfydk Øekad&2 1980 ds n'kd ds vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh lao f) nj ¼vk/kkj 1980&81¾100½

Ø- vkS|ksfxd oxZ 1981&85 1985&90 1990&91

1- ewy m|ksx 8-7 7-4 3-82- iwthaxr oLrq m|ksx 6-2 14-8 17-43- e/;orhZ oLrq m|ksx 6-0 6-4 6-14- miHkksDrk oLrq m|ksx 5-1 7-3 10-4

i miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrq,a 14-3 11-6 14-8ii miHkksDrk xSj fVdkÅ oLrq, 3-8 6-4 9-4

5 lkekU; lwpdkad 6-4 8-5 8-3

L=kksr%& Government of India. Hand Book of Industrial Statistics. 1992, Table 50, P.150 and Table 54.P. 155.

nh?kZdkyhu vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds n f"Vdks.k ls lcls egRoiw.kZ gS i¡wthxr oLrq m|ksxksa dklewgA bl lewg dh lao f) nj tks igyh ;kstuk esa 9-8 izfr'kr Fkh] f}rh; esa 13-1 izfr'kr vkSjr rh; esa 19-6 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jghA ijUrq 1965&76 esa iw¡thxr oLrq m|ksxksa ds lewg dh okf"kZdlao f) nj ek=k 2-6 izfr'kr izfro"kZ jghA 1965&80 esa iw¡thxr oLrq m|ksxksa dh lao f) nj esa fxjkoVlajpukRed izfrxeu dks Li"V djrk gSA ,sls m|ksx ftuesa lao f) dh nj vf/kd Fkh os izR;{k ;kvizR;{k :i ls mPp vk; oxZ ds fy;s foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrs Fks] vFkkZr~ mRiknudk <kapk mPp vk; oxZ dh miHkksDrk oxZ dh ekax dks iwjk dj jgk FkkA ;g izfrxeu dbZ dkj.kksals Fkk] tSls 1965 o 1971 dk ;q)] lw[ks dh fLFkfr] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk detksj i{kA

Ñf"k {ks=k dk de fodkl ,oa vkS|ksfxd oLrqvksa dh lhfer ekax vkfn FksA dqN vFkZ'kkL=khtSls txnh'k Hkxorh] inek nslkbZ] Vh-,u- Jhfuokl] bZ'oj tt vgywokfy;k us vkS|ksfxd eanh dsfy;s xyr vkS|ksfxd uhfr] ykblsaflax dh dfBu O;oLFkk] fu;a=k.k ,oa izfrca/k rFkk vfoosdiw.kZ <kapkegRoiw.kZ dkjd FksA3- vkS|ksfxd lao f) dk rhljk pj.k& 1980 ls vc rd& ;g pj.k vkS|ksfxd iqu#RFkku dk ekuktkrk gSA 1980&81 ls 1985&86 ds chp fofuekZ.k {ks=k vkSj ml {ks=k ds lHkh m|ksx oxksZa esa dkQhrsth vk;hA 1980 ds n'kd esa vkS|ksfxd iqu#RFkku dh izÑfr csgrj mRikndrk dk ifj.kke FkhAvkS|ksfxd iqu#RFkku ds dbZ dkj.k FksA tSls ubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj mnkj jkT; O;oLFkk] Ñf"k {ks=kdk c<+rk ;ksxnku] lsok {ks=k dk c<+rk O;;] etcwr vkfFkZd lajpuk us m|ksxksa dks etcwr vk/kkj iznkufd;kA

'kks/k /kkjk 65

rkfydk Øekad&3

Ø- vkS|ksfxd oxZ

1- ewy m|ksx 7-4 6-8 4-1 6-6 5-4 2-5 2-1 7-02- iwthaxr oLrq m|ksx 9-4 8-9 4-7 14-4 14-3 &6-0 &3-6 6-43- e/;orhZ oLrq m|ksx 4-9 8-5 5-8 6-2 4-0 1-6 3-1 1-74- miHkksDrk oLrq m|ksx 6-0 6-6 5-5 9-6 7-8 2-4 &2-8 &3-4

i miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrq,a 10-8 13-4 10-7 8-8 15-6 2-0 &12-2 &12-6ii miHkksDrk xSj fVdkÅ oLrq, 5-3 4-8 3-8 10-0 3-4 2-8 4-8 2-8

5 lkekU; lwpdkad 7-8 7-4 5-0 8-2 6-9 1-1 &0-1 2-8

1991 ds ckn ds vof/k esa vkS|ksfxd uhfr esa mnkjhdj.k vf/kdka'k m|ksxksa dk ykblasl lseqDr gksuk] fu;eksa dk ljy gksuk] lkoZtfud {ks=kksa ds fy, vkjf{kr m|ksxksa esa deh futhdj.k]fuos'khdj.k] lhek 'kqYd] mRiknu 'kqYd] vk;dj ,oa fuxe dj dh njksa esa deh ls vFkZO;oLFkk esalqèkkj izkjaHk gqvkA mnkjhdj.k ds n'kd esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh lao f) nj 7-4 izfr'kr FkhA ;|fiuoeh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa dkQh mrkj&p<+ko vk;k( D;ksafd fons'kh izfr;ksfxrk] fofu;ksx esa deh]vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk dk i;kZIr fodkl u gksuk] fu;kZrksa esa deh] iz'kqYd lajpuk esa folaxfr ekax esaladqpu us vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa vlarks"ktud jgkA 10oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ls iqu% vkS|ksfxdiqu#RFkku gqvk] vkS|ksfxd lao f) dh vkSlr nj 8-2izfr'kr izfro"kZ gks xbZA iw¡thxr oLrq m|ksxksa esalao f) dh nj vkSlru 14-4 izfr'kr jghA 1994&95 ls 2004&05 ds nkSjku ewy m|ksxksa ,oa vUrorhZoLrqvksa laca/kh m|ksxksa dh o f) nj ean gks xbZA ijUrq 2004&05 ls 2012&13 ds dkyesa miHkksDrkoLrqvksa vkSj vUroZrhZ oLrqvksa dks NksM+dj gj izdkj ds vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh o f) nj igys ls csgrjgqbZA vkfFkZd leh{kk 2013&14 esa dgk x;k gS fd miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrqvksa ds ?kjsyw cktkj lhfergSa] D;ksafd izfr O;fDr vk; de gSA nwljk dkj.k dksj m|ksxksa dks dbZ iwfrZ :dkoVksa dk lkeuk djukiM+kA fjtoZ cSad dh 2014&15 ds fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj miHkksDrk fVdkÅ oLrqvksa ds mRiknu esa fxjkoVns[kus dks feyhA ;fn ge vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa lkoZtfud {ks=k ds fodkl ij utj Mkysa rks;kstukdky esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dk foLrkj gqvkA igyh ;kstuk esa lkoZtfud {ks=k esa dsoy ikapbdkbZ;ka FkhA ijUrq 2014&15 esa budh la[;k 298 vkSj orZeku esa 235 bdkbZ;ka FkhA lkoZtfud {ks=kbaZ/ku vk/kkjHkwr m|ksx] moZjd lapkj midj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gSA 1991 dsmnkjhdj.k ,oa futhdj.k us vFkZO;oLFkk dks iqu% ubZ jkg fn[kkbZAmnkjhdj.k ls iwoZ n'kd rFkk ckn dh vof/k esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh vkSlr lao f) njsa% vktHkkjr ,d laiUu jk"Vª gSA oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa Hkkjr viuk fo'ks"k LFkku cuk pqdk gSA fofuekZ.kfu;kZrksa dh o f) rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djus dh ;ksX;rk us Hkkjr dh fodklizfØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne izkjEHk fd;k gSA gesa ,slh rduhdksa dk pquko djuk gS tks vkS|ksfxd

1980&81ls

1991&92

vkBoh;kstuk

1992&93ls

1996&97

ukSoh;kstuk

1997&98ls

2001&02

10oh;kstuk

2002&03ls

2006&07

11oh;kstuk

2007&08ls

2011&12

2014ls

2015

2013&14

2012&13

'kks/k /kkjk 66

mRikndrk rFkk mRiknu esa o f) dj jkstxkj ds volj c<+k;sA ;|fi y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dklgt fodkl dfBu jgk] ijUrq fQj Hkh Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl mÙkjksÙkj c<+rk jgkA Lora=krk dsi'pkr~ vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls vkS|ksfxd mRiknu 50 o"kksZa esa 5 xquk gks x;k vkSj Hkkjr fo'o dk10 oka lcls vf/kd vkS|ksfxd'kfDr okyk ns'k cu x;kA vkS|ksfxd <k¡ps esa foLrkj ls u;s m|ksxvUroZrhZ ,oa iw¡th m|ksx LFkkfir gq,A bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh izxfr bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr dhfons'kh O;ikj dh lajpuk esa fufeZr oLrqvksa ds vk;kr esa yxkrkj deh gqbZ gSA tcfd bathfu;fjaxlkekuksa dk Hkkjr ds fu;kZr esa fgLlk c<+k gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa rhoz fodkl ds ykHk rduhdh ,oaizca/kdh; dkS'ky dk fodkl gqvk gSA vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh ,d eq[; miyfC/k Hkkjr dh {kerk dkfofofèkdj.k gSA Hkkjr us lHkh miHkksx oLrqvksa esa vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dj yh gSA iw¡thxr oLrqvksa dsmRiknu esa izHkkoh o f) gqbZ gSA cgqr ls m|ksxksa esa tSls [kuu ,oa /kkrq deZ m|ksx] jlk;u vkSj isVªksjlk;u m|ksx] moZjd m|ksx vkfnA okLro esa Hkkjr dks cgqr ls m|ksxksa gsrq ns'k ds vanj gh iw¡thxroLrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ Hkh dj ysrk gS] mls dsoy lhfer ek=kk esa vk;kr djuk gksrk gSA orZeku esa Hkkjrdh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl dh {kerk izca/kdh; dq'kyrk ,oa rduhdh Kku rFkkuoizorZu esa Hkkjr cgqr l{ke gks x;k gSA bu lcds ckotwn gekjh i¡wth iz/kku rduhdh Je 'kfDrdks jkstxkj miyCèk djkus esa foQy jgh( mldk eq[; dkj.k y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk iru gSA

okLro esa Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh foiqy laHkkouk;sa gSaA ns'k esa ijaijkxr rFkk xSjijaijkxr nksuksa m|ksxksa dk fodkl laHko gSA fo'o esa Hkkjr dh rduhdh ,oa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls fuiq.kekuo 'kfDr {kerk dk mi;ksx dj ge vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks mÙkjksÙkj c<+k ldrs gSaAL=kksr%&(1) for Column (2) Government of India, Economic Survey, 2000-01 (Delhi,2001), Box 7.1 P. 130 (ii) for all other Columns, Reserve Bank of India, Hand Bookof Statistics on Indian Economy, 2014-15 (Mumbai, 2015) Table 232, P. 371.

lanHkZ1. Government of India, Planning Commission Twenty five year plan. 2002-07 (New

Delhi, 2003), Volume II. P.665.2. Government of India, Planning Commission Twenty five year plan. 2012-17 ( Delhi,

2012), Volume I. Annexure 3.1 Table 3A.1.P. 99.3. S.L. Shelty, 'Structural Refrogression in the Indian Economy Since the mid Six-

ties". Economic and Political Weekly Special Supplement, 1978.4. K.N. Raj, 'Growth and Stagnation in Indian Industrial Development". Economic

and Political Weekly, Annual number 1976. P. 252. (i)5. P. Patnaik and S.K. Rao, '1975-76' Beginning of the End of Stagnation" Social Sci-

entist, January- February 1997.6. Vijay L. Kelkar and Raviv Kumar, 'Industrial Grouth in the Eighties" Economic

and Political Weekly January 27. 1990.P. 211.7. Isher Judge. Ahlu¡lia, Productivity and Growth in Indian Manufacturing (Delhi,

1993), P.78.8. Isher Judge Ahlu¡ia OP. Ut. P. 92.9. Government of India, Planning Commission. Ninety Five Year Plan. 1997-2000 (New

Delhi, 199), Volume II. Table 5.1P. 589.

'kks/k /kkjk 67


jk"Vª fodkl ds vkfFkZd vk;keMkW0 ,l-ih- Hkkj}kt

lgk;d izk/;kid] vFkZ'kkL=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn

MkW0 th-lh- Hkkj}ktlgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkL=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractvU;kU; dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr yEch fons'kh gqdwerksa@tathjksa ls tdM+k jgk] ysfdu Hkkjr ds ohj liwr]

ohjkaxukvksa ,oa tu&tu ds R;kx ,oa cfynku us varr% ns'k dks 15 vxLr 1947 dks vktkn djk gh fy;kx;kA rc yqVsjksa ,oa vkfFkZd 'kks"kdksa us ns'k dh Ñf"k iz/kku le f/n vFkZO;oLFkk dks ttZj dj fn;k FkkAns'k ds izeq[k /kkfeZd LFkku rksM+ fn;s x, Fks ,oa [ktkuk ywV fy, x;sA bl fNUu& fHkUu gq, vFkZO;oLFkkesa iapo"khZ; vkfFkZd vk;kstuk ds ek/;e ls tku Mkyh xbZA oSls jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, dksbZ ,d rRomRrjnk;h ugha gS] buds cgqr lkjs vk;ke gSa( ;Fkk&vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd------vkfnAbl 'kks/k vkys[k esa jk"Vª fodkl ds eq[; vk;ke&ÞvkfFkZd igywÞ dks lanfHkZr dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA


Key Words : Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd ifjn '; ,oa jk"Vªokn] jk"Vª fodkl vkSj vkfFkZd fparu

vU;kU; dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr yEch fons'kh gqdwerksa@tathjksa ls tdM+k jgk] ysfdu Hkkjr ds ohjliwr] ohjkaxukvksa ,oa tu&tu ds R;kx ,oa cfynku us varr% ns'k dks 15 vxLr 1947 dks vktkndjk gh fy;k x;kA rc yqVsjksa ,oa vkfFkZd 'kks"kdksa us ns'k dh Ñf"k iz/kku le f/n vFkZO;oLFkk dks ttZjdj fn;k FkkA ns'k ds izeq[k /kkfeZd LFkku rksM+ fn;s x, Fks ,oa [ktkuk ywV fy, x;sA bl fNUu&fHkUu gq, vFkZO;oLFkk esa iapo"khZ; vkfFkZd vk;kstuk ds ek/;e ls tku Mkyh xbZA oSls jk"Vª ds fodklds fy, dksbZ ,d rRo mRrjnk;h ugha gS] buds cgqr lkjs vk;ke gSa( ;Fkk&vkfFkZd] lkekftd]jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd------vkfnA bl 'kks/k vkys[k esa jk"Vª fodkl ds eq[; vk;ke&ÞvkfFkZd igywÞdks lanfHkZr dj v/;;u fd;k x;k gSAvkfFkZd j.kuhfr ,oa miyfC/k;k¡& rkRdkfyd vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ns'k dhjktlRrk ,oa vkfFkZd j.kuhfrdkjksa us lafo/kku ds Hkkouk dh vuq:i fefJr vkfFkZd iz.kkyh dh uhaoj[kdj izkjaHk esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk nhA fofo/k iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa fuEukuqlkjizkFkfedrk,¡ j[kh x;ha&

rkfydk Øekad&01% vFkZO;oLFkk dh izkFkfedrk,¡Iakpo"khZ; ;kstuk@o"kZ izkFkfedrk,¡izFke&1950 ls 1951 Ñf"kf}rh;&1956 ls 1961 m|ksx@[kfutr rh;&1961 ls 1966 Ñf"k

'kks/k /kkjk 68

prqFkZ&1969 ls 1974 Ñf"kikapoh&1974 ls 1979 xjhch mUewyu ,oa vkRefuHkZjrkNBoh&1980 ls 1985 jkstxkj ,oa xjhch mUewyuLkkroh&1985 ls 1990 xjhch de djuk@mRikndrk c<+kuk]jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o f+)vkBoh&1992 ls 1997 jkstxkj l tu][kk|ku vkRefuHkZjrk rFkk lektlsokukSaoh&1997 ls 2002 Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl] ewY; LFkkf;Ro] tula[;k fu;a=k.knloha&2002 ls 2007 fu/kZurk vuqikr esa deh ] jkstxkj ]lk{kjrko f)X;kjoha&2007 ls 2012 f'k{kk] LokLF;] xjhch mUewyu] <kapkxr lq/kkjckjgoha&2012 ls 2017 rhoz] /kkj.kh; rFkk vf/kd lekos'kh lq/kkj

L=kksr&vFkZ'kkL=k ¼Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk½ ist&130&31bu izkFkfedrkvksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, lkoZtfud O;; izFke ;kstuk esa 1960 djksM+]

f}rh; ;kstuk esa 4672] r rh; ;kstuk esa 8577 djksM+] prqFkZ ;kstuk esa 15779 djksM+] ikapoh ;kstukesa 39426 djksM+] NBoha ;kstuk esa 109292 djksM+] lkroh] vkBoh] uoeh] nloh rFkk X;kjgoh ;kstukesa Øe'k% 218730] 434100] 859200] 1525639 rFkk 3644718 djksM+ :i;s O;; fd;s x;sAckjgoh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2012&2017 ds fy, dqy 7669807 djksM+ :i;s dk izko/kku j[kk x;kAbu izko/kkuksa ls vkSlr vkfFkZd fodkl fuEukuqlkj izkIr gqbZ gS& rkfydk Øekad&02 % ;kstuk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl dh nj

fooj.k y{; okLrfod izkfIr

izFke ;kstuk 1951&56 2-1 3-5f}rh; ;kstuk 1958&61 4-5 4-21r rh; ;kstuk 1961&66 5-6 2-72prqFkZ ;kstuk 1969&74 5-7 3-2iape ;kstuk 1974&79 4-4 4-7NBoh ;kstuk 1980&85 5-5 5-5lkroh ;kstuk 1985&90 5-0 5-6vkBoh ;kstuk 1992&97 5-6 6-5uoeh ;kstuk 1997&2002 6-5 5-5nloh ;kstuk 2002&2007 7-9 7-74X;kjgoh ;kstuk 2007&12 8-1 7-9ckjgoh ;kstuk 2012&17 8-2 7-0 ¼vuqeku½

blh rjg Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa yxkrkj o f) gqbZ gSA 1950&51 esa orZeku ewY;ksa ij10360 djksM+ 2000&01 esa 2154860 ] 2010&11 esa 7702308 ] 2014&2015 esa 12498682 djksM+:+ izkIr gqbZA ogha fLFkj ewY;ksa ij 2016&17 esa 112-46 yk[k djksM+ :+ gks xbZA ogha ns'k dh izfr

'kks/k /kkjk 69

O;fDr vk; orZeke ewY;ksa ij 1950&51 esa 274 :+ Fkh tks 2000&2001 esa 19115 :-] 2010&2011esa 58534 :- ] 2014&15 esa 88533:- rFkk 2016&17 esa 103226 :- gks xbZ gSA izFke ls nlohaiapo"khZ; ;kstuk rd foRr izca/k esa fons'kh lgk;rk yh xbZ Fkh] ysfdu X;kjgoha ,oa ckjgoh ;kstukesa bls 'kwU; ij ys vk;k x;k vkSj ?kjsyw lalk/kuksa ls gh foRr izca/k fd;s x;sA blh rjg ?kjsyw cpr,oa fofu;ksx 1950&51 esa 8-6 izfr'kr ,oa 8-7 izfr'kr Fkh tks c<+dj 2013&14 esa Øe'k% 30-6izfr'kr ,oa 32-3 izfr'kr gks xbZ gSA

bu lc miyfC/k;ksa ds pyrs vkt Hkkjr dks fo'o o fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rsth ls mHkjrs gq,vFkZO;oLFkk esa fxuk tkus yxk gSA fczVsu ds vkfFkZd 'kks/k laLFkku&lsaVj Qkj bdksukWfeDl fctusl,.M fjlpZ ds fjiksVZ ds eqrkfcd 2013 rd Hkkjr nqfu;k dk rhljh vFkZO;oLFkk cu tk,xk vkSj2019 rd dkWeuosYFk ns'kksa esa lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk cu tk,xkA Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks IMF]fo'o cSad] eqMht tSls laLFkkuksa us Hkh ljkgk gSA orZeku esa vk;ksftr fo'o vkfFkZd eap ds lEesyuesa Hkh Hkkjr dk eku c<+k gSApqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lek/kku& Åij ds fooj.k ls ;g ugha le> ysuk pkfg, fd ns'k esa leL;k dk lekèkkugks x;k gSA ;gk¡ dbZ leL;k,¡ eq¡g ck;sa [kM+h gSaA xjhch] csdkjh] efgyk ,oa cky dqiks"k.k] lkekftdfo"kerk vkfn vHkh Hkh Hkkjr esa Hk;kog :i essa gSA oYMZ bdksukWfed Qksje ds tkjh losZ ds vuqlkjfiNys lky Hkkjr esa ftruh lEifRRk dk fuekZ.k gqvk] mldk 73 izfr'kr ns'k ds 1 izfr'kr /kukM~;yksxksa us gfFk;k fy;kA vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa futhdj.k@[kqykiu dk c<+uk fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ij iz'ufpUg yxk jgk gSA fons'kh iw¡th@cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dks [kqyk vkea=k.k mifuos'k tSlk gh gSA csdkjhdk Hk; ukStoku ih<+h dks lrk jgk gS----- bR;kfnA blh rjg Hkkjrh; fodkl ds xfy;kjs esa dbZleL;k,¡ iSB tek, cSBk gSA Hkkjr ds ikl foiqy ek=kk esa izkÑfrd lalk/ku@dk;Z{kerk ds vk;q dsukStokuksa dh vf/kdrk gSA Xykscy Lrj ij orZeku iz/kkuea=kh }kjk fofo/k ns'kksa dk nkSjk dj cgqjk"Vªh;dEifu;ksa@fons'kh iw¡th dks vkeaf=kr fd;k x;k gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k ds dbZ }kj [kksy fn, x;s gSaAÑf"k mRiknu ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr vkRefuHkZj gks x;k gSA ;gk¡ 8 fnlEcj 2017 rd 400-90 vjc Mkyjfons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj gSA ekSfnzd uhfr esa ;Fkksfpr ifjorZu dj fjtoZ cSad viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSAesd bu bafM;k] fMftVy bafM;k vkSj LVkVZ vi bafM;k vkfn dk;ZØeksa ls ns'k vkxs c<+ jgk gSA blrjg ns'k dk Hkfo"; cgqr mTToy gSA dqN leL;kvksa dk lkef;d funku dh t:jr gSA ftls jk"Vªfodkl ds n <+ bPNk 'kfDr] uSfrd ,oa deZBrk ls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lanHkZ1- iar ,oa feJk] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 2017] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kal vkxjk2- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;LFkk fo'ks"kkad 2017] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kal vkxjk3- feJk] MkW- ts-ih-( vkfFkZd lao f) ,oa fodkl ]4- feJk] MkW- ts-ih-( vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa fu;kstu5- nSfud lekpkj i=k&gfjHwkfe] uoHkkjrA

'kks/k /kkjk 70


i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj vkfFkZd fodklMkW- Mh-ds- flag

l0izk0] okf.kT;] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

AbstractizÑfr vkSj ekuork dk laca/k vkfn dky ls pyk vk jgk gSA ekuo tkfr ml tfVy vkSj lefUor

ikfjfLFkfrdh; Ja [kyk dk ,d vax gS( tks vius esa ok;q] ty vkSj fofo/k :iksa esa ouLifr o i'kq thoudks lesVs gq, gSA tc ekuo dk fodklkRed fØ;kvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i izÑfr dh LoPNrk rFkk larqyuHkax gks tkrk gS] rks blds ifj.kkeLo:i i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dk tUe gksrk gSA vkt lkjk fo'o i;kZoj.kiznw"k.k ls vkØkUr gSA T;ksa&T;ksa vkfFkZd izxfr vkSj fodkl gksrk tk jgk gS] i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk tkjgk gSA bl iznw"k.k ds Hkfo"; esa fdrus Hk;adj ifj.kke gksaxs bldk vuqeku vHkh rks yxkuk laHko ugha gS]ysfdu ;g vo'; gS fd os ifj.kke tu&thou ds fy, vo'; gh [krjukd gksaxsA


Key Words : i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k

fiNys o"kksaZs eas izkÑfrd laink ds fouk'k ds QyLo:i mRiUu i;kZoj.kh; foÑfr;ksa dh vksjfo'o lekt dk /;ku vkdf"kZr gqvk gS] ijUrq vHkh Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl izfØ;k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh;ra=k vlarqyu ds laca/kksa dh i "BHkwfe esa vkfFkZd fodkl izfØ;k esa vko';d ifjorZuksa dh vksj leqfprè;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i gekjs i;kZoj.k lq/kkj ds iz;Ru Qynk;h ugha gks ik jgs gSSaAjk"Vª dk fodkl mlds vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gS] tks ekuo tkfr ds mPp ,oa egRokdka{khthou&;kiu ds fy;s vR;ar vko';d gS] ijUrq rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds QyLo:i ls iznw"k.k lsmRiUu [krjksa ds dkj.k leLr tkfr dk vfLrRo Hkh [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSAi;kZoj.k vlarqyu % & tc ge i;kZoj.k dh ckr djrs gaS rks gekjk vk'k; izkÑfrd laink ls gksrkgSA vrhr esa gekjh O;oLFkk ,slh Fkh fd lekt izkÑfrd laink dks v{kq..k cuk, j[krk Fkk] vkSjfodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k larqyu ds e/; fdlh izdkj dk fojks/kkHkkl ugha FkkA ijUrq vk/kqfud fodkltgk¡ ,d vksj i;kZoj.k esa iznw"k.k rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh; vlarqyu dh leL;k mRiUu dj jgk gS] oghanwljh vksj fu/kZu vkSj xjhc O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k Hkh c<+k jgk gSA c<+rh vkcknh ds ifjizs{; esa izkÑfrdlaink dk u dsoy lja{k.k vko';d gS] cfYd mldh le f) Hkh dh tkuh pkfg,] ijUrq gekjh vkfFkZdfodkl O;oLFkk rks izkÑfrd laink ds orZeku HkaMkj dks gh de dj jgh gSA vk/kqfud vkSj izxfr'khydgh tkus okyh gekjh thou 'kSyh esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkSj i;kZoj.kh; larqyu dks Hkax dj fn;k gSAblus ve rrqY; ty vkSj gok dks iznwf"kr dj fn;k gSA gekjh e nk] tyLkzksr] ok;qe.My] ou vkfnuSlfxZd laink dk fujarj iznwf"kr gksuk gesa vkfFkZd fodkl ds i;kZoj.kh; izHkkoksa dh vksj /;ku unsus dks etcwj dj jgk gSA ik'pkR; izsfjr vkfFkZd fodkl ekWMy ÅtkZ vkSj l?ku rduhd ijvkèkkfjr jgh gS] vkt ds fo'o esa fodflr jk"Vªksa esa fuokl djus okyh 20 izfr'kr vkcknh miHkksDrk

'kks/k /kkjk 71

laLÑfr dh va/kh nkSM+ esa fo'o ds lalk/kuksa ads 80 izfr'kr Hkkx dk mi;ksx dj jgh gS] ;krk;kr vkSjlapkj ds izpkj izlkj ls fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds /kuh oxZ us Hkh fodflr jk"Vªkas dh blh thou 'kSyh dksviukus dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o ds izkÑfrd llka/kukas ds fouk'k dh xfr vkSj rstgks xbZ gS] vkSj vc fo'o blds c<+rs dqizHkkoksa ij /;ku nsus dks etcwj gks jgk gSAi;kZoj.k vkSj tula[;k %& 1994 esa dkfgjk esa tula[;k lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesai;kZoj.k dh leL;k dks ,d u;k vk;ke feykA blesa ;g ckr mHkj dj vk;h fd vkfFkZd fodklvkSj tula[;k dk ,d nwljs ls vfHkUu laca/k gSA buesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d eqn~ns dks vyx j[k dj fopkjugha fd;k tk ldrkA okLro esa ;g ckr fcydqy lgh gSA ;fn ge vius ns'k dh fLFkfr dks ysa rkslkQ utj vkrk gS fd 'kgjksa esa c<+rh gqbZ vkcknh ds QyLo:i rax cfLr;ksa dk tky fcNrk tk jgkgSA tgk¡ yksxksa dks u rks LoPN ok;q miyC/k gS vkSj u gh LoPNrk dk;e j[kh tk ldrh gSA tyfudklh vkSj ey O;;u dh O;oLFkk uxj ikfydkvksa ds cl ds ckgj dh ckr gksrh tk jgh gSA is;tymiyC/k djkuk gh vius vki esa leL;k gSA blds vykok vf/kd yksxksa dk isV ikyus ds fy;s vuktdk mRiknu c<+kuk vko';d gS] ftlds fy;s ouksa dh lQkbZ djds Ñf"k Hkwfe fodflr dh tkrh gSAmRikndrk c<+kus ds fy;s jklk;fud [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kd nokvksa ds bLrseky ls Hkh i;kZoj.k dks[krjk iSnk gks jgk gS] T;knk yksxksa dh vko';drk,a iwjh djus ds fy;s T;knk oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k djukgksxk] ftlds fy;s fur u;s m|ksx yxkus ls ok;q vkSj ty iznw"k.k dks c<+kok feyrk gS] vkfFkZd mUufrdk mn~ns'; fcuk i;kZoj.k fouk'k ds fodkl dh /kkj.kk gksuh pkfg,] ftlls fodkl dh xfr Hkh u:ds vkSj izkÑfrd larqyu dks Hkh cuk;s j[kk tk ldsa vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gS tc c<+rh tula[;kij dkjxj jksd yxkbZ tk;s rkfd orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; esa vkus okyh ekuo ihf<+;ksa dks LoLFk i;kZoj.kesa thou thus dk volj fey ldsAc<+rk gqvk vif'k"V %& vkS|ksxhdj.k ds lkFk iznw"k.k Hkh c<+ jgk gSA yksxksa dh /kkj.kk gS fd vklekuvkSj leqnz ,sls LFkku gSa] ftuesa i Foh dk lkjk dwM+k&djdV fdlh Hkh :i esa mMs+y nsa] os mls viusvki esa lek ysaxsA gekjs ns'k esa gj O;fDr izfrfnu 0&50 fdyksxzke dpjk mRiUu djrk gSA dqN'kgjksa dk okf"kZd vkSlr 5 djksM+ Vu dpjk gSA bl dpjs dks fBdkus yxkus ds fy;s izR;sd o"kZ dbZdjksM+ :i;sa [kpZ fd;s tkrs gSA egkuxjksa dh lcls cM+h =kklnh lQkbZ dh jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd fo'o dk ,d 'kgj U;w;kdZ gj o"kZ brus Vu dwM+k djdV fudkyrk gS] ftlls 'kgj dks nl ckj<+dk tk ldrk gSA leqnz rV ij cls uxjksa dk dpjk leqnz esa Qsad fn;k tkrk gS] vkS|ksfxd dy&dkj[kkuksa esa jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx vo'; gksrk gSS] reke jklk;fud dkj[kkuksa dh tgjhyh xanxhfBdkus yxkus dh leL;k Hkh fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA xka/kh izfr"Bku }kjk izdkf'kr gekjki;kZoj.k esa dgk x;k gS fd Hkwfe esa nck;s x;s fo"kkDr dpjs esa ls gtkjksa Vu dpjk ,slk gS tks Hkkjhgkfu igq¡pkus okyk gSA ncs gksus ds dkj.k mldk tgj tehu vkSj Hkwfexr ikuh ds Hk.Mkj ij vljdj ldrk gSA cMs+&cMs+ 'kgjksa esa py jgs NikbZ] jaxkbZ] lhesUV] dkxt] isLVhlkbZM~l vkfn dsdy&dkj[kkus Hkkjh ek=kk esa vif'k"V mRiUu dj jgs gSA vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ls nek] xqnksaZ dh chekjh]Vh-ch-] ihfy;k o tUetkr viaxrk vkfn jksx mRiUu gksrs gSaA fyUMsu] cSUthu] DyksjksMhu] Mh-Mh-Vh-

'kks/k /kkjk 72

vkYMhu] vkfn dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa ds mi;ksx ls jDr dSalj o ftxj dh chekfj;ka QSy jgh gaSAdhVuk'kdksa ds /kq;sa ls lkjk ok;qe.My fo"kkDr gksrk gSA vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:iok;qe.My ds rkieku esa o f) gks jgh gSA vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ds dkj.k vif'k"V ds :i esa fudyhdkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM] Dyksjks&¶yksjks dkcZu] ukbZfVªd vkDlkbM] Dyksjks vkDlkbM] feFksu vkfn xSlsi Foh ds pkjksa dks vkPNkfnr gksdj ?ksjk cuk ysrh gSa] ftlls lkSj fofdj.k i Foh ij vkrs&tkrs gSaysfdu i Foh ls okil gksrs gh fofdj.kksa dks ;s xSlsa varfj{k ij tkus ij vojks/k dk dke djrh gSAQyLo:i ok;qeaMy dk rkieku c<+rk gSA blh izfØ;k dks xzhugkÅl izHkko dgk tkrk gSA

vkS|ksfxd Økafr dh ckr ls gekjs izkÑfrd lalk/ku tSls dks;yk vkSj rsy dk nksgu [krjsdh lhek rd igqap x;k gSA nksuksa gh lekfIr ds dxkj ij gSaA rsy dqN igys] dks;yk ckn esaAvkS|ksfxd Økafr us mu iznw"kdksa dks tUe fn;k gS] ftlds dkj.k ou ladV c<+k gSA lkekU; ikS/kksa dho f) esa :dkoV vk xbZ gS] gekjs dkj[kkus izpqj ek=kk esa ,slk dpjk unh vkSj >hyksa esa Mky jgh gSa(ftlesa ?kqyu'khy] ukbVªkstu vkSj QkLQsV gSA blesa ikuh esa 'kSoky vkSj mlh izdkj ds lw{e thoksadh izpqjrk gks tkrh gS] tks vU; izkf.k;ksa ds fy;s ?kkrd fl) gksrh gSA vkS|ksfxd dy dkj[kkuksa esavif'k"V dks u"V djus ds fy, gkfu jfgr oSKkfud mik; fd;s tkus pkfg;s rFkk izkÑfrdlalk/kuksa dk lhfer mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekuo thou dks lq[kh cukus o Hkkoh ih<+h ds dY;k.kds fy;s vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k ij dkjxj fu;a=k.k vko';d gSAi;kZoj.k lja{k.k t:jh %& fodkl'khy vkSj xjhc jk"Vªksa ds vkfFkZd thou esa izkÑfrd laink egRoiw.kZHkwfedk vnk djrh gS] vr% vkfFkZd fodkl dh dksbZ ,slh O;oLFkk gh mi;qDr gksxh tks fd izkÑfrdlaink ds lja{k.k vkSj fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djrh gksA fiNys vusd o"kksZ ls ik'pkR; ls izsfjr vkSjck/; gksdj fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds }kjk ,slh uhfr viukbZ xbZ Fkh ftlus u dsoy izkÑfrd laink dsfouk'k dks tUe fn;k cfYd fodflr jk"Vªksa ij fuHkZjrk Hkh c<+kbZ xbZ gSA fodflr jk"Vªksa us vius mPpmiHkksx Lrj dks muds i;kZoj.k ij izfrdwy izHkko u iM+s bl ckr dh iwjh lko/kkuh cjrh gSA ;sizkÑfrd laink l?ku oLrq,a fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ls vk;kr djrs gSaA rkfd muds izkÑfrd lainklqjf{kr jgsaA ifj.kke ;g gks jgk gS fd fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa dh izkÑfrd laink dk âkl muds Lo;ads foÑfr miHkksx <kaps vkSj ik'pkR; jk"Vªksa dks izkÑfrd laink l?ku oLrqvksa ds fu;fr ds dkj.k gksjgk gSA i;kZoj.k vkSj ifjfLFkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s gesa loZizFke vius vkfFkZd n'kZudks cnyuk gksxkA gesa ik'pkR; txr dh bl /kkj.kk ls eqfDr izkIr djuh gksxh dh vf/kdrevko';drkvksa dh fdlh Hkh izdkj iwfrZ djuk gh vkfFkZd fodkl gSA gesa O;kikfjd ykHk ds fy;sikfjLFkfrdh; fl)kUrksa dh vogsyuk ugha djuh pkfg,A vkS|ksxhdj.k ds uke ij vFkZO;oLFkk dsizR;sd {ks=k esa fo'kky vkdkj okys vk/kqfud rduhd ij vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh izo fRr dksHkh NksM+uk gksxkA ;s m|ksx ÅtkZ iz/kku gksus ls fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds ifjizs{; esa vuqi;qDr gksrs gSaAbu m|ksxksa dh tgjhyh xSlsa lkjs ok;qe.My dks iznwf"kr dj jgh gSaA vk/kqfud Ñf"k ds uke ijizkÑfrd lk/kuksas ds vR;f/kd nksgu djus okyh Ñf"k O;oLFkk ij jksd yxkuh gksxhA blds dkj.kfeV~Vh esa lw{e iks"k.k vkSj dkcZfud rRoksa dk vHkko rFkk mlesa yo.kh;rk vkSj {kkjh;rk esa o f) ds

'kks/k /kkjk 73

dkj.k Hkwfe catj gksrh tk jgh gSA ijaijkxr Ñf"k i;kZoj.kh; n f"V ls vf/kd lqlaxr gSA vr% Ñf"kds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dk iquewZY;kadu dj muesa ls mi;qDr rjhdksa dks iqu% viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A tydk mi;ksx Ñf"k] m|ksxksa ] ;krk;kr] ÅtkZ rFkk ?kjsyw mi;ksx ds lalk/ku ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSAty dk lja{k.k thou dk laj{k.k gSA ty ,d pØh; lalk/ku gS] ftldks oSKkfud <ax ls lkQ djiqu% iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA m|ksxksa esa ikuh dh Hkkjh ekax gksrh gSA bls de djus ls nks ykHkgksxsaA izFke blls m|ksx ds vU; [k.Mksa dh ikuh dh ekax dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA f}rh; bum|ksxksa }kjk ufn;ksa ,oa ukyksa esa NksMs+ x, nwf"kr ty dh ek=kk de gks tk,xhA vf/kdka'k m|ksxksa esaty dk mi;ksx 'khryu ds fy, gksrk gS] bl dk;Z ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha gS fd LoPN vkSj 'kq)ty dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A bl dk;Z ds fy, iqu'kksZf/kr ty dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA blikuh dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx djds LoPN ty dh ek=kk dks lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ty dh bl?kjsyw ekax dks Hkh lja{k.k dh fof/k;ksa }kjk de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;fn vkfFkZd ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa gh ekuo fodkl gS rks mudk mi;ksx fu;kstukRedfof/k ls gksA gesa fo'o Lrj ,oa lekt ds Lrj ij bl gkzl vkSj iznw"k.k dh vksj /;ku nsdj lagkjdfLFkfr dks jksduk gksxkA vuqla/kkuksa ls ;g fl) gks pqdk gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, i;kZoj.klaj{k.k dh mis{kk ugha djuh pkfg,A vkfFkZd fodkl ;kstukvksa dk ekuo tkfr dks rHkh lgh ykHkizkIr gks ldrk gS] tc bu ;kstukvksa dk i;kZoj.k ij cqjk izHkko u iMs+A i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk vFkZfodkl gh le>k tkuk pkfg,A vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ekuo ds lksp esa bl izdkj dkcnyko vk;s fd og O;fDrxr fgr dh ctk; lkewfgd fgr dks loksZPp le>sA vkfFkZd fodkl vkSji;kZoj.k lja{k.k ,d&nwljs ds izfr)Unh u gksdj iwjd gSaA ijUrq vkfFkZd fodkl ds uke ij izÑfrdh vogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrhA i;kZoj.k dh mis{kk djds fd;k x;k vkfFkZd fodkl ck:n ds <sjij izklkn fufeZr djus ds leku gSA vr% nksukas esa lkeatL; vko';d gSA

lanHkZ1- Asthana, D.K.; & Asthana, M.; (2015) 'A Text Book of Environmental Studies' S.

Chand & Company ltd. New Delhi.

2- Surana, N.M.; (2016) 'Environmental Studies' SBPD Publishing House Agra.

3- Sharma, R.R.; (1998) 'Development Environment Economics' Ram Prasad & Sans Agra.4- ekgs'ojh] ih-Mh-( ¼2013½ ** i;kZoj.kh; vFkZ'kkL=k** dSykFk iqLrd lnu HkksikyA5- ekeksfj;k] lh-( ,oa fllkSfn;k] ,e-,l-( ¼2014½**Ik;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl** ,l-ch-ih-Mh-ifCyf'kax gkÅl

vkxjk-6- frokjh] fot; dqekj( ¼2015½ **i;kZoj.k foKku** ,l pUnz ,.M dEiuh ubZ fnYyh-7- l tu deZ vad 5 ebZ ¼2008½- 8- dq:{ks=k vad 09 tqykbZ 2005-9- ;kstuk&vad 03 twu 2002-10- frokjh] fot; dqekj( ¼1998½ **i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k** fgeky;k ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ukxiwj-11- nRr] xkSjo ,oa egktu] vf'ouh( ¼2012½ ** Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk** ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy- jkeuxj] ubZ

fnYyh-

'kks/k /kkjk 74


lrr~ fodkl dk y{; vkSj HkkjrMkW0 gsepUnz ik.Ms;

l0 izk0] jktuhfr foKku] lh-,e-Mh- ¼ih-th-½ egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractfodkl ds fofHkUu izfrekuksa ds chp dsoy lk/; vkSj lk/ku fo"k;d fHkUurk;sa gh ugha gSa] cfYd buesa

ls dqN rks ijLij foijhr gSaA bls le>s fcuk] ftu ns'kksa esa ijLij foijhr izfrekuksa ls y{k.k ysdj fodkldk fefJr izfreku x<+ fy;k x;k gS( ogk¡ fLFkfr ml jFk dh rjg foMacukiw.kZ gks xbZ gS] ftls vkxs vkSjihNs nksuksa fn'kkvksa ls ?kksM+s [khap jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh fodkl dk ,d ,slk gh fefJr izfrekuvuqL;wr gSA fodkl ds if'peh izfreku vkSj xka/khoknh izfreku ds chp iqy cukus dh dksf'k'k dHkh lQyugha gks ldrh] D;ksafd nksuksa izfreku rkfRod Lrj ij gh ijLij foijhr gSaA mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknhizfrekuksa ds lanHkZ esa ,slh dksf'k'k fdlh gn rd lQy gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd muds chp rkfRod fHkUurkugha gS] dsoy lEifRr ds ^forj.k* ij gh erHksn gSA


Key Words : fodkl ds vk;ke vkSj Hkkjr jk"Vª] lrr~ fodkl vkSj jk"Vªh; uhfr

Hkwfedk %jktusrk vkSj jktuhfrd ny O;ogkj esa pkgs tks dj jgs gksa] lS)kafrd O;DrO; nsrs gq, rks

;gh dgrs gSa fd os fodkl ds y{; ds izfr lefiZr gSa vkSj mlds fy;s gh dk;Z dj jgs gSaA fodkl*'kCn dk iz;ksx bruk vf/kd gksus yxk gS fd mldk vFkZ crkus&le>kus dh dksbZ vko';drk gh ughale>rk gSA yxrk gS fd ;g eku fy;k x;k gS fd ^fodkl* dk vFkZ lcdks irk gS vkSj mldhvoèkkj.kk ij loZlEefr gSA tcfd oLrqfLFkfr Bhd foijhr gSA fodkl ds vusd izfreku gSa tSls &mnkjoknh izfreku] ekDlZoknh izfreku] xka/khoknh izfreku vkfnA1

fodkl ds fofHkUu izfrekuksa ds chp dsoy lk/; vkSj lk/ku fo"k;d fHkUurk;sa gh ugha gSa]cfYd buesa ls dqN rks ijLij foijhr gSaA bls le>s fcuk] ftu ns'kksa esa ijLij foijhr izfrekuksa lsy{k.k ysdj fodkl dk fefJr izfreku x<+ fy;k x;k gS( ogk¡ fLFkfr ml jFk dh rjg foMacukiw.kZgks xbZ gS] ftls vkxs vkSj ihNs nksuksa fn'kkvksa ls ?kksM+s [khap jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh fodkl dk,d ,slk gh fefJr izfreku vuqL;wr gSA fodkl ds if'peh izfreku vkSj xka/khoknh izfreku ds chpiqy cukus dh dksf'k'k dHkh lQy ugha gks ldrhA D;ksafd nksuksa izfreku rkfRod Lrj ij gh ijLijfoijhr gSaA mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh izfrekuksa ds lanHkZ esa ,slh dksf'k'k fdlh gn rd lQy gksldrh gS] D;ksafd muds chp rkfRod fHkUurk ugha gS] dsoy lEifRr ds ^forj.k* ij gh erHksn gSA

D;k ^fodkl* dks izfrekuksa ds fiatjksa ls eqDr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ekuo vf/kdkjksa dhlkoZHkkSe ?kks"k.kk] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad rFkk lrr~ fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds lkeus vkus ds ckn ;gvk'kk vo'; mRiUu gqbZ gS fd fofHkUu fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr ijLij fHkUu vkSj foijhr izfrekuksa ls

'kks/k /kkjk 75

eqDr gksdj fodkl ds ekin.Mksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk laHko gSA bl 'kks/ki=k esa dsoy lrr~ fodkl dsy{;ksa ij gh fopkj fd;k x;k gSAlrr~ fodkl dk vFkZ vkSj Lo:i %

lrr~ fodkl ;k la/kkj.kh; fodkl 'kCnkofy;k¡ vaxzsth ds Sustainable Developmentds fgUnh vuqokn ds :i esa izpfyr gSaA lrr~ fodkl ds y{; os y{; gSa] ftUgsa la;qDr jk"Vª la?k usr; fd;k gS vkSj ftUgsa oSf'od y{;ksa ds :i esa izpkfjr fd;k x;k gSA lu~ 2015 ds var esa lgL=kkfCnfodkl y{;ksa ds fujLr gks tkus ij ;s mUgas izfrLFkkfir dj jgs gSaA bUgsa lu~ 2030 rd izkIr djusdk iz;kl lHkh ns'kksa dks djuk gSA lu~ 2015 ds flracj ekg esa la;qDr jk"Vª fodkl lEesyu esa buy{;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k rFkk 1 twu 2016 ls bu y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds iz;klksa dks vkjaHkfd;k x;kA blds varxZr 17 y{; vkSj 169 fof'k"V y{; lfEefyr gSaA2

lu~ 1987 esa i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ij lq>ko nsus gsrq xfBr czUVyS.M vk;ksx us lcls igysla/kkj.kh; fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk mYys[k fd;k FkkA bdksukWfed losZ ds vuqlkj lLVsuscyMsOgsyiesaV xksy (SDG) ls lEc) y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy;s izpqj /ku dh vko';drk gksxhA vr%lu~ 2030 rd lHkh y{; izkIr gks tk;sa] ;g laHko ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;gh fd;k tkuk laHko gSfd ge izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij y{;ksa dks ikus dk iz;kl djsaA

lu~ 2015 ds vxLr ekg esa 193 ns'k fuEufyf[kr 17 y{;ksa ij lger gq,&3

1- iwjs fo'o ls xjhch ds lHkh :iksa dh lekfIrA2- Hkw[k dh lekfIr] [kk| lqj{kk] csgrj iks"k.k vkSj fVdkÅ Ñf"k dks c<+kokA3- lHkh vk;q oxZ ds yksxksa esa LokLF; lqj{kk vkSj LoLF; thou dks c<+kokA4- lHkh dks lh[kus dk volj nsrs gq, lekos'kh vkSj U;k; laxr] xq.koRrk;qDr f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr~

djukA5- ySafxd lekurk izkIr djus ds lkFk gh efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks l'kDr djukA6- lHkh ds fy;s LoPNrk vkSj ty ds lrr~ izca/ku dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr~ djukA7- lLrh] fo'oluh;] fVdkÅ vkSj vk/kqfud ÅtkZ rd igqap lqfuf'pr djukA8- lHkh ds fy;s fujarj lekos'kh vkSj lrr vkfFkZd fodkl] iw.kZ vkSj mRiknd jkstxkj vkSj csgrj

dk;Z dks c<+kok nsukA9- yphys cqfu;knh <kaps] lekos'kh vkSj lrr~ vkS|ksxhdj.k dks c<+kok nsukA10- ns'kksa ds chp vkSj Hkhrj vlekurk dks de djukA11- lqjf{kr] yphys vkSj fVdkÅ 'kgj vkSj ekuo cfLr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djukA12- LFkk;h [kir vkSj mRiknu iSVuZ dks lqfuf'pr djukA13- tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj mlds izHkkoksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s rRdky dk;Zokgh djukA14- LFkk;h lrr~ fodkl ds fy;s egklkxjksa] leqnz vkSj leqnzh lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k vkSj mi;ksx

djukA15- lrr~ mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsus okys LFkkuh; ikfjfLFkfrdh; iz.kkfy;ksa] lqjf{kr taxyksa] Hkwfe {kj.k

'kks/k /kkjk 76

vkSj tSo fofo/krk ds c<+rs uqdlku dks jksdus dk iz;kl djukA16- lrr~ fodkl ds fy;s 'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lekos'kh lfefr;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds lkFk gh lHkh Lrjksa ij

bUgas izHkkoh] tokcnsg cukuk] rkfd lHkh ds fy;s U;k; lqfuf'pr gks ldsA17- lrr fodkl ds fy;s oSf'od Hkkxhnkjh dks iquthZfor djus ds vfrfjDr dk;kZUo;u ds lk/kuksa

dks etcwr cukukAbu l=kg y{;ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lrr~ fodkl dk rkRi;Z ,sls fodkl

ls gS] tks gekjh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh viuh t:jrksa dh iwfrZ dh ;ksX;rk dks izHkkfor fd;s fcuk orZekule; dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djsA lrr~ fodkl ds varxZr vkfFkZd fodkl] lkekftd lekos'krFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k&;s rhuksa y{; ,d lkFk lekfo"V gSaAHkkjr esa lrr~ fodkl dh fLFkfr %

Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy;s i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] tks fd lrr~ fodkl dk vfHkUu vax gS] dksbZ ubZvoèkkj.kk ugha gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] izÑfr vkSj oU;thoksa ds laj{k.k dks ges'kk ls egRoiw.kZ ekurhjgh gSA lrr~ fodkl ds mi;qZDr y{;ksa dks] ftUgsa ^^VªkalQkfeZax vkoj oYMZ % n 2030 ,tsaMk QkjlLVsuscy MsOgyiesaV** ladYi Hkh dgk tkrk gS] Hkkjr us flracj 2015 esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh egklHkkdh mPpLrjh; iw.kZ cSBd esa 193 ns'kksa ds lkFk gh Lohdkj dj fy;k FkkA bl vkSipkfjd LohÑfrus gekjh laLÑfr ds lfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs ewY;ksa dks gh ekuksa iquizZfrf"Br fd;kA xka/khokn ds :iesa lrr~ fodkl dk ,d lexz n f"Vdks.k gesa iqu% 20oha lnh esa izkIr gqvk gSA

Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy;s r; dh xbZ vusd uhfr;ksa] ;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa esa lrr~ fodklds y{;ksa dks txg nh xbZ gSA ljdkj ds }kjk fØ;kfUor vusd dk;ZØe lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dsvuq:i gSaA ,sls dk;ZØeksa esa esd bu bafM;k] LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku] csVh cpkvks csVh i<+kvks] jk"Vªh;xzkeh.k is;ty dk;ZØe] jk"Vªh; LokLF; fe'ku] iz/kkuea=kh xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh vkokl ;kstuk,a]iz/kkuea=kh xzke lM+d ;kstuk] fMftVy bafM;k] nhun;ky mik/;k; xzke T;ksfr ;kstuk] fLdy bafM;kvkSj iz/kkuea=kh Ñf"k flapkbZ ;kstuk fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA buds vfrfjDr cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksads fodkl vkSj xjhch lekIr djus ls tqM+s dk;ZØeksa dks vf/kd ctV vkcafVr dj c<+kok fn;k tkjgk gSA

dsUnz ljdkj us lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ij fuxjkuh j[kus rFkk blds leUo;dh ftEesnkjh uhfr vk;ksx dks lkSaih gSA lkaf[;dh vkSj dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=kky; dks lacaf/krjk"Vªh; ladsrd rS;kj djus dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k gSA

Hkkjr ds la?kh; <kaps esa jkT;ksa dks dkQh vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA os vius Lrj ij fodkl dh ftu;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj fØ;kUo;u dj jgs gSa] muds lkFk dsUæ ds ,sls iz;klksa dk leUo; vkSjrkyesy gksuk lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh n f"V ls vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gSA bl fn'kk esa fo'ks"k/;ku nsdj dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSA

dsUæ Lrj ij lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s Hkkjrh; laln fofHkUu fgr/kkjdksa dslkFk xgu fopkj foe'kZ djrh jgrh gSA blds fy;s ^v/;{kh; 'kks/k dne ¼,l-vkj-vkbZ-½ tSls eap

'kks/k /kkjk 77

cuk;s x;s gSaA uhfr vk;ksx us Hkh vU; laxBuksa ds lg;ksx ls jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; Lrj ij ijke'kZJ a[kyk;sa vk;ksftr dh gSa] rkfd buesa fo}kuksa] fo'ks"kKksa] laLFkkvksa] flfoy lkslk;fV;ksa] vrjkZ"Vªh;laxBuksa] jkT;ksa vkSj dsUæh; ea=kky;ksa lfgr lHkh fgr/kkjdksa ds lkFk lrr~ fodkl ij xgufopkj&foe'kZ gks ldsA

Hkkjr ljdkj lrr~ fodkl ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy;s fdruh xaHkhjrk ls iz;kl dj jghgS] bldk ,d izek.k mlds }kjk Lo;a ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gS fd og varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds le{k blgsrq viuh tokcnsgh dks lqfuf'pr djsxhA U;w;kdZ esa tqykbZ 1917 esa vk;ksftr gq;s mPpLrjh;jktuhfrd eap ¼,p-,y-ih-,Q-½ ij viuh igyh LoSfPNd jk"Vªh; leh{kk izLrqr djus gsrq fy;k x;kfu.kZ; bldk mnkgj.k gSA4

fu"d"kZ %l/kkj.kh; ;k lrr fodkl ds y{; fopkj/kkjkvksa ls eqDr jgdj laiw.kZ i Foh ds thou ds

laj{k.k] lao/kZu ds fy;s fd;s tk jgs iz;klksa dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSaA ;|fi bl rjg ds y{;ksa dksHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa lafn;ksa ls LFkku feyrk jgk gS] ij vkt tSlh vko';drk vkSj izklafxdrk buvkn'kksZa dh gS] oSlh igys dHkh ugha jghA vrhr esa dHkh Hkh bl /kjrh dk loZJs"B izka.kh euq"; bruklkeF;Zoku ugha jgk fd laiw.kZ i Foh ls gh thou dks u"V dj ldsA ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k vkt mldsikl ;g {kerk vk xbZ gSA blhfy;s la/kkj.kh; fodkl ls lacaf/kr izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkj vkt_f"k;ksa&eqfu;ksa dh ln~?kks"k.kk,a vkSj l f"V ek=k ls rknkRE; ds Hkkoiw.kZ mn~xkj ek=k u jgdj lHkhizkf.k;ksa ds mRrjthou dh vfuok;Z 'krsZa cu x;s gSaA Hkkjr ds ikl nqfu;k¡ dks nsus ds fy;s viuhijEijk ls vk;k gqvk ,d egku vkSj csgn vko';d lans'k rks gS] ysfdu mls bl ckj ;g lans'k dsoyopuksa ls ugha cfYd vius deksZa ls nsuk gksxkA Hkkjr dks la/kkj.kh; ;k lrr fodkl ds lanHkZ esa viuhdFkuh vkSj djuh dh nwjh dks lekIr djuk gksxkA vkt gekjs ns'k dh tks fLFkfr gS] mls ns[krs gq,;g ,d vR;ar dfBu pqukSrh gSA

lanHkZ1- nz"VO; % QfM+;k] ch-,y-( rqyukRed jktuhfr] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] 2012] i - 292&

2972- nz"VO; % Technical report by the Bureau of the United Nations Statistical Commis-

sion (UNSC) on the process of the development of an indicator framework for thegoals and targets of the Post-2015 development agenda–working draft. March 2015.

3- nz"VO; %The Global Goals for Sustainable Development https://www.globalgoals.org/

vfHkxeu frfFk] 2 flracj 20154- nz"VO; %https://www.amarujala.com/columns/opinion/ sustainable-development-goal-

and-india

'kks/k /kkjk 78

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P. 78-82

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl esa izsl dh Hkwfedkvrqy dqekj feJ

lgk;d izk/;kid] xq-?kk-fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl vkSj izlkj esa izsl us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZgu fd;k gSA 19oha'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa ,d le; ,slk Fkk] tc jktuhfrd tkx:drk o psru fopkjksa dh ygjksa dk izokgviuk :i ysuk vkjaHk dj pqdk Fkk ijUrq vLi"V okys jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds dkj.k ;g izokg vius iw.kZLo:i dks izkIr ugha gks ik jgk Fkk] ,sls le; esa bl izokg dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus o bls ,d turkdh lEiw.kZ Hkkxsnkjh okyh jk"Vªh; psruk cukus dk dk;Z izsl us fd;kA rRdkyhu le; esa turk ds iklu rks laxBu Fkk vkSj u gh dksbZ laxfBr jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk o dk;ZØe] bl dkj.k ls izsl gh rRdkyhule; esa og gfFk;kj Fkk] ftlls turk dks jktuhfrd :i ls f'kf{kr dj] oSpkfjd jktuhfrd 'kwU;rkdks Hkjk tk ldrk FkkA

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl vkSj izlkj esa izsl us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZgu fd;k gSA 19oha'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa ,d le; ,slk Fkk] tc jktuhfrd tkx:drk o psru fopkjksa dh ygjksa dk izokgviuk :i ysuk vkjaHk dj pqdk Fkk ijUrq vLi"V okys jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds dkj.k ;g izokg viusiw.kZ Lo:i dks izkIr ugha gks ik jgk Fkk] ,sls le; esa bl izokg dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus o bls ,dturk dh lEiw.kZ Hkkxsnkjh okyh jk"Vªh; psruk cukus dk dk;Z izsl us fd;kA rRdkyhu le; esa turkds ikl u rks laxBu Fkk vkSj u gh dksbZ laxfBr jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk o dk;ZØe] bl dkj.k lsizsl gh rRdkyhu le; esa og gfFk;kj Fkk] ftlls turk dks jktuhfrd :i ls f'kf{kr dj] oSpkfjdjktuhfrd 'kwU;rk dks Hkjk tk ldrk FkkA

tc 18oha lnh ds e/; esa vaxztksa us Hkkjr esa viuh 'kklu&lÙkk dks vkjaHk fd;k] ml le;Hkkjr jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj uSfrd n f"V ls cgqr nqcZy FkkA eqxy lkezkT; Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd,drk u"V gks pqdh FkhA1 fczfV'k vkf/kiR; vkSj mlds izR;{k o vizR;{k ifj.kkeksa us Hkkjr esa jk"Vªoknds fodkl dh HkkSfrd] uSfrd vkSj ckSf)d fLFkfr;k¡ mRiu dj nha FkhaA Hkkjrh; lekt ds izR;sd oxZdks ;g eglwl gks pqdk Fkk fd fczfV'k 'kklu dsoy vius fgrksa dh iwfrZ dj jgk gS o muds fgrkasds f[kykQ gSA bl fopkj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; psruk dk Lo:i iznku djus dk dk;Z izsl us fd;kAizsl us ns'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxkas esa jgus okys jk"Vªokfn;ksa dks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk ls tksM+ fn;kA

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; izsl dk izkjaHk 1766 esa fofy;e cksYV~l }kjk ,d lekpkj&i=kk ds izdk'kuls gqvkA ijUrq bZLV bafM;k daiuh us mudks baXyS.M Hkst fn;kA 1780 esa ts-ds-fgDdh us caxky xtVuked lekpkj&i=k izdkf'kr djuk vkjaHk fd;k Fkk] fgDdh dks daiuh dh vkykspuk djus ds vijkèk


Key Words : izsl dh Hkwfedk vkSj jk"Vªokn] jk"Vªokn ds fodkl esa izsl vf/kfu;e] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu vkSj i=kdkfjrk

'kks/k /kkjk 79

esa ltk Hkh Hkqxruh iM+h FkhA ijUrq mlds i=k us viuh uhfr ugh cnyhA fgDdh ds izsl dks daiuhus tCr dj fy;k vkSj bl izdkj ls caxky xtV dk var gks x;kA ijUrq blls fgDdh ds LoHkko rFkkn f"Vdks.k ds i=kdkjksa dh la[;k ?kVus dh vis{kk fnuksa c<+rh gh xbZA uoacj 1780 esa izdkf'kr bafM;kxtV* nwljk Hkkjrh; i=k FkkA blds lkFk gh tgk¡ ,d vksj Hkkjrh; izsl ds {ks=k esa rhoz xfr ls fodklgqvk] ogha nwljh vksj i=kdkj daiuh ds vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy, leL;k cus jgsaA2 +mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z esa Hkkjrh; ekfydksa }kjk pyk, x, vaxzsth rFkk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lekpkji=kksa dh la[;k 169 rd igq¡p xbZ Fkh rFkk mudh izpyu la[;k ,d yk[k rd igq¡p xbZ FkhA3

jk"Vªoknh fopkjksa dks vke tu rd igq¡pkus rFkk ,d jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ls rRdkyhu le; esajk"Vªoknh vkHkk e.My fufeZr djus esa v[kckjksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA v[kckj Nkiuk ml le;rd O;olk; dk ek/;e ugha Fkk vkSj u gh v[kckj ds ek/;e ls ykHk dekus dhea'kk Fkh vkSj u gh ,slh dksbZ laHkkoukA ns'k o lekt lsok ds fy, v[kckjksa dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrkFkk rkfd ,d jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gks tks vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lo:i dk gksA i=kdkfjrk ds{ks=k esa Hkh vkerkSj ij os gh yksx vkrs Fks tks jktuhfrd lw> cw> ls le ) dk;ZdrkZ Fks vkSj gjifjfLFkfr esa ns'k dh lsok ds fy, cfynku gksus dks rRij jgrs FksA

fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; }kjk vaxzsth esa loZizFke izdkf'kr gksus okyk lekpkj i=k xaxk/kj HkV~Vkpk;Zdk lkIrkfgd ^caxky xtV* FkkA o"kZ 1816 bZ- esa bldk izdk'ku 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 19oha 'krkCnhds iwokZ) esa Hkkjr esa lekpkj i=kksa dh la[;k ux.; FkhA budk mfpr egRo Hkh ugha le>k tkrkFkk ijUrq 1857bZ- esa budk rsth ls fodkl gqvkA QyLo:i muds vaxzsth ,oa {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esalekpkj i=k izdkf'kr gksus yxsA bues ^VkbEl vkWQ bafM;k*] ^LVsV~leSu*] ^baxfy'keSu*] ÝS.M vkWQbafM;k] ênzkl esy* flfoy ,aM feyhVjh xtV vkfn izeq[k vaxzsth i=k FksA bu i=kksa dk :[k Hkkjrfojks/kh ,oa ljdkj leFkZd gksrk Fkk ysfdu blh le; vU; lekpkj&i=k Hkh izdkf'kr gq,] ftuesavaxzsth ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dh xbZA Hkkjrh; ,drk dh Hkkouk txkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA,sls lekpkj i=kksa esa eq[; :i ls mYys[kuh; fgUnw iSfVª;V] ve r cktkj if=kdk] bafM;u fQjj]caxkyh ¼caxky ls izdkf'kr½ cacbZ ls jkLr xks¶rkj] usfVo vksihfu;u] ejkBk] dsljh] enzkl ls fgaUnw]mÙkj izns'k ls fgUnqLrkuh] vktkn vkSj iatkc ls fVªC;wu FksA bu lekpkj i=kksa us jk"Vªh; psruk dksfodflr fd;kA blh izdkj caxyk] vlfe;k] ejkBh] rfey] fgUnh] mnZw vkfn esa miU;kl] fuca/k]dfork,a vkfn fy[kdj ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx r dh xbZA4 izsl ds ek/;e ls vke turk dkstkx:d cukus esa jktkjkeeksgu jk; dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA mUgksus izxfr'khy jk"Vªh; izo fRrds lekpkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku izkjaHk fd;kA mUgksaus o"kZ 1821 esa caxkyh esa laokn dkSeqnh* rFkk o"kZ 1822esa Qkjlh esa ^fejkr&my&v[kckj* dk izdk'ku fd;kA

o"kZ 1857 Hkkjrh; Lora=krk laxzke o jk"Vªokn ds fodkl ds izkjafHkd pj.k ds :i esa vfrfof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA 1857 bZ- ds fonzksg ds ckn i=kdkjksa dks jk"Vªh;rk ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftrfd;k tkus yxkA jk"Vªokn dh cqfu;kn j[kus esa v[kckjksa o i=kdkjksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA mlle; lcls igyk dk;Z ;gh Fkk fd turk es jktuSfrd izpkj&izlkj fd;k tk, vkSj ;g dk;Z izsl

'kks/k /kkjk 80

ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;|fi xkaoksa esa i<+s fy[ks yksxksa dh la[;k de gksrh Fkh] ysfduv[kckj i<+dj og mldh ppkZ lHkh yksxksa ls fd;k djrs FksA yksx mu [kcjksa dks /;kuiwoZd i<+rsvkSj nwljksa dks lqukrs Fks vkSj fQj lHkh yksx vkil esa feydj ml ij lkewfgd ppkZ fd;k djrs FksAftldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk Fkk fd ;s ppkZ yksxksa dks lokyksa o eqn~nkas ls tksM+rh Fkh vkSj mUgsa jktuhfrdHkkxhnkjh dh vksj c<+us dh izsj.kk nsrh FkhA f'kf{kr lekt ns'k dk efLr"d ,oa foosd gksrk gSA ogfuj{kj turk dk dkuwuh rkSj ij izfrfuf/k oDrk gksrk gSA5

o"kZ 1826 esa dkuiqj ls izdkf'kr gksus okyk mnUr ekrZ.M^ Hkkjr dk igyk fgUnh dk lekpkji=k Fkk] ftlds izdk'kd tqxyfd'kksj FksA

bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj us 1858 esa caxkyh lkIrkfgd ds :i esa lkseizdk'k* dk izdk'ku fd;kAjk"Vªoknh n f"Vdks.k ls ifjiw.kZ bl i=k us uhy mRiknd fdlkuksa dh O;Fkk o fczfV'k uhfr;ksa dhvkykspuk dj fdlkuksa ds fgrksa dk tksjnkj leFkZu fd;kA

1861 bZ- esa nsosUnzukFk VSxksj rFkk eueksgu ?kks"k us bf.M;u fejj* dk izdk'ku fd;kA vU;lekpkj i=k ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dh uhao j[kh] bl izdkj gSa&❄ eksrhyky ?kks"k }kjk o"kZ 1868 esa caxky Hkk"kk esa dydÙkk ls izdkf'kr ve r cktkj if=kdkA❄ fxjh'k panz ?kks"k }kjk izdkf'kr ^caxkyh* lekpkj i=kA❄ tksxsUnz ukFk cksl }kjk 1881 esa dydÙkk ls izdkf'kr caxoklhA❄ 1867 esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz ds laiknu esa cukjl ls izdkf'kr ^dfoopu lq/kk*A❄ 1872 esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz dh vk/kqfud ekfld if=kdk gfj'panz if=kdkA❄ ,e-th-jkukMs ds laiknu esa 1862 esa ejkBh Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr bUnzizdk'kA❄ d ".kjko Hkkysdj ds laiknu esa 1877 bZ- esa izdkf'kr nhuca/kqA❄ 1864 bZ- esa ch-,u-ekaMfyd }kjk izdkf'kr ûsfVo vksfifu;u*A❄ cky xaxk/kj fryd }kjk 1881 esa cacbZ ls vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa izdkf'kr ejkBk rFkk ejkBh Hkk"kk esa

izdkf'kr dsljhA❄ fQjkst'kkg esgrk }kjk izdkf'kr ^ckEcs Økfudy*A❄ 1878 bZ- esa enzkl ls lkIrkfgd fgUnq dk izdk'k vkjaHk gqvk] 1881 bZ- esa ;g nSfud esa ifjofrZr

gks x;kA❄ ljnkj n;ky flag ethfB;k }kjk iatkc ls 1881 esa izdkf'kr ^fVªC;wu*A❄ ,uh cslsUV }kjk 1914 esa izdkf'kr dkeughy rFkk U;w bf.M;kA❄ egkRek xka/kh ds ys[kksa ls izdkf'kr ;ax bf.M;k] uothou] gfjtu] gfjtu lsodA❄ eksrhyky usg: }kjk 1919 esa vaxzsth esa izdkf'kr ^bafMisaMsal*A❄ ds-,e- ifUudj ds laikndRo esa 1992 esa fnYyh ls izdkf'kr nSfud ^fgUnqLRkku VkbEl*A❄ ekSykuk vcqy dyke vktkn }kjk dydÙkk ls 1912 esa izdkf'kr vy&fgykyA❄ eqgEen vyh }kjk izdkf'kr vaxzsth esa ^dkejsM* rFkk mnwZ esa ^gennZ*A

mi;qZDr of.kZr lekpkj i=kksa ds vykok Hkh fofHkUu izkrksa esa ogk¡ dh izkarh; Hkk"kkvksa esa lekpkj

'kks/k /kkjk 81

i=k izdkf'kr dj ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dks ,dhd r djus dk iz;kl izsl dsek/;e ls fd;k tkus yxkA jk"Vªh;rk ds izpkj esa ns'kh lekpkj&i=kkas ls dkQh lgk;rk feyhA ;slekpkj i=k ljdkj dh vkykspuk djrs Fks vkSj yksxkas esa ns'k&izse dh Hkkouk Hkjrs FksA f'k{kk ds izlkjds dkj.k Hkkjr esa bu lkepkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku [kwc c<+kA6 Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa ustks vf/kdka'kr;k izknsf'kd Hkk"kkvksa esa Fks] ljdkj vkSj vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa dsO;ogkj dh vkykspuk izkjaHk dj nhA blds vfrfjDr lekpkj&i=kksa dh la[;k esa o f) gqbZ] Hkkjrh;ksaus vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa Hkh lekpkj i=kksa dk izdk'ku izkjaHk fd;k vkSj muesa ls dqN dk Lo:i jk"Vªh; gksusyxkA7

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Nius okys vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk izdkf'kr lekpkj i=kksa ds c<+rs izHkko dksns[krs gq, fczfV'k 'kklu us lekpkj i=kksa ij izfrca/k yxkuk izkjaHk dj fn;kA 1799 bZ- esa ns'k esaizdkf'kr gksus okys lekpkj&i=kksa ij lSalj LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k fd lekpkji=kksa ij laikndks rFkk i=k&Lokfe;ksa ds uke izdkf'kr gksA8 Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=kksa ij le;≤ij fofHkUu vf/kfu;eksa ds ek/;e ls izfrca/k yxk, tks fuEu Fks&❄ 1799 bZ- dk lekpkj i=kkas dk i=ks{k.k vf/kfu;eA❄ 1823 bZ- dk vuqKfIr fu;eA❄ 1857 bZ- dk vuqKfIr vf/kfu;eA❄ 1867 bZ- dk iathdj.k vf/kfu;eA❄ ns'kh Hkk"kk lkekpkj i=k vf/kfu;e 1878 bZ-A❄ 1908 bZ- dk lekpkj i=k vf/kfu;eA❄ 1910 bZ- dk Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k vf/kfu;eA❄ 1931 dk Hkkjrh; lekpkj i=k ¼ladV dkyhu 'kfDr;k¡½ vf/kfu;eA

Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkbZ lekpkj&i=kkas ds c<+rs gq, izHkko ls fczfV'k 'kklu lrdZ gks x;k vkSj mlusbl izHkko dks jksdus ds fy, ,sls vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd, ftlls ;k rks lekpkj i=k dk izdk'ku ghuk gks ik, vkSj ;fn izdk'ku gks Hkh rks dksbZ ,slh ikB~; lkexzh izdkf'kr u gk]s ftlls jk"Vªokn dhHkkouk dk izlkj gksA lekpkj i=kksa dh vkykspuk ls ?kcM+kdj ykMZ fyVu us mUgs dkuwu ds f'kdatsesa dlus ds fy, mudh Lora=krk dk vigj.k djus okyk oukZdqyj izsl ,DV ikfjr fd;kA bl vf/kfu;e dk lewps ns'k esa cM+k fojks/k fd;k x;k vkSj bls migkj ds :i es xyk ?kksaVw dkuwu dgk x;kAbl ,DV us Hkh vaxzsth fojks/kh Hkkouk dks cgqr c<+k;kA9 bZ'oj panz fo|klkxj }kjk izdkf'kr lkseizdk'kgh ,d ek=k lekpkj i=k Fkk] ftlds fo:) ;g izsl ,DV ykxw gqvkA bl izsl ,DV ls cpus ds fy,^ve r cktkj if=kdk* jkrks jkr vaxzsth esa izdkf'kr gksus yxhA10

jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds mn; ,oa fodkl esa rFkk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds izR;sd igyw ds fo"k; esa pkgsog vkfFkZd gks ;k lkaLÑfrd gks ;k jktuSfrd iszl dh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; jgh gSA izsl us turk dksvko';d jktuSfrd f'k{kk nhA izsl ds gh ek/;e ls fofHkUu jktuSfrd usrkvksa us vius fopkjkas dksvke yksxksa rd QSykus esa lQyrk izkIr dhA ljdkj dh okLrfod uhfr dks] mldh nksgjh pky

'kks/k /kkjk 82

dks] mlds }kjk Hkkjrh;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dks lcds le{k j[kus okyk rFkk ljdkj dh dVq vkykspuk dksturk rd igq¡pkus okyk ek/;e izsl gh FkkA fofHkUu usrkvksa }kjk izsl dh LFkkiuk rFkk lekpkj i=kksadk laiknu bldk lwpd gS fd izsl dks ,d egRoiw.kZ laLFkk ekuk tkrk FkkA turk ds chp izsl dhjpukRed Hkwfedk dks le>rs gq, mls jk"Vª dk ,d vfHkUu vax cuk fy;k x;k FkkA izsl us lHkhToyar leL;kvksa dks izHkko'kkyh :i ls izdkf'kr fd;kA ml ;qx dk eq[; mn~ns'; tu tkxj.k FkkAblmn~ns'; dh izkfIr esa izsl dh Hkwfedk lfØ; rFkk mYys[kuh; jghA11

bl izdkj ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd jk"Vªokn ds fodkl esa fczfV'k ljdkj ds fujadq'krkiw.kZ'kklu ds chp Hkh izsl us viuh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dq'kyrkiwoZd fd;kA fczfV'k 'kklu }kjkle;≤ ij izsl ij fofHkUu izdkj ls izfrca/k vkjksfir djus ds ihNs lcls cM+k dkj.k Lora=kys[ku ls jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks cy feyuk FkkA fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk fdrus gh izfrca/k D;ksa uyxk, ij izsl us bu lcdk lkeuk djrs gq, vius vfLrRo dks cuk, j[kk vkSj jk"Vªokn dh mlHkkouk dks tUe nsdj iYyfor&iqf"ir Hkh fd;k] ftlus Lora=k Hkkjr ds LoIu dks iw.kZ fd;kA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] ,y-ih-(¼1996½] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laLÑfr] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky] vxkjk i 0&282- 'kqDy] vkj-,y-(¼1998½] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]

i 0&3793- ;'kiky] xzksoj ch-,y-( ¼1990½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l-pUn ,.M dEiuh fy- ubZ fnYyh]

i 0&3934- izlkn dkes'oj( ¼1998½ Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] Hkkjrh Hkou] iVuk] i 0&2675- nÙk] jk;pkS/kjh( etqenkj ¼1994½ Hkkjr dk o gr bfrgkl] eSDfeyu bafM;k fyfeVsM] enzkl] i 0&2616- oekZ] nhukukFk( ¼1993½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr] Kkunk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i 0 2907- -ih-¼1994½] Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky vkxjk] i 0&3288- egktu] fo|k/kj( ¼1990½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ,l-pan ,.M daiuh] ubZ fnYyh] i 0&6299- oekZ] nhukukFk( ¼1993½ vk/kqfud Hkkjr] Kkunk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i 0&29310- 'kqDy] vkj-,y-(¼1997½] vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]

i 0&28211- ogh] i 0& 285

'kks/k /kkjk 83

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; DEC 2017; Vol. 4; P. 83-88

vjfoan vfMxk ds miU;kl ^n OgkbZV VkbZxj*esa jk"Vª fodkl dk fparu

MkW0 lkfo=kh f=kikBhizk/;kid] vaxzsth] 'kkldh; ts-ih- oekZ ¼ih-th-½ dyk ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] N-x-

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

vjfoan vfMxk vaxzsth lkfgR; ds ;qok mIkU;kldkj gSa] ftUgsa mudh iqLrd n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ dsfy, êSu cqdj vokMZ^ iznku fd;k x;kA ys[kd us vius miU;kl esa jk"Vª fodkl esa ck/kd cuus okysfofHkUu dkjdksa ij iSuh rFkk lw{e n f"V j[krs gq, vnE; lkgl ls jk"Vª ds fofo/k {ks=kksa esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkjij rh[kk izgkj djds lq/kkj ,oa jk"Vª fodkl dh vis{kk dh gSA vehj vkSj xjhc ds chp O;kIr [kkbZ dksikVus ds n '; ls 'kk;n bl ij iSuh n f"V Mkyh gSA ys[kd us pqVhyh rFkk viuh rh[kh ys[ku 'kSyh lsljy Hkk"kk 'kCnksa esa miU;kl ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk]lkekftd Hksn&Hkko] Hkz"Vkpkj] ngst izFkk rFkk vU; cqjkbZ;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA dgkor gS fd lkfgR;lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS^] ys[kd us bl dgkor dks pfjrkFkZ fd;k gSA ys[kd dh ys[kuh dh /kkj ryokjds /kkj ls Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh gSA miU;kl dk dFkkud ikBd dks lkspus dks ck/; dj nsrk gSA vkt ,sls ghlkfgR; dh vko';drk gSA lekt esa tc&tc dqjhfr;ka] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn O;kIr gksrk gS] rks ,d izcq)ys[kd dk nkf;Ro gS fd oks viuh ys[kuh ls lekt ij rh[kk izgkj djs vkSj ;g dk;Z ys[kd us c[kwchfd;k gS rFkk jk"Vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr dh gSA

Hkkjrh; vaxzsth lkfgR; ys[kdksa us vUrjkZ"Vªh; f{kfrt ij viuk LFkku cukdj Hkkjrh;vaxzsth lkfgR; dks v{kq.kcuk fn;k gSA vaxzsth lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa fofHkUu iqjLdkj thrdj vius vfeVigpku dks fo'o Lrj ij LFkkfir fd;kA Hkkjrh; gksus ds dkj.k muds ys[ku esa jk"Vª fodkl] jk"Vªfgrdh fapark Li"V ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

vjfoan vfMxk vaxzsth lkfgR; ds ;qok mIkU;kldkj gSa] ftUgsa mudh iqLrd n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ds fy, eSu cqdj vokMZ^ iznku fd;k x;kA ys[kd us vius miU;kl esa jk"Vª fodkl esa ck/kd cuusokys fofHkUu dkjdksa ij iSuh rFkk lw{e n f"V j[krs gq, vnE; lkgl ls jk"Vª ds fofo/k {ks=kksa esa O;kIrHkz"Vkpkj ij rh[kk izgkj djds lq/kkj ,oa jk"Vª fodkl dh vis{kk dh gS] vehj vkSj xjhc ds chp O;kIr[kkbZ dks ikVus ds n '; ls 'kk;n bl ij iSuh n f"V Mkyh gSA

ys[kd us pqVhyh rFkk viuh rh[kh ys[ku 'kSyh ls ljy Hkk"kk 'kCnksa esa miU;kl ds ek/;els jk"Vª fodkl dh fpark O;Dr djrs gq, Hkkjrh; U;k; O;oLFkk] lkekftd Hksn&Hkko] Hkz"Vkpkj] ngstizFkk rFkk vU; cqjkbZ;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA dgkor gS fd lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS^] ys[kdus bl dgkor dks pfjrkFkZ fd;k gSA ys[kd dh ys[kuh dh /kkj ryokj ds /kkj ls Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh


Key Words : miU;kl vkSj yksd thou] miU;kl vkSj jk"Vªokn

'kks/k /kkjk 84

gSA miU;kl dk dFkkud ikBd dks lkspus dks ck/; dj nsrk gSA vkt ,sls gh lkfgR; dh vko';drkgSA lekt esa tc&tc dqjhfr;ka] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn O;kIr gksrk gS rks ,d izcq) ys[kd dk nkf;Ro gSfd oks viuh ys[kuh ls lekt ij rh[kk izgkj djs vkSj ;g dk;Z ys[kd us c[kwch fd;k gS rFkk jk"Vªfodkl dh fpark O;Dr dh gSA

Hkkjr rsth ls fodkl dj jgk gS] ijarq fodkl dh bl pdkpkSa/k ls djksM+ksa ?kj vHkh Hkh oafprgSa vkSj viuk thou vR;ar xjhch esa O;rhr dj jgsa gSA ys[kd us bl okLrfodrk dks c;ka dj mUgsaeq[; /kkjk esa ykus dh vksj ,d igy dh gSA ys[kd us nks Hkkjr dk ftØ fd;k gS 1- Hkkjr&xjhckasdk ns'k 2- bafM;k&vehjkas dk ns'kA miU;kl nksuksa Hkkjr dh dgkuh gSA bafM;k vkWQ MkdZusl] bafM;kvkWQ ykbZV~lA xjhc fpafrr gS&'kkjhfjd otu c<+kus ds fy,( vehj fpafrr gS] 'kkjhfjd otu ?kVkusds fy,] nksukas txg fpark flQZ ,d ckr dh gS ij mldk Lo:Ik vyx&vyx gSA ys[kd cMs+ ghpqVhys vankt+ esa gkL; jl dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fy[krk gS vehj iSny pyrk rksan ¼eksVk isaV½ dks dedjus ds fy, vkSj xjhc pyrk ml isV dh jksVh ds tqxkM+ ds fy,A

ys[kd euksfouksn djkus okys vankt esa 'kk;n 'kklu dk /;ku bl fo"kerk dh vksj vkdf"kZrdjrk gSA miU;kl jk"Vª esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij lh/kk izgkj djds bls mtkxj djrk gSA tgka ij xjhcvkSj detksj ckgqcyh ds vR;kpkj vkSj vU;k; dk f'kdkj gksrk gSA bl rjg ls ys[kd us Hkkjr dhlPPkh rLohj izLrqr dh gSA

vjfoan vfMxk cgqr lkyksa rd fnYyh esa jgs gSa vkSj fnYyh tks fd jk"Vª dh jkt/kkuh gS] dsckjs esa ,dne lgh fp=k.k djrs gSaA dgkuh izkjaHk gksrh gS ,d NksVs ls cPPks cyjke gyokbZ ls tksvR;ar xjhch esa iyrk gS] rFkk ,d fjD'kk pkyd dk csVk gS] tks fd fcgkj ds y{e.kx<+ ls gSA cyjke'kgj ds 'kksj&'kjkcs ls cgqr nwj xkao esa iyrk&c<+rk gS rFkk 'kgjh thou] mldh pdkpksa/k ls cgqrnwj gSA ijarq oDr us] ftUnxh us mls ,slk lcd fl[kk;k fd mls lkalkfjd pkykfd;ka ,oa /kwrZrklh[kus dks ck/; gksuk iM+kA cyjke gyokbZ csgrj ftUnxh dh ryk'k esa fnYYkh vkrk gSA ogka VSDlhMªkbZOkj curk gS ijarq le; dh ekj ;k le; dh /kkj mls ,slk cgkrh gS fd og vius ekfyd feLVjv'kksd dh gR;k djds caXkyksj vk tkrk gS rFkk viuk uke cny dj feLVj v'kksd 'kekZ cu tkrkgSA tks igys Lo;a ,d MªkbZOkj Fkk vc vusdksa VSDlh MªkbZOkj dk ekfyd cu tkrk gSA ijarq iki mlsdpksVrk gSA D;ksafd ewyr% og vijk/kh ugha FkkA og vius iki dk cks> de djuk pkgrk gS] vpkudog vkWy bafM;k jsfM;ksa ij ,d [kcj lqurk gS fd pkbZuk ds iz/kku ea=kh feLVj ft;kcko Hkkjr vkjgs gSa rFkk og lQy fctusl eSu ls mudh lQyrk dh dgkuh mudh tqckuh lquuk pkg jgs gSaAcyjke dks yxrk gS fd ;g lgh le; gS vkSj og viuh iwjh dgkuh lkr i=kksa esa fy[kdj iz/kkuea=khdks crkus ds fy, c;ka dj Mkyrk gS vkSj ;gh lkr i=k miU;kl ds iwjs dFkkud dks iw.kZ djrs gSA

îki flj p<+dj cksyrk gS^] ;g lR; fl) gksrk gS cyjke ds dsl esaA og vijk/k cks/k lsxzLr gSA D;ksafd mlus vius ekfyd tks fd mlds firk rqY; Fkk] dh gR;k dh gSA tSls dh eSdcsFk¼'ksDlfi;j dk ukVd½ us vius jktk Madu dh gR;k dh Fkh egRokdka{kk dh flf) ds fy,A cyjkeus vius ekfyd dh gR;k dh D;ksafd ekfyd us mldh eklwfe;r dk xyr ykHk fy;k rFkk cyjke

'kks/k /kkjk 85

Lo;a Hkh /kuoku cuuk pkgrk FkkA ;k ;w¡ dgsa fd xjhch] oDr] ifjLFkfr;ka rFkk feLVj v'kksd dkO;ogkj lHkh us mls ,sls ÑR; djus ds fy, ck/; cukdj ifjfLFk;ksa dk xqyke cuk fn;kA dgk Hkhx;k gS fd êuq"; ifjLFkfr;ksa dk nkl^ gksrk gSA

miU;kl nks Hkkjr dh dgkuh c;ka djrk gS& xkao ds va/kdkj dh rFkk 'kgj ds izdk'k dhAijarq va/kdkj ls izdk'k dh vksj tkus dh bl ;k=kk esa cyjke us D;k [kks;k] D;k ik;k] mlus ;g;k=kk dSls iw.kZ dh tc ge lc ge tku ikrs gSa rks lkspus dks foo'k gks tkrs gSa rFkk cyjke ds izfrlgkuqHkwfr ,oa vjfoan vfMxk dh fuHkhZd ys[kuh ij xoZ gksrk gSA vfMxk Hkh Ogh-,l- uk;ikWy ds lekuLi"V rFkk [kqydj Hkkjr ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gSaA vfMxk fy[krs gSa %

"Please understand your Excellency, that India is two countries in one : anIndia of Light, and an India of Darkenss" P-14

Ik;kZoj.k RkFkk xUnxh ij izgkj djds ys[kd us xaxk unh dh xanxh ij fpark O;Dr dh gSAxaxk dks ge thou nkf;uh ekurs gS( iki foukf'kuh ekurs gSa vkSj Mqcdh yxkdj ge ikikas ls eqfDrpkgrs gSaA ijarq xaxk ds izfr ge brus csijokg gks pqds gSa fd ;fn blesa Mqcdh yxk;k tk;s rks 'kk;nfofHkUu izdkj dh xanxh ls gekjk eq¡g Hkj tk;sxkA

"No! - Mr. Jiabao, I urge you not to dip in the Ganga, unless your ¡nt yourmouth full of faeces, straw, soggy part of human bodies, buffalo carrion and sevendifferent kinds of industrial acids." P-15

lkekftd O;oLFkk ij izgkj djrs gq, ys[kd dgrk gS fd xjhc 'kk;n e R;q ds ckn gh lghrjhds ls oL=k ikrk gS ¼dQu ds :Ik esa½A ys[kd dgrk gS fd cyjke gyokbZ viuh eka dks ;kn djrkgS fd dSls mldh eka dk iwjk 'kjhj ¼e R;q ds ckn½ flYd ds diM+ksa ls <+dk gqvk FkkA ftl ij xqykcdh ia[kqfM+;ka rFkk tSf'eu ds Qwy fc[ksjs x;s FksA eq>s ;kn ugha fd mUgsa vius thou esa dHkh ;s phtsaulhc gqbZ gSaA

cyjke gyokbZ dks y{e.kx<+ Ldwy esa foftfVax baLisDVj us n OgkbZV VkbZxj^ dk uke fn;kAD;ksafd cgqr lkjs ew[kkasZ esa 'kk;n og vdsyk gksf'k;kj cPPkk FkkA mlds firk tks ,d fjD'kk pkydFks] mls Ldwy ls i<+kbZ can djkokdj ds cpiu esa gh dke ij yxk fn;kA rkfd og dftu cgu dh'kknh ij ngst gsrq fy, x;s iSls dks pqdkus esa en~n dj lds] blfy, og pk; nqdku esa dke djrkgS] dks;yk rksM+us dk dke djrk gS ;gka ij og Ldwyh f'k{kk rks ugha] ijarq thou dh O;kogkfjd f'k{kkizkIr dj ysrk gSA

"I gave myself a better education at the tea shop than I could have got atany school." P-38

vc cyjke MªkbZOkj cuus dk [okc ns[krk gS rFkk MªkbZfOkax lh[kus ds ckn VSDlh Mªkboj cutkrk gS rFkk mls ekfyd ds ;gka ek:fr tsu pykus dk volj izkIr gksrk gSA ijarq mldk [okc gksaMkflVh pykuk gksrk gSA dqN le; Ik'pkr~ mls gksaMk flVh pykus dk volj izkIr gks tkrk gSA D;ksafdtehankj dk csVk feLVj v'kksd viuh f'k{kk iwjh djds fiadh eSMe ds lkFk ?kj vkrk gS vkSj cyjke

'kks/k /kkjk 86

dks mudh xkM+h dk Mªkboj cuus dk volj izkIr gks tkrk gSAv'kksd xqM+xkao ds ikl ikW'k ,fj;k esa ,d cM+k caxyk ysrk gS rFkk jktusrkvksa vkSj iqfyl dks

?kwl nsdj viuk dk;Z cM+h gh ckjhdh ls djrk gSA feLVj v'kksd dks ;g lc djrs ns[k cyjke Hkh;g pkykfd;ka lh[k ysrk gSA igys og vius ekfyd v'kksd o fiadh eSMe ds fy, cgqr gh oQknkjMªkboj Fkk] tSls jke vkSj lhrk ds fy, guqekuA ysfdu v'kksd ds lkFk dk;Z djrs&djrs og vk/kqfud ;qx] vk/kqfud ;qx dh ckjhfd;ksa dks lh[kdj T;knk gh O;kogkfjd gks x;k vFkkZr~ mlusHkz"Vkpkj dh lkjh ckjhfd;ka vkSj tqxr lh[k yhaA

"He returned from America an innocent man, but life in Delhi corruptedhim - and once the master of the Honda City becomes corrupted, how can thedriver stay innocent ." P-197

fnYyh us v'kksd dks Hkz"V ,oa pkykd cuk;kA D;ksafd ;gka mls usrkvksa] eaf=k;ksa] nykyksa] iqfylvkSj ttksa ls dke fudyokus dk rjhdk fl[kk fn;kA fiadh eSMe dks ;gka dh vLr&O;Lr ;krk;krO;OkLFkk rFkk >qXxh&>ksiM+h ij jgus okyksa ij fVIIk.kh rks dh ijarq mudh bZekunkjh Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+hgSA tc muls jksM ij lks;s gq, ,d cPPks dh mudh xkM+h ls ncdj ekSr gks tkrh gS( og mudhbZekunkjh ,oa ekuoh;rk gh gS fd og fifM+r ifjokj dks lkaRouk jkf'k nsuk pkgrh gSA ogha ij v'kksdvkSj muds HkkbZ us nq?kZVuk dh ftEesnkjh cyjke dks vius Åij ysus ds fy, ck/; fd;k rFkk >wBk'kiFk i=k lkbZu djkok;kA ;gka ij ys[kd us lekt esa nksgjs O;ogkj ,oa nksgjs pfj=k dk fp=k.k fd;kgS fd dSls lcy] ckgqcyh yksx xyr rjhds ls /ku] cy ds cycwrs ij xjhc dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa] ijarqmuds fgr dh fpark fcydqy Hkh ugha djrsA cyjke dks nq?kZVuk dh ftEesnkjh ysuh iM+rh gS gkWykafdv'kksd us dsl dh lsfVax djds tt vkSj iqfyl dks ?kwl nsdj dsl dks lekIr djok fn;kA fdlhdks Hkh fdlh izdkj dk n.M ugha feyrk gSA ijarq cyjke dks blls xgjk lnek yxrk gS rFkk fiadheSMe bu lc ckrksa ls] ;gk¡ dh U;k; O;oLFkk] ;gka dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ls {kqC/k gksdj U;w;kdZ okil pyhtkrh gSaA

;gka ij ys[kd us cyjke ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª ds nks cM+s uxjks ls gesa :c: djok;k gS 1- jk"Vªdh jkt/kkuh fnYyh& lRrk] 'kfDr] jktuhfr rFkk yksdra=k dk xoZA rFkk nwljh rjQ caXkyksj gkbZVsduxj tks fd ckgjh yksxkas dk x<+ gS] tgka yksx HkhM+ esa jgrs gSa] fnu esa lksrs gSa vkSj vk/kh jkr rddke djrs gSa] dk fp=k.k fd;k gSA cyjke lksprk gS] ijs'kku gksrk gS b/kj&m/kj HkVdrk gS] fnYyhesa xjhch ns[krk gS] LVs'ku ds Q'kZ ij lks;s] ysVs yksxkas dks ns[krk gS] dpjs dk <sj] ogk¡ ij dqRrkas dklewg] lHkh dks ns[kdj ijs'kku gks tkrk gS rFkk og lksprk gS fd og MªkbZOkj dh ukSdjh NwVus ijmldk vfLrROk D;k gS \ og feLVj izkbefefuLVj dks fy[krk gS %"Delhi is the capital of not one but two countries - two Indias. The Light and theDarkness both flow in to Delhi. Gurgaon, where Mr. Ashok lived, in the end of thecity, and this place, Old place, Old Delhi, in the other end. Full of things that themodern world forgot all about - rickshaws, old stone buildings, and Muslims." P-251

'kks/k /kkjk 87

ys[kd jktusrkvksa ij Hkh izgkj djrk gS fd Hkkjr esa dbZ rjg ds cq[kkj gSa tSls fd VkbQkbZM]dkyjk vkfnA ,sls gh ,d cq[kkj pquko Hkh gS&bysD'ku&Qhoj] ;g vR;ar cqjk vkSj [kjkc cq[kkj gSApquko esa fofHkUu izdkj ds okns fd;s tkrs gSaA >qXxh&>ksiM+h oklh dh fodkl dh ppkZ dh tkrh gSvkSj okLro esa gksrk dqN Hkh Ukgha gSA

"The election shows that the poor will not be ignored. The Darkness willnot be silent. There is no ¡ter in our taps, and what do your people in Delhi give us? You give us mobile phones. Can a man drink phone when he is thirsty ? Women¡lk for miles every mornig to find a bucket of clean ¡ter." P-269

ys[kd us viuh ys[kuh lekt esa O;kIr vU;k; vkSj vlekurk ij izgkj djds yksxks dk/;ku vkdf"kZr djds jk"Vª dk fodkl rFkk t:jrean yksxkas dks eq[; /kkjk esa ykus dk iz;kl djrkgSA >qXxh&>ksiM+h esa f'k{kk dh vko';drk gSA tula[;k o f) dh leL;k gSA ml ij jksd yxkukvR;ar vko';d gSA ys[kd fy[krk gS fd dHkh&dHkh >qXxh&>ksiM+h okfl;ksa dks vius cPpksa dh la[;krFkk uke rd ;kn ugha jgrsA

cyjke] v'kksd ds fy, dk;Z djrs&djrs cM+s yksxkas ds rkSj&rjhdksa ls okfdQ gks tkrk gSvkSj oks Hkh mUgha ds leku thou dk vkuan yqRQ ysuk pkgrk gSA oks Hkh ml Lora=krk dk vkuan ysusds fy, dksBksa is tkuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gSA bl dk;Z ds fy, mls /ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSSA vr%,d fnu vius ekLVj feLVj v'kksd dh gR;k dj nsrk gS lkjk iSlk ysdj caXkyksj pyk tkrk gSAvkSj ogka VSDlh Bsdsnkj dk dk;Z djrk gS vkSj viuk uke cnydj feLVj v'kksd 'kekZ cu tkrk gSArFkk lHkh tqxr&tqxkM+ esa ikjaxr gksus ds dkj.k lQy O;kolkf;d cu tkrk gSA

ys[kd us 'kk;n lekt dh fo"kerkvksa ij /;kukd"kZ.k djds jk"Vª ds leqfpr fodkl ds fy,ge lHkh dh lgHkkfxrk pkgh gSA oks pkgrs gaS fd lekt ls lkjs fo"kerk,a nwj gks lds vkSj jkejkT;dh LFkkiuk gks ldsA ys[kd ifjdYiuk dh gS fd& nSfgd nSfod HkSfrd rkik] jkejkt ufg dkgqfgO;kikA ys[kd us ,sls Hkkjr dh dYiuk dh gS] tgka losZ Hkoarq lqf[ku% losZ larq fujke;k] losZ Hknzkf.kIk';arq ek dfLpr~ nq[k Hkkx Hkosr dh psruk gksA

miU;kl Hkkjr dh okLofodrk dk lgh fp=k.k djrk gS rFkk vfMxk us viuh gkL; iqV lsljkcksj o.kZu 'kSyh ls vehj ij dVk{k djds laosnu'khy cuus dh vihy dh gSA ys[kd fy[krk gSfd /kuoku O;fDr dk 'kjhj] ¼rksan½ lQsn :bZ ds xn~ns tSlk gksrk gS tcfd xjhc dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh,saBh gqbZ jLlh ds leku gksrh gS ftlls fL=k;ka dq,a ls ikuh [khapus dk dk;Z djrh gSA xjhc dk thoumlds 'kjhj ij gh fy[kk gksrk gSA

cyjke ,d vPNs thou dh ryk'k esa MªkbZOkj cudj vius ekfyd feLVj dks iwtrk gS] ijarqcnys esa mls D;k izkIr gqvk\ /kks[kk\ mls ml vijk/k dh ftEesnkjh ysus dks etcwj gksuk iM+k tksmlus fd;k gh ugha FkkA ;g dkSu lk uSfrd ewY; Fkk] ftls mlus fnYyh vkdj lh[kkA vfMxk dgrsgSa fd fnYyh dh tsy ,sls gh dSfn;ksa ¼MªkbZOkjksas½ ls Hkjh iM+h gSA xjhc ds fy, yksdra=k dksbZ ek;usugha j[krk gSA ys[kd dgrk gS fd vijk/k dh J a[kyk esa tt yksx Hkh bu fxjksgkas esa fyIr gSaA cyjke

'kks/k /kkjk 88

tSls oQknkj MªkbZOkjksa dh deh ugha gS( ijarq mPp oxZ] mPPk e/;oxZ] e/; oxZ ds gkFkkas fcdus ij etcwjgksdj thou dk u;k uSfrd ewY; viukus dks ck/; gks tkrs gSaA ;n~fi Hkkjr dh lkjh vFkZO;oLFkkesa MªkbZOkj egRoiw.kZ fdjnkj fuHkkrs gSa ijarq muds fgr dh ckr dksbZ ugha djrkA MªkbZOkjksa ds lg;ksxls gh lwVdsl Hkj&Hkj ds ghjs tokgjkr lIykbZ fd;s tkrs gS( mudh gh bZekunkjh ls lkjk O;kikjpyrk gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk MªkbZOkjksa dh bZekunkjh ij gh fuHkZj gSA ijarq mudh n'kk ;k euksn'kkij dksbZ faparu ;k eaFku ugha djrk gSA xjhc MªkbZOkj rks ,d mngj.k gSa] ,sls gh vU; xjhcksa ij vR;ar/;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ftlls lekt esa O;kIr vlekurk nwj gks ldsA vlekurk nwj gkus ijns'k dk fodkl laHko gSA

lanHkZ1- Adiga, Arvindo' The white tiger, Harpar Kelins, New Delhi, P-142. Ibid, p. 153. Ibid p. 384. Ibid p. 1975. Ibid, p. 2516. Ibid, p. 269

'kks/k /kkjk 89


jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa laLÑr dh HkwfedkJherh mRrjk fujkyk

lgk0 izk0] laLÑr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] NRRkhlx<+

Jh jkedqekj flag daojl0izk0 laLÑr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn]NRRkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fuekZ.k o fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA fo'o dh izR;sd lH;rk

ds mn; vkSj fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk dk Hkh mn; vkSj fodkl gqvk gSA ge vius ns'k Hkkjr dh ckrdjsa rks ikrs gSa fd Hkkjr vk;ksaZa dk ns'k jgk gSA ;gka dh laLÑfr vk;ksZa dh lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ls ghiYyfor vkSj fodflr gqbZ gSA vkt dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj dh Hkk"kk;sa izpfyr gSaA izkphu Hkkjresa vk;ksZa dh Hkk"kk laLÑr FkhA ;g Hkk"kk gh Hkkjr ds lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuh ekuh tkrh gSA blk iwoZ lsgh bldk izpyu Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk foKkuh ;g ekurs gSa fd vius ns'k dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksadk fodkl laLd r ls gh gqvk gSA laLd r Hkk"kk dk fo'o dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk Hkh egRoiw.kZ laca/k Hkk"kkfoKkuh Lohdkj djrs gSaA laLÑr us fo'o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjksih; Hkk"kkifjokj dh izkphure vkSj Js"B Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA


Key Words : laLÑr vkSj jk"Vªokn] jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa laLÑr dh Hkwfedk

Hkk"kk ekuo thou dk ,d ,slk vfHkUu vax gS] ftlds fcuk ge fdlh Hkh O;ogkj dh dYiukugha dj ldrs gSaA ekuo lH;rk dh nks egRoiw.kZ [kkst Hkk"kk vkSj vfXu gSaA bu nksuksa gh [kkstsa dkekuo lH;rk ds fodkl esa cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku jgk gSaA Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ekuo lH;rk dh ,d ,slhvewY; fuf/k gS] ftlds ojnku ls euq"; lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr ds fofHkUu lksikuksa ij fodkl djrsgq, vusd izdkj dh mUufr dks izkIr djus esa leFkZ gks ik;k gSA egku fo}ku eSDl ewyj us ;g Bhdgh dgk gS fd ÞHkk"kk ;fn izÑfr dh nsu gS rks fuLlUnsg izÑfr dh vfUre vkSj loZJs"B jpuk gS] ftlsizÑfr us flQZ euq"; ds fy;s gh lqjf{kr j[kk FkkAÞ Hkk"kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA fo'o ds izR;sdlH;rk ds mn; vkSj fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk dk Hkh mn; vkSj fodkl gqvk gSA ge vius ns'kHkkjr dh ckr djsa rks ikrs gSa fd Hkkjr vk;ksZa dk ns'k jgk gSA ;gka dh laLÑfr vk;ksZa dh lH;rk vkSjlaLÑfr ls gh iYyfor vkSj fodflr gqbZ gSA vkt dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr esa vusd izdkj dh Hkk"kk;saizpfyr gSaA izkphu Hkkjr esa vk;ksZa dh Hkk"kk laLÑr FkhA ;g Hkk"kk gh Hkkjr ds lHkh Hkk"kkvksa dh tuuhekuh tkrh gSA bZlk iwoZ ls gh bldk izpyu Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Hkk"kk foKkuh ;g ekurs gS fdvius ns'k dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dk fodkl laLd r ls gh gqvk gSA laLd r Hkk"kk dk fo'o dh vU;Hkk"kkvksa ds lkFk Hkh egRoiw.kZ laca/k Hkk"kk foKkuh Lohdkj djrs gSaA laLd r us fo'o dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa

'kks/k /kkjk 90

dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;g Hkk"kk Hkkjksih; Hkk"kk ifjokj dh izkphure vkSj Js"B Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuhtkrh gSA bl Hkk"kk ifjokj ds leqnk;ksa dh lH;rkvksa dk ftruk fodkl gqvk gS] mruk vU; Hkk"kkifjokj dh lH;rkvksa dk fodkl ugha gks ik;k gSA vk;Z laLÑr lH;rk vkSj mudh Hkk"kk dk lkfgR;gekjs fy;s ,d vewY; migkj dh Hkk¡fr gSA laLd r Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑr lkfgR; ds dkj.k fo'o iVyij viuh ,d vyx igpku gSA bl Hkk"kk dk fo'o esa viuk ,d fof'k"V LFkku gSA fo'o dh leLrizkphu Hkk"kkvksa vkSj muds lkfgR; esa laLÑr dk [kklk egRo gSA ;g egRo vusd dkj.kksa ls gSA Hkkjrds lkaLÑfrd] ,sfrgkfld] /kkfeZd] nk'kZfud]lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou ,oa fodkl ds lksikuksadh laiw.kZ O;k[;k laLÑr lkfgR; esa vkt miyC/k gSAjk"Vªh; fodkl esa laLÑr dk ;ksxnku &

izkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh laLÑr dk ;ksxnku Hkkjrh; lH;rk ds fodkl esa jgk gSA jk"VªfuekZ.k esa laLÑr dh Hkwfedk dk lkaLÑfrd] lkfgfR;d o jk"Vª ds pfj=k ds fuekZ.k ds fy;s fof'k"V:i ls ;ksxnku jgk gSA laLÑr lkfgR; dk v/;;u djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ;g vius le; dsledkyhu Hkk"kkvksa dh vis{kk esa lkfgfR;d :i ls dgha T;knk laiUu gSA rRdkyhu le; esa tks dqNHkh Kku] foKku] /keZ] n'kZu] vk/;kRe] jlk;u] fpfdRlk] [kxksy] foKku vkfn fo"k;ksa esa tks dqN Hkhfy[kk x;k gS] og lc laLÑr esa gh gSA leLr Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk vk/kkj laLÑr gh gSA fdlh Hkhns'k dh jk"Vªh; uhfr dks ogka dh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; cgqr gn rd izHkkfor djrh gSA Hkkjrh; laLÑfriwjs fo'o esa viuh mnkjrk ,oa fo'o ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk ds fy;s tkuh tkrh gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esamiyC/k /keZ] n'kZu] vk/;kRe~]~ foKku ds fo"k;ksa ij tks dqN fy[kk x;k gS( mlds vk/kkj ij gh Hkkjrdks fo'o xq: ekuk tkrk gSA laLÑr lkfgR; esa jps x;s osn] osnkax] mifu"kn~] czkEg.k xzaFk RkFkkegkdkO; ds :i esa jkek;.k]egkHkkjr]Hkxor xhrk Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy;s /keZ xzaFk gSaA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=krks jktu;u o yksd O;ogkj ds {ks=k esa ekxZn'kZd dh Hkk¡fr gSA blds lkFk&lkFk gekjs izkphu euhf"k;ksads KkukuqHko lHkh laLÑr esa gh lqjf{kr gSaA

orZeku ih<+h dks mPp dksfV dh lkekftd] lakLÑfrd vkSj jk"Vªh;&psruk ds mUu;u mnkRrekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr fu"Bk ,oa muds mRrjksrj fodkl ds fy;s laLÑr Hkk"kk esa jps x;s lkfgR;ksadh vga Hkwfedk gSA laLÑr uhfr opuksa] 'yksadksa ,oa lwfDr;ksa ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh;ksa esa ijksidkj] ns'kizsefo'o ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekr Hkwfe ds izfr ekrk dk lacks/ku ge vFkoZosnesa ns[k ldrs gSaA ekr Hkwfe ds izfr leiZ.k vkSj vxk/k izse dh Hkkouk izkphu dky ls gh fo|eku jghgSA vFkoZosn esa Hkwfe dks ekrk ekurs gq;s Lo;a dks mldk iq=k crk;k gSA

ekrk Hkwfe% iq+++=kks vga i fFkO;k%A vFk-osn 12@1@12/kkfeZd xazFk HkxoRk xhrk esa rks Kku dh ckrsa Hkjh gqbZ gSaA /keZ n'kZu deZ bZ'oj ds izfr vkLFkk

dk tks Kku xhrk esa mYysf[kr gS] og u flQZ Hkkjr ds fy;s vfirq iwjs fo'o ds fy;s laLÑr dhvueksy /kjksgj gSA vius jpuk dky ls ysdj vc rd ;g iwjs fo'o dks Kku ds izdk'k ls vkyksfdrdj jgh gSA Hkxoku Jh Ñ".k us xhrk esa deZ ij tks mins'k fn;k gS]mls iwjs lalkj esa Lohdkj fd;k

'kks/k /kkjk 91

tkrk gSA xhrk xzaFk esa fy[kk x;k gS fd O;fDr dks HkkX; ij fuHkZj u jgdj vius deZ ij fo'okldjuk pkfg;s] vFkkZr~ mls deZ;ksxh gksuk pkfg;sAdeZ.;sokf/kdkjLrs ek Qys"kq dnkpu~A ek deZQygsrqHkZwekZ rs lM-~xks•LRodeZf.k AA xhrk 2@47

xhrk ls iwoZ jfpr izkphure~ xzaFk ds :i esa ekus tkus okys _Xosn esa Hkh deZokn ij fy[kkx;k gS &

;kn f'eu~ /kkf; reiL;;k fonr~A _x- 5@444@8vFkkZr ekuo vius /;s; dks Je vkSj ri ls gh izkIr dj ldrk gSA

u _rs JkUrL; l[;k; nsok%A _x 4@33@11vFkkZr~ tks Je ugha djrs mlds lkFk nsork fe=krk ugha djrsA bl izdkj dk o.kZu _Xosn esa izkIrgksrk gSA Je ds egRo dks li"V djrs gq;s osnksa esa dgk x;k gS fd euq"; vius /;s; dks Je vkSjri ls gh izkIr dj ldrk gSA

bruk gh ugh osnksa esa euq"; dh ohjrk ,oa fuHkZ;rk dh Hkkouk dks Li"V djrs gq;s dgk x;kgS fd lr~ dk;ksZa esa ck/kd tks 'k=kq ge ij vk?kkr djrs gSa] rks gesa pkfg;s fd ohjksfpr Øks/k vkSjijkØe ds lkFk ge mudk lkeuk djsa vkSj mudks fou"V dj nsaA _Xosn esa dgk x;k gS fd firkdks ;g dkeuk djuh pkfg;s fd esjs iq=k 'k=kq dk guu djus okys gksa &

ee~ iq=kk% 'k=kqg.k%A _x-10@159@03ns'k ds 'kkld ds laca/k esa dkSfVY; us vius xzaFk vFkZ'kkL=k esa fy[kk gS fd 'kkld dks iztk

ds fgr esa gh viuk fgr ns[kuk pkfg;sA Li"V gS fd pk.kD; us ,d iztkrkaf=kd jk"Vª dk leFkZu fd;kgSA vFkZ'kkL=k uked xzaFk esa fy[kk x;k gS &

iztklq[ks lq[ka jkK% iztkuka rq fgrs fgre~AukRefiz;a fgra jkK% iztkuka rq fiz;a fgre~AA vFkZ-'kk-1@18

vFkkZr iztk ds lq[k esa jktk dk lq[k fufgr gsA'kriFk czkEg.k esa dgk x;k gS fd iztk ls gh jktk cyoku gksrk gSA mlh ls gh ,d l'kDr

jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k laHko gS&fo"kk ok {kf=k;ks cyoku~ HkofrA 'kriFk czkEg.k-4@3@3@6

laLd r lkfgR; esa euq"; ds egRoiw.kZ xq.kksa ds :i esa lR;rk dk mYys[k dbZ txgksa ij ns[kusdks feyrk gSA lR; dh egRrk dk Kku izkphu euhf"k;ksa dks vPNs ls jgk gSA rHkh *eq.Mdksifu"kn*esa dgk x;k gS&lR; dh gh thr gksrh gSA bl okD; dks gh Hkkjr ds vkn"kZ okD; ds :i esa jk"Vh;izrhd fpUg esa mYysf[kr fd;k x;k gSA

lR;eso t;rsA eq.Mdksifu"kn 3@1@6Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa /keZ ds :i esa vfgalk dks gh ije /keZ ekuk x;k gSA lHkh laiznk; ,oa èkeksZa

esa vfglk ds egRo dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gsA vkpk;Z euq us euq Le fr esa /keZ ds nl y{k.k Li"V fd;sgSaA muesa loZ izFke vfgalk dks egRo fn;k x;k gS &

vfgalk lR;eLrs;a 'kkSpfefuanZ;fuxzg%A ,oa lkekflda /keZ pkrqoZ.;sZ czohUeuq%AA euq-1@63

'kks/k /kkjk 92

Ekgf"kZ iratyh us ;ksx lw=k esa ;ksx dh x.kuk izlax esa Þ;eÞ uke ds vaM-esa loZizFke vfgalk dh x.kukdh gS&

vfgalk lR;kLrs;&czg~ep;kZifjxzgk ;ek%A ;ksx-2@3egkdkO; egkHkkjr ds ouioZ esa vfgalk dks Li"V djrs gq;s dgk x;k gS fd vfgalk lcls cM+k /keZgS vkSj og lR; ij gh fVdk gksrk gSA lR; esa fu"Bk j[krs gq;s gh dk;Z laiUu gksrs gSaA ;gka ij dk;Zls rkRi;Z lr~deksZa ls gSA egkHkkjr ds ouioZ esa fy[kk x;k gS &

vfgalk ijeks /keZ% l p lR;s izfrf"Br%AlR;s dRok izfr"Bka rq izorZUrs izo Rr;%AA egk-ouioZ v/k-207&ekjd.Ms;leL;kioZHkkjrh; laLÑfr fo'o ca/kqRo o ijksidkj dh Hkkouk ls Hkjh gqbZ gSA izkphu dky ls gh gekjh

laLÑfr ijksidkj ca/kqrk fo'o dY;k.k ds jkg ij pyrs vk jgh gSA olq/kSo dqVqacde~ dh Hkkouk dsdkj.k gh iwjs fo'o ds ns'kksa esa viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krk gSA fgrksins"k esa dgk x;k gS &

mnkjpfjrkuka rq olq/kSo dqVqacde~AA ¼fgrksins'k½tks mnkjpfjr gSa muds fy;s lkjh i Foh dqVqac ds leku gSA laLÑr vius vkjafHkd dky ls ysdj vkt i;Zar rd ,d laLdkfjr Hkk"kk ds :i esa lHkhizpfyr Hkk"kkvksa ds chp viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krh gSA laLÑr vius fof'k"V O;kdj.k fu;eksa] 'kCnfuek.kZ dh {kerkvksa ls Hkk"kk foKkfu;ksa ds fy;s rks egRoiw.kZ gS gh] ogha egku o fo'kky lkfgfR;djpukvksa ds dkj.k lkfgR; txr esa Js"Bre Hkk"kk ds :i esa tkuh tkrh gSA orZeku ih<+h dks mPpdksfV dh lkekftd lakLÑfrd vkSj jk"Vªh; psruk ds mUu;u] mnkRr ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr fu"Bk,oa muds mRrjksrj fodkl ds fy;s laLÑr Hkk"kk esa jps x;s lkfgR;ksa dh vge Hkwfedk gSA vkt gekjsns'k ds yksxksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk iru gksrk tk jgk gS( ftlds dkj.k O;fDrxr] lkekftd] jk"Vªh;]varjkZ"V ªh; leL;k;sa ifjyf{kr gks jgh gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i fj'or[kksjh] O;fHkpkj] pksjh] MdSrh bR;kfnvkijkf/kd ÑR;ksa dk nq"ifj.kke lkeus vk jgk gSA bu lHkh folaxfr;ksa dks laLÑr Hkk"kk esa jfpr uhfrijd lkfgR; tSls&jkek;.k] egkHkkjr]Hkxor~ xhrk] uhfr'krd] fgrksins'k tSls y?kq dFkk xzaFkksa rFkk lqHkkf"kr 'yksdksa ds ek/;e ls tuekuldks uSfrd ewY;ksa o lnkpkj dh f'k{kk nsdj muesa ijksidkj] lR;] vfgalk] n;k] Lusg] fu"Bk] ns'kHkfDr]ohjrk vkfn xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA viuh uhfrijd lkfgfR;d jpukvkssa ds pyrs ns"kdks uSfrdrk ds ekxZ ij vkxs ys tkus esa laLÑr Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk ;ksxnku ges'kk cuk jgsxkA

lanHkZ1- Hkk"kk foKku] o/kZeku egkohj vksiu fo'ofo|kky;] dksVk2- euq Le fr3- Jhen~ Hkxor~ xhrk ]xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj4- egkHkkjr ]xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj5- 'kkL=kh] eaxynso ¼ladyudrkZ½( lqHkkf"kr lIr'krh]

'kks/k /kkjk 93


iwoZ e/;;qxhu fgUnh&lkfgR; vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drkMkW0 ¼Jherh½ m"kk frokjh

'kkldh; bZ- jk?kosUnz jko LukrdksRrj foKku egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NÙkhlx<+

MkW0 vkj-ds- frokjh'kkldh; ekrk 'kcjh uohu dU;k egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NÙkhlx<+


lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa *e/;&;qx* lkfgR;&jpuk dh n f"V ls fgUnh&lkfgR; esa loksZRÑ"V gSA fopkjksadh mnkjrk] vuqHkwfr dh xgjkbZ vkSj yksd dks ekxZn'kZu nsuss okyh n f"Vijdrk ds dkj.k ;g ;qx u dsoymRÑ"V l tu cfYd lkFkZd l tu dh n f"V ls vuqie FkkA blfy, bls *Lo.kZ;qx* dgk x;kA vkpk;ZjkepUnz 'kqDy us fgUnh&lkfgR; ds e/; ;qx dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&igyk iwoZ eè;dky ftlsHkfDrdky dgrs gSa vkSj nwljk mRrj e/;dky ftls jhfrdky dgrs gSaA HkfDrdky jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky]/kkfeZd vUrfoZjks/k ,oe~ lkekftd foJ a[kyrk dk ;qx FkkA rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr fofHkUu /keksZa esavusdkusd ekxksaZ vkSj laiznk;ksa esa caVus dh izo fRr pje lhek esa igaqp xbZ FkhA u dsoy fgUnw /keZ ds fofHkUulaiznk; dbZ&dbZ Hkkxksa esa caVs] vfirq bLyke esa Hkh tks fgUnw&eqfLye ,D; dk iz;Ru gqvk] og lar&lkfgR;esa izLQqfVr gqvkA ;s yksx lerk Hkko ds ekuus okys Fks vkSj fuxqZ.k czEg ds mikldA KkuekxhZ fuxqZ.k'kk[kkds bu larksa esa dchj] ukud] nknw] eywdnkl] lqUnjnkl] jSnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA


Key Words : lkfgR; esa jk"Vªokn] lkfgR; esa laosnuk ds fofo/k :i

fdlh ns'k] jkT; ;k jkT; ds fu;e] vuq'kklu vkSj ,drk ls c) O;fDr ;k lekt ghlkaLÑfrd n f"V ls ,d jgdj jk"Vª dh laKk ls foHkwf"kr gksrs gSaA jk"Vªh;rk ;k jk"Vª Hkko gekjs ns'kesa chloha 'krkCnh dh nsu gSA lhek] Hkwfe] vkpkj&fopkj] laLdkj vkfn dk ifjpk;d gSaA

;g ,d ;FkkFkZ vkSj dVq lR; gS fd Hkkjr jktuhfrd n f"V ls dHkh Hkh ,d v[k.M bdkbZds :i esa ugha jgkA bfrgkl lk{kh gS fd Hkkjr dh lRrk] Lora=krk ds iwoZ pkj jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksads gkFkksa esa foLr r :i ls dsfUnzr jgh gS ekS;Z] xqIr] eqxy] vkSj fczfV'kA HkkSxksfyd n f"V ls lRrk dsvkf/kiR; dk Lo:i de ;k vf/kd {ks=kksa ds :i esa lhfer Hkys gh jgk gks] ij os i Fkd bdkbZ FksAlkfgR; ds lanHkZ esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ls rkRi;Z jk"Vª dh *lkaLÑfrd ,drk* dks cuk, j[kus esa lkfgR;dh Hkwfedk ls gSA jk"Vªh; ,drk dk iz'u fdlh Hkh Lora=k vkSj laizHkq jk"Vª dh v[k.Mrk ls lEc)gS vkSj tc fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz'u ckj&ckj mBk;k tk;s rc ;g le>ysuk pkfg, fd jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds egRoiw.kZ ?kVdksa esa njkj vk xbZ gSA vk/kqfud lanaHkksZa esa Hkkjr esa ,ddsUnzh; 'kklu O;oLFkk Hkys gh gks vkSj og jktuhfrd Lrj ij ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa viuk Lo:iys pqdh gks] rFkkfi Hkkjr jk"Vª dh v[k.Mrk dks dk;e j[kus dh vihy ckj&ckj jktuhfrKksa }kjkdh tk jgh gS] rc yxrk gS fd ,d v[k.M bdkbZ ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr Hkkjr ewyr% ,d bdkbZ ugha

'kks/k /kkjk 94

gS vFkkZr lekt] laLÑfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk] tkfr vusd Lora=k bdkbZ;ksa dh lkeqnkf;d psruk] HkkokRed]rknkRE; vkSj lkaLÑfrd ,drk ds QyLo:i gh mldh jk"Vªh; ,drk cuh jg ldrh gSA ;gfufoZokn gS fd Hkkjr esa fofo/k {ks=kksa] Hkk"kk] tkfr] /keZ] laLÑfr vkfn esa vusd:irk] fofo/krk ;kfo"kerk gSA ;g vusd:irk ;k fofo/krk lkekftd lanaHkksZ ds :i esa Hkh gS vkSj Hkkf"kd fodYiksa ds:i esa HkhA vFkkZr~ oS"kE; lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij Hkh gS vkSj lkekftd Lrj ij HkhA vr% jktuhfrdmrkj&p<+ko] /kkfeZd vUrfoZjks/k] lkaLÑfrd fo?kVu vkSj lkekftd Lrj Hksn dks lekIr djus gsrqfd;s tkus okys HkkokRed vkSj dykRed iz;kl lkfgR; ds Lrj ij jk"Vªh; ,drk ds ladsrd gSA bl:i esa ns'k HkfDr ;k ns'k&izse ls vksr&izksr vfHkO;fDr;k¡ ;k fQj ekuorkokn] fo'o ca/kqRo] lkSgknZ]HkkbZpkjk] lkaiznkf;d ln~Hkko] n;k] d:.kk] vkfn mnkRr Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr tks euq"; esa euq"; lsgh ugha vfirq izk.kh ek=k vkSj izÑfr ds lkFk Hkh rknkRE; LFkkfir djus dh yyd iSnk dj ns] tksl f"V ds d.k&d.k ls gesa tksMs+] tks jk"Vª ls lEcU/k izR;sd Lora=k bdkbZ ds lkFk HkkokRed vkSjlkaLÑfrd lEca/k dh LFkkiuk djs] ogh jk"Vªh; ,drk ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ ek/;e fl) gksxhA

HkkSxksfyd vkSj jktuhfrd fofHkUurkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ,drk dks cuk,j[kus esa Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA

lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa *e/;&;qx* lkfgR;&jpuk dh n f"V ls fgUnh&lkfgR; esa loksZRÑ"V gSAfopkjksa dh mnkjrk] vuqHkwfr dh xgjkbZ vkSj yksd dks ekxZn'kZu nsuss okyh n f"Vijdrk ds dkj.k ;g;qx u dsoy mRÑ"V l tu cfYd lkFkZd l tu dh n f"V ls vuqie FkkA blfy, bls *Lo.kZ;qx* dgkx;kA vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy us fgUnh&lkfgR; ds e/; ;qx dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS&igykiwoZ eè;dky ftls HkfDrdky dgrs gSa vkSj nwljk mRrj e/;dky ftls jhfrdky dgrs gSaA HkfDrdkyjktuhfrd mFky&iqFky] /kkfeZd vUrfoZjks/k ,oe~ lkekftd foJ a[kyrk dk ;qx FkkA rRdkyhu Hkkjresa izpfyr fofHkUu /keksaZ esa vusdkusd ekxksaZ vkSj laiznk;ksa esa caVus dh izo fRr pje lhek esa igaqp xbZFkhA u dsoy fgUnw /keZ ds fofHkUu laiznk; dbZ&dbZ Hkkxksa esa caVs] vfirq bLyke esa Hkh tks fgUnw&eqfLye,D; dk iz;Ru gqvk] og lar&lkfgR; esa izLQqfVr gqvkA ;s yksx lerk Hkko ds ekuus okys Fks vkSjfuxqZ.k czEg ds mikldA KkuekxhZ fuxqZ.k'kk[kk ds bu larksa esa dchj] ukud] nknw] eywdnkl] lqUnjnkl] jSnkl vkfn izeq[k FksA

jk"Vªh; ,drk dh n f"V ls larksa ds iz;kl nks Lrjksa ij egRoiw.kZ Fks( ,d rks lkekftd Lrjij Hksn vFkkZr~ tkfr&ik¡fr] Å¡p&uhp dk izcy fojks/k djrs gq, lkekftd oS"kE; dks lekIr djusesa vkSj nwljs èkkfeZd vUrfoZjks/k dks lekIr djus ds mn~s'; ls loZ/keZ leHkko ds :i esaA bl fo"k;esa dchj dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ nz"VO; gSa&lkekftd Lrj ij Hksn dh vLohÑfr&

mPpS dqy dk tufe;k] tks djuh Å¡ph u gksbAlqcju dyl lqjk Hkjk] lk/kq fuanS lkbZAA

vr% lkekftd fo"kerk dh lekfIr gh *jk"Vªh; ,drk* dk ewy ea=k gSA HkfDrdkyhu larksa us;gh dk;Z viuh ckfu;ksa ls fd;kA

loZ/keZ leHkko ds :i esa larksa us rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa izpfyr leLr /keksZa] lk/kuk i)fr;ksa]

'kks/k /kkjk 95

nk'kZfud fl)karksa ,oa HkfDr&izokg ls tks xzg.kh; Fkk] mls xzg.k djds ,d lefUor HkfDr vkSj lkèkukdk iFk iz'kLr fd;kA ;fn dchj ds gh dkO; dk vuq'khyu fd;k tk, rks irk pysxk fd mUgkasusmifu"knksa ds v}Srokn] 'kadj ds czg~eokn] ,oa ek;kokn] ckS)ksa ds nq%[kokn] fl)ksa ,oa ukFkiafFk;ksa lsgB;ksx] oS".koksa dh HkfDr] izse vkSj izifÙkokn] bLyke ds ,ds'ojokn] lwfQ;ksa dh b'd gdhdh¼vykSfdd&izse½ lcdk lkj rRo xzg.k dj /kkfeZd Lrj&Hksn dks lekIr djus dk gh iz;kl ugha fd;kvfirq /kkfeZd lerk ds Hkko dk mRÑ"V :i Hkh izLrqr fd;kA

lwQh dfo;ksa esa tk;lh] ea>u] dqrqcu] mLeku] uwj] eksgEen vkfn izeq[k gSA ekuo dks ekuods vf/kd fudV ykus vFkkZr~ muds e/; HkkokRed ,drk LFkkfir djus esa izse ls c<+dj l'kDr vkSjdksbZ rRo ugha gks ldrkA blh izse rRo dk voyEc ysdj lwQh dfo;ksa us fgUnq&eqfLye ,drk dhleL;k dk vf/kd dksey vkSj dkO;e; lek/kku izLrqr fd;kA

fojfg ,d ykxh nqbZ gkjkA ,dfg rs ukukijdkjkAekrq ds jdr firk ds fcUnqA nqvkS rqjd vkS fgUnqAA

iwoZ e/; ;qx esa ,d vksj tgk¡ fgUnqvksa dk fuxqZ.kokn] eqlyekuksa ds ,ds'ojokn ls rknkRE;LFkkfir dj jgk Fkk vkSj nwljh vksj eqlyekuksa dk izserRo ekuo dks gh ugha] izk.kh ek=k dks izse dsjax esa jaxrk gqvk lkjs fojks/k feVk, tk jgk Fkk] ogha jke&dFkk ds iz.ksrk *rqylh* vius loksZRÑ"V izcaèkdkO; jkepfjr&ekul ds }kjk lkaLÑfrd ,drk LFkkfir djus esa yxs gq, FksA ekul esa jke dkfot; vfHk;ku *lkaLÑfrd ,drk* dk fot; vfHk;ku gh Fkk] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i laiw.kZ jk"Vª ,ddsUnzh; lRrk ds v/khu vk x;k FkkA rqylh oLrqr% fojkV ân; dfo Fks] mudh len f"V] O;kidleUo; Hkko ls iw.kZ FkhA *rqylh* us 'kSo] oS".ko vkSj Kku&HkfDr dk viwoZ leUo; dj /kkfeZd fojksèkdks lekIr djus dk lkgfld iz;kl fd;k &

lxqufg] vxqufg dNq HksnkA xkofg eqfu iqjku cq/k csnkAAO;kid vFkZ esa mudk /keZ *ekuorkoknh* Fkk &

ijfgr lfjl /kje ufg HkkbZA ij ihM+k le ufga v?kekbZAAjk"Vªh;&,drk ds izlax esa Ñ".kHkfDr 'kk[kk ds vej xk;d *v"VNkih* dfo;ksa dh ppkZ u

dh tk, rks ckr v/kwjh gh jgsxhA lwjnkl] uannkl tSls cztHkk"kk ds leFkZ dfo;kssa us vius dkO; dsek/;e ls Ñ".k dh eqjyh dh og rku lqukbZ ftlds ek/kq;Z esa dsoy czt&e.My gh ugha] lewpkfgUnqLrku ,d lkFk gh vkIykfor gqvkA ;g HkkokRed ,drk dk loksZRÑ"V :i FkkA vr% iwoZ&eè;dkyhu fgUnh&lkfgR; esa *jk"Vªh;&,drk* dk tks Lo:i izkIr gksrk gS] mls la{ksi eas fuEukafdr:i ls mYysf[kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &1- lar lkfgR; eas & lerk Hkko ;k loZ/keZ leHkko ds :i esaA2- lwQ+h dkO; esa & izserRo lefUor ikjLifjd rknkRE; ds :i esaA3- jkeHkfDr dkO; esa & lkaLÑfrd ,drk vkSj leUo;oknh n f"V ds :i esaA4- Ñ".kHkfDr dkO; esa & HkkokRed ,drk ds :i esaA

oLrqr% rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa le; dh pqukSrh dsoy /keZ vkSj n'kZu dh vksj ls gh ugha Lo;a

'kks/k /kkjk 96

thou dh vksj ls vk;h FkhA xjhch] vf'k{kk] lkaiznkf;d oSeuL;] jktuSfrd ijk/khurk] va/k&fo'okl]oxZ&oS"kE;] 'kks"k.k vkfn ml dky dk ne?kksaVw okrkoj.k FkkA fuLi g larksa vkSj HkDrksa us bl chekjekufldrk dk mipkj dj jk"Vªh; ,drk dks dk;e j[kus dk LrqR; iz;kl fd;k] muds vkRe&fo'okldks 'kfDr nh vkSj mUgsa mnkRr] O;kid rFkk dY;k.kdkjh thou dk ekxZ fn[kk;kA jk"Vªh;&,drk dhn f"V ls iwoZ&e/;;qxhu fgUnh&lkfgR; fu%lansg loksZRÑ"V miyfC/k gS] tks vk/kqfud lanaHkksZ esalokZf/kd mikns; vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA

lanHkZ1- Jksf=k;] MkW- izHkkdj( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl% Hkk"kk] laLÑfr vkSj fparu&A2- ikjk'kj] MkW- eD[kuyky( dchj dkO;ke r ¼vkykspuk [k.M½A

'kks/k /kkjk 97


jk"Vª ds fodkl esa fgUnh Hkk"kk dh HkwfedkMkW- lR;sUnz dqekj d';i

lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] tkatxhj pkaik] NÙkhlx<+

Jh vfuy dqekj usrkelgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] tkatxhj pkaik] NÙkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstracte/;dky esa Qkjlh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vjch&Qkjlh 'kCn

O;oâr gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk vaxzsth ds iz;ksx dk izpyu c<+rk x;k rFkkeSdkys dh f'k{kk i)fr us Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dk izHkqRo vkSj vf/kd c<+k fn;kA ljdkjh ukSdjh izkfIr ds fy,yxHkx vaxszth vfuok;Z gks x;hA vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk ij vf/kd n[ky ugha fn;k] ijarq eSdkys dhf'k{kk uhfr us Hkkjr ds Hkk"kk;h Hkfo"; dk uD'kk cny fn;kA ijUrq Hkk"kk dh ,dfu"Brk rFkk izfrc)rkds dkj.k fofo/krkvksa okys ns'k esa jk"Vªh; ,drk lnSo cuh jghA ;|fi rqdZ vkØe.k&dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr esavkØe.k dj /ku&nkSyr ywV fy;k] ijUrq Hkk"kk lEink NksM+ x,A ftlls fgUnh Hkk"kk fofHké fons'kh 'kCnksals ifjiw.kZ gksrh pyh x;hA fgUnh Hkk"kk us Lora=krk vkanksyu ds le; esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,d lw=k esa fijksusdk egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro fuoZgu fd;k rFkk ij izkarh; leku/kehZ fopkj /kkjk ds chp la;kstd dk dk;Z fd;k]ftlds dkj.k gh 1857 dh Økafr gks ik;hA


Key Words : Hkk"kk vkSj jk"Vª] jk"Vª fodkl esa Hkk"kk dh Hkwfedk

jk"Vªh; fodkl dh Hkkouk vk/kqfud ;qxhu fparu gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl esa ;|fi izR;sd O;fDrdk ;ksxnku vko';d gSA jk"Vªh;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dks vfgald <ax ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijarqjk"Vªokn dh vo/kkj.kk fgald gks ldrh gSA Hkk"kk euq"; dks ih<+h ls rFkk ekrk ls izkIr gksrh gSA Hkkjresa vusd Hkk"kk rFkk os'kHkw"kk rFkk vkpkj O;ogkj ds dkj.k jk"Vªh; fodkl varr% ckf/kr gqvk gS rFkk{ks=kokn vkSj izkarokn rFkk Hkk"kkokn jk"Vª ds fodkl esa udkjkRed dkjd gSaA ÞKku] foKku] lkfgR;vkSj dyk ds {ks=k esa euq"; ds leLr fodkl dk ,d vk/kkj Hkk"kk gSAÞ1

e/;dky esa Qkjlh Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa vjch&Qkjlh'kCn O;og r gks jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk vaxzsth ds iz;ksx dk izpyu c<+rkx;k rFkk eSdkys dh f'k{kk i)fr us Hkkjr esa vaxszth dk izHkqRo vkSj vf/kd c<+k fn;kA ljdkjh ukSdjhizkfIr ds fy, yxHkx vaxszth vfuok;Z gks x;hA vaxzstksa us Hkkjr dh Hkk"kk ij vf/kd n[ky ugha fn;k]ijarq eSdkys dh f'k{kk uhfr us Hkkjr ds Hkk"kk;h Hkfo"; dk uD'kk cny fn;kA ijUrq Hkk"kk dh,dfu"Brk rFkk izfrc)rk ds dkj.k fofo/krkvksa okys ns'k esa jk"Vªh; ,drk lnSo cuh jghA ;|fi rqdZvkØe.k&dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr esa vkØe.k dj /ku&nkSyr ywV fy;k] ijUrq Hkk"kk lEink NksM+ x,Aftlls fgUnh Hkk"kk fofHké fons'kh 'kCnksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh pyh x;hA fgUnh Hkk"kk us Lora=krk vkanksyu

'kks/k /kkjk 98

ds le; esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,d lw=k esa fijksus dk egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro fuoZgu fd;k rFkk ij izkarh;lekuèkehZ fopkj /kkjk ds chp la;kstd dk dk;Z fd;k ftlds dkj.k gh 1857 dh Økafr gks ik;hA

vk/kqfud dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz dk vkxeu fgUnh Hkk"kh turk ds fy, xoZ dk fo"k; gSAHkkjrsUnq us fut Hkk"kk dks viukus ij tksj nsrs gq, dgk fd & Þfut Hkk"kk méfr vgS] lc méfr dks ewy fcu fut Hkk"kk Kku ds] feVr u fg; dks lwy bd Hkk"kk bd tho] bd efr lc ?kj ds yksx rcS cur gS lcu lks feVr ew<+rk lksx

x x x

vkSj ,d vfr ykHk ;g ;k esa izxV y[kkr fut Hkk"kk esa dhft, tks fo/kk dh ckrAß2

HkkjrsUnq us 15 vxLr 1867 esa ^dfo opu lq/kk^ uked ekfld if=kdk dk izdk'ku fd;kméhloha 'krkCnh ds var rd fgUnh Hkk"kk ¼[kM+h cksyh½ izfrf"Br gks pqdh FkhA Hkk"kkfon MkW- gjnso ckgjhus fy[kk gS fd& Þméhloh 'krha ds mÙkjk)Z dh Hkk"kk fLFkfr dk voyksdu djus ij bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pk tkldrk gS fd HkkjrsUnq gfj'panz vkSj muds ;qx ds lkFkh [kM+h cksyhs dh méfr ds fy, cgqr lfØ;Fks vkSj mUgksaus ekSfyd Ñfr;ksa rFkk vuqokn }kjk lkfgR; dks le ) djus dk Hkjld iz;Ru fd;kijUrq Hkk"kk 'kSyh ifjekftZr ugha gks ik;h FkhA vr% lkekU; :i ls Hkk"kk dk xBu] 'kCnkoyh iz;ksx]orZuh O;kdj.k rFkk dF; dh vO;oLFkk cuh jghA dkO; Hkk"kk esa czt Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx pyrs jgus dsdkj.k [kM+h cksyh lkfgR; dh osnh ij izfrf"Br rks gqbZ] ijUrq ,d vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk ugha gks ik;hAméhloha 'krkCnh ds lekiu esa ';ke lqUnj nkl }kj ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk^ dh LFkkiuk dh] ftllslkfgR; dh fofHké fo/kkvksa ds izdk'ku dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvkAß3

fgUnh Hkk"kk dks O;kdj.k lEer cukus esa vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh dk ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZgSA f}osnh th us Hkk"kk ifjektZu esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA ljLorh^ if=kdk dk lEiknu rFkk blif=kdk ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus fgUnh ys[ku dk laLdkj ys[kdksa esa MkykA jk"Vª ds fodkl ,oa HkkoukRed ,drk esa jk"Vª Hkk"kk dk lfEefyr iz;kl vko';d gksrk gSAegkRek xk¡/kh ds fgUnh izse ds dkj.k fofHké laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA 1918 esa vius lHkkifrRoesa fn;s x, mn~cks/ku esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd&;g fgUnh ,dne laLÑre;h ugha gS vkSj u ,dneQkjlh 'kCnksa ls ynh gqbZ gSA tks Hkk"kk tu lewg dh le> esa le> esa vk lds] ogh loksZÙke gSA fgUnhog Hkk"kk gS] ftldks mÙkj esa fgUnw o eqlyeku cksyrs gaSAß

19oha 'krkCnh ds e/;karj ds i'pkr~ HkkjrsUnq ;qx rFkk f}osnh ;qx Hkk"kk;h uotkxj.k ds fy,egRoiw.kZ FkkA Nk;kokn esa rRle~ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dh vf/kdrk ls fgUnh dh izHkfo".kqrk c<+ xbZAifj.kkeLo:i fgUnh esa ,d u;k eksM+ vk;kA ÞNk;koknh dfo;ksa us laLÑr inkofy;ksa dks O;kogkfjdcukdj fgUnh dh vfHkO;fDr dks dkO;e; vkSj l'kDr cukus esa cgqr Hkkjh dke fd;kAß4

'kks/k /kkjk 99

Lora=krk ds iwoZ ;fn fgUnh jk"VªHkk"kk ?kksf"kr gks tkrk rks jk"Vª fodkl rFkk jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSjvf/kd lqn <+ gksrk ijUrq vaxzstks us tkucw>dj Hkkjr esa Hkk"kk foHksnhdj.k dks tkjh j[kk] ftlds dkj.kvaxzsth lÙkk v{kq..k cuh jghA lqHkk"k panz cksl dk Hkh ekuuk Fkk fd&Þns'k dh ,drk ds fy, ,d Hkk"kkdk gksuk vko';d gSAß

Lora=krk laxzke ds egku lsukfu;ksa dks Hkh ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ekywe Fkk fd Hkkjrh;ksa dks ,drkds lw=k esa fijksus ds fy, ,d Hkk"kk dh vko';drk gksxhA og fgUnh Hkk"kk gh gks ldrh gSA Lora=krkds i'pkr Hkkjrh; jktusrkvksa ds eu esa ;g fopkj vk;k fd ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u fdlHkk"kk esa gksxk\ lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us bls Þ/;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 343 dsvuqlkj ;g fu.kZy fy;k fd la?k dh jktHkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fgUnh gksxhAß5

fgUnh lkfgR; ds dfo;ksa us jk"Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa egrh ;ksxnku fn;kA eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIrjke/kkjh flag fnudj] ek[kuyky prqosZnh] izlkn] iar] fujkyk us tuHkk"kk fgUnh dks viuk;kAlqfe=kkuanu iar us dgk gS& ÞeSa dqath dgrk fgUnh dks] [kqyrk ftlls lkewfgd euA {ks=k o fÙk ls mBdj gh ge] dj ldrs tu jk"Vª laxBuAAß6

fgUnh dk iBu&ikBu Hkhs jk"Vª lsok gSA vkt Hkh Hkkjr dh pgq¡eq[kh rFkk cgqeq[kh fodkl dsfy, fgUnh Hkk"kk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj djuk gh gksxkA

lanHkZ1- feJ] MkW- jktsUnz( fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr ¼i 0&30½2- HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh ls mn~/k rA3- ckgjh] MkW- gjnso( fgUnh Hkk"kk ¼i 0&108½4- ogh ¼i 0&107½5- 'kekZ] MkW- jkeckcw( fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ¼i 0&48½6- iar] lqfe=kkuanu( yksdk;ru ls mn~/k rA

'kks/k /kkjk 100


jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa Hkk"kk dk ;ksxnkuMkW- js'kek valkjh

,lksfl,V izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] eSV~l fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW- deys'k xksfx;klgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh foHkkx] eSV~l fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+


orZeku le; esa fgUnh dk ifj"Ñr :i lkeus vkrk gS v©j bldk iwjk Js; ;qx nz"Vk vkpk;Z egkohjçlkn f}osnh d¨ tkrk gS( ftUg aus fgUnh d¨ Hkkoh jk"VªHkk"kk cukus fy;s viuk iwjk thou lefiZr dj fn;kAgkyk¡fd muds le; ls iwoZ gh fgUnh Hkk"kk çpfyr g¨ xbZ Fkh v©j dbZ fo}ku x| rFkk i| }kjk mlslqfodflr djus ds fy, ç;kljr~ Hkh FksA fdUrq ,d le ) jk"VªHkk"kk dh vko';drk d¨ le>rs gq, vkpk;Zegkohj çlkn f}osnh th us vewY; ;¨xnku fn;k] ftls dHkh foLe r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA v[k.M T;¨fresa ;g mYysf[kr gS fd vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh ;qx nz"Vk FksA os tkurs Fks fd dksbZ ns'k ,d jk"Vª Hkk"kkds fcuk u rks HkkoukRed ,drk çkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj u f'k{kk rFkk laLÑfr dh n f"V ls lqlEiUu ghcu ldrk gSA mu fnuksa Hkkjr dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh rjg fgUnh Hkh ,d Hkk"kk Fkh] mlesa jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk dsmi;qä ç[kjrk mRiUu u gks ikbZ FkhA bl deh dks iwjk djuk vko';d FkkA jktuSfrd LorU=krk mufnuksa ugha Fkh] v¡xzsth 'kklu viuk iatk etcwrh ds lkFk tek;s gq, FkkA ij Hkk"kk dh Å"kk viuk vkHkklçdV djus yxh Fkh vkSj ;g ckr fnu&fnu Li"V gksrh tk jgh Fkh fd Hkkjr vkt ugha rks dy jktuSfrdLorU=krk çkIr djsxkA rc lcls igyh vko';drk ,d le ) jk"VªHkk"kk dh iM+sxh] ;g xq.k dsoy fgUnhesa Fkk] ij mlds ç[kjrk çkIr djus esa vHkh yEch eafty ikj djuh FkhA


Key Words : Hkk"kk vkSj jk"Vª] jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa Hkk"kk;h laLÑfr

tc ls ekuo vfLrRo esa vk;k rc ls Hkk"kk dk mi;¨x dj jgk gSA Hkk"kk gekjs cÿpky dkekè;e gS] ;k dg ldrs gSa fd blds fcuk ge vius fopkjä dh vfHkO;fDr ugha dj ldrsA Hkk"kkekuo thou dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA Hkk"kk ds fcuk r¨ thou laHko Fkk ij ekuo thou laHko ugha v©j;fn Hkk"kk u g¨rh r¨ ekuo euq";Ro u laikfnr dj ldrkA Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk foKku esa vkpk;Z fd'k¨jhnkl oktih; dgrs gSa ÞfofHkUu vFk¨Za esa ladsfrr 'kCn lewg gh Hkk"kk gS] ftlds }kjk ge vius fopkj;k eu¨Hkko nwljä ds çfr cgqr ljyrk ls çdV djrs gSaAß MkW- ';kelqanj nkl ds vuqlkj Þeuq";v©j euq";ä ds chp oLrqvä ds fo"k; esa viuh bPNk v©j efr dk vknku&çnku djus ds fy;s O;Drèofu&ladsrä dk t¨ O;ogkj g¨rk gS mls Hkk"kk dgrs gSaAß Li"V gS fd vius Hkkoä] fopkj¨ d¨ nwljärd igqapkus v©j nwljä ds fopkjä] bPNkvä] er d¨ xzg.k djus ds ekè;e ds :i esa Hkk"kk dk mn~HkogqvkA Hkk"kk v©j laLÑfr dk ijLij lacaèk gS v©j lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr dk vkèkkj Hkk"kk gh gS v©jHkk"kk ds ekè;e ls gh lkfgR; d¨ vkèkkj feyrk gSA lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls gh gesa lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd thou dk ifjp; çkIr g¨rk gS v©j lkfgR; ds ekè;e ls gh gesa ekuo thou d¨ mUur

'kks/k /kkjk 101

cukus dh çsj.kk çkIr g¨rh gSAjk"Vª fuekZ.k ds ifjçs{; esa Hkk"kk ds ;¨xnku ij n f"Vikr djrs gSa r¨ ge ns[krs gSa fd Hkk"kk

ds oy vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e ugha gS cfYd bldk ç'u lexz gSA ,d v¨j ;g lH;rk d¨ laLdkfjrdjrh gS r¨ nwljh v¨j laLÑfr d¨ 'kCn nsrh gS] vFkkZr~ Hkk"kk lH;rk v©j laLÑfr d¨ lajf{kr ;k u"Vdjus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ;fn fdlh jk"Vª d¨ iru dh v¨j ys tkuk g¨ r¨ loZçFke ogk¡dh Hkk"kk ij çgkj djuk pkfg,A fonsf'k;ä us Hkkjr ij 'kklu djus ds mís'; ls gh loZçFke fgUnhHkk"kk d¨ u"V djus dh d¨f'k'k dh v©j viuh Hkk"kk d¨ yknus dk ç;kl fd;kA ckotwn blds Hkkjrds euhf"k; a us x| v©j i| ds ekè;e ls fgUnh Hkk"kk d¨ le ) djus esa d¨ dlj ugha N¨M+hA

orZeku le; esa fgUnh dk ifj"Ñr :i lkeus vkrk gS v©j bldk iwjk Js; ;qx nz"Vk vkpk;Zegkohj çlkn f}osnh d¨ tkrk gS ftUgäus fgUnh d¨ Hkkoh jk"VªHkk"kk cukus fy;s viuk iwjk thoulefiZr dj fn;kA gkyk¡fd muds le; ls iwoZ gh fgUnh Hkk"kk çpfyr g¨ xbZ Fkh v©j dbZ fo}ku x|rFkk i| }kjk mls lqfodflr djus ds fy, ç;kljr Hkh Fks] fdUrq ,d le ) jk"VªHkk"kk dh vko';drkd¨ le>rs gq, vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh th us vewY; ;¨xnku fn;k] ftls dHkh foLe r ugha fd;ktk ldrkA v[k.M T;¨fr esa ;g mYysf[kr gS fd vkpk;Z egkohj çlkn f}osnh ;qx nz"Vk FksA ostkurs Fks fd dksbZ ns'k ,d jk"Vª Hkk"kk ds fcuk u rks HkkoukRed ,drk çkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj uf'k{kk rFkk laLÑfr dh n f"V ls lqlEiUu gh cu ldrk gSA mu fnuksa Hkkjr dh vusd Hkk"kkvksa dh rjgfgUnh Hkh ,d Hkk"kk Fkh] mlesa jk"Vªh; Hkk"kk ds mi;qä ç[kjrk mRiUu u gks ikbZ FkhA bl deh dksiwjk djuk vko';d FkkA jktuSfrd LorU=krk mu fnuksa ugha Fkh] v¡xzsth 'kklu viuk iatk etcwrhds lkFk tek;s gq, FkkA ij Hkk"kk dh Å"kk viuk vkHkkl çdV djus yxh Fkh vkSj ;g ckr fnu&fnuLi"V gksrh tk jgh Fkh fd Hkkjr vkt ugha rks dy jktuSfrd LorU=krk çkIr djsxkA rc lcls igyhvko';drk ,d le ) jk"VªHkk"kk dh iM+sxh] ;g xq.k dsoy fgUnh esa FkkA ij mlds ç[kjrk çkIr djusesa vHkh yEch eafty ikj djuh FkhA f}osnh th jk"Vª dh bl egRoiw.kZ vko';drk dks iw.kZ djus dsfy, ,d prqj f'kYih rjg dh yxs vkSj vkthou mlh ozr dks iwjk djus esa ,d deZB vkn'kZoknh dhrjg vfopy J)k vkSj ifjiw.kZ mRlkg ds lkFk layXu jgsA

jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa fgUnh Hkk"kk ds lkfgR;dkjä dk vHkwriwoZ ;¨xnku ns[kus d¨ feyrk gSAfgUnh lkfgR; ds çkjaHk ls iwoZ çkphu laLÑr xzaFkdkj a dh jpuk,¡ jk"Vªçse ls v¨rç¨r gqvk djrh FkhaAosn v©j iqjk.k lfgr ns'k ds çfl) èkkfeZd xzaFk Jhen~Hkxor xhrk] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] dkfynkl dhlaLÑr jpuk,¡] ck.kHkV~V] Hkk#fo tSls laLÑr ds egku xzaFkdkjä dh jpukvä esa jk"Vªh; ,drk v©jjk"Vª fuekZ.k ds vusd lw=k feyrs gSaA fgUnh lkfgR; ds vkfndky esa i Fohjkt jkl¨ ds ohjdkO; lfgrrRdkyhu dfo; a dh J axkfjd jpuk,¡ jk"Vªh; psruk dk fodkl djrh jghaA eè;;qx ds HkfDrdkyesa xq:ukud nso] lar dchjnkl] x¨Lokeh rqylhnkl] jSnkl] nknw] tk;lh] lwjnkl dh egku Ñfr;äus jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ;¨xnku fn;kA vkèkqfud fgUnh lkfgR; esa loZçFke Hkkjrsanq gfj'kpaæ us viuhjpukvä ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªh; psruk dk uolapkj fd;kA jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk mn; Hkkjrsanq dky esa mlle; gqvk tc tu&tu esa fc[kjh jk"Vªh; psruk d¨ ,d lw=k esa fijüs dh vko';drk FkhA tuekul

'kks/k /kkjk 102

esa LojkT; dh Hkkouk dk uomn; gqvkA rRdkyhu dfo;ä us viuh jpukvä ds ekè;e ls uotkxj.kdk dk;Z fd;kA f}osnh ;qx esa çxV gqbZ uohu psruk us jk"Vªh; leL;kvä ds lekèkku dh fn'kk esaegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ek[kuyky prqosZnh] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr] cafdepaæ] dFkklezkV eqa'kh çsepan] 'kjrpan] t;'kadj çlkn lfgr vusd rRdkyhu lkfgR;dkjä us fgUnh lkfgR;ds i| ,oa x| foèkk esa viuh l'kDr ys[kuh ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªh; psruk d¨ vfHkO;Dr dj tuekulesa uolapkj fd;kA vkèkqfud dky esa fgUnh Hkk"kk jk"Vªh;rk vfLerk dk çrhd gS v©j vkèkqfud fgUnhlkfgR; us jk"Vªokn ds fodkl esa egÙkh Hkwfedk fuHkk gSA oscnqfu;k esa lq'khy dqekj 'kqDyk vius ys[korZeku lkfgR; esa jk"Vªh;rk ds lanHkZ esa fy[krs gSa &ÞçR;sd ns'k dk lkfgR; vius ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd]lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr ls lac) gksrk gSA lkfgR;dkj vius ns'k dh vrhr lsçkIr fojklr ij xoZ djrk gS] orZeku dk ewY;kadu djrk gS vkSj Hkfo"; ds fy, lius cqurk gS vkSjbl çdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd og jk"Vªh; vkdka{kkvksa ls ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA

vkpk;Z gtkjh çlkn f}osnh us Hkh vius fucaèkksa esa çkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds mnkÙk Lo:idks çR;{k dj ubZ ih<+h dks mlds egRo ls ifjfpr djk;k gSA jk"Vªh;rk dk ,d vU; i{k ogka fn[kkbZnsrk gS] tgka jpukdkj viuh jpukvksa esa orZeku ds çfr fpark O;ä djrk gS] ns'k dh jktuhfrd]vkfFkZd] lkekftd folaxfr;ksa ij çgkj djrk gS] bu fLFkfr;ksa esa lqèkkj dh dkeuk djrk gS] turkdk vkºoku djrk gS vkSj Lo;a lfØ;rkiwoZd Hkkx Hkh ysrk gSA Lora=krk la?k"kZ ds vkjafHkd dky lsysdj Lora=krk çkfIr rFkk mlds ckn dh vusd jpuk,a bldk mnkgj.k gSaA jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkoukfodflr djus esa vkèkqfud lkfgR; dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA jk"Vªokn ls lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk dkfodkl gksrk gS vkSj yksdrkaf=kd Hkkouk Hkh jk"Vªokn ls le ) gksrh gSA ns'k dh j{kk] fgr] laxBu] ,dlekt ds tkrh; Lo:i ds fodkl dh vkdka{kk] dksf'k'k jk"Vªh; psruk dk vfoHkkT; vax gSAß

ikap o"kZ iwoZ Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr Jh ç.kc eq[kthZ us 6 twu 2013 d¨ Hkïky esa vVy fcgkjhoktis;h fgUnh fo'ofo|ky; dk f'kykU;kl djrs gq, vius oDRkO; esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd lkekftddY;k.k vkSj fodkl ds dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk Hkk"kk ij fuHkZj gSA fgUnh Hkkjrh; lkekftd vkSjlkaLÑfrd ,drk dk çrhd gSA jk"Vª dks tksM+us esa fgUnh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA fgUnh nqfu;k dsvU; ns'kksa esa Hkh yksdfç; gks jgh gSA fgUnh ds ekè;e ls rduhdh fo"k;ksa dh f'k{kk çnku djus dht:jr gSA

lanHkZ1- oktis;h] fd'k¨jhnkl( Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk foKku] ÞHkk"kk dk egRoß ok.kh çdk'ku] us fnYyh] çFke laLdj.k]

1999] f}rh; laLdj.k 2008] i &19-2- 'kekZ] Jhjke( v[k.M T;¨fr] ^jk"VªHkk"kk ds vej f'kYih&egkohj çlkn f}osnh*] vxLr] 1964-3- 'kekZ] lq'khy dqekj( orZeku lkfgR; esa jk"Vªh;rk d¢ lanHkZ] oscnqfu;k4- http://hindi.webduniacom/hindi-literature-articles/hindi-literature-116120700031 _1.html

5- tulaidZ foHkkx] eè;çns'k 'kklu] Þjk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa fgUnh dk egRoiw.kZ ;¨xnku&jk"V~ªifrß] 6 twu] 20136- http://mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/rojgar/2013/1006/imp01.asp

'kks/k /kkjk 103


jk"Vª fodkl esa Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnku¼egkRek xk¡/kh ds lanHkZ esa½

Jherh Hkkjrh /kqeky'kks/kkFkhZ] gsepan ;kno fo'ofo|ky;] nqxZ] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractvk/kqfud ;qx esa xk¡/kh th rFkk xk¡/khokn ds izHkko ls fgUnh esa vf/kd dfork,¡ jph x;hA tc xk¡èkh

th nf{k.k vkfÝdk esa lR;kxzg vkUnskyu djs Fks] rHkh muls izHkkfor gksdj ek[ku yky prqosZnh th usfu%'kDr lsukuh dfork fy[kh FkhA eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] gfjvkS/k] ckyÑ".k 'kekZ uohu] lqfe=kkuUnu iar]jkeèkkjh flag fnudj* vkfn xk¡/khokn ls izHkkfor gksdj egkdkO;] [k.MdkO; rFkk xhfrdkO;ksa dh jpuk,¡dhA fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr th us viuh jpukvksa esa xk¡/khokn dh rkfRod vfHkO;fDr dhA xk¡/khokn ls izHkkforgksdj xhr fy[kus okyksa esa ek[ku yky prqosZnh] x;k izlkn 'kqDy lusgh*] lqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku] xksiky flagusikyh] lksgu yky f}osnh] f'koeaxy flag lqeu] gfjoa'kjk; cPpu] Hkokuh izlkn feJ izeq[k gSaA fgUnhdforkvksa esa xk¡/kh th ds egku O;fDrRo ds dkj.k gh bldk izHkko vfgalk rRo] lR;kxzg] /keZ leHkko]Lok/khurk vkUnksyu] [kknh vkSj pj[kk] vNwrks)kj] lkEiznkf;d ,drk ij iM+kA vfgalk* xk¡/khth ds fy,lR; izkfIr dk lk/ku FkhA bl vfgalk esa n;k] d:.kk] izse vkfn lc Hkko fNis gSaA xk¡/kh th dh vfgalkdk;jksa dh vfgalk ugha FkhA mlesa yk[kksa ryokjksa dks g¡lrs gq, lkeuk djus dh 'kfDr FkhA


Key Words : Nk;koknh dkO; esa jk"Vªh;&psruk] xk¡/khoknh izHkko vkSj jk"Vªh; psruk

vk/kqfud ;qx esa xk¡/kh th rFkk xk¡/khokn ds izHkko ls fgUnh esa vf/kd dfork,¡ jph x;hA tcxk¡/kh th nf{k.k vkÝhdk esa lR;kxzg vkUnksyu djs Fks] rHkh muls izHkkfor gksdj ek[ku yky prqosZnhth us fu%'kDr lsukuh dfork fy[kh FkhA eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] gfjvkS/k] ckyÑ".k 'kekZ uohu] lqfe=kkuUnuiar] jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* vkfn xk¡/khokn ls izHkkfor gksdj egkdkO;] [k.MdkO; rFkk xhfrdkO;ksadh jpuk,¡ dhA fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr th us viuh jpukvksa esa xk¡/khokn dh rkfRod vfHkO;fDr dhAxk¡/khokn ls izHkkfor gksdj xhr fy[kus okyksa esa ek[ku yky prqosZnh] x;k izlkn 'kqDy lusgh*] lqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku] xksiky flag usikyh] lksgu yky f}osnh] f'koeaxy flag lqeu] gfjoa'kjk; cPpu] Hkokuhizlkn feJ izeq[k gSaA

fgUnh dforkvksa esa xk¡/kh th ds egku O;fDrRo ds dkj.k gh bldk izHkko vfgalk rRo]lR;kxzg] /keZ leHkko] Lok/khurk vkUnksyu] [kknh vkSj pj[kk] vNwrks)kj] lkEiznkf;d ,drk ijiM+kA

^vfgalk* xk¡/khth ds fy, lR; izkfIr dk lk/ku FkhA bl vfgalk esa n;k] d:.kk] izse vkfnlc Hkko fNis gSaA xk¡/kh th dh vfgalk dk;jksa dh vfgalk ugha FkhA mlesa yk[kksa ryokjksa dks g¡lrsgq, lkeuk djus dh 'kfDr FkhA ek[ku yky prqosZnh th us fu%'kDr lsukuh* dfork esa crk;k gS fd

'kks/k /kkjk 104

yk[kksa ryokj fu%'kDr ij VwV iM+s vkSj gkgkdkj ep tk;sa] ysfdu cfy i'kq ds leku fu%'kDr lsukuhejus ds fy, rS;kj jgs gSaA os dgrs gaS fd iyV tk;s pkgs lalkj bu gkFkksa esa ryokj u yw¡xk&

Þyidrh gS yk[kksa ryokj] epk Mkysaxh gkgkdkjAekjus ejus dks euqgkj [kM+s gSa] cfy i'kq lc rS;kjAiyV tk;sa lalkj u yw¡xk bu gkFkksa esa ryokjAAÞ

lqHknzkdqekjh th us fgalk Hkko yk¡?kdj ohj v'kksd cuus ds fy, izsj.kk nsrs gq, dgk gS fd &vfgald ohj v'kksd ds leku ,slk dke djs ftlls bgyksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa cusa &

ge fgalk dk Hkko yk¡?kdj fot;h ohj v'kksd cusAdke djsaxs ogh fd ftlesa yksd vkSj ijyksd cusAA

egkRek xk¡/kh th us /kkfeZd leUo; ds }kjk fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds fy, thou i;ZUr izR;Urfd;k vkSj varr% mlh dke esa dqjcku gks x;s A /kkfeZd ,drk ls gh Hkkjr dh vktknh laHko ekudj:iukjk;.k ik.Ms; th us lcdks feydj yM+us dk lans'k fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd tSu] ckS)] Qkjlh];gwnh] eqlyeku] fl[k] bZlkbZ vkfn fofHkUu /keZ ds yksd lc feydj dgs fd lc HkkbZ&HkkbZ gSa &

ÞtSu] ckS)] Qkjlh] ;gwnh] eqlyeku] fl[k] bZlkbZAdksfV daB ls feydj dg nks] ge lc gSa HkkbZ&HkkbZAAÞ

xk¡/kh th 'kL=k cy ls eukscy esa fgald Økafr ls g n; ifjorZu esa vkSj ejus ls [kqn ejdjthrus esa fo'okl j[krs gSaA tsy esa fy[kh x;h ek[kuyky prqosZnh th dh izfl) dfork îq"i dhvfHkyk"kk* esa dfo us dsoy cfynkuh oS".ko O;fDrRo dh fu"Bk gh izdV ugha gqbZ gS] oju~ ml ;qx dslEiw.kZ jk"Vªh; la?k"kZ dh psruk Hkh /ofur gqbZ gS A dfo ekr Hkwfe ds fy, mRlxZ dh Hkkouk O;Dr djrsgq, Qwy ds eq¡g ls dgyokrs gSa fd gs cuekyh] eq>s rksM+dj ftl iFk esa ekr Hkwfe ds fy, ohj cfynkudjus x;s Fks] ml iFk esa Qsad nks &

Þeq>s rksM+ ysuk ouekyh] ml iFk esa nsuk rqe QsadAekr Hkwfe ij 'kh'k p<+kus] ftl iFk tkosa ohj vusdAAÞ

xk¡/khth fo'o ds 'kkafr nwr FksA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd loksZn; ls gh txr~ esa 'kkafr laHko gSAysfdu fnudj th us fopkj esa tc rd vkidks cjkcj lq[k u feys rc rd 'kkafr laHko ugha gS &

Þ'kkafr ugha rc rd] tc rd] lq[k Hkkx u uj dk le gks AAÞxk¡/khokn ds ewy rRo gS lR; vkSj vfgalkA MkW- lq"kekukjk;.k us dgk&Þxk¡/kh th ds lR; rFkk

vfgalk dh ehekalk] fgUnh dkO; {ks=k esa Jh Þf=k'kwy] Jh ek[ku yky prqosZnh] Jherh lqHknzkdqekjhpkSgku vkfn us dh gSAÞ xk¡/kh n'kZu ds iz'kald Jh x;k izlkn 'kqDy ^lusgh* us xk¡/kh th dk Lroudjrs gq, dgk gS fd ftl lR;] vfgalk vkSj izse ls rhuksa yksd mfnr gq, mudh t; gksA lR; vkSjvfgalk ds jkgh fo'ooa'k ckiw dh t; gksA

Þt; lR;] vfgalk vkSj izse] ftlls f=kyksd gqvk mn;AAlqfe=kkuanu iar th us lR; dks ekuo thou dh ifjpkyu 'kfDr crk;k gSA muds vuqlkj

ftldk 'kjhj Hkwrokn gks vkSj eu izk.kokn gks ogh lR; ekuo thou dk ifjpkyu dj ldrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 105

Hkkjr tSls xzke iz/kku ns'k esa fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr lkspuh; gksus ls egkRek xk¡/kh th us xzkeksa ds fodkldh vksj vf/kd /;ku fn;kA fgUnh ds dfo;ksa us egkRek xk¡/kh dh blh xzkeks)kj Hkkouk ls izHkkforgksdj vla[; dfork,¡ jphA iar th us xzkE;k*] eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr us fdlku* vkSj lksgu yky f}osnhth us lsokxzke* vkfn dh jpuk dhA bu lHkh jk"Vª dk d.kZ/kkj fdlku dks ekuk gSA ns'k dh mUufrml deZB ds gkFk esa gh gS] blfy, lksgu yky f}osnh th fdlku ls dgrs gSa fd rqEgkjs tkx r gq,fcuk ns'k dh mUufr dh ehukj u mBsxh &

ÞrqEgsa ugha D;k Kkr jk"Vª ds] rqe gks deZB d.kZ/kkjfcuk rqEgkjs mB u mBs] ldrh gS mUufr dk ehukjAÞ

Nk;koknh dfo;ksa us LojkT;] Lora=krk ;k jk"Vªh;rk laca/kh dfork xkbZ gSA fxfj/kj 'kekZ us^jk"Vªh; xku* esa jk"Vªh; ,drk dh vksj ladsr fd;k gSA mUgksaus dgk fd lqUnj Hkkjr ns'k lc ds fy,gS iatkch] xqtjkrh] caxkyh] cztoklh] enzklh] jktLFkkuh lcdk gS

Þt;&t; I;kjs ns'k! jE; gekjs ns'k!jktLFkkuh ;k enjklh] lc ds lc gSa HkkjroklhAÞ

Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dk xk¡/kh&Lrou vkSj xk¡/khokn ls izHkkfor dkO;] lkfgR; dh n f"V lsmRÑ"V ugha gS] fdUrq xk¡/khokn dks vkRelkr~ djds jpk x;k dkO; tSls&ifFkd mUeqDr] ckiw] lkdsrvkfn lR; esa mPp dksfV ds gSaA vr% blls Li"V gksrk gS fd Nk;koknh dfo;ksa ij egkRek xk¡/kh dkO;kid izHkko gSA

lUnHkZ1- 'kekZ] MkW-jes'kpUnz( fgUnh ds vk/kqfud dfo2- ÞeaxyÞ MkW-ykypUn xqIr( mRrj'rh ds Js"B fgUnh dfo3- fgUnh vuq'khyu] flrEcj&fnlEcj 2013

'kks/k /kkjk 106


jk"VªHkk"kk dh vo/kkj.kk ,oa fgUnhMkW0 e/kqefr ljksVs

'kkldh; fcyklk dU;k Lo'kklh ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractfgUnh cgqr le; ls jk"Vª dks ,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dk dke dj jgh gSA lfn;ksa ls larksa dh Hkk"kk

fgUnh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh gSA lekt lq/kkjdksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgUnh gS] ns'k HkDrksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgUnh gSA ns'kesa ns'kokfl;ksa ls laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy, fgUnh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq vkt gekjh lalnus fgUnh dks laoS/kkfud rkSj ij ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk ugha cuk;k gSA xk¡/khth ls ysdj jktho xk¡/kh rd lHkhpkgrs vkSj cksyrs Fks fd fgUnh ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk gksuh pkfg;s] D;ksafd fgUnh Hkk"kk esa gh oks 'kfDr gS tksjk"Vª dks ,drk dh lw=k esa ck¡/kdj j[k ldrh gSA ;g 'kfDr vU; fdlh Hkk"kk esa ugha gSA gekjh oSpkfjdlksp us fgUnh dks ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk ugha cuus fn;kA vkLVªsfy;k ds iz/kkuea=kh twft;k fxykbZ us dgk&fdHkkjr ,d vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksdra=k gS vkSj Hkkjr tkus okys muds jktukf;dksa dks fgUnh lh[kus dh t:jrugha gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ lkjk dkedkt vaxzsth esa gh gksrk gSA vesfjdk] jf'k;k] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k]baMksusf'k;k] bZjkd] rqdhZ tSls vusd ns'kksa dh viuh Hkk"kk gS vkSj mudh Hkk"kk esa gh laln vkSj dk;kZy;ksadk dkedkt pyrk gSA Hkkjr dh laln dk dkedkt vaxzsth esa pyrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd Hkkjrh; loksZPpU;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk Hkh vaxzsth gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª vkSj jk"VªHkk"kk] Hkk"kk dk ifjizs{;] jk"VªHkk"kk dk ifjizs{;

jk"VªHkk"kk dk vFkZ] jk"Vª dh Hkk"kk ls gSA vke rkSj ij ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd jk"Vª esa ftruhHkh izeq[k Hkk"kk,¡ gksrh gS] os lc jk"VªHkk"kk ekuh tkrh gSA tSls&Hkkjr esa fgUnh] ejkBh] xqtjkrh]jktLFkkuh] caxkyh] rfey] rsyxq vkfnA ijUrq ikfjHkkf"kd vFkZ esa jk"Vª esa izpfyr vusd Hkk"kkvksa esa lsogh Hkk"kk jk"VªHkk"kk ds in ij vklhu gks ldrh gS] tks lewps jk"Vª dks HkkokRed ,drk ds lw=k esa ckaèkldrh gSA lkFk gh og ns'k ds cgqla[;d yksxksa }kjk cksyh tkrh gks ,oa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj yksdO;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA jk"VªHkk"kk turk dh Hkk"kk gksrh gS] ftlesa lewps ns'k dh turk dh lksp]laLÑfr] /keZ vkSj lkekftd /kkj.kk] ykSfdd&vk/;kfRed izo fRr;k¡] yksd O;ogkj] yksd uhfr laca/khfopkj ,oa n f"Vdks.k O;Dr gksrk gSA vkSj tks Hkk"kk jk"Vª ds lkoZtfud {ks=k] esys mRloksa esa lEidZ Hkk"kkds :i esa viuk;h tkrh gks] ogh Hkk"kk jk"VªHkk"kk cuus dh {kerk j[krh gSA1

fgUnh cgqr le; ls jk"Vª dks ,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dk dke dj jgh gSA lfn;ksa ls larksadh Hkk"kk fgUnh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh gSA lekt lq/kkjdksa dh Hkk"kk Hkh fgUnh gS] ns'k HkDrksa dh Hkk"kk HkhfgUnh gSA ns'k esa ns'kokfl;ksa ls laokn LFkkfir djus ds fy, fgUnh dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrqvkt gekjh laln us fgUnh dks laoS/kkfud rkSj ij ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk ugha cuk;k gSA xk¡/khth ls ysdjjktho xk¡/kh rd lHkh pkgrs vkSj cksyrs Fks fd fgUnh ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk gksuh pkfg;s] D;ksafd fgUnh

'kks/k /kkjk 107

Hkk"kk esa gh oks 'kfDr gS] tks jk"Vª dks ,drk ds lw=k esa ck¡/kdj j[k ldrh gS] ;g 'kfDr vU; fdlhHkk"kk esa ugha gSA gekjh oSpkfjd lksp us fgUnh dks ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk ugha cuus fn;kA vkLVªsfy;k dsiz/kkuea=kh twft;k fxykbZ us dgk&fd Hkkjr ,d vaxzsth Hkk"kh yksdra=k gS vkSj Hkkjr tkus okys mudsjktukf;dksa dks fgUnh lh[kus dh t:jr ugha gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ lkjk dkedkt vaxzsth esa gh gksrk gSAvesfjdk] jfl;k] phu] tkiku] dksfj;k] baMksusf'k;k] bZjkd] rqdhZ tSls vusd ns'kksa dh viuh Hkk"kk gSvkSj mudh Hkk"kk esa gh laln vkSj dk;kZy;ksa dk dkedkt pyrk gSA Hkkjr dh laln dk dkedktvaxzsth esa pyrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd Hkkjrh; loksZPp U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk Hkh vaxzsth gSA

lu~ 1885 bZ- esa jk"Vª esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds :i esa ubZ psruk dk tUe gqvkA ns'k esatkx:drk vkSj ,drk ds fy, jk"VªHkk"kk dks vko';d le>k x;kA blh le; esa i=kdkfjrk dkfodkl gqvk vkSj caxky ls fgUnh i=kksa dk loZizFke izdk'ku izkjEHk gqvkA bl dky esa lEidZ Hkk"kkds egRo ij fopkj djrs le; ns'k ds rRdkyhu tu&uk;dksa dks fgUnh dk uke ;kn vk;k] D;ksafdcgqr igys ls gh ;gh Hkk"kk lEidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgh FkhA eqfLye vkSj vaxzsth 'kklu dhmis{kk ds ckotwn] ;g dk;Z fgUnh esa blfy, gqvk( D;ksafd ;gh ,d ,slh loZekU; Hkk"kk gS] ftldkiz;ksx lkjs ns'k esa gks jgk gSa vkSj ftls loZ=k le>k tk jgk gSA fnukad 5 tqykbZ 1928 bZ- dks ;axbafM;k esa egkRek xk¡/kh us fy[kk& Þ;fn eSa rkuk'kkg gksrk rks vkt gh fons'kh Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk fn;k tkukcUn dj nsrkA lkjs vk/;kidksa dks Lons'kh Hkk"kk,¡ viukus ds fy, etcwj dj nsrkA tks vkuk&dkuhdjrs mUgsa c[kkZLr dj nsrkA eSa ikB~; iqLrdsa rS;kj fd;s tkus rd bUrtkj u djrkAÞ

usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl dk er Fkk&Þ;fn ge yksxksa us eu ls iz;Ru fd;k] rks og fnu nwjugha] tc Hkkjr Lok/khu gksxk vkSj mldh jk"VªHkk"kk gksxh fgUnhAÞ

Hkk"kk jk"Vªh; psruk dh laokfgdk gksrh gS vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl esa jk"Vª dh xfr'khy psruk dkizrhd ekuh tkrh gSA ftl jk"Vª esa ,d Hkk"kk] ,d fopkj/kkjk dk izokg ugha gksrk vkSj ftl jk"Vª esaoSpkfjd vfHkO;fDr ds lalk/kuksa dh deh gksrh gS] ogk¡ HkkokRed ,drk dk iz'u mBrk gh ugha gSAHkk"kk fufeZr ugha vftZr lEink gSA bl vtZu dh fujUrjrk dks ckf/kr djds ml ij u;h Hkk"kk dkvkjksi.k jk"Vª ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr gS vkSj ml jk"Vª dk dHkh fodkl ugha gksrk gSA

fo'o ds gj ns'k dh viuh viuh jk"VªHkk"kk gS ij fo'o ds lcls cM+s turkaf=kd ns'k Hkkjrdh dksbZ jk"VªHkk"kk ugha gS] ;g cM+s 'kksd dh ckr gSA vk;fj'k dfo FkkWel MsfoM dgrs gSa&ÞdksbZ jk"Vªviuh jk"VªHkk"kk dks NksM+dj jk"Vª ugha dgyk ldrkA jk"VªHkk"kk dh j{kk gekjh lhekvksa dh j{kk lsHkh T;knk t:jh gS] D;ksafd og fons'kh vkØe.kksa dks jksdus esa ioZrksa vkSj ufn;ksa ls Hkh vf/kd leFkZgSAÞ2 blfy, jk"VªHkk"kk dh j{kk djuk gekjk drZO; gSA jk"VªHkk"kk jk"Vªh; ,drk dk fuekZ.k djrh gS]nks jkT;ksa ;k izkUrksa ds chp lsrq dk dke djrh gS Þjk"VªHkk"kk ds egRo dks crkrs gq, egkiafMr jkgqylkaÑR;k;u fy[krs gSa&jk"Vª dh ,d c)rk ds fy, jk"VªHkk"kk dh vko';drk gS] ftldk dke izkUrh;Hkk"kk dk LFkku xzg.k djuk ugha] cfYd ,d Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh izkUrksa dks nwljs Hkk"kk Hkk"kh izkUrksa ds lkFk vkSjizkUrksa dks dsUnz ds lkFk laca/k tksM+uk gSAÞ3 jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa jk"VªHkk"kk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ftljk"Vª ds ikl viuh jk"Vª Hkk"kk ugha gksrh] og x¡wxh rFkk cgjh gksrk gSA blfy, gesa viuh jk"VªHkk"kk

'kks/k /kkjk 108

ds fy;s lnSo ltx vkSj iz;Ru'khy jguk gksxkAfgUnh og Hkk"kk gS] tks jk"VªHkk"kk cuus dh {kerk j[krh gS vkSj ns'k rFkk ns'kokfl;ksa dks lEidZ

ls tksM+s j[krh gSA bruk gh ugha og ,drk ds lw=k esa cgqr etcwrh ls cka/kdj j[krh gSA vkt ns'kesa vLlh izfr'kr ls vf/kd yksx fgUnh cksyrs vkSj le>rs gSaA fgUnh lkoZtfud LFkkuksa] rhFkksZ]lkaLÑfrd dsUnzksa] lHkk LFkyksa] xyh&eksgYyksa] gkV&cktkjksa] esyksa&mRloksa dh Hkk"kk gSA vki pkgs iwjcesa tk;as ;k if'pe esa] pkgs mRrj esa tk;sa ;k nf{k.k esa lEidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa fgUnh dk iz;ksx dHkhHkh dj ldrs gSaA vkt fgUnh fQYeksa dh] nwjn'kZu dh] dEI;wVjksa dh] foKkiuksa dh izeq[k Hkk"kk cu x;hgSA blhfy, og jk"VªHkk"kk cuus dk vf/kdkj j[krh gSA fgUnh lkfgfR;d n f"V ls vR;Ur le ) Hkk"kkgS vkSj thou dk vk/kkj HkhA fgUnh dk lkfgR; Hk.Mkj foiqy gSA vusd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk fgUnhesa vuqokn gks jgk gS] ftlls fgUnh le ) Hkk"kk cu x;h gSA fgUnh jk"VªHkk"kk ds in ij vk:<+ gksusdh vf/kdkfj.kh gSA jk"VªHkk"kk cuus ds fy, ftrus Hkh vko';d xq.k fdlh Hkk"kk esa gksus pkfg;s ogrc fgUnh Hkk"kk esa gSA blfy, fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk eku ysuk pkfg;s] D;ksafd oks jk"VªHkk"kk cuus ds ;ksX;gSA

vkt fgUnh esa yxHkx 470 nSfud] 2709 lkIrkfgd rFkk yk[kksa dh la[;k esa i=k&if=kdk,¡fudy jgha gSaA MkW- t;arh izlkn ukSfV;ky ds ÞHkk"kk 'kks/kÞ 2005 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj fo'o esa fgUnhcksyus okyksa dh la[;k 100 djksM+ ls Hkh vf/kd gSA Hkkjr esa 804 djksM+ yksx fgUnh tkurs vkSj cksyrsgSaA fQj Hkh laoS/kkfud rkSj ij fgUnh ns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk ugha gks ik jgh gSA laoS/kkfud rkSj ij fgUnhns'k dh jk"VªHkk"kk Hkys u gks ij Hkkjrh; turk fgUnh dks jk"VªHkk"kk ekurh gSA 'kklu fgUnh dksjk"VªHkk"kk ekus ;k u ekus ij turk us rks lfn;ksa ls fgUnh dks gh jk"VªHkk"kk dk ntkZ fn;k gS] D;ksafdfgUnh ns'k esa fofHkUu izkUrksa esa jgus okys] fofHkUu /keksZa dks ekuus okys] fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus vkfnlHkh dks ,d lEidZ lw=k esa ck¡/kdj j[krh gSA vr% ;g fu%ladksp dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr dhjk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh gS] fgUnh gks vkSj fgUnh gh jgsxhA

lUnHkZ1- ik.Ms;] dSyk'kukFk( iz;kstu ewyd fgUnh dh u;h Hkwfedk2- e/kqdj] xksihÑ".k jkBh( xkso/kZu 'kekZ( jk"VªHkk"kk fgUnh3- xksnjs] fouksn( iz;kstu ewyd fgUnh

'kks/k /kkjk 109


jk"Vª fodkl esa dfo;ksa dk ;ksxnkuMkW0 ¼Jkherh½ jkts'k prqosZnh

vkpk;Z ,oa v/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractlekt dk jk"Vª ls lh/kk laca/k gSA fdlh Hkh laLdkfjr lekt dh fof'k"V thou 'kSyh gksrh gS] tks

fd jk"Vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gSA :f<+;ksa ,oa foÑr ijEijkvksa ls ttZj lekt jk"Vªdks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kZ ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA jk"Vªh;rk tSlh mnkÙk izo fÙk;ksa dk iks"k.k vkSjmUu;u lkfgR; }kjk gksrk gSA fdUrq fgUnh lkfgR; ds mn~Hko dky esa dsUnzh; lÙkk ds vHkko us jk"Vªh;rkdh tM+sa fgyk nhaA vkØkarkvksa ds vR;kpkjksa ls ttZj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk lw;Z vLrizk; gks pyk FkkA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkfgR;] lkfgR; vkSj jk"Vª rFkk lekt

Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa ^jk"Vª* 'kCn dk iz;ksx oSfnd dky ls gh gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA ;tqosZnesa jk"Vª esa nsfg* vkSj vFkoZosn ds Rok jk"Vª Hk R;k;* esa jk"Vª 'kCn lekt ds fy, iz;qDr gksrk gSA jk"Vª,d leqPp; gS] vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ,d fof'k"V&Hkkouk gSA ftl tuleqnk; esa ,drk dh lgt ygjgks] mls jk"Vª dgrs gSaA vk;ksZa dh Hkwfe vk;kZorZ esa ,d okg~; ,drk ds gh ugha cfYd oSpkfjd ,drkds Hkh izek.k feyrs gSaA lkfgR; dk euq"; ls 'kk'or laca/k gSA lkfgR; lkeqnkf;d fodkl esa lgk;dgksrk gS vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk jk"Vªh; psruk dk vax gSA

lekt dk jk"Vª ls lh/kk laca/k gSA fdlh Hkh laLdkfjr lekt dh fof'k"V thou 'kSyh gksrhgS] tks fd jk"Vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gSA :f<+;ksa ,oa foÑr ijEijkvksa ls ttZjlekt jk"Vª dks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kZ ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA jk"Vªh;rk tSlh mnkÙk izo fÙk;ksadk iks"k.k vkSj mUu;u lkfgR; }kjk gksrk gSA fdUrq fgUnh lkfgR; ds mn~Hko dky esa dsUnzh; lÙkkds vHkko us jk"Vªh;rk dh tM+sa fgyk nhaA vkØkarkvksa ds vR;kpkjksa ls ttZj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk lw;ZvLrizk; gks pyk FkkA

egkRek dchj us fujkdkj czã dh mikluk dk mPp vkn'kZ izLrqr dj jk"Vªh; xfjekvksa esauothou dk lapkj fd;kA jke vkSj jghe dks ,d lw=k esa fijksus dk iz;kl fd;kA dchj vius ;qxds egku jk"Vªoknh FksA jk"Vª HkDr rqylh us jke ds yksdj{kd] yksdjatd Lo:i dks LFkkfir djlkaLÑfrd ,drk dks 'kfDr iznku dhA

jhfrdky ds dfo;ksa dh peRdkfjd o fÙk ds dkj.k dkO; dh vkRek yqIr gks xbZA fdUrq Hkw"k.kds jk"Vªoknh Lojksa us yksd psruk dks >d>ksj fn;kA vk/kqfud dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz us viuhys[kuh ls Hkkjr nqnZ'kk dk fp=k [khapdj lekt dks tkx fr iznku dhA Nk;koknh dkO; esa jk"Vªh;vkUnksyuksa dh LFkwy vfHkO;fDr ugha feyrh gSA fdUrq Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh jk"Vªh; lkaLÑfrd

'kks/k /kkjk 110

lapsruk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA mudk jk"Vª izse HkkokRed ,oa O;kid FkkA xqIr th us viusdkO; }kjk ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk ij cy fn;k gSaA mudh Hkkjr&Hkkjrh us jk"Vªh;rk dh lksbZ gqbZHkkouk esa ygjsa mRiUu dj ek[kuyky prqosZnh] ckyÑ".k 'kekZ uohu*] jkeujs'k f=kikBh vkSj lksguykyf}osnh us lkaLÑfrd jk"Vªokn] tutkxj.k rFkk vfHk;ku xhrksa ls jk"Vª dh vkRek dks ,d ubZ psrukiznku dhA

fnudj dh oSpkfjd HkkoHkwfe ekuorkoknh gS rFkkfi mUgsa jk"Vªoknh dfo ds :i esa LFkkfir djfn;k x;kA fnudj ds dkO; us Hkkjrh; tuekul dks uohu psruk ls ljkcksj fd;k gSA fnudj usfgUnh lkfgR; esa u flQZ ohj jl ds dkO; dks ,d ubZ Å¡pkbZ nh cfYd viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;els jk"Vªh; psruk dk Hkh l tu fd;kA bldh ,d felky lÙkj ds n'kd esa lEiw.kZ ØkfUr ds nkSj esans[kus dks feyrh gS] tc fnYyh ds jkeyhyk eSnku esa yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us gtkjksa yksxksads le{k fnudj th dh iafDr flagklu [kkyh djks fd turk vkrh gS* dk mn~?kks"k djds rRdkyhuljdkj ds f[kykQ fonzksg dk 'ka[kukn fd;k FkkA ekStwnk nkSj ds e'kgwj dfo izse tuest; Hkh ekursgSa fd fnudj us xqyke Hkkjr vkSj vktkn Hkkjr nksuksa esa viuh dforkvksa ds tfj;s ØkfUrdkjh fopkjksadks foLrkj fn;kA tuest; us Hkk"kk* ds lkFk ckrphr esa dgk] vktknh ds le; vkSj phu ds geysds le; fnudj us viuh dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds chp jk"Vªh; psruk dks c<+k;kA*

ek[kuyky prqosZnh ljy Hkk"kk vkSj vkstiw.kZ Hkkoukvksa ds vuwBs fgUnh jpukdkj FksA jk"Vªh;rkek[kuyky prqosZnh ds dkO; dk dysoj gS

lqyx&lqyx jh Tkksr nhi ls nhi feysa] dj&dadM+ ct mBs] Hkwfe ij izk.k Qysa;qx ds nhi u;s ekuo] ekuoh; <ysa] lqyx&lqyx jh Tkksr nhi ls nhi tysaA^,d Hkkjrh; vkRek* uke ek[kuyky prqosZnh ds fy, vR;Ur ;ksX; miuke gSA D;ksafd ,d

Hkkjrh; vkRek ml O;fDr dk uke gS] ftlus Hkkjr vkSj Hkkjrh;rk dh vfLerk dks iwjh rjg vkRelkrdj mldh j{kk esa viuh jpuk/kfeZrk dks lefiZr djus esa fo'okl fd;kA Åij nh gqbZ iafDr;ka mudhdfork ^nhi ls nhi tys* esa ns'k izse] ekuork vkSj jk"Vªh;rk lkQ&lkQ >yd jgh gSA lp esaek[kuyky prqosZnh esa jk"Vªh;rk vkSj ns'k izse dwV&dwVdj Hkjk gqvk FkkA os vius vki dks vkSj ns'kds lHkh tokuksa dks flikgh ekurs Fks] mudh *flikgh* dfork esa bl Hkko dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS

cksy vjs lsukifr esjs!eu dh ?kqaMh [kksy]ty] Fky] uHk] fgy&Mqy tkus nsA

t;'kadj izlkn th dh jpukvksa esa Hkh jk"Vªh; psruk dk Loj izPNUu gSA mudh psruk usjk"Vªh; tkxj.k ds lkFk lkaLÑfrd tkxj.k dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k gSA izlkn th jk"Vªh; psruk vkSj^f}osnhdkyhu* dfo;ksa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] ek[kuyky prqosZnh dh psruk esa dkQhvUrj gSA mudh jk"Vªh; psruk ckyÑ".k 'kekZ ûohu* ds ^foIyoxku* vkSj ^fujkyk* ds ^tkxks fQj,d ckj* ls Hkh fHkUu gSA D;ksfd buesa jk"Vªh;rk dk Lo:i LFkwy gSA

izlkn th ds dkO; esa gesa miyC/k jk"Vªh; psruk esa uohu Hkko cks/k ds lkFk Lok/khurk dh

'kks/k /kkjk 111

psruk] lw{e dYiuk] yk{kf.kdrk] vkSj ,d u, izdkj dk lkn ';&fo/kku] uohu lkSUn;Z cks/k vkfn dsn'kZu gksrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; dkO; /kkjk dks fodflr djus okyh lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku dk ^f=k/kkjk* vkSj êqdqy*dh ^jk[kh*] ^>kalh dh jkuh*] ôhjksa dk dSlk gks clUr* vkfn dforkvksa esa rh[ks Hkkoksa dh iw.kZ Hkkoukeq[kfjr gSA mUgksaus vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA vkUnksyu ds nkSjku mUgsa dbZ ckjtsy tkuk iM+kA ^tfy;kokykckx esa clUr* dfork esa bl u a'kl gR;kdk.M ij dof;=kh ds d#.kØUnu ls mldh ewd osnuk ewfrZeku gks mBh gS&

^^vkvks fiz; _rqjkt] fdUrq /khjs ls vkuk;g gS 'kksd LFkku] ;gk¡ er 'kksj epkukdksey ckyd ejs ;gk¡ xksyh [kk&[kk djdfy;k¡ muds fy, p<+kuk FkksM+h lh ykdj**

budh jk"Vªh; dfork,a lelkef;d ns'k izse vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLÑfr ls izHkkfor gSaAbUgksaus viuh jk"Vªh; jpukvksa esa laLÑfr] bfrgkl vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks rRdkyhu jktuSfrd lanHkksZals ftl fln~nr ls tksM+k gS] mlls dgha Hkh ,slk ugha yxrk fd bUgksaus viuh dforkvksa esa jk"Vªh;rkdh Hkkouk dk vkjksi.k fd;k gSA budh dkO; 'kSyh dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd os fdrus Hkh tfVy fo"k;ij fy[ksa 'kSyh dh lgtrk vo'; gh mHkjdj vk tkrh gSA

jk"Vªh; fodkl esa dfo;ksa ds ;ksxnku ij fparu fd;s fcuk vkxs c<+uk lHkao gh ugha gSA D;ksafdlkfgR;dkj jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k gh ugha djrk cfYd jk"Vª ds mPprj fodkl esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkunsrk gSA jk"Vªh; dkO; /kkjk ls tqMs+ gq, dfo dh jpuk,¡ dkyt;h gksrh gSa] vkSj mlesas Loj lnSo xw¡trsjgrs gSaA

lUnHkZ1- fnudj] jke/kkjh flag( laLÑfr ds pkj v/;k;2- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] ueu izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh] 19903- Mk0 uxsUnz] fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl ¼laikfnr½] ueu izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh] 1994

'kks/k /kkjk 112


fgUnh dfork esa tuoknh psrukMkW- ¼Jherh½ t;Jh 'kqDy

v/;{k fgUnh] 'kkldh; ts-ih- oekZ dyk ,oa okf.kT; ¼ih-th-½ egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

AbstractlkBksRrjh fgUnh dfork esa tuoknh psruk vkSj tuoknh dkO;/kkjk ges'kk vUr% lfyyk ds :Ik esa

izokfgr gksrh jgh gSaA ukxktqZu] f=kykspu] dsnkjukFk vxzoky] losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk] /kwfey tSls tuoknhdfo;ksa us viuh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa tuoknh rsoj dh jpuk,¡ blh nkSj esa fy[khaA bUgksaus eu dks ekuoh;rFkk tu dks O;kid tu cukus okyk vkSj mls ØkafriFk dh rjQ eksM+us okyk dkO; fy[kkA fdlh HkhjktuSfrd erokn ls nwj jg dj bu dfo;ksa us turk dk i{k fy;k] mlds lq[k& nq[k dks O;Dr fd;kvkSj turk dh HkykbZ vkSj csgrj thou ;kiu ds fy, dye dh yM+kbZ yM+hA turk budh izka.k FkhA budfo;ksa us tu ekul dh tq>k: psruk dks viuh dforkvksa esa O;Dr fd;kA tgka turk tqYe vkSj 'kks"k.kdh ijkdk"Bk ij gkFk esa gfFk;kj mBkdj vR;kpkjh O;oLFkk ds fo:) Økafr dk mn~?kks"k djrh gS] blfy,;g dfo tuoknh dgyk,A ;gk¡ ge bu tuoknh dfo;ksa esa ls ukxktqZu] f=kykspu vkSj dsnkjukFk vxzokydh tuoknh psruk ij viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djsaxsA


Key Words : fgUnh dfork esa tuokn] tuoknh psruk vkSj jk"Vªh; laLd fr

Tkuoknh lkfgR; fuf'pr :i ls loZgkjk lkfgR; gSA loZgkjk 'kCn ,d fuf'pr vFkZ dkokgd gSA Hkkjr dh orZeku lkekftd] jktuSfrd fLFkfr esa ge ;g ikrs gSa fd laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lektnks izeq[k oxksZa esa foHkDr gS] ,d oxZ gS&'kks"kdksa dk] ftldk mRiknu ,oa forj.k iz.kkyh ij ,dkfèkdkjgSA nwljk oxZ gS&'kksf"krksa dk] ftlesa fdlku] etnwj] fuEu oxZ] prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkjh vkfn vkrs gSaAHkkjrh; lekt fofo/krkiw.kZ gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 'kks"kdksa esa dqN cM+s 'kks"kd gSa dqN NksVsA blh rjg'kksf"krksa esa dqN vR;f/kd 'kksf"kr gSa rks dqN deA

lkBksRrjh fgUnh dfork esa tuoknh psruk vkSj tuoknh dkO;/kkjk ges'kk vUr% lfyyk ds:Ik esa izokfgr gksrh jgh gSaA ukxktqZu] f=kykspu] dsnkjukFk vxzoky] losZ'oj n;ky lDlsuk] /kwfeytSls tuoknh dfo;ksa us viuh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa tuoknh rsoj dh jpuk,¡ blh nkSj esa fy[khaAbUgksaus eu dks ekuoh; rFkk tu dks O;kid tu cukus okyk vkSj mls ØkafriFk dh rjQ eksM+us okykdkO; fy[kkA fdlh Hkh jktuSfrd erokn ls nwj jg dj bl dfo;ksa us turk dk i{k fy;k] mldslq[k& nq[k dks O;Dr fd;k vkSj turk dh HkykbZ vkSj csgrj thou ;kiu ds fy, dye dh yM+kbZyM+hA turk budh izka.k FkhA bu dfo;ksa us tu ekul dh tq>k: psruk dks viuh dforkvksa esaO;Dr fd;kA tgka turk tqYe vkSj 'kks"k.k dh ijkdk"Bk ij gkFk esa gfFk;kj mBkdj vR;kpkjhO;oLFkk ds fo:) Økafr dk mn~?kks"k djrh gS] blfy, ;g dfo tuoknh dgyk,A ;gk¡ ge butuoknh dfo;ksa esa ls ukxktqZu] f=kykspu vkSj dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh tuoknh psruk ij viuk /;ku

'kks/k /kkjk 113

dsfUnzr djsaxsAlkBksRrjh fgUnh dfork esa ukxktqZu Hkkjr esa tuoknh fgUnh dkO; ds izfrfuf/k tudfo ds :i

esa tkus tkrs gSaA mUgsa vius tudfo gksus dk vglkl Fkk rHkh og fo'okl ds lkFk dgrs Fks %&^^turk eq>ls iwN jgh gS D;k crykÅ¡

tudfo gw¡ eSa dgw¡xk D;ksa gdykÅ¡AALora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ csgrj lekt dh LFkkiuk] vkn'kZokfnrk vkfn dh ehBh uhan esa lks;k

gqvk esgurd'k tSls gh tkxk rks mldh vk¡[kksa esa fonzksg dh fpaxkfj;k¡ Fkha] vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfrtkx:drk FkhA ekpZ 1967 esa caxky esa uDlyoknh xk¡o ds fdlkuksa us vius [kwu ilhus ls iSnk dhQlyksa ij dCtk dj fy;kA fdlkuksa dk ;g fonzksg tYnh gh tehankjksa vkSj iqfyl ds fo:) oxZla?k"kZ ds :i esa ifjofrZr gqvkA bl ?kVuk ls fgUnh lkfgR;dkjksa dk :[k 'kgj ls xk¡o dh vksj eqM+x;k vkSj fgUnh lkfgR; dh dkO;&psruk esa ,d u;k eksM+ ut+j vkus yxkA lu~ 1974 esa t;izdk'kukjk;.k ds vkºoku ij ;qok la?k"kZ gqvkA ukxktqZu us ts-ih-ukjk;.k dh laiw.kZ ØkfUr vkSj ;qok&vkUnksyuij vusd dfork,¡ fy[khaA

;qok vkanksyu ls ?kcjkdj iz'kklu us iwjs ns'k esa lu~ 1975 esa vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhAbl nkSjku vusd tuoknh usrkvksa dks >wBs bYtke esa Q¡lkdj ekufld ,oa 'kkjhfjd izrkM+uk nh xbZ]ftldks tuoknh dfo;ksa us vius dkO; ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;kA ukxktqZu us viuh dfork^lwjt lge dj mxsxk^ esa vkikrdky dk vkrafdr djus okyk fp=k [khapk gS %&

^^yxrk gS fgUnh ds vkleku esa lwjt ij Hkh ykxw gksaxsvkikrdkyhu fLFkfr okys vkfMZusUlyxrk gS fgUn ds vkleku esavc lwjt lge dj mxsxkA**1

tu fonzksgh dh i "BHkwfe esa mith lkBksRrjh dfork dh eq[; igpku gh fonzksg dh dforkds :i esa gqbZA djhc ,d ntZu dfo O;oLFkk ds izfr fonzksg dks vius dkO; esa O;Dr dj jgs FksA;g dkO; tux.k dk i{k/kj cukA ;g vrhr ds mu dkO;kanksyuksa ls fHkUu Fkk] ftUgsa flQZ viuhvfLerk dh [kkst ds mn~ns'; ls dqN O;fDrokfn;ksa us 'kq: fd;k FkkA bl nkSj dh dfork fdlh ,dO;fDr dh LokFkZ iwfrZ ugha cfYd 'kksf"kr ihfM+r turk dh jguqek FkhA lalkj esa tgk¡ Hkh neu vkSjla?k"kZ gS] ukxktqZu dh lân;rk HkkSxksfyd lhek,¡ rksM+ dj turk dh rjQnkj curh gSSA mUgksausJfed turk dh vk/kkjHkwfe ls lekt ds izR;sd oxZ] izR;sd leL;k ij n f"Vikr fd;k gSA ôs vkSjrqe* dfork esa ;g ckr le>h tk ldrh gS %&

^ôs yksgk ihV jgs gSa] rqe eu dks ihV jgs gks]os iRrj tksM+ jgs gSa] rqe lius tksM+ jgs gksAmudks nq[k gS r:.k vke dh eatfj;ksa dks ikyk ekj x;k gS]rqedks nq[k gS dkO;&ladyu nhed pkV x, gSaA**2

mi;qZDr dfork esa nks oxZ gSa&igyk etnwj fdlku oxZ gS nwljk cqf)thoh iw¡thoknhA igys oxZ dks

'kks/k /kkjk 114

vke dh eatfj;ksa dks ikyk ekj tkus ls tks ihM+k gS] mlds lkeus dkO; ladyu dks nhed pkV tkusokyk nq[k fdruk cukoVh yxrk gSA tulkekU; ukxktqZu dh vk'kkvksa dk izk.k gSA turk dh vnE;'kfDr esa mudk iwjk fo'okl gSA turk d"V esa gS] nq[kh gS] fQj Hkh vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, la?k"kZ djrsgq, var esa thrrh Hkh gSA mldk fp=k.k muds dkO; esa feyrk gSA ^'kklu dh canwd* dfork esaukxktqZu dgrs gSa %&

^^tyh BawB ij cSBdj xbZ dksfdyk dwdAcky u ck¡dk dj ldh 'kklu dh canwdAA**

dsnkjukFk vxzoky Hkh fgUnh dfork ds izxfr'khy vkanksyuksa ds eq[; LrEHk jgs gSaA mudk tUe Ñ"kdifjokj esa gqvk FkkA 'kksf"krksa ds fgr dks viuk fgr cuk;k vkSj tuoknh dfo ds :i esa viuk ekxZpqukA og la?k"kZjr xfr'khy thou dss i{kikrh FksA blfy, fuf"Ø; gkFkksa dks ^nks'kh gkFk* dh laKknsrs gq, dgrs gSa%&

^^gkFk tks pV~Vku dks rksM+s ugha og VwV tk;sAyksgs dks eksMs+ ugha lkS rkj dks tksM+s ugha og VwV tk,AA**

Tkkfgj gS ,sls gkFkksa dk muds lkeus dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA dsnkj th us ftl oLrq] ftl ckr esa HkhlkFkZdrk ns[kh mls viuh dfork dk fo"k; cuk;kA og ftl thou ls izse djrs Fks] og lgh ek;usesa Hkkjrh; tu dk thou gSA vFkkZr~ ns'k ds fdlkuksa] etwnjksa] fuEu] loZgkjk oxZ dk thouA dsnkjukFkth tkurs Fks fd turk dh lfEefyr 'kfDr ds vkxs cM+s ls cM+k rkuk'kkg i¡wthoknh vf/kd fnuksa rdugha fVd ldrk] D;ksafd varr% turk dh tuoknh Hkkoukvksa dh fot; fuf'pr gSA ns'k esa QSyhiw¡thoknh O;oLFkk vkSj egaxkbZ dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa %&

^û pyrk ?kj vc ugha pyrk pyk, Bsyus&Bkyus ls]bl eg¡xkbZ esa dekbZ iM+ xbZ [kVkbZ esaA**3

mudk fo'okl vke turk FkhA os tkurs Fks fd vke turk dh 'kfDr ds vkxs iw¡thokn vf/kd fnuksard ugha fVd ldrkA var esa tuoknh 'kfDr vkSj Hkkoukvksa dh fot; fuf'pr gSA rhuksa gh tuoknhdfo;ksa us turk dh tq>k: psruk ds izfr viuh J)k O;Dr dh gS] rHkh MkW- f'kodqekj feJ dgrsgSa &^^f=kykspu vkSj ukxktqZu] dsnkj ds lkFk fey dj tuoknh dfork dh o g=k;h dk fuekZ.k djrsgSaA**4

^tuoknh psruk* ,d ,slh nedrh e'kky gS] ftls fo'o dh 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r turk us viusetcwr gkFkksa esa mBk;k gS] ftlds izdk'k esa loZgkjk dh eqfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ ls tqM+dj fy[kk x;klkfgR; ^tuoknh lkfgR;* gSA

lanHkZ1- ukxktqZu % pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡ Hkkx&2] i -&221-2- ukxktqZu & i -&66-3- ukxktqZu & gs esjh rqe] i -&52-4- feJ] f'kodqekj( n'kZu lkfgR; vkSj lekt] i -&65-

'kks/k /kkjk 115


jk"Vª fodkl esa lkfgR; fparuJherh 'osrk 'kekZ

vfEcdkiqj] ljxqtk] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

lkfgR; dk iz;kstu lkekftd :f<+;ksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gSA le; le; ij lkfgR;us ;g djds Hkh fn[kk;k gSA e/;dky esa lar dfo;ksa us ledkyhu ] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd vkMacjksads f[kykQ vkokt cqyan dh ftlesa dchj vkSj mudk e.My yxkrkj fupys rcds ds mRFkku ds fy,fujarj la?k"kZjr jgkA vk/kqfud lkfgR; esa lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds fodkl ds lkFk ;g fojks/k vkSj fodflrgqvkA lkfgR;dkjksa us reke vkanksyuksa }kjk lekt dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl fd;kA bl izdkj ns[ksa rks lkfgR;dk igyk iz;kstu lekt vkSj jk"Vª dk fodkl vkSj mUu;u gh gSA vFkZ vkSj ;'k dh izkfIr rks euq"; dhlgt vkSj LokHkkfod fØ;k gSA vxj lkfgR; fdlh dh thfodk dk vk/kkj cus rks Hkh dqN cqjk ugha gS]ijarq /ku vkSj ;'k ds fy, lkfgR; dh cqfu;knh izo fÙk;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk lkfgR; dk lPpk iz;kstuugha gks ldrkA

Tkc dHkh ge jk"Vª dh ppkZ djrs gSa] rks fuf'pr :i ls mldk laca/k fdlh Hkw Hkkx ls gksrkgS] tgka fdlh [kkl leqnk; ds yksx fuokl djrs gSa& ftudh lH;rk vkSj laLÑfr esa ,dfu"Brk gksrhgS vkSj mlds ewy easa mldh lkjh fof'k"Vrk,a fo|eku jgrh gSaA mldh lkjh Js"Brk] lkjk lkSan;Z]lkjk laxhr ,d vH;kafdr y; esa vkc) jgrk gSA jk"Vª 'kCn gh vusdrk esa ,drk dk ifjpk;d gSAjk"Vªh;rk dk mn; vkdfLed ugha gksrkA blesa ih<+h&nj&ih<+h dk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA blds fodklesaa fotsrkvksa ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ogka ds fpardksa vkSj lkfgR; ltZdksa dh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ftudhÑfr;k¡ ikjaifjdrk dk vax cu tkrh gSaSA mudh mfDr;k¡ lwfDr;k¡ cudj jk"Vª ds Luk;qra=k esajDrèkkjk dh rjg fujarj izogeku jgrh gSaA lekt dk jk"Vª ls lh/kk laca/k gSA fdlh Hkh laLdkfjrlekt dh fof'k"V thou 'kSyh gksrh gS] tks fd jk"Vª ds :i esa nwljs lekt dks izHkkfor djrh gSA:f<+;ksa ,oa foÑfr ijaijkvksa ls ttZj lekt jk"Vª dks iru dh vksj ys tkrk gSA dfo eksg&funzk esaMwcs jk"Vª dks tkx fr ds xku xkdj la?k"kZ ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA1

lkfgR; dk iz;kstu lkekftd :f<+;ksa vkSj folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gSA le; le; ijlkfgR; us ;g djds Hkh fn[kk;k gSA e/;dky esa lar dfo;ksa us ledkyhu] lkekftd] jktuSfrd]/kkfeZd vkMacjksa ds f[kykQ vkokt cqyan dh ftlesa dchj vkSj mudk e.My yxkrkj fupys rcdsds mRFkku ds fy, fujarj la?k"kZjr jgkA vk/kqfud lkfgR; esa lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa ds fodkl ds lkFk;g fojks/k vkSj fodflr gqvkA lkfgR;dkjksa us reke vkanksyuksa }kjk lekt dks lq/kkjus dk iz;kl


Key Words : jk"Vª vkSj lkfgR;] lkfgR; vkSj lekt] lkfgR; esa jk"Vªh;rk

'kks/k /kkjk 116

fd;kA bl izdkj ns[ksa rks lkfgR; dk igyk iz;kstu lekt vkSj jk"Vª dk fodkl vkSj mUu;u ghgSA vFkZ vkSj ;'k dh izkfIr rks euq"; dh lgt vkSj LokHkkfod fØ;k gSA vxj lkfgR; fdlh dhthfodk dk vk/kkj cus rks Hkh dqN cqjk ugha gS] ijarq /ku vkSj ;'k ds fy, lkfgR; dh cqfu;knhizo fÙk;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk lkfgR; dk lPpk iz;kstu ugha gks ldrkA HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds lkfgR;dkjvius le; ds izfr tkx:d FksA blfy, fczfV'k 'kklu dh mifLFkfr vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt dh fn'kkij mudh ys[kuh pyhA ml le; ds fopkjd vkSj tkx:d ys[kd ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj jgs FksvkSj og Fkk ,d jk"Vª ds crkSj vkRek dks igpkuukA vkSj lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ,oa lekt dh ,drkesaa ck/kd rRoksa vkSj ml le; vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk ij yxs izfrca/k ij izgkj djuk FkkA uotkxj.kdk ;g dk;Z HkkjrsUnq ds lkFk ml le; ds ys[kd ckyÑ".k HkV~V] cnjh ukjk;.k pkS/kjh] Bkdqjtxeksgu flag] us Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ,sls dbZ dfo gq, ftuds lkfgR; ds ys[ku esa ges'kk jk"Vª ds fodkldh ckr ;k dgsa fd muds vius ys[ku ls jk"Vªh;rk dh ckr gh vk;h gS( ftlesa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr]lksgu yky f}osnh] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] t;'kadj izlkn] lqfe=kkuanu iar] jke/kkjh flag fnudjizeq[k gSSa

izsepUn dk Hkh ;g ekuuk Fkk fd lkfgR;dkjksa dks mu yksxksa ds fy, fy[kuk pkfg, tks viusekxZ ls HkVds gq, gSaA og lkfgR; dk iz;kstu lekt dks fn'kk nsuk Hkh ekurs gaSA2 blh Øe esackyÑ".k HkV~V us Hkh lkfgR; dks Hkkjrh; thou dh leL;kvksa ij fy[kk gSA os dgrs gSa fdlh Hkh ns'kdk lkfgR; i<+dj ;s ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd og jk"Vª dh fn'kk D;k gSA lkfgR; dh uohu ifjHkk"kknsrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd lkfgR; tulewg ds ân; dk fodkl gSA vkpk;Z egkohj f}osnh us lkfgR; dsifjorZu vkSj fodkl dks lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl ls tksM+rs gq, fy[kk gS] ftl tkfr dhlkekftd voLFkk tSlh gksrh gS] mldk lkfgR; Hkh oSlk gh gksrk gSA3 ekDlZ us vius lkfgR; dsek/;e ls ;g ckr dgh gS fd vkfFkZd lekurk gh lkekftd lekurk dk vk/kkj cu ldrh gSA vkt;g ckr lp lkfcr gqbZ gSA vkfFkZd i{k etcwr gksus ls reke vfLerk foe'kZ tks gkf'k;s ij Fks]vpkud mB [kM+s gq, vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj igpku ds fy, yM+us yxsA o"kksZa ls mis{kk ds f'kdkjlektksa esa tks tkx:drk vk;h gS( mlesa lkfgR; dh cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds bl nkSjesa L=kh foe'kZ] nfyr foe'kZ] vkfnoklh foe'kZ] tSls dbZ vfLerkoknh foe'kksZa us vius lkfgR; vkSjfopkj ds ek/;e ls viuh mifLFkfr ntZ dh gSA

vkt ds orZeku lkfgR;dkjksa dh Hkh Hkkjr dh ekSfyd leL;k Hkw[k] xjhch] csjktxkjh]vlekurk] vkbMasfVVh Økbfll vkfn gh gSaA vkt jk"Vªh;rk dks jktuhfrd ifjn '; esa gh O;k[;kf;rdjus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA orZrku lkfgR; esa yksdrkaf=kd ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk dks ysdjNViVkgV ;gka ns[kh tk ldrh gSA lkfgR; vc lkekftd lfØ;rk dh vksj c<+uk pkgrk gSAifjorZu dh vnE; pkg esa dfo ,fDVfoLV ds rkSj ij dye dh rkdr ubZ Hkwfedk esa 21oha lnh izLrqrdj jgk gSA vkt dk nkSj ml le; dk lk{kh gS] tgka euq"; ds vekuohdj.k dh xfr esa rhozrk vkbZgSA oSpkfjd n f"V ls lektokn dk LoIu /oLr gqvk gSA rks ;kaf=kd lH;rk dk dgj Hkh fo|eku gSAekuork dks [kawfV;ksa ij Vkax nsus dk iz;kl gks jgk gSA vkt lkfgR; dks vius ys[ku ls u dsoy

'kks/k /kkjk 117

vkØks'k O;Dr djuk gksrk gS] cfYd og ml fopkjghurk dks pqukSrh ns jgk gSA vkt ds lkfgR; dkvkØks'k nsj rd la;fer ugha jg ikrk gSA euq"; ds jk{kl cuus dh izfØ;k ij vkt dk lkfgR; mlfopkjghu] cs<ky] vFkok ejs gq, yksxksa dh Hkkafr ih<+h ij O;ax dj jgk gSA lH;rkvksa dks tc /keZ dkiz;kZ; cukdj izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] rc va/kJ)k us ekuoh; dVqrk dks tUe ns fn;kA dHkhvR;f/kd ekax us fdlh dk gd Nhuk rks *uDlyh fparkvkas us lekt dh O;oLFkk ij iz'ufpUg yxkfn,A tkrh; mUekn] izfrfgalk ds Hkko vkSj izfr'kks/k dh fpaxkjh fy, bl ubZ lnh dk izos'k gqvkAvkt dk lkfgR;dkj vkØks'k dk ltZd gksus ds ckotwn vjktdrkoknh ewY;kasa dk fojks/kh gSA oglaxfBr ,oa lqlac) lkekftd Økafr dk leFkZd gSA

ns'k dh j{kk] mldk fgr D;k dsoy ukjksa esa lqjf{kr jgrk gS\ D;k ge jk"Vªh; xkSjo esa tksxhr xka,xs] ogh jk"Vªh;rk ds nk;js esa vk;sxk\ D;k 15 vxLr vkSj 26 tuojh dks jk"Vªxku ;kns'kHkfDr ds fQYehxhr xk ysuk gh gekjh jk"Vªh;rk ;k ns'kHkfDr dh bfr gS\ ;s dbZ iz'u vkt dslkfgRdkjksa dks fonzksgh jpukvksa ds mdlkrs gSaA ;fn orZeku esa geus dqN [kks;k gS rks og gS fj'rksadh cqfu;kn gSA njdrs fj'rs] de gksrh fLuX/krk] izse vkSj vkReh;rk bfrgkl dh oLrq curs tk jgsgSaA

izxfr] fodkl] laLÑfr] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy vkfn dh tM+ Hkk"kk gksrh gS vkSj Hkk"kk dks le )lkfgR; djrk gSA vkSj lkfgR; izR;sd orZeku dks dykRed ,oa ;FkkFkZ :i esa lekt ds lEeq[k izLrqrdjrk gSA ckgjh lH;rk HkkSfrd izxfr dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj Hkhrjh lH;rk ekuork dks ekuoh; ewY;ksadks ifjyf{kr djrh gSA lekt dh vkarfjd vkSj ckâk izxfr ds fy, lkfgR; ges'kk dYio {k cuk gSAorZeku lkfgR; izÑfr ,oa jk"Vªh;rk dk ekuohdj.k ugha djrk cfYd izÑfr ] lekt ,oa jk"Vª dksmlds Bksl lkekftd lanHkZ ds lkFk js[kkafdr djrk gSA vkRelEeku vkSj vfLerk dh j{kk ds fy,gesa ek=k lkfgR; ls gh 'kfDr vkSj fgEer fey ldrh gSA vkt thou ewY;ksa dk {kj.k ftl xfr lsgks jgk gS vkSj blls uSjk'; dk okrkoj.k pkjksa vksj O;kIr gS] bl fodV vkSj Hk;kog fLFkfr ls mckjusdh lkeF;Z ek=k lkfgR; esa gSA4 *dkO; ls *lkfgR; cuus dh dgkuh gekjs lekt ds fodflr vkSjifjofrZr gksus dh Hkh dgkuh gSA njvly lekt ds fgr esa tks dqN Hkh jpk tkrk gS] og lkfgR; dhifjf/k esa lekfgr gSA lkfgR; esa xn~; gks ;k i| leku :i ls jk"Vªh;rk ds Loj mlesa lqukbZ nsrsgSaA Hkkjr esa Hktu] dhrZu ls yxkdj laLÑfr] ns'k izse vkSj ekr Hkwfe dh xkSjo xkFkk gj ;qx vkSj gjlnh esa i<+us dks feyrh gSA vktknh ds ckn vk/kh 'krkCnh ls Hkh vf/kd le; chr pqdk gSA blvarjky esa Hkkjr ds varxZr dqN {ks=kksa easa Rkhoz xfr ls fodkl gqvk gS vkSj ckj&ckj ;g mn~?kks"k.kk gksjgh gS fd fudV Hkfo"; esa Hkkjr ,d lcy] lqfodflr vkSj lqle ) jk"Vª cuus okyk gSA ftuds euesa Hkkjr dks ,d egku jk"Vª ds :i esa ns[kus dh dkeuk gS] mu LoIunz"Vkvksa dks ;g ges'kk ;kn j[kukpkfg, fd dksbZ jk"Vª viuh xfjekiw.kZ fojklr dks njfdukj dj Js"Brk ds f'k[kj rd ugha igqap ik;kgSA bfrgkl bldk p'enhn xokg gSA Lof.kZe Hkfo"; dh vêkfydk dk fuekZ.k vrhr dh lqn <+vkèkkjf'kyk ij gh laHko gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 118

lanHkZ1- Ikf=kdk vktdy] vxLr 2005]i "B&62- feJ] vP;qrkuan( Ikzsepan% lekt laLÑfr vkSj jktuhfr]la-]lkfgR; dk mn~ns';] izsepan i "B&52&533- ikaMs] eSustj( lkfgR; dk lekt'kkL=k dh Hkwfedk] eSustj ikaMs]i -la- 57&584- Ikf=kdk vktdy ] ebZ 2004]i "B&5

'kks/k /kkjk 119


jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkfgR; fparu ¼HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ eas½y{eh izlkn d"kZ

l0 izk0] fganh&foHkkx] Mh-ih- foiz ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractorZeku esa Hkh fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh 'kfä o fodkl dk lcls cM+k iSekuk mldh ijek.kq 'kfä gSA Hkkjr

esa Hkh j{kk ctV dh en vU; fdlh Hkh en ls T;knk gSA ru vkSj eu dk vPNk* ls gh tksM+rs gq, vxjlkfgR; dh vU; mi;ksfxrkvksa ij ckr djsa rks lkfgR; dk cgqr vPNk mi;ksx cPpksa esa uSfrd Hkkouk dsfodkl ds fy, gksrk FkkA ¼^Fkk* blfy, D;ksafd vc egt gksrk Hkj gS½A elyu cPpksa dks ykyp cqjh cykgS* fl[kkus ds fy, ps[ko dh og dgkuh lquk;h tkrh Fkh] ftlesa ykypo'k ,d fdlku ,d fnu esavfèkdre tehu nkSM+dj viuh dj ysuk pkgrk gS ysfdu Hkkxrs&Hkkxrs Fkddj ej tkrk gS ;k fQjHkkjrh; ek;Fkksyth dh gfj'paæ dh dgkuh cPpksa dks lPpk dh f'k{kk ;k mldh fot; fn[kkus ds fy,i<+h ;k lquh tkrh Fkh] ijarq vkt lcls cM+h foMacuk ;g gS fd ikBîØeksa ls uSfrd f'k{kk dh iqLrdsa ghxk;c gksrh tk jgh gSaA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] HkkjrsUnq;qxhu lkfgR; vkSj jk"Vª /keZ

^lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gS* vkSj lekt euq";ksa dh bdkbZ ls fufeZr J a[kykA bl vkèkkj ijlkfgR; dk lekt ¼jk"Vª½ ls lhèkk lacaèk tqM+rk gSA lkfgR; dh lekt lkisf{krk ds vkèkkj ij ghvkèkqfud ;qx ds ¼fganh lkfgR; ds½ çkjaHk esa HkkjrsUnq ds lkeus jhfrdkyhu lEiw.kZ lkfgR; xkS.k gkstkrk gS] D;ksafd mUgksaus lkfgR; vkSj lekt ds chp dh [kkabZa ikVus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhAbl vkèkkj ij gh çsepan dFkk lezkV curs gSa] tks ;g ?kksf"kr djrs gSa fd lkfgR; lekt vkSj jktuhfrdks jkLrk fn[kkus okyh e'kky gS] ysfdu tSls gh ge lekt dh orZeku le; esa çklafxdrk ij fuxkgMkyrs gSa] mi;qZä lHkh egt dqN vkn'kZ okD; cudj gh jg tkrs gSaA

lkfgR; vkSj fparu dk lokZfèkd le ) Lo:i ;wuku o feJ rFkk mldh jktèkkfu;ksa esaloZçFke n f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] ijarq ;g Hkh è;krO; gS fd ogha ds egku~ fpard IysVks us vius ^vkn'kZjkT;* dh ifjdYiuk ls lkfgfR;dksa@dykdkjksa dks ckgj j[kkA mlus budh HkRlZuk bl dkj.k dhfd ,Fksal dh egku~ lkfgfR;d ijaijk Hkh mUgsa ;q) dh foHkhf"kdk ls cpk ugha ik;h rFkk LikVkZ mulsegt ckgqcy ds dkj.k fot;h gqvkA vr% IysVks us jk"Vª fodkl ds fy, ekufld cy ls T;knk'kkjhfjd cy dks mÙkjnk;h ekukA og ?kksf"kr djrk gS&^vPNk jk"Vª vPNs ukxfjdksa ls curk gSAukxfjdksa ds vPNk dk eryc gS ru vkSj eu dh lcyrkA* mlus eu ds vPNk ds lkFk&lkFk rudh vPNk vFkkZr~ 'kkjhfjd cy ij Hkh tksj fn;k gSA

orZeku esa Hkh fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh 'kfä o fodkl dk lcls cM+k iSekuk mldh ijek.kq 'kfä

'kks/k /kkjk 120

gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh j{kk ctV dh en vU; fdlh Hkh en ls T;knk gSA ^ru vkSj eu dk vPNk* ls ghtksM+rs gq, vxj lkfgR; dh vU; mi;ksfxrkvksa ij ckr djsa rks lkfgR; dk cgqr vPNk mi;ksx cPpksaesa uSfrd Hkkouk ds fodkl ds fy, gksrk FkkA ¼^Fkk* blfy, D;ksafd vc egt gksrk Hkj gS½A elyucPpksa dks ykyp cqjh cyk gS* fl[kkus ds fy, ps[ko dh og dgkuh lquk;h tkrh Fkh] ftlesa ykypo'k,d fdlku ,d fnu esa vfèkdre tehu nkSM+dj viuh dj ysuk pkgrk gS ysfdu Hkkxrs&HkkxrsFkddj ej tkrk gS ;k fQj Hkkjrh; ek;Fkksyth dh gfj'paæ dh dgkuh cPpksa dks lPpk dh f'k{kk;k mldh fot; fn[kkus ds fy, i<+h ;k lquh tkrh Fkh] ijarq vkt lcls cM+h foMacuk ;g gS fdikBîØeksa ls uSfrd f'k{kk dh iqLrdsa gh xk;c gksrh tk jgh gSaA

tc ge jk"Vªfodkl vkSj lkfgR; fparu dh ckr djrs gSa] rks bl fn'kk esa HkkjrsUnq ;qx dkcgqr cM+k ;ksxnku utj vkrk gS] D;ksafd HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu dfo;ksa dk dkO;&Qyd vR;ar foLr r gSAmudh jpuk ço fÙk;k¡ ,d vksj Hkfädky vkSj jhfrdky ls vuqc) gSa] rks nwljh vksj ledkyhuifjos'k ds çfr tkx:drk dk Hkh muesa vHkko ugha gSA HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu dfo;ksa us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dsxkSjo'kkyh i "Bksa dh Le fr rks vusd ckj fnyk;h] ij mudh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dsoy ;gha rd lhfer ughajghA vaxzstksa dh fopkjèkkjk vkSj mudh ns'kHkfäiw.kZ dforkvksa ls Hkh mUgksaus ;Fks"V çsj.kk yh] ftldkQy ;g gqvk fd {ks=kh;rk ls Åij mBdj os lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dh uCt dks VVksyus yxsA ns'k dsmRd"kZ&vid"kZ ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkydj bl ;qx ds dfo;ksa us tu&ekulesa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds chtoiu dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA

ns'kHkfä dh tks Hkkouk ckn esa eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr Ñr Hkkjr&Hkkjrh* esa yf{kr gS] mldh çsj.kkHkwfe HkkjrsUnq] çse?ku] çrki ukjk;.k feJ] jkèkkÑ".k nkl dh dfork,¡ gh gSaA HkkjrsUnq dh fotf;uh*]^fot; oSt;arh*] çse?ku dh ^vkuan v:.kksn;*] çrki ukjk;.k dh êgkioZ* vkSj û;k laoRk~* rFkkjkèkkÑ".k nkl dh Hkkjr ckjgeklk* vkSj fou;* 'kh"kZd dfork,¡ ns'kHkfä dh çsj.kk ls ;qä gSaA bllUnHkZ esa mUgksaus vius çfrik| dks dgh O;aX;ksfä;ksa ds ekè;e ls çdV fd;k gS] rks dgha vrhr dhçsj.kknk;h çlaxksa dh ppkZ }kjk uo;qodksa dks iqutkZxj.k dk eU=k fn;k gSA vaxzstksa dh 'kks"k.k uhfrdk HkkjrsUnq }kjk çR;{k mYys[k bl Hkkouk dh pje ifj.kfr gS&

ÞHkhrj&Hkhrj lc jl pwlS] gafl&gafl ds ru eu èku ewlSAtkfgj ckru esa vfr rst] D;ksa lf[k lTtu! ugha vaxzstAAß1

jk"Vªh; dkO; esa vfèkdrj jk"Vªh;rk ds fofoèk Hkko cgqr gh Li"V :i ls çdV gksrs gSaA bldkeq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd ladV dky esa turk dh leLr Hkkouk,a jk"Vªh;rk ds jax esa jax tkrh gSa vkSjifj.kke Lo:i dksbZ Hkh {ks=k ,slk ugha cprk gS] ftlesa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk,a çLQqfVr u gks mBrh gksaA ,slsle; dk dkO; vusd vkyacuksa ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªh;rk dh vfHkO;fä djrk gSA bl çdkj dhifjfLFkfr esa fdlh ns'k dk jk"Vªh; dkO; jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&çksr gks tkrk gSA Þfganh lkfgR;dk lkjk l tu jk"Vªh; ladV ds le; gh gqvk gSA blhfy, blesa jk"Vªh; dkO; dh ,d yEch vkSjxkSjoe; ijaijk fodflr gqbZ gSAß2

HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUæ us dkO; lkfgR; dks u;s&u;s {ks=kksa dh vksj eksM+kA bl u, jax esa lcls

'kks/k /kkjk 121

Å¡pk Loj ns'kHkfä dh ok.kh dk FkkA ûhy nsoh*] ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* vkfn ukVdksa ds Hkhrj vkbZ gqbZdforkvksa esa ns'k&n'kk dh tks ek ed O;atuk gS] og rks gS gh] lkFk gh cgqr&lh LorU=k dfork,¡ HkhmUgksaus fy[kha] ftuesa dgh ns'k dh vrhr xkSjoxkFkk dk xoZ] dgh orZeku vèkksxfr dh {kksHkHkjh osnuk]dgÈ Hkfo"; dh Hkkouk ls txh gqbZ fpark bR;kfn] vusd iquhr Hkkoksa dk lapkj ik;k tkrk gSAûhynsoh* esa ;g dSlh d#.k iqdkj gS&

Þdgk¡ d#.kkfufèk dslo lks,\tkxr ukfg vusd tkrka dj Hkkjroklh jks,AAß3

Hkkjr dk xkSjo v{kq..k gS] dsoy dqN dky ds fy, og yqIr gks x;k FkkA ns'k ds vrhr xkSjo]mlds çkphu xzUFk rFkk mldh ohjxkFkkvksa ds bfrgkl dh lqj{kk gh thou esa uotkx fr dk lkèkucu ldrh FkhA jk"Vªh; psruk ds vkjEHk rFkk fodkl dh fLFkfr;ksa ds foospu ls ;g Li"V gS fdjktsUæyky fe=k] HkaMkjdj] fryd vkfn jk"Vªh; usrkvksa }kjk jfpr fo}rkiw.kZ lkfgR;] ,sfrgkfldvè;;u rFkk uohu [kkstksa us fo'o ds lEeq[k ;g fl) dj fn;k Fkk fd Kku&foKku dks xw<+re ckrksaij dsoy if'pe dk gh ,dkfèkdkj ugha Fkk] loZçFke Hkkjr us gh bl {ks=k esa çxfr dh FkhA lkfgR;ds {ks=k esa Hkh HkkjrsUnq gfj'paæ] çse?ku] çrki ukjk;.k feJ] Jh fuokl nkl] jkèkkpj.k xksLokeh çHk rlkfgR;dkjksa us bfrgkl ijEijk rFkk lkfgR; xzaFkksa }kjk jf{kr vrhr xkSjo rFkk ohj ÑR;ksa dkmÙkstukiw.kZ 'kCnksa esa o.kZu fd;kA

HkkjrsUnq gfj'paæ us vfr vkrZ Loj esa Hkkjr ds çkphu ,oa vkè;kfRed ohj iq#"kksa dks orZekunq%[kekspu ds fy, Lej.k fd;k gS&

Þdga x, foØe Hkkst jke cfy d.kZ ;qfèkf"BjA pUæxqIr pk.kD; dgka ukls dfjdS fFkjAAdga {kf=k; lc ejs tjs lc x;s fdrS fxjA dga jkt vks rkSu lkt tsfg tkur gS fpjAA

dga nqxZ&lsu&èku&cy x;ks èkwjfg èkwj fn[kkr txA tkxks vc rks [ky cy&nyu j{kgq viuk vk;Z&exAAß4

blh çdkj çse?ku us th.kZ tuin esa vius iwoZtksa ds fuokl LFkku ij nÙkkiqj xzke dh çkphufoHkwfr vkSj vkèkqfud n'kk dk ;FkkFkZ o.kZu fd;k gSA bl çcaèk dkO; esa ns'k ds vrhr xkSjo dk o.kZuçrhdkRed 'kSyh esa fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjä ^firj foyki* dfork esa mUgksaus fir i{k esa vk;sfirj tuksa }kjk Hkkjr dh orZeku nqnZ'kk ij foyki djk;k gS] ftlls Hkwrdkyhu xkSjo ds jax vfèkdxgjs gks tkrs gSaA mÙkj ls nf{k.k] iwoZ ls if'pe rd Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd ,drk dh rqf"V djus okyslqfo[;kr uxjksa&dk'kh] v;ksè;k] çfr"Bkuiqj] bUæçLFk] eFkqjk] mTtSu] }kfjdk] fpÙkkSM+] ikVyhiq=k]iatkc] d'ehj dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, dfo buds iru ;k fouk'k ij 'kksd çdV djrkgSA ;g vrhr xkSjo&xku orZeku nqjoLFkk dh vuqHkwfr dks vfèkd rhozrk çnku djus okyk gS&

Þufg og dk'kh jg x;h] grh gse ek; tkSuA ufg pkSjklh dksl dh] jgh v;ksè;k rkSuAjktèkkuh tksi txr dh] jgh dHkkS lq[k lktA lks fcxgk nl chl esa] fldqM+h lh t.kw vktAß5

n;k] èkeZ vkSj lR;rk ds 'kq) ekxZ dk vkpj.k djus okys fnfXot;h rFkk çtkçfrikyd jktkvc ugha jgs] yyfd ykjs efj feVs uk fy;ks nsu dk ukeA*6 HkkjrsUnq th ds Hkkjr nqnZ'kk* ukVd ds,d xhr esa Hkh vrhr xkSjo rFkk orZeku nqnZ'kk dk {kksHkiw.kZ 'kCnksa esa rqyukRed foospu feyrk gS&

'kks/k /kkjk 122

Þjksogq lc fefydS vkogq Hkkjr HkkbZA gk! gk! Hkkjr nqnZ'kk u ns[kh tkbZAAlcds ifgys tsfg bZ'oj èku cy nhuksA lcds ifgys tsfg lH; foèkkrk dhUgksaAAlcds ifgys tks :i&jax&jl HkhuksA lcds ifgys fo|kQy ftu xfg yhuksAA

vc lcds ihNs lks ijr y[kkA gk! gk! Hkkjr nqnZ'kk u ns[kh tk;AAß7

;g fopkj dj dfo ân; vR;ar nq%f[kr gksrk gS fd tgk¡ ßjke] ;qfèkf"Bj] oklqnso] gfj'paæ]ugq"k] ;;kfr] Hkhe] vtqZu tSls egku~ iq#"kksa us viuh NVk fn[kk Fkh] ogk¡ vkt ew<+rk] dyg vkSjvfo|k dk jkT; gSAß8 ßckyeqdqUn xqIr us îqjk.kh fnYyh* dfork esa Hkkjr ds ,sfrgkfld uxj dhçkphu xkSjo&xkFkk dk fp=k vafdr dj dky ds ?kkrd çHkko dks crk;k gSAß9

bl ;qx ds lkfgR; euhf"k;ksa us ns'kHkfä dh Hkkouk tkx fr ds fy, ftl vrhr dky dk xkufd;k Fkk] og fgUnw dky dk Lo.kZ;qx FkkA mudh voLFkk ds çrhd fgUnw bfrgkl rFkk ijaijk ds ohjiq#"k rFkk ukjh Fks vkSj ;fn mUgksaus bfrgkl esa eqlyeku dky ds ohj jktiwrksa dk pfj=k pquk rksmudk ç;Ru ;gh Fkk fd Þmudh rqyuk esa eqlyeku ik=kksa dk pfj=k vfèkd ';key n f"Vxr gksA iwoZ'krkfCn;ksa ds eqlyeku 'kkldksa ds vR;kpkj rFkk vU;k; dks foLej.k djuk muds fy, dfBu Fkk]D;ksafd tgk¡ fclslj lkseukFk ekèko ds eafnj Fks] ogk¡ efLtnsa cu x;h Fkh vkSj vYykg vdcj dhèofu lquk iM+rh FkhAß10 fgnh lkfgR; ç.ksrk fgUnw Fks vkSj jk"Vªokn ds bl vH;qRFkku dky esa mudhjk"Vªh; Hkkouk tkrh;rk ;k èkk edrk ls eqä ugh gks ldh FkhA vr% Þfganh lkfgR;dkj vius èkeZ]bfrgkl] laLÑfr] ohj pfj=kksa dh vksj LokHkkfod :i esa vkÑ"V gq, FksA ns'kokfl;ksa dks vKku] ew[kZrk]dwie.Mwdrk ls eqä djus] muesa vkRefo'okl Hkjus rFkk mUgsa lkgl çnku djus ds fy, vrhr xkSjodk ;g Lej.k i;kZIr ek=kk esa lgk;d gqvkAß11

HkkjrsUnq] çse?ku vkfn ys[kdksa us vrhr xkSjo ds fouk'k dk dkj.k Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds pkfjf=kdiru esa <¡w<+k FkkA muds erkuqlkj ns'kokfl;ksa dh QwV] vkilh egkHkkjr] vkyL; vkfn dk ykHkmBkdj vrhr esa ;ouksa us eafnj QksM+s Fks] ewfrZ;k¡ rksM+h Fkha vkSj vc vaxzsth jkT; esa ns'k ijkèkhurkdh csfM+;ksa esa tdM+ x;k FkkA çk;% bl ;qx dk vrhr xkSjo&xku orZeku nq%[koLFkk ds fo{kksHk dhHkkouk ls vkPNkfnr gSA vrhr ds çfr vuqjkx ls mn~Hkwr buds mn~xkj dgha Hkkjr dh HkO;rk dh vksjyksxksa dk è;ku vkÑ"V djrs gSa] dgha çdV :i ls mTToy Hkfo"; cukus dk ladsr nsrs gSa vkSj dghabu dfo;ksa ds varj dk {kksHk çdV djrs gSaA bl çdkj vrhr dk vuqjkx dkO; dh çeq[k ço fÙk cux;h gSA

rRdkyhu fganh lkfgR;dkjksa us ns'k ds uSfrd iru] lkekftd ,oa èkkfeZd voufr] lkaLÑfrdgzkl rFkk jktuSfrd vfHk'kki dk fu%'kad Hkko ls o.kZu fd;k gSA vKku] vkyL; rFkk ew[kZrk ds dkjunhu&ghu ns'kokfl;ksa dks ns[kdj mUgsa ekufld Dys'k gksrk gSA HkkjrsUnq th bZ'oj ls çkFkZuk djrs gq,dgrs gSa&

ÞMwcr Hkkjr ukFk osfx tkxks vc tkxksA vkyl&nso ,fg ngu gsrq pgqa fnfl lksa ykxksAAegkew<+rk ok;q c<+kor rsfg vuqjkxksA Ñik n f"V dh o f"V cq>kogq vkyl R;kxksAA

viukS viuk;kS tkrh ds djgq Ñik fxfjoj èkjuA tkxkS cfy osxfg ukFk vc nsgq nhu fganqu ljuAAß12

'kks/k /kkjk 123

jkèkkÑ".k nkl us ns'k dh nqnZ'kk ij nq%[k vfHkO;ä djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd ÞHkkjr ,d ,slkns'k gS tks jksdj viuk thou [kks jgk gSA ;wjksi vesfjdk] Ýkal] teZuh vkfn lHkh eksn ls Hkjs vkuanesa eXu gSaAß13 bruk gh ugha] rRdkyhu vaxzst 'kkldksa us tcku ij Hkh rkyk yxk j[kk FkkA ns'k dsyksx viuk nq%[k&nnZ Hkh fdlh ls dg ugha ldrs FksA ml le; dh Hkkjrh; turk dh ;g fo"keeuksn'kk çrki ukjk;.k feJ ds bu 'kCnksa esa vfHkO;ä gqbZ gS&

;g ft; èkjdr ;g u gks] dgw¡ dksm lqfu ysAdNq nks"k nS ekjfg v# jksou ugha nsAftl jkT; esa jksus dh Hkh eukgh gks ml jkT; ds 'kklu dk D;k dgukAHkkjrsUnq th us viuh Hkk"kk dh mUufr dks gh lc mUufr dk ewy ekuk Fkk&Þfut Hkk"kk mUufr

vgS lc mUufr dks ewyAß14 çrki ukjk;.k feJ us Hkh fganh] fgUnw] fgUnqLrku ^fcu fut Hkk"kk Kkuds feVr u fg; dks lwy* dk jkx NsM+k FkkA Jhèkj ikBd Hkh fganh çseh FksA vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks ckcqvksals ikBd th dks v#fp Fkh] D;ksafd os vaxzst vkSj vaxzsth ds Hkä gksdj fganh dh mis{kk djrs Fks&

Þvaxzsth i<+s ckcw dks fganh ls D;k xjtAbaxfy'k dh cjkcj rks fdlh esa etk ughaAß15

vaxzsth 'kklu ds çfr mxz fojksèk u gksus ij Hkh 'kkldksa dh uhfr vlá gks x;h Fkh ns'k dkvk Fkd 'kks"k.k lokZfèkd d"Vdj Fkk vkSj tSlk fd Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS] jk"Vªh; usrkvksa us bl vksjfo'ks"k :i ls è;ku fnyk;k FkkA HkkjrsUnq th us Hkh bl lacaèk esa dgk fd&

Þvaxjst jktlq[k lkt lts lc HkkjhAiS èku fons'k pfy tkr bgS vfr [okjhß16

HkkjrsUnq ;qxhu lkfgR; esa jk"Vªokn dk vU; çcy i{k gS ns'k&çseA ;g jk"Vªh;rk dk ewykèkkjgSA HkkjrsUnq rFkk muds lg;ksxh bl Hkkouk ls vksrçksr FksA os jktHkfä ls vkIykfor FksA jktHkfäns'kHkfä dk vax cu x;h FkhA vaxzstksa ds çfr mudh èkkj.kk cgqr Li"V FkhA os vaxzstksa ls u dsoyfdlh Hkyk dh vk'kk j[krs Fks] oju~ os ekurs Fks fd muds dkj.k gh ge vkt ijkèkhu loZlkèkughugSaA blls gesa vaxzstksa ds vR;kpkj ls jksuk u pkfg, vkSj ;g vk'kk Hkh u j[kuh pkfg, fd og gekjhHkyk djus vk, gSaA

vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj chekfj;ksa ls lekt dks mckjus ds fy, lkfgR; dh furkarvko';drk gSA D;ksafd chekj jk"Vª mUufr ugha dj ldrk vkSj djsxk Hkh rks og [kks[kyh gksxhA vktHkh tks yksx mUufr ds f'k[kjksa ij fojkteku gSa] os pkgs fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls jgs gksa vkSj vkt pkgs fdlhHkh {ks=k esa gksa] muds çsj.kkJksr lkfgR; ls tqM+s dksbZ u dksbZ O;fäRo jgs gSaA

jk"Vªh; Hkkouk 'kuS% 'kuS% èkkfeZd ed rFkk lkekftd lqèkkj dk;ks± ds ekè;e ls ewrZ :i ikusyxh FkhA HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds vafre pj.k esa mldk Lo:i çR;{k gksus yxk FkkA lkaçnkf;d HksnHkko blHkkouk esa ckèkd FkkA 'kkldksa dh pkVqdkfjrk dks cqjh n f"V ls ns[kk tkus yxk FkkA vr% ÞckcwckyeqdqUn xqIr us lj lS¸;n dh lkaçnkf;d Hkkouk rFkk 'kkldksa dh pkVqdkfjrk dh çfrØ;kLo:i^tkrh; jk"Vªh; Hkkouk* dh jpuk dh FkhAß17 bl rjg bl ;qx esa jk"Vªh; psruk dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fä

'kks/k /kkjk 124

lkfgR; us dh gSA jk"Vªh; usrkvksa ds fopkjksa dks lkfgR; esa eq[kfjr dj rRdkyhu ys[kdksa rFkk dfo;ksaus vius nkf;Ro dk iw.kZr;k fuokZg fd;k gSA bl çdkj jk"Vªfodkl esa lkfgR; fparu dh fopkjèkkjkfuckZèk xfr ls çokfgr gksus yxhA

vr% Hkys gh vkt lkfgR; vkSj lkfgfR;dksa dks mis{k.kh; n f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gksA lkfgR;dks fupys ik;nku ij j[kk tkrk gks] jk"Vª dh çxfr esa lkfgR; ds ;ksxnku dks oSKkfud vkSjvkS|ksfxd ;qx us LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k gks] ijarq tgk¡ Hkh fopkjksa dh] eu dh etcwrh dh ckr vk,xhogka xf.krh; QkewZys èoLr gksaxsA ogk¡ lkfgR; dk chtxf.kr gh dke vk,xk tks fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dhmy>u dks lqy>k ldsxk vkSj fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa ds lqy>siu ds fcuk u rks foKku dk xzkQ c<+ldrk gS vkSj u gh vk Fkdh dkA

vr% cnyrs ifjçs{; esa ;fn foKku vkSj vFkZ çxfr ds iSekus cus gSa rks mUgsa lacy nsus esalkfgR; dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA vr% ;s rhuksa lkekukarj çxfr ds çrhd gSaA jk"Vª dh çxfr ds okgdgSaA jk"Vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d gSaA

lUnHkZ1- Mk- uxsUæ] fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh] t;iqj] bykgkckn] 1976] i -

4602- pkSgku Jh f'konku flag] jk"Vªh; lkfgR; ds fuekZ.k dh leL;k] vkykspuk¼bfrgkl fo'ks"kkad½] tuojh]

53] i - 23- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepaæ( fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh] laor~ 2022] i - 5634- nkl la- cztjRu] HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh] nwljk Hkkx] f}rh; laLdj.k] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh] foØe laor~

2010] i - 683&845- mikè;k;] la- Jh çHkkdjs'oj( Jh fnus'k ukjk;.k mikè;k;] çse?ku loZLo] çFke Hkkx] çFke vko fÙk]

Çgnh lkfgR; lEeysu] ç;kx] laor~ 1966] i - 1556- ogh] i - 1557- nkl] la- cztjRu( HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh % ^Hkkjr nqnZ'kk*] ukVî jfld o ykL; :id] igyk [k.M] çFke

laLdj.k] ukxjh çpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh] foØe laor~ 2007] i - 4698- ogh] i - 1699- flag] MkW- uRFku( x|dkj ckcw ckyeqdqUn xqIr % thou vkSj lkfgR;] i - 12410- HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i - 68411- ukjk;.k] MkW- lq"kek( Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds fodkl dh fganh lkfgR; esa vfHkO;fä] fnYyh&7] iVuk&4]

1966] i - 4612- HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i - 68313- nkl] ';kelqanj( la-] jkèkkÑ".k xzaFkkoyh&Hkkx 1] çFke laLdj.k] i - 1514- HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh % nwljk Hkkx] i - 731 15- Hkê] ia- ckyÑ".k( i - 20016- HkkjrsUnq xzaFkkoyh % çFke Hkkx] i - 470 17- xqIr fucaèkkoyh] i - 621

'kks/k /kkjk 125


jk"Vªh; psruk dk laokgd % lkfgR;MkW0 'kf'k voLFkh

izk/;kid fgUnh] 'kkldh; ¼LukrdksRrj½ egkfo|ky;] eqjSuk] e/;izns'k¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

AbstractlkfgR; dk lkSUn;Z'kkL=kkkh; v/;;u djrs gq, lkfgR;dkjksa o vkykspdksa dk ,d oxZ ^dykoknh*

?kksf"kr gks x;kA lkfgR; esa dyk rÙoksa dks [kkstrs gq, mudh n f"V esa dF; xkS.k gks x;k vkSj f'kYi rÙodks iz/kkurk feyrh x;hA ,sls esa lkfgR; dk mn~ns'; ek=kkk dyk izn'kZu rd lhfer jg x;kA lkfgR;dk mn~ns'; LFkkfir djrs gq, iz[;kr dFkkdkj eqa'kh izzsepUn us lu~ 1936 esa y[kuÅ esa gq, izxfr'khyys[kd la?k* ds igys vf/kos'ku esa dgk Fkk&ßgekjh dlkSVh ij ogh lkfgR; [kjk mrjsxk] ftlesa mPpfpUru gks] Lok/khurk dk Hkko gks] lkSUn;Z dk lkj gks] l tu dh vkRek gks] thou dh lPpkb;ksa dk izdk'kgks] tks geeas xfr] la?k"kZ] cspSuh iSnk djs] lqyk;s ugha] D;kasfd vc vkSj T;knk lksuk e R;q dk y{k.k gSA*


Key Words : psruk vkSj jk"Vªh; psruk] lkfgR; vkSj jk"Vªh;&psruk

ukjh dks ân; dh laosnukvksa dk iqat vkSj rjy vuqHkwfr;ksa dk i;kZ; ekuk tkrk gSA dkO;dh bu vUrjax >aÑfr;ksa dh lk/kukoLFkk ,oa pjekoLFkk us gh dkO; dks jln'kk dh e/kqerh Hkwfedk*rd igq¡pk;k gSA ;g Hkh lR; gS fd dfo;ksa dks Hkh dkO; dh bl voLFkk esa vkus ds fy, ukjh ân;gksuk iM+rk gSA pje voLFkk dh bl nk'kZfud Hkwfe ij ,slk LokHkkfod Hkh gSA blfy, vf[ky laLÑfrds laLi'kZ ls f[kyh gqbZ dfork,¡ gh ekuork ds Å"kkdky dh dfork dgykbZ gSA

lkekftd thou ds vUrjax ifjos'k esa tgk¡ ,d vksj jk"Vª ds izfr vkLFkk cfynku vkSj izsedh vuqHkwfr;k¡ tUe ysrh gSa( ogha nqHkkZX; ls LokFkZ dh vU/kh unh esa rSjrk lewpk lekt tc ewY;fo?kVu dh nk:.k vUrO;ZFkk dks >syrk gS rks jk"Vª nzksg tSlh [krjukd lkft'ksa Hkh tUe ysus yxrhgSaA dkO; esa ;g Hkko iwjh laosnuk vkSj vfLerk ds lkFk O;Dr gqvk gSA

ledkyhu jpukdkjksa esa pUnzdkUr nsorkys th ds dkO; esa fonzksg vkSj vkØks'k ds Lojfn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA nhokjksa ij [kwu ls* Ñfr esa dfo dk vkØks'k lkQ fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA jktuhfr ds {ks=kesa c<+rs Hkz"Vkpkj ij dfo dh fpUrk LokHkkfod gSA dfodkar ds va/ksjs esa ,d ,slh dfork gS] tksns'kdky vkSj jktuhfr ds Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djrh gS&

Þ[kwu ds xk<+s pdRrksa ds Hkhrj]/kal dj lM+ jgh gS]tks tgjhyh lnh]

mlds fy, ftEesnkj gS]vkneh dh [kky esa]x/ks vkSj HksfM+;s dk]

'kks/k /kkjk 126

vk/kk&vk/kk Hkstk fy;s]?kwers jktuhfr ds >.Mk njckjAÞ

iar th us ukjh dks lkaLÑfrd efgek ls eafMr dj mls ,d vfrekuoh; :i iznku fd;kgSA iar th us ukjh ds HkksX;k vkSj dkfeuh :i dk var djds êkuoh* :i dh izfr"Bk dh gSA ukjhdks dfo us ekuoh* rFkk lgpjh* ds :i esa izfrf"Br fd;k gSA mUgksaus ukjh dks fdlku vkSj etnwjdh Hkkafr 'kksf"kr oxZ ds :i esa ns[kk vkSj ukjh 'kks"k.k ds fo:) vkokt mBk;h gS &

ÞeqDr djks ukjh dks ekuo! fpjoafnuh ukjh dks];qx&;qx dh ccZj dkjk ls] tufu] lf[k I;kjh dksAÞ

iar th us ukjh ds lkSUn;Z dk fo'o O;kih izHkko izÑfr ds lanHkZ esa gh O;Dr fd;k gSA ukjhdh ifo=krk dk vadu djus ds fy, dfo us mlds LFkwy fp=k vafdr u dj mlds lw{e lkSUn;Z dkvadu fd;k gSA ;g lkSUn;Z dfo us izÑfr ds ek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k gSA dfo us izÑfr ds jE; :iesa ukjh vkSj ukjh esa gh izÑfr dk lkSUn;Z ns[kk gS &

Þuoy e/kq _rq &fudqat esa izkIr izFke dkfydk&lh] vLQqVxkruhy uHk var%iqj esa rfUoA nwr dh dyk ln '; uotkre/kqjrk] e nqyrk lh rqe izk.kAÞÞxzkeukjhÞ vkSj ÞetnwjuhÞ dks iar th us vkn'kZ ukjh ekuk gSA vkn'kZ ukjh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr

dk izrhd gSA iar th dgrs gSa&Þftl fnu ukjh] Þukjh dh laKk Hkqykdj ujks lax cSB dj] tu&thoudk dkedkt] lkFk&lkFk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj djsxh] mlh fnu jk"Vª nzqrxkeh gksdj fodkl ds iFkij vxzlj gksxkA iar th us viuh dkO; Ñfr esa izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z dk lgkjk ysdj ukjh ds izfr ekuoân; esa lEeku dh Hkkouk txkus dk vFkd iz;kl fd;k gSA

fujkyk fgUnh txr ds ,d ,sls ;qxkUrjdkjh dfo gSa] ftudh jpukvksa esa rRdkyhu ekuo dhihM+k] ijrU=krk ,oa ijo'krk ds izfr mRiUu rhoz vkØks'k dh /ofu lqukbZ iM+rh gSA ckny jkx* ,d,slh Ñfr gS] ftlus jk"Vª esa uo Økafr mRiUu dj nh vkSj ekuo ân; esa jk"Vªh; psruk dh Hkkoukdks m}sfyr dj fn;k &

ÞeSa nsrh gw¡ loZLo Nqvks er vogsyuk]dh viuh fLFkfr dks] tks rqeus vifo=k Li'kZgks x;k rqEgkjk] :dks nwj ls djks n'kZAÞ

dfo us jk"Vª izse ds vkstLoh Hkkoksa ls izsfjr gksdj gh Hkkjr ek¡ ds ml lkdkj :i dh oUnukdh gS] ftlds inry esa 'krny ds rqY; yadk }hi fojkteku gS] ftlds pj.kksa dks xftZrksfEkZ lkxjty /kks jgk gSa] r#] r .k] ou] yrk vkfn ftlds 'kqHkz olu gSa] xaxk dh T;ksfrtZy d.kksa dk gkj ftldsxys esa lq'kksfHkr gS] fge rq"kkj dk 'kqHkz eqdqV ftlds flj ij 'kksHkk;eku gS vkSj ftlds iz.ko dh eèkqj/ofu ls leLr fn'kk,¡ /ofur gks jgh gaSA dfo ,sls gh fopkjksa ls vksr&izksr gksdj ek¡ ljLorh dh oanukdjrs gSa vkSj muls Hkkjr esa Lora=krk dh vej /ofu dks ejus dh izkFkZuk djrs gSa] lkFk gh og leLrcU/ku dks rksM+us] dyq"k vkSj vU/kdkj dks gVkdj izdk'k Hkjus vkSj LokrU=k; uHk ds fogax&o Un ljh[ks

'kks/k /kkjk 127

jk"Vªtu dks uo xfr] uoy;] uohu rky Nan] uoy daB] uo /ofu] uohu ia[k vkSj uohu Loj iznkudjus dh ;kpuk djrs gSa] ftlls loZ=k Lok/khurk dk vej jkx lqukbZ nsA

fujkyk th us dbZ ,slh jpuk,¡ dh gSa] tSls&dqdqjeqRrk] u;s iRrs] csyk] vf.kek vkfn tksjk"Vªh; psruk txkus esa lgk;d fl) gq;hA dqdqjeqRrk ,d ,slh dkO; Ñfr gS] ftlus iw¡thifr oxZdks fgyk dj j[k fn;kA dfo us izÑfr dk vR;Ur gh euksgkjh n '; viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e lslkfgR; txr dks iznku dh gS tks ukjh oxZ ds fy, izsj.kklzksr cu x;hA og rksM+rh iRFkj* esa os fy[krsgSa &

Þog rksM+rh iRFkjAns[kk mls eSaus bykgkckn ds iFk ij] ns[krs ns[kk eq>s rks ,d ckj]ml Hkou dh vksj ns[kk fNUu rkjns[kdj dksbZ ugha]ns[kk eq>s ml n f"V lstks ekj [kk jks;h ughaAÞdkO; esa ukjh fo"k;d Hkkouk vkn'kZiw.kZ gSA ukjh dk fp=k.k dkO; esa dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls

fd;k x;k gSA dfo;ksa us ukjh ds izfr vkn'kZoknh n f"V j[kh gSA muds vuqlkj ukjh txUukFkk gS]ije'kfDr gS vkSj ije vkjk/; gSA vkfn 'kfDr] thou dh izsj.kk] fot; dh vk/kkjHkwr 'kfDr vkfnds :i esa ukjh dk fp=k.k fd;k gSA

lUnHkZ1- dqyJs"B] MkW- jtuh( jktLFkku dh efgyk dkO;/kkjk2- >aoj] MkW-vkse izdk'k( fujkyk vkSj eqfDrcks/k ds dkO; dk rqyukRed v/;;u3- lDlsuk] MkW- }kfjdk izlkn( fgUnh ds vk/kqfud izfrfuf/k dfo

'kks/k /kkjk 128

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; ,MAR 2018; Vol. 1; P. 17-21

jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkfgR; fparuMkW- vydk iar

foHkkxk/;{k] fgUnh foHkkx] lh-,e-Mh- egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

AbstractlkfgR; lekt esa lkSgknzZ] ,drk vkSj tkx:drk QSykrk gS] blfy, jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lkfgR; dh

egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Hkkjr esa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh vR;Ur le ) ijEijk gSA muds lkfgR; us ;gk¡ dslkekftd] uSfrd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=k dks ges'kk lacy fn;k gS vkSj lH;rk] thou ewY; rFkkijEijk dh j{kk dh gSA tulkekU; dh Hkk"kk esa jkT; 'kjhj gS] ysfdu jk"Vª vkRek gSA blfy, Hkkjrh;lkfgR; esa izkjEHk ls gh jk"Vª 'kCn ij ppkZ gqbZ gS vkSj jpukdkjksa us fujUrj ;g iz;kl fd;k gS fd lkfgR;ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh; fparu dks cy feysA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj lkfgR; dh Hkwfedk] jk"Vª vkSj lkfgR;] jk"Vªoknh psruk vkSj fodkl ds vk;ke

lkfgR; lHkh dykvksa dh vis{kk lekt ls viuk laca/k vf/kd xgjkbZ rd cuk, j[kus esalQy gksrk gSA blds rhu eq[; dkj.k gSa izFke&Hkk"kk&D;ksafd Hkk"kk ,d thoar lkekftd lRrk gS]tks vfHkO;fDr dk izFke vkSj egRoiw.kZ lkèku gSaA lekt vkSj lkfgR; ds chp Hkk"kk dh fu.kkZ;dHkwfedk gSA ftl Hkk"kk dks iz;ksx djus okyksa dh la[;k ftruh vYi gksxh] mldk lkfgR; foLrkj HkhLo;eso de gks gh tkrk gSA f}rh;&lkfgR; dk jpuk vk/kkj lekt dh xfrfof/k gksrh gSAlkfgR;dkj ys[ku dh lkexzh tksM+us ds fy;s ckj&ckj vius lekt esa ykSVrk gSA r rh;&laokn&lkfgR;lekt vkSj O;fDr ds chp laokn iSnk djrk gSA lkfgR; ds ikBd ijLij laokn djrs gSa] tks mUgsa,d&nwljs ls vkSj ys[kd ls tksM+rk gSA

lkfgR; lekt esa lkSgknzZ] ,drk vkSj tkx:drk QSykrk gS] blfy, jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lkfgR;dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA Hkkjr esa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh vR;Ur le ) ijEijk gSA muds lkfgR; us ;gk¡ds lkekftd] uSfrd] jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=k dks ges'kk lacy fn;k gS vkSj lH;rk] thou ewY;rFkk ijEijk dh j{kk dh gSA tulkekU; dh Hkk"kk esa jkT; 'kjhj gS] ysfdu jk"Vª vkRek gSA blfy,Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa izkjEHk ls gh jk"Vª 'kCn ij ppkZ gqbZ gS vkSj jpukdkjksa us fujUrj ;g iz;kl fd;kgS fd lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh; fparu dks cy feysA

tc&tc laØe.k dkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lekt my>k gS] rc&rc jk"Vª] jk"Vªh;rk vkSjlkfgR; fparu&l tu vkfn dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj iz'u o lansg mRiUu gksus yxrs gSaA okn&fookn&laoknvkfn dh vko';drk vuqHko gksus yxrh gS vkSj jk"Vª fodkl dh Hkwfedk esa lkfgR; dh lgHkkfxrkfot; dk rw;Zukn djrh gSA bldk dkj.k cM+k ljy vkSj lgt gh le> esa vkus okyk gSA jk"Vª vkSjjk"Vªh;rk ,d uSlfxZd nsu gS] ftlls dksbZ ns'k vkSj mldk lekt vyx ugha jg ldrkA jk"Vªh;rk

'kks/k /kkjk 129

dks le>us ds fy, lkfgR; dk eaFku vko';d gSA lkfgR; esa fgr 'kCn tqM+k gqvk gS] tks bl ckrdk |ksrd gS fd fcuk fgr ds jk"Vªh;rk dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA ;fn lkfgR; tSlh 'kfDr'kkyh foèkkjk"Vª fparu dh ppkZ djs rc bl ckr dh [kkst vko';d gS fd bl Hkkouk dk tUe lkfgR; esa gqvkdSlsA blfy, jk"Vªh;rk ls tqM+s fgUnh lkfgR; ij gesa ,d fogaxe n f"Vikr djuk gksxkA

HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds lkfgR;dkj vius le; ds lekt ds izfr tkx:d Fks] blfy, fczfV'k 'kkludh mifLFkfr vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt dh n'kk ij mudh ys[kuh pyhA bl le; ds fopkjd o tkx:dys[kd ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;Z dj jgs Fks vkSj og Fkk ,d ^jk"Vª* ds crkSj ^vkRe* dks igpkuukA Hkkjrdh orZeku n'kk ds dkj.kksa dh igpku] vrhr ds xkSjo dh iqu% izfr"Bk] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa rFkklekt dh ,drk esa ck/kd rRoksa ij izgkj djuk vkfnA fgUnh {ks=k esa uotkxj.k dk ;g dk;Z HkkjrsUnqgfj'panz dh vxqokbZ esa 'kq: gqvk( ftlesa izrki ukjk;.k feJ] ckyÑ".k HkV~V] cnzhukjk;.k pkS/kjh]Bkdqj txeksgu flag vkfn us lg;ksx fn;kA LoRo* dh igpku djus dk ;g dk;Z Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oalekt dh l'kDr ijEijkvksa dks igpkuus vkSj mUgsa ,d jk"Vªh; xkSjo ds :i esa lkeus ykus ds iz;klksaij vk/kkfjr FkkA HkkjrsUnq dh Li"V lksp Fkh fd& ^vktknh vkSj xqykeh ds chp u lkfgR; rVLFkjg ldrk gS] u lkfgR;dkjA* iafMr ckyÑ".k HkV~V us ^^lkfgR; dks tulewg ds g n; dk fodkl**ekukA

fgUnh lkfgR; esa f}osnh ;qx dk izkjEHk jk"Vªh;rk dh blh O;kid i "BHkwfe esa gqvkA ;|fiizkjEHk esa jk"Vª fparu vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dh O;kidrk iw.kZ:is.k izLQqfVr ugha gqbZA rFkkfi dkykUrjesa vrhr dk xkSjo xku] orZeku dh foiUukoLFkk ij {kksHk] ukjh rFkk lekt ds vU; nfer oxksZ dsizfr xgjh lgkuqHkwfr ds lkFk&lkFk ijra=krk ls eqDr gksus dh vnE; vkdka{kk bl ;qx ds lkfgR; esamtZfLor Lojksa esa eq[kj gqbZA rn~;qxhu lkfgR; esa ,d HkO; vkSj dkO; dh n f"V ls mnkRr :Ik ns'kizse laca/kh dforkvksa esa izdV gqvkA bl dky ds izfrfuf/k dfo;ksa esa Jh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr] fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr] ek[ku yky prqosZnh] uohu] lksgu yky f}osnh] ';ke ukjk;.k ik.Ms;] gfjÑ".k îzseh*]lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] 'khy] jke/kkjh flag fnudj* vkfn vusd uke fy, tk ldrs gSaA bl dky dslHkh [;kfr uke ltZdksa us jk"Vª dh vku&cku&'kku dk xkSjoxku rks fd;k gh] lqugjs Hkfo"; dsLoIuksa vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k gsrq fd, tkus pkfg, vko';d iz;Ruksa dks Hkh viuh jpukvksa esa eq[kfjrfd;k&

^^bl lekt] bl tkfr ns'k dh gS d:.kk ls Hkjh dgkuh]rqe dgrs gks xhr lqukÅ¡] vkt :) gS esjh ok.khA**1

^^fiykus dks dgk¡ ls jDr yk,¡ nkuoksa dks\ugha D;k LoRo gS izfr'kks/k dk ge ekuoksa dks\

tjk rw cksy rks] lkjh /kjk ge Qw¡d nsaxsiM+k tks iaFk esa fxfj] dj mls nks Vwd nsaxsA**2

Nk;kokn dk lEiw.kZ jpuk deZ Lora=krk ds dsUnzh; fpUru ls ;qDr gSA fo'oukFk f=kikBh&^^Nk;kokn HkfDrdkO; ds ckn lcls egRoiw.kZ dkO; vkanksyu gSA HkfDr dkO; dk vk/kkj HkfDr

'kks/k /kkjk 130

vkanksyu Fkk] Nk;kokn dk Lok/khurk vkanksyuA bl nkSj esa izsepan] izlkn] fujkyk] vkpk;Z 'kqDy vkfnfoHkwfr;k¡ ledkyhu gSaA fo"ke ;FkkFkZ izszepan ds dFkk lkfgR; esa fpf=kr gS rks LoIu Nk;koknh dkO;gSA LofIuy LoIu ugha] ;FkkFkZ LoIu] ijk/khu Hkkjr dk Lokra=k~; LoIuA**3

Nk;koknh ;qx dk lcls fo'oluh; fo'ys"k.k MkW- ukeoj flag us lkeus j[kk&^^Nk;kokn bljk"Vªh; psruk dh dkO;kRed vfHkO;fDr gS] tks ,d vksj iqjkuh ih<+h ls eqfDr pkgrk gS vkSj nwljhvksj fons'kh ijk/khurk lsA**4

^^f}osnh ;qx ds Ik'pkr vkfoHkwZr gksus okyk Nk;kokn ;qx pw¡fd ,d jksekafVd vkanksyu Fkk vkSjdkO; lRrk ds izfr Hkh bl ;qx ds dfo lgt gh iw.kZ lps"V FksA vr% mUgksaus jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkoukdks O;kid :i esa xzg.k djrs gq, Hkh eq[;r% jkxkRed i{k dh vksj vf/kd vuqjfDr fn[kkbZ vkSj ns'kizse laca/kh ftu Hkko Hkjs] e/kqj vkSj izsjd xhrksa dh l f"V dh os u dsoy jk"Vªh; dfork oju~ lewphfgUnh dfork dh vuqie fuf/k dgs tk ldrs gSaA**5

mRrj Nk;koknh izo fRr;ksa ds rkSj ij tc ge izxfroknh] iz;ksxoknh rFkk lkBksRrj lkfgR;ls ysdj v|ru ij utj Mkyrs gSa rks mlesa vusdfo/k vk;keksa esa jk"Vªh; psruk dk izlkj rFkk izorZufeyrk gSA tSls&fons'kh nklrk ds fojks/k ds :i esa] iw¡thokn lkearokn ds fojks/k ds :i esa]lkaiznkf;drk ds fojks/k ds :i esa] lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds vkxzg ds :i esa] ;q) fojks/k ,oa 'kkafr mik;ksads leFkZu ds :i esa] ns'k esa 'kklu O;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfrd nkao isapksa ds izfr leFkZu vFkok fojksèkds :i esa] lekt fuekZ.k vkSj /kkfeZd vkpkj&fopkjksa ds izpkj ra=k ds i{k&foi{k :i esa rFkk bu lclsÅij jk"Vª] jk"Vªokn vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij lw{e fparu ds :i esa&

^^lq[k lqfo/kk lc ds gsrq lgt] lc l{ke] lc gksaxs izcq)]vkcky&o )&ofurk lkjs drZO;fujr] fuekZ.k'khy]

lc ,d lw=k esa xqfEQr dqlqekoyh leku]vejRo u pkgsxk dksbZ] le gksaxs thou vkSj ej.kA**6

x x x^^ftl fnu viuh gj vkLFkk fruds lh VwVs]

ftl fnu vius varjre ds fo'okl lHkh fudys >wBsAml fnu gksaxs os dkSu pj.k

ftlesa bl y{; Hkz"Veu dks fey ik;sxh var esa 'kj.kA**7x x x

d- }hi gSa ge] ;g ugh gSa 'kki] ;g viuh fu;fr gSA8

x x x[k- nkl eSa Hkh g¡w fu;fr dk] D;k Hkyk fo'okl esjkA9 x x x

Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa izkjaHk ls gh jk"Vª 'kCn ij ppkZ gqbZ gSA jk"Vª gksus dh igyh 'krZ mldhLora=krk gS vkSj nwljk og turk dk] turk ds fy;s] turk ds }kjk gksuh pkfg,A Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd

'kks/k /kkjk 131

jk"Vª ls igys lkaLÑfrd jk"Vª dh dYiuk ekStwn FkhAdguk u gksxk fd ;fn ge Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ij fog¡xe n f"Vikr djsa rks lokZf/kd vkuan blh

ckr ls gksrk gS fd iwjc] if'pe] mRrj] nf{k.k lHkh {ks=kksa ds lkfgR; l tu esa jk"Vªh; vfLerk vkSjxkSjo ds xku vn~Hkqr ,drk ds lkFk n f"Vxr gksrs gSaA bu jpukdkjksa us jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fofo/kvk;keksa dks viuh&viuh Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k vkSj ekuoh; Hkkoksa vkSj fopkjksa ds lkSan;Z dksfyfic) fd;kA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds jk"Vª fparu esa fgUnh Hkk"kh izns'k ek=k dks 'kkfey djuk v{kE;vijk/k gksxk D;ksafd jk"Vªh; fodkl ds vuar iz{ks=k esa lkfgR; fparu dh Hkwfedk lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds fgUnhvfgUnh Hkk"kh {ks=kksa ds fojkV~ fparu vkSj l tu dk ,d lkewfgd miØe gS] tks jk"Vªh; v[k.Mrk rFkkfodkl ds xhr xkrk gS vkSj mldk vfody le f) gsrq fd;s tkus okys iz;Ruksa ds izfr izfrc) utjvkrk gSA

lanHkZ1- f}osnh] lksguyky( HkSjoh] i -& 1092- fnudj] gq¡dkj] i -& 263- f=kikBh] fo'oukFk( vktdy if=kdk] Lo.kZ t;Urh] vad& 1994]i -&44- flag] MkW- ukeoj( Nk;kokn] i - 175- feJ] MkW- f'kodqekj( u;k fgUnh dkO;] i - 456- ukxktqZu] ;qx/kkjk] i - 107- Hkkjrh] /keZohj( 'kadk]ikVy] vizSy 19548- vKs;] unh ds }hi9- vKs;] bR;ye~] i - & 117

'kks/k /kkjk 132


jk"Vª fodkl vkSj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu¼dkSfVY; ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½

vlhe cktis;hl0 izk0] jktuhfr foKku] uohu 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] ikex<+] tkatxhj] pk¡ik] NÙkhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vª ,d ,slk tu lewg gS( ftlesa Hkk"kk] laLÑfr] /keZ ;k viuh mRifRr vkfn dks ysdj lekurk

vkSj ,drk dh Hkkouk fufgr gksrh gSA ;g yksxksa dks vkil esa tksM+us okyh ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kk gSA ijUrqtc ge ns'k 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] rc gesa ,d HkkSxksfyd lhek dk vkHkkl gksrk gSA vFkkZr~ ns'k ,dfoHkktu dkjh fopkj izrhr gksrk gSA tcfd jk"Vª ml leqnz dh rjg lHkh dks [kqn esa lekfgr djus okykn'kZu izrhr gksrk gS] tks leLr lfjrkvksa dks [kqn esa lekfgr dj O;kidrk o ,drk dk izn'kZu djrk gSAvius ukxfjdksa dk lokZaxh.k fodkl jk"Vª dk y{; gksrk gSA lkFk gh vius jk"Vª dks vk/;kfRed] vkfFkZd]lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd fljekSj cukuk ml jk"Vª ds ukxfjdkas dk y{; gksrk gSA vr% Li"V gS fd jk"Vª dkfodkl vkSj ukxfjdksa dk dY;k.k ijLij ?kfu"B :i ls lacaf/kr gS ,oa ,d&nwljs dh vfuok;Zrk gSA jk"Vªfodkl lacaèkh ;gh rF; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa Hkh Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd fparu] dkSfVY; dk fl)kar vkSj jk"Vªokn

izLrkouk%& jk"Vª ,d ,slk tu lewg gS ftlesa Hkk"kk] laLÑfr] /keZ ;k viuh mRifRr vkfn dks ysdjlekurk vkSj ,drk dh Hkkouk fufgr gksrh gSA ;g yksxkas dks vkil esa tksM+us okyh ,d O;kidvo/kkj.kk gSA ijUrq tc ge ns'k 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rc gesa ,d HkkSxksfyd lhek dk vkHkkl gksrkgSA vFkkZr~ ns'k ,d foHkktu dkjh fopkj izrhr gksrk gS] tcfd jk"Vª ml leqnz dh rjg lHkh dks [kqnesa lekfgr djus okyk n'kZu izrhr gksrk gS] tks leLr lfjrkvksa dks [kqn esa lekfgr dj O;kidrko ,drk dk izn'kZu djrk gSA

vius ukxfjdksa dk lokZaxh.k fodkl jk"Vª dk y{; gksrk gSA lkFk gh vius jk"Vª dksvkè;kfRed] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd fljekSj cukuk ml jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa dk y{; gksrk gSAvr% Li"V gS fd jk"Vª dk fodkl vkSj ukxfjdksa dk dY;k.k ijLij ?kfu"B :i ls lacaf/kr gS ,oa,d&nwljs dh vfuok;Zrk gSA jk"Vª fodkl laca/kh ;gh rF; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa Hkh Li"V:i ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gSAjkT; laca/kh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu& jk"Vª izkjaHk ls gh jktuhfrd fparu dh fiz; fo"k; oLrqjgk gSA jkT; D;k gS] bldh izÑfr dSlh gS] bldk mn~Hko dSls gqvk] blds vax dkSu&dkSu ls gSa]jkT; ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dk v/;;u gh jktuhfrd fparu gSA

Hkkjr o"kZ esa Hkh izkphu dky ls gh jk"Vª o mlds fodkl ij fopkj gksrk vk;k gSA Hkkjrh;fpUru dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd gekjs fpUru ij Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dh Nki Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsrh

'kks/k /kkjk 133

gSA gekjs izkphu xzaFk Li"V :i ls Hkys gh jktuhfr ij fy[ks gq, u izrhr gksrs gks ijUrq buesa jk"Vªo jk"Vª ds lq[kle f) ,ao fodkl laca/kh fopkj Li"V #i ls fufgr gaSA

izkphu Hkkjrh; osnksa esa jkT;] jkT; dh lajpuk] thou 'kSyh dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA jkek;.k]egkHkkjr nks ,ls egkdkO; gSa] tks /keZ fo'ks"k ds xzaFk le>s tkrs gSaA ijUrq bu xzFkksa esa jkT;] jktk]iztk] jktk ds drO;Z] jktk ds /keZ vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA egkHkkjr ds 'kkafr ioZ esa jkT; dhmRifRr laca/kh fopkj O;Dr fd;s x;s gSaA ckS) ,oa tSu xzaFkksa esa Hkh ml dky dh jkt O;oLFkk ojktkvksa ds o.kZu feyrs gSaA izFke fof/k osRrk gksus dk Js; euq dks fn;k tkrk gSA ijarq jk"Vª o mllslacaf/kr Hkkjr dh loZ izeq[k jpuk dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL=k* dks ekuk tkrk gS tks fd jktuhfr ij fy[khloksZRÑ"V Ñfr gS] ftlesa dkSfVY; us jkT; ds mn; gsrq eRL; U;k; dh fLFkfr dks Lohdkj fd;kAjk"Vª fodkl o dkSfVY; dk fpUru& jk"Vª ds fodkl gsrq ,drk ,d vko';d rRo gSA Hkkjr dks,drk ds lw=k esa fijksus dk dk;Z vkfn xq: 'kadjkpk;Z }kjk fd;k x;kA ftUgksus mRrj] nf{k.k] iwoZ]if'pe esa pkj /kkeksa dh LFkkiuk dhA ijUrq Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd fodkl ds iqjks/kk vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ghgSaA jk"Vª fodkl esa vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds fuEufyf[kr fpUru egRoiw.kZ gSA1- lIrkax fl)kUr& fo".kq xqIr us jkT; ds lkr vaxksa Lokeh] vekR;] tuin] nqxZ] dks"k] n.M] fe=kdh foospuk dhA buesa ls ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gS LokehA

Lokeh ls rkRi;Z jktk ls gS jktk gh jkT; o iztk ds fodkl gsrq mRrjnk;h gksrk gSA vr%dkSfVY; us vius jktuSfrd fpUru esa jktk dks /keZ ikyu dk mins'k fn;kA ;gk¡ /keZ ls rkRi;Z jktkds drO;Z ikyu ls gS A ftl izdkj firk ds }kjk vius iq=k o ifjokj ds ikyu ls ifjokj fodkldh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA mlh izdkj dkSfVY; gh og igys fopkjd gSa] ftUgksus jktk dks iztk ls iq=kor~O;ogkj djus dh lh[k nhA orZeku ifjn '; esa ,sls gh iz'kkldksa dh egrh vko';drk gSA^^dks'kiwokZ% lokZjEHkk%AA1AA rLEkkRiwoZ dks'kHkos{ksrAA2AA** ¼vkBoka v/;k; 26 izdj.k] vFkZ'kkL=k½

vFkkZRk~ laiw.kZ dk;kasZ dk fuHkZj dks"k ij gSAblfy;s jktk dks mfpr gS fd lcls izFke og dks"k ds fo"k;esa fopkj djs vFkkZr~ dks"k lnk o f) dks izkIr gksrk jgs]mldk {k; dnkfi u gks] bl ckr dk /;kuj[ksAA2AA mDr 'yksd ls Li"V gS fd dks"k jk"Vª ds fodkl gsrq vfuok;Z rRo gSA1 dkSfVY; us ,detcwr foRr O;oLFkk gsrq iztk ls djkds :i esa /ku ,oa /kkU; ,df=kr djus dk fopkj fn;kA ns'kesa mRikfnr Qlyksa ds izeq[k vf/kdkjh dks dkSfVY; us lekgrkZ ds uke ls lacksf/kr fd;k gS tks fdjktkdj dh olwyh djrk FkkA orZeku ifjn '; esa bl in dks dysDVj ds uke ls Lohdkj fd;k x;kgSA

lSU; :i ls detksj jk"Vª dHkh Hkh viuk lokZa=kh.k fodkl ugha dj ldrkA blfy, dkSfVY;us n.M ¼lsuk½ gsrq ohj] mRlkgh ;qokvksa ds egRo dks js[kkafdr fd;k] ftudh 'kfDr ds cy ij ekS;ZlkezkT; us ,d fo'kky lezkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA2- e.My fl)kar& dkSfVY; dk e.My fl)kar jk"Vª dh lqj{kk o fodkl ds fy, vkt Hkh izkalfxdgSA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj jk"Vª dk iM+kslh jkT; mldk 'k=kq gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;s nksuksa jk"Vª vkilesa lhek lk>k djrs gaS] ijUrq iM+kslh jkT; ds ckn dk jkT; gekjk fe=k o gekjs iM+kslh jkT; dk'k=kq gksxkA orZeku ifjn '; esa ;fn ge bl fpUru ij xkSj djsa rks ge ns[krs gaS fd Hkkjr ¼foftxh"kq½ds ihNs fd vksj dk iM+kslh jkT; ikfdLrku ¼ikf"k.kkZxzkglkj½ lnSo 'k=kq dh Hkkafr O;ogkj djrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 134

tc fd mlds ihNs dk jk"Vª vFkkZr vQxkfuLrku ¼vkØkUnklkj½ ikfdLrku ls rks 'k=kqrk j[krk gSijUrq Hkkjr ds lkFk mlds fj'rs e/kqj ,oa fe=kor gaS] bl fpUru ds egRo dks phu ds ifjizs{; esa Hkhle>k tk ldrk gSA phu gekjk iM+kslh jkT; gSSA vr% og fuf'pr #i ;s vfj ¼'k=kq½ jkT; gksxkAorZeku esa dkSfVY; ds ;g fopkj lR; lkfcr gq, gSaA

Mksdyke fookn bldk rkRdkfyd mnkgj.k gSA phu Hkkjr ds fy;s lrr~ pqukSfr;k¡ izLrqrdjrk jgk gSA dkSfVY; ds e.My fl)kar dks utj vankt djus dk [kkfe;ktk Hkkjr us 1962 esaHkkjr phu ;q) esa Hkqxrk gSA Hkkjr us Lora=krk ds ckn ls gh iM+kslh jkT; phu dk la;qDr jk"Vª ]vQzhdh Qksje ,oa fo'o eap ij fujarj leFkZu fd;k vkSj ;g iz;kl fd;k fd iM+kslh jkT; dks fe=kcuk;k tk ldsA ysfdu Hkkjr dks gj ckj fo'okl?kkr dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

blh izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd phu ds ckn fLFkr tkiku gekjk fe=k jk"Vª gSA tks fd lnSo gekjslg;ksx gsrq rRij gSA ogha tkiku dk phu ds lkFk lsudkdw }hi dks ysdj ruko dh fLFkfr gSA vr%tkiku gekjk LokHkkfod lg;ksxh gSA

dkSfVY; us ,d ek/;e rFkk mnklhu jkT; dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gS tks fd vfj o foftxh"kqnksuksa ls vf/kd rkdroj gksrs gSa ,oa nksuksa dk lg;ksx ;k lkeuk djrs gSaA ;fn ge Hkkjr ikfdLrkuds laca/k esa ek/;e vFkok mnklhu jkT; ij fopkj djas rks fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa vesfjdk gesa ;gHwkfedk fuHkkrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA vesfjdk ds }kjk ikfdLrku dks F16 foeku cspk x;k vkSj oghfoeku Hkkjr dks Hkh cspus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZA vesfjdk }kjk 2004 esa vQxku ;q) ds le;ikfdLrku dks ^xSjukVks lg;ksxh** dk ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k rks ogha Hkkjr dks 2005 esa ^123 ijek.kqle>kSrk** dk migkj fn;k x;kA orZeku ifjn '; ij xkSj djsa rks vesfjdk Hkkjr dh vksj >qdrkfn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA ijUrq Hkkjr ds fy, fpUrk dk fo"k; :l&ikd ds chp c<+rk lg;ksx gSA mM+h geysds le; flrEcj 2017 esa :l ikd ds chp lk>k lSU; vH;kl Hkkjr dh is'kkfu;ksa ij cy iSnk djjgk gSA vDVwcj 2015 esa :l vkSj ikfdLrku ds e/; ykgkSj ls djkph rd xSl ikbi ykbZu fcNkusgsrq le>kSrk gqvkA 2014 rd ftl :l us ikd ds lkFk j{kk le>kSrksa ij izfrca/k yxk j[kk Fkk] ogha:l vc ikd ds lkFk vkfFkZd lkefjd lg;ksx dj jgk gSA

:l dh ;g Hkwfedk phu ds ekkeys esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA :l ds }kjk phu o Hkkjr nksuksadks gh S400 felkby fMQsUl flLVe cspk x;kA mi;qZDr rF;ksa ij fopkj djsa rks ge dg ldrsgSa fd ek/;e vFkok mnklhu jkT; dh tks Hkwfedk ,d le; ;w-,l-,- }kjk fuHkkbZ tk jgh Fkh] ikdo phu ds elyksa esa vc mlh Hkwfedk esa :l utj vk jgk gSA vr% ;g lgh oDr gS fd Hkkjr viusfo}ku vkpk;Z dkSfVY; ds e.My fl)kar dks /;ku j[ks o :l dks ek/;e vFkok mnklhu jkT; cuusls jksds o Hkkjr&:l fe=krk esa iqjkuh xeZtks'kh cjdjkj j[ksA

Hkkjr ftl izdkj mRrj if'pe o mRrj iwoZ esa pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgk gSA blifjfLFkfr esa dkSfVY; dh "kkMxq.; uhfr o eaMy fl)kar Hkkjr dh ekxZn'kZd cu ldrh gSAmilagkj& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij n f"Vikr fd;k tk;s rks ;g rF; Li"V gS fd Hkkjr og jk"Vª gS; ftlusdHkh fdlh jk"Vª ij vkØe.k ugha fd;k oju Lo;a vusd fons'kh vkØe.kksa dk lkeuk fd;kA bulcds ckotwn Hkkjr dk orZeku xkSjo'kkyh Lo:i gekjs lkeus gSA lSdM+kas vkØe.kksa ds ckn Hkh ;fn

'kks/k /kkjk 135

Hkkjr us fodkl ds ijpe ygjk;s gSa] rks bldk Js; jktuhfrd fparu dks gh tkrk gSA;fn ge bu xkSjo'kkyh jktuhfrd fparu dks vey esa yk;s gksrs rks dkSfVY; dks ^Hkkjr dk

eSfd;koyh** u dgk tkrk cfYd eSfd;koyh dks ^bVyh dk dkSfVY;^ dgk tkrkA ;g lgh oDr gSfd ge Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dks u flQZ le>s cfYd mUgs vey esa Hkh yk;saAftlls fuf'pr gh Hkkjr fo'oxq: dh viuh inoh iqu% izkIr djsxk o fodkl ds u;s dhfrZeku x<+ldsxkA

lanHkZ1- 'kkL=kh] izks-mn;ohj( dkSfVY; vFkZ'kkL=k&vuqoknd] izkdk'kd esgj panz y{e.k nkl] lLÑr iqLrdky;

ykgkSj2- voLFkh] ,-ih-( Hkkjrh; jktuhfr fparu3 jktuhfr foKku & izfr;ksfxrk lkfgR; fljht4- n f"V- vkbZ-,-,l- MWkV dkWe5- ,e-MkWV if=kdk MkWV dkWe6- gfjHkwfe MkWV dkWeA

'kks/k /kkjk 136


jk"Vªfodkl % jktuhfr ,oa izca/ku dh n f"V lsMkW0 xkserh flag

izkpk;Z] mRre eseksfj;y dkWyst] jk;x<+] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

jk"Vªh;rk ,d Hkkouk gS] ftlesa jgus okys yksxksa esa ,d ifjokj dk izse gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; lEinkdk lgh lnqi;ksx gksrk gS ,oa gj ukxfjd dk fodkl gksrk gSA ftl jk"Vª esa ukxfjd jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkoukes vksr izksr gksrs gSa( og ns'k fdlh Hkh ladV dh pqUkkSrh dk lkeuk djrs gq, fot;h cu ldrk gSA vU;Fkkfouk'k ,oa cckZnh gksrh gS] rc dksbZ ukxfjd Hkh cckZnh dk gh f'kdkj gksrk gSA /keZ dk vFkZ ,sls deZ lsgS] ftUgsa djuk pkfg, ,oa /keZ esa dqN deksaZ dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa ugha djus pkfg,A /keZ dk dkeiq.; ,oa v/keZ dk dke iki dgk x;k gSA iq.; dk vFkZ ftl deZ dk Qy dY;k.kdkjh gks ,oa iki dkvFkZ gS ftl deZ dk QYk d"Vdkjh gksA lekftd thou ij _f"k;ksa us 'kks/k fd;k gS] ,oa euq"; dks vPNklekt cuk dj thus dk lans'k fn;k gSA iartfy ;ksx dk igyk vax ;e ¼deZ½ gS] tks crkrk gS fdlkekftd thou esa yksxksa ds lkFk dSls ft;s o O;ogkj esa lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] vifjxzg] czkãp;Z dkikyu djsaA

Hkkjr o"kZ eas jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk jkek;.kdky ls iwoZ dh gSAokLro esa iwjh nwfu;k dks ,dO;oLFkk esa j[k ikuk u rks igys lEHko Fkk vkSj u gh vkt ds ;qx eas lEHko gSA bl izdkj jk"Vª ,dlekt ;k ifjokj ds :i esa ys fy;k x;k ,oa jktuhfr mls lapkfyr djus dk ek/;e cuhAjktuhfr&vkt ds ;qx esa izk;% iztkra=k dks 'kklu ds fy, Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS] jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kkesa HkwHkkx dk ,d {ks=kQy]mlesa jgus okys ukxfjd 'kkld ,oa O;OkLFkk iz.kkyh dh vo/kkj.kk vko';dekuh xbZA bl izdkj iwjh i Foh ds ekuo fdlh&u&fdlh jk"Vª dh iztk ds :Ik tkus tkus yxsA

orZeku esa yksdra=k turk }kjk turk ds fy, pquh ljdkj }kjk ekU; lafo/kku ,oa dkuwuksads vuqlkj pyk;k tkrk gSA izk;% lHkh ns'kksa ds lfo/kku esa ukxfjd dks leku volj ds lkFk lEekuls thu dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA

ukxfjdrk dk dkuwu gj ns'k ds lafo/kku esa gSA dqN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks NksM+dj gjO;fDr fdlh ,d ns'k dk ukxfjd gksrk gSA gj ukxfjd vius ns'k ls thus dk vf/kdkj ekaxrk gSAHkkjrh; lfoa/kku esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA vxj bl n f"V ls fopkj djsa rks ns'k,d la;qDr ifjokj dh vo/kkj.kk ij pyrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh lR; gS fd gj ukxfjd dk ifjokjds izfr EkkSfyd dRkZO; Hkh gksrk gSA

bl izdkj ;fn gj ukxfjd vius ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk vius ekSfyd drZO;ksa dks ân;


Key Words : jktuhfrd izca/ku vkSj jk"Vªokn] jk"Vªokn

'kks/k /kkjk 137

esa clk dj j[ks ,oa dRkZO;iw.kZ thou ft;sa ,oa viuh viuh {kerk dk lnqIk;ksx jk"Vª ds fodkl esadjsa rks jk"Vª le f) gksrk gS ,oa ukxfjd lq[kh thou fcrkrk gSAHkkjrh; lafo/kku dh ekSfyd O;oLFkk &yksdra=k] /keZ fujis{krk ,oa lektokn dk ,d vHkwriwoZ laxegSA Ykksdra=k esa fu.kZ; ysuk ,oa fu;e cukuk turk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSA ysfdu vxjtuizfrfuf/k fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gh u j[ksa rks yksdra=k vFkZghurk dh rjQ c<+rk gSSA lektoknls vFkZ gS& ,d lekt esa leku vf/kdkj ds lkFk gj O;fDr dk fodkl] ysfdu lektokn ds ukeij lekt ds brus VqdMs+ dj fn;s tka; fd NksVs&NksVs VqdMs+ ,d&nwljs dks {kfr igq¡pkus dk dkedjsa rks okLro esa lektokn dh vo/kkj.kk gh vFkZghu gks tkrh gSA

/keZfujis{krk dk vFkZ gS gj O;fDr dks viuh viuh iwtk&i)fr ds vuqlkj bZ'oj dh miklukdjukA gekjs ns'k dh /keZfujis{krk esa iwtk i)fr dks viukus ij dksbZ izfrca/k ugha gSA ysfdu /keZ ,oa/keZfujis{krk dh xyr O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA lEiznk;ksa esa jhfr&fjokt dks /keZ eku fy;k tkrk gSAekuo bfrgkl esa jhfr fjokt fopkj O;ogkj ges'kk izxfr'khyrk dh rjQ vxzlj jgs gSaA vr%ifjorZu'khy jgs gSaA vkt ds le; esa ns'k esa bu NksVh&NksVh ckrksa dks ysdj gks jgh yM+kbZ ls ;ghfl) gksrk gS fd O;fDr vius vkidks ugh le> ik jgk gS ;k rks og lekt dks VqdM+s&VqdM+s djdstkfr&mitkfr dks lefiZr gks pqdk gSA vFkok fdlh&u&fdlh lEiznk; dh ladhZ.k dksBjh eas viusdks cUn dj pqdk gSA ,slh ekufldrk ,d lgh ukxfjd dh ugha gksuh pkfg,A ,slk yxrk gS fdviuk vf/kdkj ysus ds fy, ns'k ;kn vkrk gS] ysfdu ns'k ds izfr viuh ftEesnkjh ds uke ij ns'ktSls dksbZ pht gh ugha gksrh A/keZ dk vFkZ gS thou n'kZUk % gj /keZ izk;% HkkokukRed Lrj ,oa oSpkfjd ij Lrj ,d gh ckr dgrkgSA ysfdu ml n'kZu dks thus ds fy, tks rjhds crkrk gS] mu rjhdksa es ns'k dky ds vUrj lsdqN&dqN vUrj vkrk gS vkSj le; chrus ds lkFk fu;eksa esa la'kks/ku Hkh gksrk jgrk gSA/keZ fujis{krk dk vFkZ gS % gj fdlh dks viuh ekU;rk ds vuqlkj iwtk i)fr viukus dk vf/kdkjgSA jktdh; Lrj ij fdlh /keZ dks NksVk&cM+k] ekU;&vekU; dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tk ldrkA fdlh/keZ ds ikyu eas gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA nq%[k dh ckr gS tc dksbZ O;fDr /keZ ds uke ij,slk dqN djuk pkgs tks nwljs /kekZuq;k;h ds /keZ ikyu esa ck/kk vkSj Vdjko vkus dh fLFkfr iSnk gk(src vo'; gh fopkj djuk vko';d gks ldrk gSA /keZfujis{krk ds uke ij tc ljdkjsa fopkj djusls drjk,a rc vo'; gh vO;oLFkk Ck<+rh gSA ;g vO;oLFkk /keZ] jkT; lcdh vlQyrk dh lwpdgSA jk"Vª fodkl dh txg ij jk"Vª fouk'k dh fLFkfr iSnk gksrh gSA

/keZfujis{krk dk vFkZ gksuk pkfg, viuh ethZ ls /keZ dk ikyu djukA ysfdu bl uke ijnwljksa ds /keZikyu eas O;o/kku u cuukA /keZ fujis{k jkT; dk vFkZ ;g ugha gksuk pkfg, fd os og/keZHkh: cu tk; ,oa /keZ ds uke vO;oLFkk QSyus nsA cfYd ,slk okrkoj.k cuk, ftlesa lHkh yksxvius&vius /keZ dks ft;saA jhfr&fjoktksa eas fn[kus okys vUrj dks /keZ dk vUrj u ekuasA /keZ dhegkurk dks ladhZ.krk eas u cka/ksA ,sls Hkzeiw.kZ O;OkLFkk esa ns'k dk fodkl ugh fouk'k gh gksrk gS] rcukxfjd mfpr volj ,oa lalk/ku ikus ls oafpr jg tkrk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 138

jk"Vªokn%& gekjs ns'k esa jk"Vªokn dh vo/kkj.kk ij fookn gksuk 'kr&izfr'kr lEHko gSA ysfdu NksVhls NksVh ckr yksx Hkwy tkrs gSaA viuh ekr Hkwfe dks NksM+dj /kjrh ij fdlh vU; ns'k dh ukxfjdrkikuk dqN fo'ks"k ekeys NksM+dj vlaHko gSA /keZ rks cM+h vklkuh ls cnyk tkrk gS] cnyk tk ldrkgS Hkys gh og fopkj ,oa n'kZu dk ifjorZu u gks jhfr&fjokt dk ifjorZu gksA ysfdu ukxfjdrk rksvo'; gh viuh ethZ ls ugha cnyh tk ldrh gSA vr% dqN viokn dks NksM+dj ejuk&thuk rksmlh ns'k eas gksrk gS] ftlesa mldk tUe gksrk gSA vr% lq[kh ukxfjd cu dj thou thus dk liuklkdkj gks gh ugha ldrkA ukxfjdrk gh jk"Vªh;rk fuf'pr djrh gSA jk"Vªh;rk vius vki eas ,d èkeZcu tkrk gS] D;kasfd ,d lgh le ) jk"Vª esa gh O;fDr lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ckSf)d] v/;kfRed thoudh m¡pkbZ ij igq¡pdj thou dks lQy cuk ldrk gSA jk"Vªh;rk dk ;g vFkZ gS viuk fodkl djrsgq, ukxfjd dks lq[kh thou thus dk vf/kdkj ds lkFk lk/ku ,oa O;oLFkk ns ,oa lHkh jk"Vª feydjekuork ds dY;k.k ds fy, dke djsA ysfdu nq%[k dh ckr gS fd fo'o jktuhfr esa tc dksbZ jk"Vª{kqnz jktuhfr viukrs gq, nqljs jk"Vª dks {kfr igq¡pkus ds mn~ns'; ls ml jk"Vª esa vO;oLFkk QSyk,rc jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk gh 'kfDr cudj nq'eu jk"Vª ds eulwcs dks vlQy djrh gSA ;gka rd fdjk"Vªh; vkink dh pqukSrh dk lkeuk Hkh iwjk ns'k ,d gksdj jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dh 'kfDr ls gh dj ikrkgSA vr% jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk jk"Vª dh ,d 'kfDr gS] ftl ukxfjd esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ugha gksrh gS] ogjk"Vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gks ldrkA

jk"Vªh;rk ,d Hkkouk gS] ftlesa jgus okys yksxksa eas ,d ifjokj dk izse gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; lEinkdk lgh lnqi;ksx gksrk gS ,oa gj ukxfjd dk fodkl gksrk gSA ftl jk"Vª esa ukxfjd jk"Vªh;rk dhHkkouk eas vksr&izksr gksrs gSa] og ns'k fdlh Hkh ladV dh pqUkkSrh dk lkeuk djrs gq, fot;h cu ldrkgS vU;Fkk fouk'k ,oa cckZnh gksrh gS rc dksbZ ukxfjd Hkh cckZnh dk gh f'kdkj gksrk gSA

/keZ dk vFkZ ,sls deZ ls gSa] ftUgsa djuk pkfg, ,oa /keZ esa dqN deksaZ dk fu"ks/k fd;k x;k gSftUgsa ugha djuk pkfg,A /keZ dk dke iq.; ,oa v/keZ dk dke iki dgk x;k gSA iq.; dk vFkZ ftldeZ dk Qy dY;k.kdkjh gks ,oa iki dk vFkZ gS] ftl deZ dk QYk d"Vdkjh gksA lkekftd thouij _f"k;ksa us 'kks/k fd;k gS ,oa euq"; dks vPNk lekt cuk dj thus dk lans'k fn;k gSA iartfyds ;ksx dk igyk vax ;e ¼deZ½ gS tks ges crrk gS fd lkekftd thou esa yksxksa ds lkFk dSls ft;sao O;ogkj esa lR;] vfgalk] vLrs;] vifjxzg ]czkEgp;Z dk ikyu djsaA

Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk esa bUgsa u ekuus ij vFkZkr~ bldk mYVk dke djus ij tSls&>wB] fgalk]pksjh] L=kh ds lkFk vukpkj bR;kfn dks vijk/k crk dj naM dk izko/kku gSA 'kkL=kksa esa ,slk O;ogkjdjus okys dks udZ esa tkus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA

ckbfcy d nl vkns'kksa esa vf/kdre vkns'k bUgha ls feyrs gS( tSls&bZ'oj dh izkFkZuk djuk]ek¡&cki dk lEeku ,oa lsok djuk] yksxksa ds lkFk I;kj ,oa n;k Hkko es jguk] lR; dk ikyu djuk]fdlh dks ihM+k u nsuk] pksjh u djuk] efgyk ds lkFk Hknz O;ogkj djuk bR;kfnA ckS) ,oa tSu èkeZdk vk/kkj vafglk ,oa izse gh gSA fgalk] yM+kbZ] >xMk djuk d"V nsuk bR;kfn 'kSrku ;k jk{kl dkdke crk;k x;k gSA jkek;.k] egkHkkjr ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd thou ij fd;s 'kks/k xzaFk gSa ,oa

'kks/k /kkjk 139

mudh vuq'kalk gSa fd D;k djuk pkfg, ,oa D;k ughaA /kkfEkZd f'k{kd Hkh vxj vius /keZ dsvuq;kf;;ksa dks lgh vFkksaZ esa /keZ dks le>k dj O;ogkj esa]mrjok lds rks jk"Vª ds ekuo lq[kh gkasxsaAysfdu okLrofdrk ;g ik;h tkrh gS fd /kkfeZd f'k{kdksa dk /;ku /kkfeZd f'k{kk dks O;ogkj esa mrkjusdk de gS] cfYd lkEiznkf;d jhfr&fjokt dks c<+kok nsus dk vf/kd gSA ftl dkj.k Vdjko] >xMs+vO;oLFkk bR;kfn c<+rs gaSA /keZ esa Hkh okLrfodrk ugha jg tkrh gS] cfYd /keZ dk tks vfHkizk; gS(mldk mYVk izHkko fn[krk gSA ;g /keZ ds lkFk /kks[kk gS( ekuork ds lkFk /kks[kk gSA jk"Vª fodkl esacgqr cM+h ck/kk gSA /keZ esa jhfr&fjokt ijEijk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSaA ;fn ik;k tkrk gS fd os vc lghvFkkasZ esa /keZ dh Hkkouk ,oa mn~ns'; ds fo:) gks pqdh gSa] rc lq/kkjh ;k cnyh tkrh gSa rkfd /keZ dkmn~ns'; izkfIr ckf/kr u gksA bls lq/kkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;fn lq/kkj u fd;k tk; ;s rks e rizk;:f<;ka cu tkrh gSa tks mYVk izHkko iSnk djrh gSA /kkfeZd f'k{kdksa dks /keZ ds ewy mn~ns'; êkuorkdk fodkl ekuo dk lq[kh le ) thou** ij /;ku dsfUnzr djds dke djuk pkfg,A /kkfeZd f'k{kdksadh ekufld oSpkfjd O;kidrk esa deh vkus ds dkj.k /keZ ds uke ij vO;oLFkk ,oa nq[k dk okrkoj.kcurk tk jgk gSA ekufld oSpkfjd ladh.kZrk ls jk"Vª fodkl rks nwj dh ckr gS] mYVs ekuork ihfM+rgksrh gSAgeus bfrgkl ls D;k lh[kk \ loZ/keZ leHkko dks ekuus okyk vdcj fgUnw R;kSgkjksa ij iwtk ikBesa tks/kkckbZ ds lkFk lfEefyr gksrk FkkA rc mls dksbZ Qrok bLyke ls ckgj ugha fd;kA ojukvkSjaxtsc ugha gksrkA ekuflag tks vdcj ds lkFk [kkrk&ihrk Fkk] mldks fdlh us fgUnw /keZ ls ckgjugha fd;k rks vkt dbZ 'krkCnh ckn ioZ R;kSgkj jhfr&fjokt /keZ ds Ik;kZ; dSls cu x,\ /keZ dhvkRek mldk n'kZu gksrk gS] ftls O;ogkj esa mrkjk tkuk pkfg, ojuk izak.kghu /keZ dks ek=k <ks;ktkuk gSA bfrgkl ls f'k{kk dh ckrsa fudky dj fl[kkbZ tk; rks jk"Vª fodkl gks ldrk gS ojukbfrgkl nksgjkus dh gh ckr gksxhAIkzca/ku%& izca/ku dh izfØ;k y{; cukuk] ;kstuk cukuk] lalk/kuksa dk xBu djuk] dk;ZØe dks usr Roiznku djuk] dkjokbZ ij fu;a=k.k djuk ,oa dk;Z dks iw.kZ djds Yk{; izkfIr djuk gksrk gSA ;s lcvPNs ifj.kke dks izkIr djuk lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA

izca/ku izfØ;k ykHk dekus dh laLFkkvksa esa rks gksrk gh gS] lkFk gh lsok {ks=kksa es Hkh gksrk gSAlkekU; iz'kklu esa Hkh gksuk pkfg,A D;ksafd izc/kau rks dke djus dh dyk ,oa foKku nksuksa gSA vkfFkZd,o vkS|ksfxd izxfr vo'; gh jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy;s vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA izfr O;fDr vk; c<+usls O;fDr dh dfBukbZ;k¡ nwj gksrh gSaA ysfdu vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa rduhdh ds lkFk izca/ku dk Hkhmruk gh egRo gSA okLro esa izca/ku Hkh rduhdh f'k{kk gSA gj ckr [kkst djus ds ckn fy[kh tkrhgSA

izca/ku mRikndrk c<kus dk rjhdk crkrk gSA O;kikj foLrkj dk rjhdk crkrk gSA cktkja[kM+k djuk crkrk gS] foRrh; O;oLFkk crkrk gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr gS fd ekuo lalk/ku dk fodkldk rjhdk Hkh crkrk gSA ekuo lalk/ku fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fy, vewY; lEifr gksrh gSA fodflr jk"Vªksads ikl foRrh; rduhdh&le f) gksus ds ckotwn Hkh ekuo lalk/ku ds ekeys esa vU; jk"Vªksa dh rjQ

'kks/k /kkjk 140

ns[krs gSaA ;|fi fd Hkkjr dks vius ekuo lalk/ku esa fodkl djus ds fy, cgqr dqN djuk vHkhckdh gS( ysfdu ,d Hkkjrh; tgk¡ Hkh gksrk gS] og viuh laLÑfr ,oa laLdkjksa ds dkj.k ml jk"Vª dhvewY; lEifr cu tkrk gS] tgk¡ og jg jgk gksrk gSA ekuo lalk/ku ds fodkl eas gekjs jk"Vª dhlaLÑfr dk Hkh cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA

vr% izca/ku fo/kk dk mi;ksx gj txg gksuk pkfg,] tgk¡ ij ekuo lalk/ku foRrh; lalk/kuysdj fuf'pr mn~ns'; ls fuf'pr ifj.kke ikuk pkgrk gSA

lanHkZ1- d';i] lqHkk"k( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] us'kuy cqd VªLV] 19902- jktfd'kksj( Hkkjr dh lkekftd leL;k,a] 19973- vkgwtk] jke( lkekftd leL;k,a] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj] 1994

'kks/k /kkjk 141


jk"Vª fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd fparuabZ'ojh c toklh lw;Zoa'kh

l0 izk0] jktuhfr foKku] Bk- Nsnhyky cSfjLVj 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] tkatxhj] pakik] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractizkphu Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa ftlesa euq] dkSfVY;] jktkjke eksgujk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh] nknkHkkbZ

ukSjksth] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys] bUgksus jkT; ds Lo:Ik&laxBu dk;Z o fofHkUu igyqvksa ij i;kZIr lkspk FkkAik'pkR; jktuhfrd esa IysVks] vjLrw] esfd;kosyh] VkWel gkWCl] tkWu ykWd] thu tsDl :lks] csUFke] ts ,lfey] ghxy] xzhu] ekDlZ] ykLdh vkfn FksA vk/kqfud dky ftlesa 18 oha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z ls orZeku rddk dky vkrk gS] tks Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru dk dky dgykrk gSA vkèkqfud jktuhfrdfparu us jk"Vªokn vkSj iwathokn nksuksa ds fodkl dk vFkZ gS] vk/kqfud ;qx dk vkjaHkA iquatkZxj.k rFkk lq/kkj vkUnksyu dh ckSf)d] oSKkfud vkSj /kkfeZd Økafr us e/;;qxhu lH;rk dk fodkl fd;kA jk"Vª fodklesa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpardksa us vge Hkwfedk fuHkk;h] ftlesa izeq[k ;ksxnku euq] dkSfVY;] vkfn dk gSAjk"Vª fodkl esa ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fparu esa IysVks] eSfd;kosyh dh jpuk ^fn fizUl^^ mUgs vk/kqfud ;qxdk f'k'kq dgk tkrk gSA iqutkZxj.k ;qx dh 'kq:vkr muds fopkjksa ls gqbZ FkhA gkWCl] ykWd] :lks us jkT;ds tUe dk O;ofLFkr o oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k fn;kA ykWd] ts-,l- fey vkfn fpardksa us Hkkjr ds lekftd]jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd o fofHkUu i{kksa ij fparu fd;k rFkk Hkkjr dks fodkl dh vksj ys x;s A


Key Words : jk"Vª fparu esa jktuhfr dh Hkwfedk] vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu vkSj jk"Vª fodkl

Hkwfedk % ;fn ge jk"Vª fodkl ds ckjs esa v/;;u djrs gSa rks ;g lk{; lkeus vkrk gS fd Hkkjrds fodkl esa vusd Hkkjrh;] ik'pkR; o vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fpardkas dk izHkko ik;k tkrk gS A izkphuHkkjrh; fopkjdksa ftlesa euq] dkSfVY;] jktkjke eksgujk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh] nknkHkkbZ uSjksth]xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys] ckyxaxk/kj fryd] ykyk yktir jk;] lqHkk"k paUnz cksl] egkRek xka/kh o MkW0Hkhejko vEcsMdj th FksA bUgksaus jkT; ds Lo:Ik] laxBu] dk;Z o fofHkUu igyqvkas ij i;kZIr lkspk FkkA fdUrq mudsjktuhfrd fopkjksa dh izfØ;k] /kkfeZd fparu ls vf/kd izHkkfor jghA Hkkjr esa vaxzsth 'kklu dhLFkkiuk rFkk mlds tuthou ij iMus okys izHkko us dbZ uohu ik'pkR; o jktuhfrd fopkjkas dksHkkjr esa izpfyr gksus dk volj iznku fd;k gS] ftlesa IysVks] vjLrw ] esfd;koyh ] VkWel gkWCl] tkWuykWd] thu tsDl :lks] csUFke] ts ,l fey] ghxy] xzhu] ekDlZ] ykLdh vkfn FksA

vk/kqfud dky ftlesa 18 oha 'krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z ls orZeku rd dk dky vkrk gS] tksHkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru dk dky dgykrk gSA

xSVy ds 'kCnks esa&jktuhfrd fparu ,d vfr mPp dksfV dh ekufld fLkf) dks O;Dr djrkgSA

'kks/k /kkjk 142

vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu dk izkjaHk %& jk"Vªokn] iw¡thokn vkS|ksfxd Økafr] O;kikfjd ØkafriqutkZxj.k] /keZ lq/kkj vkfn vk/kqfud lH;rk dh fo'ks"k nsu gSA jk"Vªokn vkSj iq¡thokn nksuksa ds fodkldk vFkZ gS vk/kqfud ;qx dk vkjaHkA iqutkZxj.k rFkk lq/kkj vkUnksyu dh ckSf)d] oSKkfud vkSj /kkfeZd Økafr us e/;;qxhu lH;rk ds vkèkkj dks /oLr dj fn;kA O;kikfjd Økafr us i¡wthokn dks tUensdj e/;;qxhu lkekftd vkfFkZd <kapk vLr&O;Lr dj fn;kA vkfFkZd Økafr us gh ckSf)djktuhfrd Økafr dk lEHko cuk;kA /keZlq/kkj vkanksyu o Ýsap jkT; Økafr rFkk lkeUroknh O;oLFkk ds vUr vkSj jk"Vªh; jkT;kasds tUe vkSj fodkl ds lkFk gh vk/kqfud fpUru dk izkjaHk gqvk&vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu esafudksyks esfd;koyh izFke gSA vk/kqfud vkfFkZd jktuhfrd fpUru ds fodkl esa ,Me fLeFk¼1723&1790½ dh iqLrd ^^fn osYFk vkQW us'kUl izeq[k^^ FkhAjk"Vª fodkl esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk %& euq us vjktdrk dk var dj 'kklu dhLFkkiuk ij cy fn;kA dkSfVY; dks dwVuhfr] 'kklu dyk dk lcls cMk+ izfriknd ekuk tkrk gSAHkkjr esa ,d laxfBr jkT; LFkkfir djus dk Js; dkSfVY; dks gSA Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh ,d lektlq/kkjd Fks] ftUgksus Hkkjrh; lekt dh dqjhfr;kas dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k] Lokeh foosdkuan thHkkjrh; ;qokvksa ds izsj.kk lzksr gSaA cky vkSj yky buds fopkjksa esa vkosx Fkk] jk"Vªokn ds izsjd FksAjk"Vªh; tkxj.k o jktuhfrd Lora=krk dks leFkZd FksA Lons'k izse o fons'kh oLrqvksa ds cfg"dkj esabudk vrqY; ;ksxnku jgk gSA ykyk jktirjk; ns'k HkfDr ds izrhd] jk"Vªokn ds fpard vkSj ekuorkds elhgk Fks] mUgkus Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk dh uhao j[kh vius izak.k fuNkoj djA yksdekU; frydjk"Vªh; vkanksyu o iqutkZxj.k esa fpjLFkk;h jgsA mUgksus Hkkjrh; laLÑfr dk fodkl fd;k o yksxkasesa ,drk dh Hkkouk tkx r fd;k x.ks'kksRlo ds ek/;e lsA

usrkth us Hkkjr dh Lora=krk gsrq vktkn fgan QSkt dk xBu fd;kA os Lora=krk] lektoknds fopkjksa dks yksdfiz; cukus dh n f"V ls fof'k"V O;fDr FksA

xka/kh th us /keZ fujis{k lekt] fu%'kqYd izkFkfed f'k{kk] dqVhj m|ksxksa dk leFkZu]vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk fojks/k] L=kh lq/kkj ds lkFk gh os vfgalkoknh FksA mUgksus vfgalk }kjk xqyke Hkkjrdks vktkn djk;kA os Hkkjr esa jke jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs FksAuhfr funsZ'kd rRo eas jke jkT;dh >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vEcsMdj dk thou Hkkjr esa lkekftd lq/kkj dks lefiZr FkkA mUgksus tkfrokn vkSjvLi ';rk fuokj.k ds fy;s thou Hkj dk;Z fd;kA lafo/kku lHkk esa mudh Hkwfedk iz'kaluh; jgh omUgksus Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k fd;kA yksdlHkk esa fgUnw dksM fcy ij muds fopkjkas us mUgsnfyr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; efgykvkas dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus okys elhgk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir djfn;kAik'pkR; jktuhfrd fparu dk fodkl Øe %& izkphu ;qx dk dkyØe 300 bZ-iw- rd ekuk tkrkgSA ;g ;qx lqdjkr] IysVks] vjLrw] vkfn ;wukuh fopkjdkas dk ;qx gS] ftuds fpUru dk dsUnz fcUnquxj jkT; FksA vkn'kZ uxj jkT; dh LFkkiuk buds fpUru dk eq[; mn~ns'; FkkA

e/; ;qx dk dky Øe 300 bZ-iw- ls 1500 'krkCnh bZ- rd foLr r gSA pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esafldUn }kjk uxj jkT;kas dk fouk'k dj muds LFkku ij fo'o lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA bl

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,sfrgkfld ?kVuk us jktuhfrd fopkjkas esa Hkh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu dks tUe fn;kA vc fo'oO;kihlkezkT; dh izo fr us tUe fy;kA bl ;qx esa fldUnj vkfn jkseu lezkVks dk izHkqRo jgkA Qyr% e/; ;qxhu jktuhfrd fpUru ij ppZ] jkT; lRrk la?k"kZ dk xgjk izHkko iMk+A vk/kqfud ;qx dk dkyØe 1500 bZ- ls orZeku le; rd gSA bl ;qx dk izkjaHk 16 oha 'krkCnhesa gksus okys iquLFkkZiuk rFkk /keZ lq/kkj vkanksyu ls gqvkA bl ;qx esa jktuhfrd fparu dk eq[; fo"k;e/;;qxhu lkoZHkkSfed ds LFkku ij ^jk"Vª jkT;^ gks x;kA jk"Vªh;rk dk mRFkku bl ;qx dh eq[;fo'ks"krk gS] ftlus jk"Vªokn dks tUe fn;kA tks vc vk/kqfud fLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksdj 'kuS% 'kuS%varj&jk"Vªokn esa ifjofrZr gksrk tk jgk gSAjk"Vª fodkl esa ik'pkR; jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk %& IysVks us vkn'kZ jkT; dh dYiuk] cqf) dk'kklu] L=kh iq:"k lekurk vkfn U;k; fl)kar fn;sA og ;wuku gh ugha vfirq laiw.kZ if'peh jkT;ds fon~oku FksA vjLrw jktuhfr foKku ds tud gaSA mUgksus ;FkkFkZokn dks viuk dj vkxeukRedfof/k dk vuqlj.k fd;kA lafo/kku dk oxhZdj.k] jkT; fl)kar dk Øec) fu:i.k fd;kA mUgksusgh loZizFke ;g crk;k dh euq"; ,d jktuhfrd o lkekftd izka.kh gSA essfd;kosyh dh jpuk ^fn fizUl^ mldh egkure~ Ñfr FkhA mUgs vk/kqfud ;qx dk f'k'kq dgktkrk gSA iqutkZxj.k ;qx dh 'kq:vkr muds fopkjkas ls gqbZ FkhA mUgksus jk"Vªh; jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhAgkWCl] ykWd] :lks us jkT; ds tUe dk O;ofLFkr ,oa oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k fn;kA ykWd us O;fDr dsthou]lEifr o Lora=krk ds vf/kdkjkas dh ckr dh( rks :lks lcls igyk vk/kqfud fopkjd Fkk ftluslekurk] Lora=krk] vkfn tura=k ds fopkjkas dk mn?kks"k fd;kA ts-,l- fey us O;fDr dh Lora=krko csUFke us jkT; ds dk;kasZ ls vf/kdre O;fDr ds lq[k dh ckr dgh vkSj yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT;dh ckr dghA xzhu us O;fDr dks] jkT;kas ds dk;ksZa dk fojks/k djus dk vf/kdkj fn, tkus dh ckrj[kh o izkphu le; esa jktk dh vkKk dk fojks/k djus dk vf/kdkj turk dks ugha Fkk] yksdra=k dhlQyrk ds fy, ;g vko';d vf/kdkj Fkk] ftldh odkyr xzhu us dhA dkyZekDlZ us iwathoknhO;oLFkk dk fojks/k dj etnwjksa dks 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djkus gsrq o muds dY;k.k ds fy;s dkuwu cuok,A;g dkuwu varjkZ"Vªh; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij cuk;k x;k]fu"d"kZ %& jktuhfr fparu fd mRifRr dc vkSj dSls gqbZ ;g Li"V ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ijarqvarjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lqdjkr] IysVks] vjLrw us xq: f'k"; iajijk dks c<k;k o buds fopkjkas ls ik'pkR;gh ugha vfirq iwjs fo'o esa buds fopkjksa ls oSKkfud lksp o u;s n f"Vdks.k dk lw=kikr gqvkA Hkkjrh;jktuhfrd fpardksa us Hkkjr ds lekftd]jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd o fofHkUu i{kksa ij fparu fd;k rFkkHkkjr dks fodkl dh vksj ys x;sA muds fopkjksa ls Hkkjr esa QSyh dqjhfr;k¡ nwj gqbZ] Hkkjr dks vktknhizkIr gqbZA vkt varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjr dh ,d vfeV igpku gSA ;gk¡ dh laLÑfr] v/;kRe] ;ksx]Hkkjr dks fo'o iVy ij vyx igpku fnykrs gSaA

lanHkZ1- esgrk] thou( jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl] lkfgR; Hkou ifCy'klZ vkxjk2- QfM;k] ch-,y-( vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fpUru dk bfrgkl] lkfgR; Hkou vkxjk3- QfM;k] ch-,y-( jktuhfrd fpUru Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkRk] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk4- ikBd] ih-Mh-( jktuhfrd fpUru Hkkjrh; ,oa ik'pkR;] mi;ksxh izdk'ku Xokfy;jA

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jk"Vª fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd fparuMkW0 vkHkk frokjh

l0 izk0] jktuhfr foKku] Mh-ih-foiz- egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 ,e-,l- racksyhlgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfrd foKku] Mh-ih-foiz- egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractfodkl ifjorZu ls gksrk gSA ijarq ifjorZu ldkjkRed o udkjkRed nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA ijarq fodkl dk

laca/k udkjkRedrk ls ugha gS oju~ fdlh Hkh ns'k o lekt dh csgrjh dh fn'kk esa gksus okyk ifjorZu gh okLroesa fodkl dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA fodkl ds ek/;e ls dksbZ ns'k o lekt vius miyC/k lk/kuksa o {kerk ds vk/kkjij mRrjksRrj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA oLrqr% jk"Vª fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gS( tSls vkfFkZd fodkl] jktuhfrd fodkl]lkekftd fodkl] lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkfnA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds }kjk fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS] mlds vuqlkj^^fodkl dk rkRi;Z gS&fd lkekftd O;oLFkk] lkekftd lajpuk] laLFkkvksa lsokvksa dh c<+rh {kerk tks lalk/kuksa dkiz;ksxA bl izdkj ls dgsa rkfd thou Lrj esa vuqdwy ifjorZu vk;sA**


Key Words : mnkjokn] loksZn;] lektokn] Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k] lfg".kqrk

'kks/k ds mn~ns'; &1- jk"Vª fodkl dh O;k[;kA2- jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk jk"Vª fodkl ds lanHkZ esa fpfUgr djukA3- jk"Vª fodkl ds uohu izfreku dh [kkst djukizLrkouk

fo'o esa LFkkfir izR;sd jkt O;oLFkkvksa ds vius jax o 'kSyh;k¡ gksrh gaSA bu jaxksa esa ml jktO;oLFkk ds lkekftd] /kkfeZd] lokaLÑfrd] vkfFkZd vusd izdkj ds jax gksrs gSaA blhfy;s og nwljsfdlh Hkh 'kklu O;oLFkk ls viuh vyx igpku j[krs gSA Hkkjrh; jkt O;oLFkk Hkh bu ls vyx ughgSA Hkkjr dh fo'o esa viuh mPp lH;rk] laLÑfr] jktuhfrd n f"Vdks.k o fparu rFkk vusdO;fDrxr xq.kksa tSls dh mnkjrk] lfg".kqrk] lekurk] lg&vfLrRork] ijksidkfjrk] n;k] lkgl] rFkkohjrk vkfn rRo fo'o ds nwljs ns'kksa ls vyx igpku cukrs gSaA vusd ckj ,slk volj vk;k tcHkkjr ds bu xq.kksaa dh ijh{kk dk le; Fkk( pkgs og fdlh fons'kh vkØe.k dk le; gks ;k vkarfjdifjorZu dk] Hkkjr us viuh xfjek dks cuk;s j[kkA vkt Hkkjrh; viuh lkekftd lkaLdfrd igpkudks latks;s gq;s fodkl ds ekxZ ij fnu izfrfnu vxzlj gks jgs gSAjk"Vª fodkl D;k gS\

fodkl ifjorZu ls gksrk gSA ijarq ifjorZu ldkjkRed o udkjkRed nksuks gks ldrs gSaA ijarqfodkl dk laca/k udkjkRedrk ls ugha gS oju~ fdlh Hkh ns'k o lekt dh csgrjh dh fn'kk esa gksus

'kks/k /kkjk 145

okyk ifjorZu gh okLro esa fodkl dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA fodkl ds ek/;e ls dksbZ ns'k o lektvius miyC/k lk/kuksa o {kerk ds vk/kkj ij mRrjksRrj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA oLrqr% jk"Vª fodkl fd;ktk ldrk gS( tSls vkfFkZd fodkl jktuhfrd fodkl lkekftd fodkl] lkeqnkf;d fodkl vkfnAla;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds }kjk fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gSA mlds vuqlkj ^^fodkl dk rkRi;Z gS&fdlkekftd O;oLFkk] lkekftd lajpuk] laLFkkvksa lsokvksa dh c<+rh {kerk tks lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx blizdkj ls dgs rkfd thou Lrj esa vuqdwy ifjorZu vk;saA**

Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; fodkl ij jktuhfrd fparu vkSj fopkj /kkjkvksa dk izHkko iM+k gSA Hkkjresa izkphu jktuhfrd fparu ds varxZr euqLe fr] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr tSls /kkfeZd xzaFk rFkk dkSfVY; ds}kjk jfpr vFkZ'kkL=k tSls jktuhfr o naM uhfr ij vk/kkfjr xzaFk dk ;ksxnku fufgr gSA bu xzaFkksaus rkRdkfyd lekt o jkT; dks fn'kk&funsZ'ku fn;kA rkRdkfyd lekt f'kf{kr] fodflr o tkx rfd;kA

Lora=krk iwoZ gh Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparu dk vkfoZHkko gks pqdk FkkA Lora=krk iwoZHkkjr dh fLFkfr fdruh n;uh; Fkh ;g lHkh dks Kkr gSA ,sls Hkkjr dks iqutkZx r djus dk dk;Zvusd egku foHkwfr;ksa }kjk fd;k x;kA 19oha 'krkCnh dks Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dh 'krkCnh ekuh xbZgSA Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k ls vfHkizk; gS ,d yach fuæk ls jk"Vª ds ekul] vkRek rFkk euLrRo dk tkx rgksukA 17oha rFkk 18oha 'krkCnh esa ,d egku rFkk vn~Hkqr laLÑfr dk ?kksj v/k%iru gqvk FkkA vusddqizFkkvksa dk tUe gqvk( ;Fkk lrh] cykr] oS/kO;] vLi ';rk] dU;kvksa dh ckygR;k vkfnA budqizFkkvksa us lekt dks [kks[kyk dj fn;kA oLrqr% ;g dky l tukRed fparu dh lqlqIrk voLFkkdk FkkA Hkkjr dh thou rFkk cqf) xfrghu gks xbZ FkhA ;g vpsru voLFkk Fkh] e r voLFkk ughaAjktk jke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuan ljLorh] foosdkuan] nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] cky xaxk/kkj fryd]egkRek xk¡/kh] xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys tSls iqutkZxj.k ds nsonwrkas us Hkkjr dh vkRek rFkk 'khy dks iqu%tkx r fd;kA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh fOk'ks"krkvksa dks le>uk ;gk¡ vko';d gS( ftudk izHkko orZekujk"Vª fodkl dh vko/kkj.kk ij iM+k gS &1- /keZ vk/;kRe dk izHkko %& jktuhfrd fpardksa esa tks izeq[k LFkku j[krs gSa( tSls xka/kh th]foosdkuan] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] fouksck Hkkos] Hkhejko vacsMdj] vkfn gSaA lHkh ds jktuhfrd fparu ij/keZ o vk/;kRe dk izHkko Li"V ns[kk tk ldrk gSA xka/kh th us Lo;a Lohdkj fd;k gS fd fdlh Hkhrjg ls jktuhfr dks /keZ ls i Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrkA /keZ og /kjkry gS] ftl ij jktuhfr dkHkou [kM+k gSA xka/kh th xhrk ls csgn izHkkfor FksA blh fy;s os dgrs Fks dh nkuo dh mikluk djdsnso mikluk dk Qy izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA fgalk djds vfgalk dks thfor ugha j[kk tkldrkA2- lektokn dk izHkko %& Hkkjr ds lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fparu ij ik'pkR; lektoknhfopkj/kkjk dh Nki Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA :l esa gqbZ lkE;oknh Økafr dk izHkko Hkkjr esa Hkh iM+kA Hkkjrh;fopkj/kkjk us ik'pkR; lektokn dks ns'k dh izkphu vk/;kfRed i "BHkwfe vkSj vko';drkvksa ds

'kks/k /kkjk 146

vuqqdwy cukus dk ps"Vk dhA3- mnkjokn dk izHkko %& 19oha 'krkCnh esa izFke fo'o ;q) ds izkjaHk gksus rd mnkjokn ;wjksio vesfjdk dk iz/kku n'kZu FkkA mnkj okn /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk rFkk /keZ fujis{krk dks Hkh Lohdkj djrkgSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpardksa dks mnkjokn ij cgqr lkjh O;oLFkkvksa dks izsjfr fd;kA4- ik'pkR; jktuhfrd laLFkkvksssa dk izHkko %& ik'pkR; ns'kksa ls laidZ ds izHkko ls Hkkjr esajktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk lw=kikr gqvkA fof/k vk;ksx] la?k fuekZ.k] loksZPp U;k;ky;] laln vkfnik'pkR; jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds izfreku gSaA5- Hkkjrh; vrhr dk vuqla/kku %& Hkkjrh; Kku foKku vkSj fparu ds vuqla/kku dk;Z us HkhHkkjr ds vkRe xkSjo dks mRrstuk iznku dh vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa ;g fo'okl iSnk dj fn;k fdHkkjr lalkj esa lcls egku RkFkk vf}rh; ns'k gSA ns[krs gh ns[krs Hkkjr dk izkphu bfrgkl nSnhI;ekugks mBk vkSj Hkkjroklh bl bfrgkl ij vfHkeku djus yxsA6- lkaiznkf;drk dk izHkko %& QwV Mkyks vkSj jkt djks* dh uhfr us lkaiznkf;drk ds cht cks;sAlkaiznkf;drk ds fodkl us gekjs jktuhfrd fparu dks vR;f/kd izHkkfor fd;kA blh i "BHkwfe eas gelkojdj] lS ;n vgen] eqgEen bdcky RkFkk eqgEen vyh ftUuk ds jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk ewY;kadudj ldrs gSaAjk"Vªfodkl esa jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkwfedk dk leh{kkRed voyksdu %&

vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa dbZ /kkjk;sa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fparudk izkjaHk /kkfeZd ,oa lkekftd lq/kkjksa ls gqvkA buesa jktk jke eksgu jk; o n;kuan ljLorh dkuke fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSA mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk dk ijpe~ nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] fQjkst 'kkg esgrk]xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys us ygjk;k rks cky xaxk/kj fryd] fofiu pan iky] ykyk yktir jk; usmxzjk"Vªoknh fopkj /kkj dks izcy cuk;kA vk/;kfRed jk"Vªokn dh Tokyk foosdkuan o Jh vjfoan usHkM+dkbZA Lojkt oknh fprjatu nkl eksrhyky usg: FksA loksZn;h fopkj/kkjk ds iz.ksrk egkRek xk¡/kh] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k] fouksck Hkkos FksA ekuosUæ ukFk jk; uoekuork oknh rFkk tokgjyky usg:] jkeeuksgj yksfg;k yksdrkaf=kd lektokn ds izfrfuf/k jgsA

la{ksi esa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa lq/kkjoknh] mnkjoknh] mxzoknh] lakiznkf;dloksZn;h vkSj lektoknh /kkjk;sa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ij ik'pkR;fopkjksa dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ogk¡ nwljs rjQ Hkkjrh; n'kZu o vk/;kfRedrk ls Hkhvksr&izksr gSAorZeku ifjizs{; esa jk"Vª fodkl ds izfreku %&

vkt Hkkjr fo'o dh egk'kfDr;ksa esa 'kkfey gksus dks rRij gSA Lora=krk izkIr gq;s 70 o"kZ gkspqds gSa( Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd o laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk ij xkSre ls ysdj xka/kh rd ds fparu dk Li"VizHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkTk Hkkjr ds le{k fodkl ds uohu y{; gSaA uohu pqukSfr;k¡ Hkh gSaA vktHkkjr ,d l{ke] o rkdrokj jk"Vª gSA vkt fo'o Hkkjr eas rsth ls gks jgs] fodkl dks ns[kdj nkrksarys Å¡xyh nck jgk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkkjr ds vusd izfrLi/khZ gaS] tks Hkkjr dks pqukSrh ns jgs

'kks/k /kkjk 147

gS vkSj dqN gn rd Hkkjr ds fodkl ls Hk;Hkhr Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+ jgs gSaA vkt lSU; n f"V ls Hkh Hkkjrvk/kqfud vL=k 'kL=kksa ls rFkk Lo;a ds cuk;s o fodflr rduhdksa ls ;qDr gSA Hkkjr ckgjh rkSj ijtgk¡ etcwrh o rkdr ls [kM+k gS] ogk¡ nwljh vksj vkarfjd lq/kkj o fodkl ds Hkh u;s izfreku x<+jgk gSA êsd bu bafM;k*] LoPN Hkkjr] U;w bafM;k dkWUlsIV vkfn fopkj/kkjk Hkkjr dks vkxs c<+k jghgSaA f'k{kk] LokLF;] dkS'ky mUu;u] lapkj rduhdh ds {ks=k esa u;s dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;s gSaA Hkkjrds le{k pqukSfr;ksa esa egaxkbZ dh leL;k] xjhch] csjkstxkjh] uDlyokn] vkradokn] lkaiznkf;Drk]tkfrokn] Hkk"kkokn] Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn gSA

jk"Vª fodkl ds ekxZ esa vkus okys leL;kvksa dk lek/kku rFkk uohu voljksa dh miyC/krkfuf'pr rkSj ij fparu dh lrr~ izfØ;k }kjk gh laHko gksxkA Hkkjrh; jk"Vª fodkl dk Lo:Ik Hkh 'kq)ns'k fparu ds vuq:i gksuk gh Js;"dj gksxkA

lanHkZ1- QfM+;k] Mk-ch-,y-( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu2- eq[kthZ] jfoUæukFk( lkekftd fopkj/kkjk3- uoHkkjr nSfud lekpkj i=k& fnukad 23 uoacj 2017

'kks/k /kkjk 148


jk"Vª ds fodkl esa lkaxhfrd vkSj oSKkfud fparu dk Lo:iJherh vpZuk nhoku

l0 izk0] lekt'kkL=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo|ky;] ikyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+

MkW- ¼Jherh½ dfork BDdjl0 izk0] lekt'kkL=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo|ky;] ikyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractjk"Vª ds uoksRFkku ds fy, laxhr dh èkkjkvksa ls fupksM+ fudkydj mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA

mldk Hkjiwj ykHk ys ysuk pkfg,A lkaxhfrd fØ;k] lkaxhfrd eap dk og lsrq gS] ftl ij çkphu vkSjuohu Hkkjr ijLij vkfyaxu djrs gSaA laxhr og leqæ gS( ftlesa èkeZ] jktuhfr] jk"Vªh;rk] foKku lc dslc lekfgr gksrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgs rks mls ;gka dh laxhr ijaijk dks le>uk gksxkAHkkjr esa lkaLÑfrd jk"Vªh;rk igys mRiUu gqbZ] mlds i'pkr jktuSfrd fLFkfr;k¡A laLÑfr dk eq[; Hkkxdyk gS vkSj dyk dk thoar Hkkx gS( laxhr] laLÑfr] laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu esa lkaLÑfrd eapksa dh vge Hkwfedkjgh gS vkSj blh laj{k.k ds Øe esa gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k vkxs c<+rh gS!


Key Words : jk"Vª dk oSKkfud fparu] jk"Vª dk lkaxhfrd n'kZu] ifjorZu dk jk"Vª ij izHkko

Hkkjr ds Hkfo"; dh vkgV bl dksus ls ysdj ml dksus rd lqukbZ nsus yxh gS vkfFkZd]lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] oSKkfud rkdr ds :i esa ,d çkphu lH;rk vkSj çxfr'khy laLÑfr dklfEefJr :i lHkh dks fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA HkkSfrd ijkHko dks jksduk Hkkjr dh vkè;kfRed 'kfäls gh laHko gSA vFkkZr~ O;kid jk"Vªokn dk Hkko gksuk] lkeqnkf;d psruk dk gksuk] mPp Lrj dk fparugksuk] jktuhfr dks O;olk; u ekuuk] cfYd lekt o jk"Vª ds çfr leiZ.k dk ekxZ viukuk vkSjbl Hkko dks lnSo ds fy, txk, j[kuk( Hkz"Vkpkj] vuSfrdrk] ve;kZnk] fuyZTtrk] O;kogkfjdrk dkifjR;kx O;kogkfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k] fopkj èkkjkvksa ds ekè;e ls laokn o tu çcksèku]fopkjoku] vkn'kZoknh vkSj çfrc) yksxksa dk vkxs vkuk] ,dtqV gksuk uSfrd vk;keksa ls ;qä usr Rodk gksuk] çkÑfrd lalkèkuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx] dqpØ dks u"V djus gsrq O;wg jpuk] fuEuekufldrk vkSj fojksèkh fopkj èkkjkvksa dks grksRlkfgr djuk] ekSfyd vfHkO;fä] pfj=k ÑfrRo]fuLokFkZ Hkko] tulsok gsrq n <+rk tSls rRo tgka fLFkr gaS] ogka jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k Lo;a gks tkrk gSA

tgka rd laxhr dk lacaèk jk"Vª fuekZ.k ls dSls gSa] ;g le>uk gS rks çFker% laxhr dh egÙkkdks le>uk gksxkA vkSj fofHkUu lkaxhfrd lekjksg tSls rkulsu lekjksg] [ktqjkgks mRlo] pØèkjlekjksg vkfn dk;ZØeksa dk jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds 'kqHk dk;Z esa ijks{k&vijks{k vonku jgrk gS dks tkuukgksxkA

ns'k esa c<+rh vlekurk] laosnughurk tks fuf'pr rkSj ij lkekftd lkSgknzZ] lkeatL; vkSj

'kks/k /kkjk 149

larqyu ds fy, Bhd ugha gS] ,slh gh vusdkusd okLrfodrkvksa ls eap dyk ds ekè;e ls tuekulçHkqRo oxZ dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

uSfrd pfj=k dks iqu% LFkkfir djus ç;kl dyk ds ekè;e ls uotkxj.k yksd dyk 'kfäds ekè;e ls vko';d la'kksèku uo ifjorZu gsrq jk"Vª ds çfr v[kaM çfrc)rk jk"Vª ds çfr lthoHkko tSls mPp Hkkoksa dh fufeZfr dk lkaxhfrd eap okgd gksrk gS!

jk"Vª ds uoksRFkku ds fy, laxhr dh èkkjkvksa ls fupksM+ fudkydj mi;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrkgS] mldk Hkjiwj ykHk ys ysuk pkfg,A lkaxhfrd fØ;k] lkaxhfrd eap dk og lsrq gS] ftl ij çkphuvkSj uohu Hkkjr ijLij vkfyaxu djrs gSaA laxhr og leqæ gS( ftlesa èkeZ] jktuhfr] jk"Vªh;rk] foKkulc ds lc lekfgr gksrs gSaA ;fn dksbZ Hkkjr dks le>uk pkgs rks mls ;gka dh laxhr ijaijk dksle>uk gksxkA

Hkkjr esa lkaLÑfrd jk"Vªh;rk igys mRiUu gqbZ] mlds i'pkr jktuSfrd fLFkfr;k¡A laLÑfrdk eq[; Hkkx dyk gS vkSj dyk dk thoar Hkkx gS% laxhr] laLÑfr] laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu esa lkaLÑfrdeapksa dh vge Hkwfedk jgh gS vkSj blh laj{k.k ds Øe esa gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k vkxs c<+rh gSA

;fn jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh vkèkkjf'kyk dks etcwrh çnku djuk gS( bls vkSj l'kä vkSj le )Lo#i çnku djuk gS( rks blds fy, laxhr gh egRoiw.kZ lksiku gSA oSdfYid lksp&le> ,oalkaxhfrd laLÑfr ls mits oSf'od n'kZu ,oa ifjHkk"kk dks LoPN :i ds lkFk lkeus ykus ds fy, ;geap dfVc) gSA laxhr dh lVhd voèkkj.kk ds lkFk Hkfo"; fuekZ.k o vkè;kfRedrk ds ewy lzksr rdigqapus ds fy, 'kkL=kh; laxhr lekjksg dh vko';drk gksrh gSA çR;sd dykRed eap dyk ds ekè;els jk"Vªh; ,drk dk lans'k nsrs gSaA ekuo ls ekuo dks tksM+us dk dk;Z djrs gSaA Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fresa çLrqfr lkoZHkkSe LohÑfr ds lkFk dh tkrh gS!

laxhr dyk NksVk&cM+k] tkfrHksn xksjs dkys dk foHkktu ugha tkurhA Hkkjr ds dksus&dksusesa fc[kjs gq, çfrHkkoku ifjJeh lkèkdksa dks lkaxhfrd eap esa LFkku nsuk] jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k dh fn'kkesa mBk;k gqvk dne gSA fofoèk Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh fofoèk foèkkvksa esa ikjaxr fofoèk ifjèkku bR;kfn fofoèkfo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qä dykdkj tc laxhr lekjksg esa vkdj viuh çLrqfr nsrk gS] rks og Hkh vusdrkesa ,drk dk lw=kikr dj tkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; xhr jk"Vªxku dk lLoj xku tu ekul ij euksoSKkfud çHkko Mkyrk gS vkSj lHkhdks ,d vkdkj dj jk"Vªçse dk Hkko lapkfyr dj tkrk gSA vusd Toyar leL;k,a tks jk"Vª fuekZ.kesa ckèkd gSa] ls futkr ikus dk ,dek=k lkèku gS dyk dk lekxeA ftlesa leLr dyk riLoh,df=kr gksdj lekt dks dyk ds ekè;e ls txkus dk dk;Z djrs gaS( tks jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fy,vR;ko';d gSA

orZeku le; ç;ksxèk feZrk ij cy nsrk gS] ftlls ge u, u, vkfo"dkjksa dks tuekul dseè; j[k ldsaA ;g rF; ldkjkRedrk dks fpfUgr djrh gSA fdarq vkt ç;ksxèk feZrk ds uke ijlkekftd fu;eksa dks rkd esa j[kdj fnXHkzfer djus okys ç;ksx T;knk gks jgs gSaA dr ZRooku dykdkjdk 'kL=k gksrk gS 'kCn oSHkoA çHkko'kkyh jpuk gh mRÑ"Vrk dks çkIr djrh gSA ;fn jpuk fuEu Lrj

'kks/k /kkjk 150

dh gksxh rks mlls lacafèkr dyk Hkh fuEurk ds Lrj ij vkadh tkrh gSA QyLo:i vYi le; esaçflf) o lLrh yksdfç;rk ds pôj esa dykdkj Hkh Lrjghu dk;ZØe dh çLrqfr djus yxrs gSa!

dyk dh e;kZnkvksa] mlds fuf'pr ekinaMksa dk mYya?ku gksus yxrk gS vkSj bl rjg dhve;kZfnr dyk lekt esa vO;oLFkk ykuk 'kq# dj nsrh gS] ftls ge lkaLÑfrd {kj.k dh 'kq:vkrdgrs gSaA tulapkj esa vkbZ Økafr us Hkh dyk dks u;k vk;ke çnku fd;k gS vkSj blh ds varxZrrduhdh fodkl dk ifj.kke ;g jgk fd dqN ykHk ds lkFk {kfr vfèkd gqbZA QyLo:i lkaLÑfrdçfreku dh Åapkb;ksa dks u Nwdj ge ikrky yksd esa xeu vkSj fopj.k djus yx x,A Hkkjrh;laLÑfr dh igpku mldh dyk;sa gSa] mlesa Lrj ghurk dk vkuk dyk ds mPN a[kyrk dks crkrk gSAviuh yksdfç;rk oèkZu gsrq dyk ds çn'kZu esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dk le>kSrk dj ysuk mu fLFkfr;ksadks n'kkZrh gS] ftlesa dyk dh mPprk fuEurk ds ik;nku ij vkdj [kM+h gks tkrh gSA ftldkifj.kke ;g gksrk gS] fd ;qok oxZ blh dh fuEurk ilan djus yx tkrk gS vkSj 'kkL=kh; vkèkkjksa dhmis{kk djus yx tkrk gSA

lwpuk o rduhdh ds æqrxkeh fodkl rFkk foKku dh peRdkfjd miyfCèk;ksa us ekuo dksHkkSfrdrk ds pjeksRd"kZ rd igqapk fn;k] tks bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd vkarfjd fodkl ds LFkku ijcká fodkl ij T;knk cy fn;k tk jgk gSA ifj.kker% nwf"kr Hkkoksa dk ços'k gksuk 'kq: gks tkrk gS!

ifjorZu vkSj fodkl dh vkM+ esa dyk ds uke ij foÑfr;k¡ vk xbZ gSa( tSls vuSfrdrk] ewY;ksaesa fxjkoV] vkn'kZ ghurk] fu;e ghurk] cká vkMacjksa dks c<+kok vkfnA vkt tgka gesa lkaLÑfrdlkekftd okrkoj.k çnwf"kr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ekU; fl)kar vkSj fo'okl detksj iM+rs utj vk jgsgSa] muesa foÑr dyk dk gh ;ksxnku ekuk tk,xkA

fdlh ns'k dk lcy oxZ ;fn vius bfrgkl dks Hkwyrk gS] rks og ns'k dHkh vkxs ugha c<rkA;fn lkaLÑfrd {kj.k gks jgk gks rks ml jk"Vª dk vfLrRo Hkh lekfIr dh jkg idM+ ysrk gSA ekuothou dks mPpre vkn'kZ okys uSfrd ,oa lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ls ifjp; djkus dk dk;Z gekjh laLÑfrdjkrh gSA bUgha ewY;ksa ds çfr ubZ ih<+h dks tksM+uk gksxk] ftlls LoLFk lekt dh fujarjrk cuhjgsxhA fo'o caèkqRo dh Hkkouk tkx r gksxhA lkaLÑfrd laoèkZu gksxkA fn'kkghurk lekIr gksxhA

lkaLÑfrd iw.kZrk vkè;kfRed thou ds lkFk oSKkfud voèkkj.kk ds :i esa fodflr Hkkjrh;thou i)fr loZLohÑr ,d egRoiw.kZ vuq"Bkfud çfØ;k gSA laLdkj O;fä dks laokjrs gSa rks laLÑfrlekt dks laokjrh gSA vr% fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa] lekjksg] mRlo] ckSf)d fØ;kvksa ds ekè;e lslkaLÑfrd vijnu dks jksdus ds ç;kl gksus pkfg, o lkFk gh vkèkqfud f'k{kk i)fr esa lkaLÑfrdewY;ksa ds egRo dks le>krs gq, fofHkUu fo"k;ksa esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd Hkkjr esa dksbZlkaLÑfrd geyk djus dk dksbZ lkgl gh uk djsaA

lanHkZ1- jktfd'kksj( lkekftd leL;k,a] Hkkouk ifCyds'ku] vkxjk2- vxzoky] fouhr( Hkkjr dk lkekftd lanHkZ] veu izdk'ku dkuiqj3- gqlSu] vkfcn] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr

'kks/k /kkjk 151


jk"Vª fodkl esa oSKkfud fparuvyh glu

'kks/k Nk=k] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] ia0 lqUnjyky 'kekZ ¼eqDr½ fo'ofo|ky; fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

AbstractLora=krk ds 70 o"kZ ds i'pkr oSKkfudksa ds ;ksxnku ds QyLo:i gh vkt ns'k v.kq lEiUu ns'kksa

dh drkj esa [kM+k gSA ekuo fodkl gh foKku dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; oSKkfud foKku ,oa vkè;kRedh fefJr ladYiuk ls foÜo dks ,d ubZ jkg fn[kk ldrs gSaA ;qok ih<+h ns'k dks ,d :f<+oknh ns'k le>rhgSA vr% vko';d gS fd ubZ ih<+h dks ns'k dh egku oSKkfud ijEijk ls voxr djk;k tk;A oSKkfudLosn'kh foKku ds fodkl ds fy, 'kksèk djsaA


Key Words : jk"Vª dhs vo/kkj.kk vkSj foKku] jk"Vª ds fodkl esa foKku dh Hkwfedk

ns'k ds çR;sd ukxfjd dk HkkX; ns'k ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA oSKkfud ekSfyd fparu djrkgS] vr% mldh ftEesnkjh jk"Vª ds çfr vkSj c<+ tkrh gSAÞ ns'k ds fodkl esa oSKkfudksa dk egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku gSA ij gekjs ns'k esa oSKkfudksa dks HkkSfrd lqfoèkk ,oa lEeku fdlh vU; {ks=k dh vis{kk deçkIr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt ;qok oSKkfud cuus dh vis{kk bathfu;j ;k MkWDVj cuuk T;knklqfoèkktud le>rk gSA Lora=krk ds 70 o"kZ ds i'pkr oSKkfudksa ds ;ksxnku ds QyLo:i gh vktns'k v.kq lEiUu ns'kksa dh drkj esa [kM+k gSA ekuo fodkl gh foKku dk y{; gksuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh;oSKkfud foKku ,oa vkè;kRe dh fefJr ladYiuk ls foÜo dks ,d ubZ jkg fn[kk ldrs gSaA ;qok ih<+hns'k dks ,d :f<+oknh ns'k le>rh gSA vr% vko';d gS fd ubZ ih<+h dks ns'k dh egku oSKkfudijEijk ls voxr djk;k tk;A oSKkfud Losn'kh foKku ds fodkl ds fy, 'kksèk djsaA

txnh'k paæ clq] lj lh-oh- jeu vkSj gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, lcls igysvkxs vk,A oSKkfud lksp] fparu vkSj mlds fØ;kUo;u dk ,d rjhdk gSA blds fy, HkkSfrdokLrfodrkvksa dk vk¡dyu] iwNrkN] ijh{k.k] ifjdYiuk vkSj fo'ys"k.k tSlh fo'ks"k i)fr;ksa dklgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds çFke çèkkuea=kh tokgjyky usg# oSKkfud lksp* 'kCn dk bLrsekydjus okys igys O;fä;ksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgksaus oSKkfud lksp dks c<+kok fn, tkus dh tksjnkj odkyrdhA ia- usg# us viuh fdrkc ^Hkkjr ,d [kkst* esa fy[kk gS&^^vkt t:jr oSKkfud n f"Vdkas.kviuk, tkus dh gSA foKku ds lkgfld vkSj vkykspukRed lksp] lR; vkSj u, Kku dh [kkst] fcukijh{k.k vkSj ç;ksx ds fdlh Hkh pht dks Lohdkjus ls badkj] u, lk{;ksa dh jks'kuh esa iwoZ fu"d"kks±dks ifjofrZr djus dh {kerk] vkdfyr rF;ksa ij fuHkZjrk vkSj iwoZ fu;ksftr fl)karksa ls nwj jguk]eu dk dBksj vuq'kklu] ;g lHkh u dsoy oSKkfud vuqç;ksx ds fy, vko';d gS cfYd] dbZleL;kvksa ds gy ds fy, vkSj Lo;a thou ds fy, Hkh vko';d gSA**

oSKkfud fparu ds fopkj dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl MkfoZu ds O;ä fopkjksa ls lacfèkr gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 152

mUgksaus dgk gS ^fopkjksa dh Lora=krk dks csgrj <ax ls rc etcwrh feysxh] tc mlesa foKku dh le>gksxhA** oSKkfud lksp ,d joS;s dks O;ä djrk gS] ftlesa rdZ dk vuqç;ksx Hkh 'kkfey gSA ppkZ] rdZvkSj fo'ys"k.k oSKkfud lksp dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA fu"i{krk] lekurk vkSj yksdra=k ds vo;o Hkhblesa fufeZr gksrs gSaA

Hkkjr cqfu;knh vuqlaèkku ds {ks=k esa 'kh"kZ ns'kksa esa 'kqekj gSA fo'ks"kdj mHkjrs ifjn '; vkSjçfrLi)kZ ds nkSj esa bafM;u lkbal] o f) vkSj fodkl ds lcls egRoiw.kZ midj.kksa esa fxuk tkus yxkgSA gky ds ?kVukØe vkSj ubZ ekaxksa ds chp dqN çeq[k foKku ifj;kstuk,a 'kq: fd;k tkuk vko';dgSA ;s ifj;kstuk,a jk"Vª dh t:jrksa ds fy, çklafxd vkSj Hkfo"; dh çkS|ksfxdh ds vuq:i gksuhpkfg,A foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx us ns'k esa foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;k gSA ;g foHkkx mPp~ 'kksèk dks c<+kok nsus ls ysdj vkèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh dsfodkl rd fofHkUu O;kid xfrfofèk;ksa esa layXud gSA mi;qä dkS'ky vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl dstfj, ;g foHkkx vke vkneh dh rduhdh t:jrksa dks iwjk dj jgk gSA

foKku] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkj ¼,lVhvkbZ½ fodkl ds u, çeq[k laokgd cudj mHkjs gSaAHkkjr ds rst] LFkkbZ vkSj lekos'kh fodkl esa Hkkjrh; ,lVhvkbZ O;oLFkk çfrHkk ds fo'kky HkaMkj dslkFk jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dks gkfly djus esa ,d fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dsvuqlkj oSKkfud lksp dks c<+kok nsuk Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ds ewy drZO;ksa esa ls ,d gSA

o"kZ 1958 ds Hkkjr ds foKku uhfr çLrko ¼,lihvkj½ dk mís'; foKku vkSj oSKkfudvuqlaèkkuksa dks c<+kok nsuk gSA 2003 dh foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh uhfr¼,lVhih½ esa jk"Vªh; uokpkjç.kkyh ds l tu ds fy, vkSj jk"Vªh; leL;kvksa ds lekèkku ds fy, jk"Vªh; vuqlaèkku vkSj fodklO;oLFkk ds tfj, lkekftd vkfFZkd {ks=k dks c<+kok nsus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA oSKkfud vuqlaèkku èkudk bLrseky dj Kku dk l tu djrk gS vkSj blls çkIr uokpkj] Kku dks èku esa cny nsrk gSA blrjg ;g jk"Vª ds fodkl y{;ksa esa vge LFkku gkfly dj pqdk gSA jk"Vªh; foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdhlapkj ifj"kn¼,ulh,lVhlh½ us 1986 esa Hkkjr ljdkj dks 28 Qjojh dks jk"Vªh; foKku fnol ?kksf"krdjus dh lykg nhA vc ;g vk;kstu Ldwy] dkWystksa] fo'o fo|ky;ksa vkSj vU; 'kS{kf.kd fudk;ksa]oSKkfud rduhdh] fpfdRlk vkSj vuqlaèkku laLFkkuksa lesr laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa euk;k tkrk gSA o"kZ 2014ds fy, bl vk;kstu dk fo"k; ôSKkfud lksp dks c<+kok* FkkA

lekt ds lHkh leqnk;ksa ds chp oSKkfud lksp dks c<+kok nsus ds lkFk 'kksèk vkSj uokpkj dksc<+kok nsus ds fy, mi;q++++DRk okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k dh vko';drk gSA Hkkjr esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodklesa fuos'k ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk ,d çfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA bl {ks=k esa fuos'k dks ldy ?kjsyw mRikndk 2 çfr'kr fd;k tkuk jk"Vªh; y{; jgk gSA vxys ikap o"kks± esa bl y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy,futh {ks=k dk lg;ksx t:jh gSA foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh {ks=k ds fy, ldy ctVh; lgk;rk i;kZIr:i ls c<+kus dh vko';drk gSA

lanHkZ1- usg:] tokgjyky( Hkkjr ,d [kkst2- www.ncstc.com.in 3- www.sti.com

'kks/k /kkjk 153


fodkl] i;kZoj.k ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwuMkW0 jke vk'kh"k JhokLro]

lgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; uohu fof/k egkfo|ky;] HkkVkikjk&cykSnkcktkj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

AbstractizLrqr 'kks/k i=k dk mn~ns'; gS fd D;k i;kZoj.k laj{k.k fodkl ds lkFk lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl laca/k esa orZeku esa varjkZ"Vªh; ,oa jk"Vªh; nLrkost rFkk ekuuh; loksaZPp U;k;ky; dk D;k fopkj gSAD;k U;k;ky; i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k esa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gS\ D;k varjkZ"Vªh; iz;kl bl fn'kk esaizHkko'kkyh jgs\ lkFk gh lkFk ;g Kkr djuk fd i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lacaf/kr fof/k;ks ds izko/kku fdlizdkj ls dk;Z dj jgs gaS\


Key Words : fodkl dk i;kZoj.kh; ifjn ';] i;kZoj.kh; dkuwu] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k+

^f{kfr ty ikod xxu lehjkA iap jfpr ;g v/ke 'kjhjk*AAekuo thou dk vk/kkj LoLF; ,oa LoPN i;kZoj.k gSA bl l f"V dks jpus esa tyok;q] lw;Z]

i Foh vkSj ouLifr rFkk tSo fofo/krk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds nksgu dsdkj.k vkt ubZ&ubZ leL;k,a tUe ys jgha gSa( ftuesa Hkwdai] Tokykeq[kh] lqukeh] pØokr] vEyh; o"kkZ]Hkw&L[kyu] i Foh ij LFky tyeXurk vkfn gSaA ekuo lH;rk izÑfr dk ,d fgLlk gS ;k fQj ,slkdgsa fd ge izÑfr }kjk fufeZr gSa( dsoy ge gh ugha tks Hkh ge vius pkjksa vksj ns[krs gSa] og Hkh izÑfr}kjk viuh dYiuk ls jpk gSA

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj euq"; dk xgjk laca/k jgk gSA euq"; tc ls i Foh ij vk;k gS( mlus Ik;kZoj.kds lkFk vius dks tksM+ j[kk gSA ou] ioZr] ufn;ksa] egklkxj] lw;Z] panzek] i Foh] ok;q ty bR;kfn dkeuq"; us 'kq: ls gh iz;ksx fd;k gSA ydM+h] Hkkstu] oL=k] vkS"kf/k bR;kfn izkIr djus gsrq euq"; usizkÑfrd laink dk mi;ksx fd;k gS rFkk orZeku esa Hkh dj jgk gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk euq"; dhvko';drkvksa us Hkh viuk vkdkj c<+k fy;kA ouksa ds fouk'k] ok;q rFkk tyh; iznw"k.k ,oa e nk esadhVuk'kd nokvksa ds c<+rs gq, iz;ksx us okrkoj.k esa dbZ ifjorZu fd, gSaA vdky] Hkwdai] egkekjh]lw[kk] vfro f"V] rjg&rjg ds jksx] ekuo lH;rk ds fouk'k dk dkj.k cus gq, gSaA lHkh tho i;kZoj.kds izfr ltx jgrs gSaA vius thou pØ dks pykus ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k ls la;kstu cuk, j[krs gSaAIk;kZoj.k ds ifjorZu ds lkFk muds lek;kstu dh fØ;kfof/k tSo o vtSo ,d nwljs esa bl izdkjfefJr gSa fd mudks vyx djds ns[kuk dfBu gSA vuar rRoksa esa tyok;q izeq[k gSA mlh izdkj uSfrdrRoksa esa euq"; izeq[k gSA tyok;q o euq"; nksuksa rRoksa dh Hkwfedk tho eaMy dh O;oLFkk ofØ;k'khyrk esa loksZPp gSA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k u dsoy Hkkjr cfYd laiw.kZ fo'o dks vius vk;ke esa lesVrh

'kks/k /kkjk 154

tk jgh gSA ;fn laiw.kZ fo'o ds ns'k vius nzqrxkeh fodkl ij fu;a=k.k ugha j[krs rks bldk xaHkhjifj.kke leHkh dks Hkksxuk iMs+xkA varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds }kjk ftu mn~?kks"k.kkvksa] vfHkle;] izlafonk,oa fu;eksa dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gS( muesa ls dqN dk ;gk¡ ij o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gSA 1948 esavarjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ vkSj 1960 ds n'kd esa i;kZoj.k ds ekuovf/kdkj ds vaxds :i esa igpku izkIr gqbZA ekuo i;kZoj.k ij la;qDr jk"Vª dk ekuo i;kZoj.k LVkdgkse lEesyu1972 esa LohMu ds LVkdgkse 'kgj esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA bl lEesyu dk eq[; mn~ns';varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekuo i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k rFkk lq/kkj dh fo'o O;kih leL;k dk funku djukAbl lEesyu esa igyh ckj 119 ns'kksa esa ^,d gh i Foh* dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;k x;kA la;qDr jk"Vªi;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ds varxZr 'kklh ifj"kn~ us viuk izFke lEesyu 1973 dks tsusok esa vk;ksftrfd;kA ftlesa okrkoj.k] lkewfgd i;kZoj.k] Hkwfe i;kZoj.k] [kk| i;kZoj.k] Ñf"k i;kZoj.k] LokLF;i;kZoj.k] ÅtkZ i;kZoj.k] i;kZoj.k laca/kh iznw"k.k ,oa euq"; rFkk i;kZoj.k izcU/ku vkfn fo"k;ksa ijcSBdsa vk;ksftr dh xbZA

fodkl dh xfr rhoz gksus ,oa izfrLi/kkZ ds dkj.k euq"; iznw"k.k ls gksus okys nq"ifj.kkeksa lsvoxr gksus ds ckotwn Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izfr fuf"Ø; gSaA bl dkj.k orZeku le; esa fodkl dh/kqjh ij vkfJr gSaA izR;sd O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª fodkl dh vksj tk;s rks Ik;kZoj.k dks [krjk gksxk vkSj;fn Ik;kZoj.k dks /;ku fn;k tk;s rks fodkl gksuk vlaHko gks tk;sxkA bl leL;k ds lek/kku dsfy, ,d ,slk chp dk jkLrk ftlls fd fodkl Hkh gks vkSj Ik;kZoj.k fodkl dk loZizFke iz;ksx lu~1974 esa dksdks;k lEesyu esa fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa ;g fopkj fd;k x;k fd iks"k.kh; fodklfdl rF; ij cy nsrk gSA vFkkZr~ fodkl ;kstukvksa dks fdl izdkj fØ;kfUor fd;k ftlls fdIk;kZoj.k dh xq.koRrk dk;e jgsA Ikks"k.kh; fodkl ls vk'k; ikfjfLFkfrdh; vkSj mlds fodkl lslacaf/kr gSA iks"k.kh; fodkl] /kkj.kh;] la/k r] lrr~ vkfn fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuh tkus okyh fo|k dkchtkjksi.k ekuo Ik;kZoj.k dh ladYiuk ds vH;qn; ds lkFk gh izkjaHk gks x;kA la;qDr jk"Vª fodkllEesyu ¼;w,ubZih½ vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª O;kikj ,oa fodkl lEesyu ds la;qDr iz;kl ls vDVwcj 1947esa eksjDdks ds dksdks;ku LFkku ij vk;ksftr fd;k x;kACkhloha 'krkCnh ds vafre rhu n'kdksa esa LoPNIk;kZoj.k ds varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj dk vfLRkRo esa vkuk Ik;kZoj.kh; fof/k laj{k.k dh fn'kk esa ,du;h Økafr dks tUe fn;k gSA u;s vf/kdkj iznku djk;s x;s( tSls thus dk vf/kdkj] leqfpr thouLrj dk vf/kdkj] LokLF; dk vf/kdkj] Hkkstu dk vf/kdkj] vkokl dk vf/kdkj bR;kfnA ijUrqekuof/kdkjksa dh Js.kh esa i Fkd LoPN Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj dk tqM+uk ,d fof'k"V egRo j[krk gSAla;qDr jk"Vª ds ekuo Ik;kZoj.k dkUQsal 1972 dh mn~nsf'kdk esa vafdr fd;k x;k gS fd ewy ekuovf/kdkjksa ds miHkksx ds fy, Ik;kZoj.k vR;ko';d gSA miHkksx ds fy, Hkh Ik;kZoj.k vR;ko';d gSAizFke fl)kar esa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd euq"; dk ewyHkwr vf/kdkj ,d ,sls xq.kkRed i;kZoj.k dk gS]ftlesa xfjek;qDr ,oa lq[kh thou dh vuqefr ds lkFk Lora=krk lekurk vkSj jgu&lgu dh i;kZIrlqfo/kk,W miyC/k gksa A vÝhdu pkVZj vkWQ º;weu ,.M ihiqYl Vljkb 1981 ds vuqPNsn 24 esa Li"Vfd;k x;k fd lHkh ykssxksa dk muds fodkj ds vuqdwy lkekU; larks"kizn i;kZoj.k dk vfèkdkj gksxkA

'kks/k /kkjk 155

vkstksu ijr laj{k.k fo;uk vfHkle; 1985] dks iw.kkZf/kdkjh nwr lEesyu }kjk 22 ekpZ 1985 dksLohdkj fd;k x;k] bl lEesyu dks la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k x;kFkkAekuo vf/kdkjksa dh vesfjdh izlafonk ds 1988 ds vuqPNsn 29 esa Li"Vr% vis{kk dh x;h fd cPpksadh f'k{kk O;oLFkk izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k ds lEeku esa o f) dks /;ku esa j[kdj dh tk;A la;qDr jk"VªIk;kZoj.k rFkk fodkl lEesyu ¼i Foh lEesyu½ fj;ks Mh tsusfj;ks czkthy 1992 bl dk;ZØe esa 182ns'kksa ds izfrfuf/k e.Myksa us Hkkx fy;kA bl lEesyu dk izFke fl)kUr ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd izk.khiks"k.kh; fodkl dk dsUnz fcUnq gSSA os izÑfr ls laxr LokLFk ,oa l tu'khy thou ds gdnkj gSaAi;kZoj.k ekuokf/kdkj dh LFkkiuk us ifjfLFkfrdh fe=k la;a=k dh ladYiuk rFkk i;kZoj.k lfg".kqvkfFkZd fodkl dh vis{kk dks fof/kd nkf;Ro dk vax cuk;k gSA ekuo i;kZoj.k 1972 ds fl)kar 8esa Li"Vr% dgk x;k gS fd ^vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fodkl euq"; ds vuqdwy thou rFkk dke djus;ksX; Ik;kZoj.k cuk, j[kus rFkk i Foh ij csgrj thou ds leqUul djus ds fy, vko';d fLFkfrfufeZr djus ds fy, vko';d gSA lu~ 1994 esa nh buthZ pkVZj VhVh dh vuq- 19 esa vis{kk dh xbZdh le>kSrs ds i{kdkj Ik;kZoj.k ij uqdlkuizn izHkko Mkyus okys rRoksa dks izHkkodkjh vkfFkZd rjhdsls de djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA la;qDr jk"Vª ekuo lEesyu gsfcVkV f}rh; 1996 esa vk;ksftr fd;sx;sA ftls *'kgj lEesyu* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bl lEesyu dh dk;Zlwph ds varxZr vxyh'krkCnh ds izFke nks n'kdksa esa fo'o ds 'kgjksa] uxjksa rFkk xk¡oksa ds mfpr fodkl ds fy, lHkh Lrjksaij dk;Zokgh rFkk ekxZn'kZu dh vis{kk dh xbZA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k dkj.k gSa% ou fouk'k] rhoz tula[;k o f)] vR;f/kd Ik'kq pkj.k]fuèkZurk] vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] lalk/kuksa dk vfoosdiw.kZ nksgu] rhoz ;krk;kr fodkl] vfu;ksftrfodkl] vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdh] fo'o cktkj esa izfrLi/kkZ] tu tkx:drk esa deh vkfn izeq[k gSaA euq";mijksDr dkj.kksa ls dbZ leL;kvksa dks tUe ns nsrk gS] ftuesa izeq[k gSa% ck<+ vkSj lw[kk] Hkwfe {kj.k]e#LFkyhdj.k] tyok;fod O;frØe] HkwdEi vkSj HkwL[kyu] chekjh vkSj egkekjh] OkU; tho vkSjiztkfr;ksa dk fouk'k vkfnA Hkkjr esa Hkh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq 42 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1976}kjk vuqPNsn 48&d }kjk lafo/kku esa vaxhÑr fd;k x;kA lkFk gh Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vUkqPNsn51&d ¼N½ ds varxZr ukxfjdksa dk ;g ewy dÙkZO; crk;k x;k fd ^ôg izkÑfrd Ik;kZoj.k dhftlds vUrxZr ou] >hy unh vkSj oU; tho gSa dh j{kk djsa] vkSj mudk lao/kZu djsa rFkk izk.kh ek=kds izfr n;kHkko j[ksaa** ds :i esa ifjf.kr fd;k x;kA mPpre U;k;ky; ds }kjk vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;kx;k LoLFk Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj ewy vf/kdkj gSA ,e lh esgrk cuke Hkkjr la?k ds okn esa peM+sds dkj[kkuksa dks can djus dk vkns'k tkjh djrs gq, mPpre U;k;ky; us Ik;kZoj.kh; ewY;ksa dksojh;eku ekukA U;k;ky; us vfHker O;Dr fd;k ge yksx ltx gSa fd peM+k m|ksx dks canhvfHk;kstu ,oa foRr gkfu mRiUu dj ldrh gS] ijUrq thou] LokLF; ,oa ikfLFkfrdh dk yksxksa ds fy,T;knk egRo gSA bl izdkj Hkkjr ds loksaZPp U;k;ky; ds }kjk fodkl ds igyw dks njfdukj djrsgq, i;kZoj.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ntkZ iznku fd;k x;k] tks fd gekjs thou ls tqMk gqvk gSA lqHkk"kdqekj cuke fcgkj jkT; ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us iznw"k.k ls eqDr ty ,oa ok;q ds miHkksx

'kks/k /kkjk 156

dks vuq- 21 esa lfEefyr ekukA Ik;kZoj.kh; iznw"k.kdkfjrk iznwf"kr okrkoj.k dks ,d /khek tgj ekursgq, blds dkjdkas dks can djus dk vkns'k fn;k x;k gSA ,e- lh- esgrk cuke Hkkjr la/k& ds ekeysesa ekLVj Iyku ds mYya?ku esa fufeZr Hkou ds fxjk;s tkus ds laca/k esa U;k;ewfrZ okbZ ds lHkjoky vkSjU;k;ewfrZ ch-,-u vxzoky dh ihB us vuq- 21 vkSj 48&, dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk fd LoPN]LokLF;izn ,oa lqjf{kr Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj vis{kk djrk gS fd jkT; mUgsa lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,drZO; c) gSaA ,u- Mh- t;ky cuke Hkkjr la?k ds ekeys esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Li"V fd;k fdLoPN Ik;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj rFkk fodkl dk vf/kdkj vuq- 21 esa of.kZr ewykf/kdkj ds vfHkUu vaxgSaA Vsgjh cka/k ls mRiUu i;kZoj.kh; leL;k ds ckjs esa U;k; ihB us Li"V fd;k fd LokLF; Ik;kZoj.kdk vf/kdkj vuq- 21 esa of.kZr ewyvf/kdkj gS rFkk cs?kj gq, yksxksa dks iquokZl ,oa thfodksiktZu dhO;oLFkk vko';d dh tkuh pkfg,AlqlsFkk cuke rfeyukMq jkT; ds ckn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us ,d/oLr]iz;ksxghu rkykc dks ikVdj iquokZl gsrq nqdkuksa ds fuekZ.k dh vuqefr rks ns nhA ijUrq vuqPNsn21]48&A vkSj 51&A¼g½ ds vUrxZr iznRr vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k gsrq xzke iapk;r dks funsZ'k tkjhfd;k fd xkWo ds vklikl ds vU; rkykcksa dk mfpr j[kj[kko dj lqfuf'pr fd;k tk; fd tyvkiwfrZ esa deh u gksA vkU/kz izns'k iznw"k.k ifj"kn~ cuke izks- ,e- oh- uk;Mw ds izdj.k esa iwoZ lrdZrkdk fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k x;kA ftlds varxZr {kfr dh iwoZ dYiuk rFkk bl f{kfr ls cpus dsmik; djuk ;k U;wure i;kZoj.k {kfr okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dk pquko djuk lfEefyr gSA iwoZ lrdZrkdk fl)kar oSKkfud vfuf'prrk ij dsfUnzr gSA,e- lh- esgrk cuke dey ukFk ds ekeys esa loksZaPpU;k;ky; }kjk Hkkjr esa yksd U;k; ds fl)kar dks ekU;rk iznku dhA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj ok;q]ty] leqnzrV] ufn;kW rFkk ou tSls izkÑfrd Lkzksr lkekU; tu dks izÑfr }kjk iznRr egRoiw.kZ rFkkcgqewY; migkj ds :i esa gSaA ;g izkÑfrd lEink ,d yksd U;kl gSA ljdkj bldh U;klh gS ,oalk/kkj.k turk bl U;kl dh ykHkkFkhZ gSA ;fn ljdkj bl laifRr dks O;fDrxr ykHk rFkk euksjatuds fy, ftlesa eRL;ikyu vkfn mi;ksx ds fy, futh gkFkksa esa nsrh gS] rks ;g dgk tk,xk fd ljdkjus vius U;klh ds drO;Z dk ikyu ugha fd;k gS rFkk lk/kkj.k turk blds fo:) mipkj izkIr djusdh vf/kdkjh gSaA

ekuokf/kdkj ikfjfLFkfrdh; rkSj ij LokLFk] i;kZoj.k] ikSf"k.kh; fodkl vkSj 'kfUr ,d nwljsij vkfJr ,oa vfoHkkT; gSaSA lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lqjf{kr] LoLFk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; rkSj ij LokLFki;kZoj.k dk vf/kdkj gSA ;g vf/kdkj lkoZHkkSe] ijLijkfJr vkSj vfoHkkT; gSAosYyksj flVhtuosyQsj; Qksje cuke ;wfu;e vkWQ bafM;k] ds ekeys esa U;k;k/kh'k dqynhi us dgk fd] Þgesa ;g dgusesa dksbZ fgpfdpkgV ugha gksxh fd iks"k.kh; fodkl dk fl)kar ikfjfLFkfrdra=k rFkk fodkl ds eè;larqyudkjh ifjdYiuk gS rFkk bls ikjEifjd vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k ds vax ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;kx;k gS rFkkfi blds vko';d y{k.kksa dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ds fo'ks"kKksa }kjk vfUre :i fn;k tkuk'ks"k gSA Þekuuh; loksaZPp U;k;ky; us cEcbZ MkbZ ,.M eSU;qQsDpfjax da-fy- cuke ,Uok;juesUVy,D'ku xzqi ds fu.kZ; esa vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd] fodkl ds dkj.k m|ksx ,oa dkj[kkuksa dh vko';drkle; ds lkFk c<+rh tk jgh gSA vkSj i;kZoj.k dh laj{kk Hkh vko';d gS rks ,sls esa larqfyr fodkl

'kks/k /kkjk 157

dh vksj vxzlj gksuk vko';d gks tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ larqfyr fodkl dh cuk;s j[kus dh vko';drkgSA orZeku esa tgka ,d rjQ Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ogha nwljh vksj fodkl dh rhoz xfr ;fn Ik;kZoj.kdks /;ku esa j[kk tk;s rks fodkl gksus dh laHkkouk ugha gSA ;fn fodkl fd;k tkrk gS rks Ik;kZoj.klaj{k.k ugha gks ikrk gSA iks"k.kh; fodkl ,d ,slk ek/;e gS] ftlds }kjk fodkl ds lkFk&lkFkIk;kZoj.k laj{k.k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA :jy fyfVxs'ku ,.M ,UVkbfVyesaV dsaUnz cuke Hkkjrh; la?krFkk :jy fyfVxs'ku ,.M bUVkbfVyesaV dsaUnz cuke mRrj izns'k jkT; egRoiw.kZ oknksa esa nsgjknwupwuk iRFkj [knkuksa dh [kqnkbZ] ftlls ogk¡ jgus okys fuokfl;ksa dks i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ls gkfu igq¡p jghFkhA mPpre U;k;ky; us tk¡p ds fy, lfefr dh fu;qfDr dh FkhA lfefr dh fjiksVZ ij [kkuksa esa[kqnkbZ jksdus ds vkns'k fn;s x;sA ,e-lh- esgrk o vU; cuke Jhjke QwM ,.M QVhZykbtj ,oa Hkkjrla?k ds ckn esa loksZPp U;k;y; us fnYyh esa fLFkr Jhjke QwM ,.M QfVZykbtj b.MLVªht dh ,dbdkbZ dks vksfy;e uked [krjukd xSl ds fofuekZ.k ls jksd fn;kA bafM;u dkmfUly Qkj bufojksyhxy ,Dlu cuke Hkkjr la?k bl ckn esa jktLFkku ds mn;iqj ftys ds fcokjh xk¡o ds vklikldk vkS|ksfxd {ks=k cuk gqvk Fkk] ftlls vklikl dk tyok;q ,oa thou dks [krjk mRiUu gks x;kAmPpre U;k;y; us us'kuy i;kZoj.k 'kks/k laLFkku dks mldh tk¡p djus laca/kh funsZ'k fn;sA 'kksèklaLFkku dh fjikZV ds vk/kkj ij loksZPp; U;k;ky; us vkns'k fn;k fd fcuk yk;lasl okys dkj[kkuksads fo:) leqfpr dk;Zokgh dh tk;sA iwoZ of.kZr oknksa ds vykok vU; egRoiw.kZ okn Hkh gS] ftuesadkmfUly Qkj bufojksa yhxy ,D'ku cuke Hkkjr la?k csYyksj flfVtu csyQs;j Qksje cuke Hkkjrla?k ,txUukFk cuke Hkkjr la?k] iwoZ of.kr oknksa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ds varxZri;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy;s vR;ar egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fn;sA eqjyh ,l nsoM+k cuke Hkkjr la?k lkoZtfudLFkkuksa ij /kweziku djuk oftZr dj fn;k x;k vkSj lkFk gh fu.kZ; fn;k fd vuqPNsn 21 ds varxZrfof/k }kjk LFkfir izfØ;k ls gSA vkSj fdlh O;fDr dk thou lekIr ugha tks fd ekuo vf/kdkjksa dkizR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls laj{k.k u djrk gksA iwoZ of.kZr izko/kkuksa ,oa mPpre U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ;ksals ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd lafo/kku ds varxZr i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA

i;kZoj.k lh/ks ekuo ds thou ls lacaf/kr gSA ;fn i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr fd;k tkrk gS]rks bldkvFkZ gksxk ekuo thou ,oa mlds vfLrRo dks [krjs esa MkyukA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd Hkkjrh; n.Mfo/kku esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk 1860 ,oa n.M izfØ;klafgrk 1973 esa i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ,slh O;oLFkk dh xbZA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk1860 ds varxZr mica/k fd;s x;s gaS] yksd U;wlsal] tks ,slk dk;Z ftlls tulk/kkj.k dks dksbZ {kfr]ladV ck/kk] ;k {kksHk dkfjr gks ;k ,slk gksuk vo';aHkkoh gksA mis{kkiw.kZ dk;Z ftlls fd thou ds fy,ladV iw.kZ jksx dk laØe.k QSyuk laEHkkO; gks] tks dksbZ fof/k fo:) :i ls ;k mis{kk ls ,slk dksbZdk;Z djsxkA ftlls thou ds fy, ladV iw.kZ jksx dk laØe.k QSykuk lEHkkO; gks] tks dksbZ fof/kfo:) :i ls ;k mis{kk ls ,slk dksbZ dk;Z djsxk] ftlls fd og tkurk gS fd og fo'okl djus dkdkj.k j[krk gks fd thou ds fy, ladViw.kZ fdlh jksx dk laØe.k QSykuk lHkkO; gS] og nksuksa esals fdlh Hkkafr ds dkjkokl ls] ftldh vof/k 6 ekl rd dh gks ldsxh ;k tqekZuk ls ;k nksuksa ls

'kks/k /kkjk 158

nafMr fd;k tk;sxkA yksd ty L=kksr ;k tyk'k; ds ty dyqf"kr djuk] tks dksbZ yksd ty L=kksr;k tyk'k; ds ty dks LosPNk bl izdkj Hkz"V ;k dyqf"kr djsxh fd og ml iz;kstu ds fy,] ftldsfy, og ekewyh rkSj ij mi;ksx esa vkrk gks de mi;ksx gks tk;s] og nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkakfr dsdkjkokl ls ftldh vof/k rhu ekl rd gks ldsxh ;k tqekZuk ls tks ik¡p lkS :i;s rd dks gksldsxk]nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA ok;qe.My dks LoLFk ds fy, vik;dj cukuk tks dksbZ fdlh LFkku dsok;qe.My dks LosPN;k bl izdkj nwf"kr djsxk fd og tulk/kkj.k ds LokLF; ds fy, tks fuokl;k dkjksckj djrs gks] ;k yksd ekxZ esa vkrs&tkrs gksa vik;dj cu tk;sa o tqekus ls tks ikaWp lkS :i;srd dk gks ldsxk nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk 1860 ds varxZr iwoZ of.kZr /kkjkvksaesa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk iznw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=k.k ds fy, fdlh O;fDr ds fo:) dk;Zokgh dhtk ldrh gSA

lafgrk 1973 ds varxZr fdlh vijk/k ds fuokj.k ds fy, D;k izfØ;k ds fo:/k dk;Zokghdh tk ldrh gSA n.M izfØ;k lafgrk 1973 ds varxZr fdlh vijk/k ds fuokj.k ds fy, D;k izfØ;kviukbZ tk;sxhA bl laca/k esa egRoiw.kZ izko/kku fd;s x;s gSa tks fd rkehy ;k vf/klwpuk ftl O;fDrdks U;wlsal gVkus laca/kh vkns'k lacksf/kr gks] og mldk ikyu djsxk ;k dkj.k nf'kZr djsxkA vlQyjgus dk ifj.ke gksxk fd mls Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 188 ds varxZr nafMr fd;k tk;sxkAU;wlsal ds vtsZUV ekeyksa esa vkns'k tkjh djus laca/kh izo/kku gSA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k fuokj.kvkSj fu;a=k.k ds fy, fo/kk;u gS% ai;kZoj.k ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986( ty ¼iznw"k.k fuokj.k vkSjfu;a=k.k½vf/kfu;e 1974( ty iznw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=k.k midj vf/kfu;e 1977( ok;q ¼iznw"k.kfuokj.k vkSj fu;a=k.k ½ vf/kfu;e 1981( Hkkjrh; ok;jy vf/kfu;e 1923( Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e1927( ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e( oU; thou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1972( yksd nkf;Ro chek vf/kfu;e(jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.k vfHkdj.k vf/kfu;e 1995( i;kZoj.k laj{k.k djus dk ewy mn~ns'; i;kZoj.k dklaj{k.k vkSj lq/kkj djuk gSaSAIk;kZoj.k iznw"k.k nwj djus gsrq mik; ftudk ;fn lgh rjhds ls mi;ksxfd;k tk;s rks Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftuesa iznw"k.k eqDr izkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl]tula[;k Hkkj esa dfe izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds va/kk/kqa/k fonksgu ij fu;a=k.k] o {kkjksi.k] ljdkjh uhfr;kavkSj naM fo/kku dk mica/k] tutkx fr rFkk Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj vkfn izeq[k gSaA

vkt euq"; us viuh vko';drkvksa dks foLr r dj fy;k gSaA ,d rjQ rks ekuo i;kZoj.kfcxM+ jgk gSA ekuo i;kZoj.k dk rkRi;Z gS lkekftd Hksn&Hkko ls gSA tgk¡ ,d ds ikl ihus dk ikuhugha gS] ogha nwljk O;fDrxr foeku ls py jgk gS vkSj bZ/ku dks ikuh dh rjg cgk jgk gSA orZekule; esa ;fn ge varjkZ"Vªh; nLrkostksa dh ckr djsa rks ikyu ,d :irk ls ugha gks ik jgk gSAnLrkost ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; dkuwu NksVs ,oa cMs+ ns'kksa ds chp esa foHkDr gSA fodflr ns'k i;kZoj.k lslacafèkr vius oknksa ls eqdjrs utj vk jgs gSaA i;kZoj.k dh rks ckr D;k gSA fo'o esa ,sls ijek.kq ,oaukfHkdh; gfFk;kj gSa tks iwjh nqfu;k dks iy Hkj esa HkLe dj ldrs gSaA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dsuke ,oa lQkbZ vfHk;ku ds uke ij vPNs dk;Z fd;s tk jgs gSaA fdUrq jkf'k dh ek=kk vR;f/kd gSAHkkjr esa ekuuh; loksaZPp U;k;ky; ds }kjk ljkguh; Hkwfedk vnk dh xbZ gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 159

lanHkZ1- ckcsy] clarh yky( i;kZoj.k ,oa dkuwu] lqfof/kk ykW gkÅl HkksikyA2 'kqDy] Ogh- ,u( dkULVhV~;w'ku vkWQ bafM;k] bZLVuZ cqd daiuh y[kuÅA3 jkBh] vkj-,y-( vk/kqfud i;kZoj.k fof/k] ;wfuoflZVh cqd gkÅl] t;iqjA4 izlkn] vfu:)( i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwu] bZLVuZ cqd daiuh] y[kuÅA5 mik/;k;] t; t; jke( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsUVªy ykW ,tsUlh] bykgkcknA6 'kekZ] ih-Mh-( bdksykWth ,.M ,Uok;jesUV] jLrksxh iCyhds"ku esjBA7 ik.Ms;] t;ukjk;.k( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsUVªy ykW ,tsUlh] bykgkcknA8 vkWy bafM;k fjiksZVjA9 fØeuy ykW tuZyA

'kks/k /kkjk 160


jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lrr~ fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZuJherh lhek tk;lh

l0 izk0] vaxzsth] jktho xka/kh 'kkldh; dyk] okf.kT;] ,oa foKku egkfo|ky;] yksjeh] eqaxsyh] NÙkhlx<+

MkW0 jfoUnz tk;lhizkpk;Z] ipisM+h egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

lrr~ fodkl lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl dh og izfØ;k gS] ftlesa i Foh dh lgu'kfDr ds vuqlkjfodkl dh ckr dh tkrh gSA ;g vo/kkj.kk 1960 ds n"kd rd fodflr gqbZ tc yksx vkS|ksfxdj.k dsi;kZoj.k ij gkfudkjd izHkkoksa ls voxr gq,A lrr~ fodkl dk mn~Hko izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dh lekfIrrFkk mlds dkj.k vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk mRiknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ds /khes gksus ;k muds can gksus ds Hk; ls gqvkA;g vo/kkj.kk mRiknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=k.k djus okys dqN yksxksa }kjk izÑfr ds cgqewY; rFkk lhferlalk/kuksa ds y{;iw.kZ nq:i;ksx dk ifj.kke gSA lrr~ fodkl dks;yk] rsy rFkk ty tSls lalk/kuksa ds nksguds fy, mRiknu rduhdh vkS|ksfxd izfØ;kvksa rFkk fodkl dh mfpr uhfr;ksa ds laca/k esa nh?kZdkyhu;kstuk izLrqr djrk gSA

la/kkj.kh; fodkl vFkok lrr~ fodkl (sustainable development)] fodkl dh ogvo/kkj.kk gS( ftlesa fodkl dh uhfr;ka cukrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS fd ekuo dhu dsoy orZeku vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ lqfuf'pr gks lds oju~ vuardky ekuo vko';drkvksa dhiwfrZ lqfuf'pr gks ldsA blesa izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA

lrr~ fodkl lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl dh og izfØ;k gS] ftlesa i Foh dh lgu'kfDr dsvuqlkj fodkl dh ckr dh tkrh gSA ;g vo/kkj.kk 1960 ds n'kd rd fodflr gqbZ tc yksxvkS|ksxhdj.k ds i;kZoj.k ij gkfudkjd izHkkoksa ls voxr gq,A lrr~ fodkl dk mn~Hko izkÑfrdlalk/kuksa dh lekfIr rFkk mlds dkj.k vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dk mRiknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ds /khes gksus ;k mudscan gksus ds Hk; ls gqvkA ;g vo/kkj.kk mRiknu&iz.kkfy;ksa ij fu;a=k.k djus okys dqN yksxksa }kjkizÑfr ds cgqewY; rFkk lhfer lalk/kuksa ds y{;iw.kZ nq:i;ksx dk ifj.kke gSA lrr~ fodkl dks;yk]rsy rFkk ty tSls lalk/kuksa ds nksgu ds fy, mRiknu rduhfd vkS|ksfxd izfØ;kvksa rFkk fodkldh mfpr uhfr;ksa ds laca/k esa nh?kZdkyhu ;kstuk izLrqr djrk gSAlrr~ fodkl dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk % &

lrr~ fodkl ls vfHkizk; vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr djuk gSAbldk mn~ns'; orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; dh vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, izkÑfrd lalk/ku dks lqjf{kr j[kuk


Key Words : fodkl dk i;kZdj.kh; ifjn ';] jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] tSo fofo/krk

'kks/k /kkjk 161

gSA lrr~ fodkl ¼lrr~ 'khyrk½ dk vFkZ ,d ,slh fLFkfr ls gS] tks ges'kk ds fy, cuh jgsAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa fodkl dk vkil esa cgqr xgjk laca/k gS] oks blfy, D;ksafd gekjs ekuo

fodkl ds ekStwnk izfreku us i;kZoj.k dks cgqr uqdlku igqapk;k gSA gesa i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k dslkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.k dh laxzfgr djus dh vko';drk gSA

ekuo l f"V ds izkjaHk ls gh fodkl dj jgk gSA mlds fodkl dk mlds pkjksa vksj dsokrkoj.k ij lh/kk izHkko iM+rk gSA *f{kfr] ty] ikod] xxu] lehj] iaprRo fey cuk 'kjhj*] ;gmfDr bl ckr dh |ksrd gS fd ;s rRo tgka ,d vksj euq"; ds fodkl dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] oghanwljh rjQ euq"; dks i Foh ij lcls lQy izk.kh cukus esa lgk;d Hkh gSaA ekuo {kfr dk vfLrRoiw.kZr% i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj gS vkSj i;kZoj.k dh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh mis{kk Lo;a ds vfLrRo dh mis{kkgSA blh rF; dks n f"Vxr j[krs gq, Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ds izfr fe=kor~O;ogkj dks vR;ar egRo fn;kAi;kZoj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and defination of environment)

i;kZoj.k nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS% *ifj* vkSj *vkoj.k*A *ifj* dk vFkZ pkjksa vksj rFkk*vkoj.k* dk vFkZ gS <adus okykA vaxzsth esa environment 'kCn esa environ dk vFkZ gS% ?ksjuk(encircle) rFkk ment dk vFkZ gS pkjkas vksj ls (surround)A oLrqr% environment 'kCnenvelope 'kCn dk i;kZ; gSA dqN fopkjd environment 'kCn dh vis{kk ¼izkÑfrd vkokl½'kCn;k ¼okrkoj.k ;k fLFkfr½ 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSa( ftldk vfHkizk; ifjfLFkfr ;k ifjo fRr (totalset of surroundings) ls gSA

bl izdkj i;kZoj.k ,d lef"V gS vkSj ekuo bl lef"V dk ,d vax gSA nksuksa dk gh vfLrRoLora=k ugha gS] cfYd nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA

i;kZoj.k izÑfr dk og Hkkx gS] tks fdlh tho ;k tho leqnk; dks ifj"Ñr djrk gSA oscLVj(wester) ds 'kCnksa esa ''environment is the sum total of all external condition andinfluences effecting the life and development of organism'' vFkkZr~ izkf.k;ksa ds thou ,oafodkl dks izHkkfor djus okyh lHkh ckâ; izHkkoksa ,oa n'kkvksa dk leqPp; i;kZoj.k gSA Li"V gS fdi;kZoj.k fofHkUu izdkj ds vusd rRoksa tSls ok;q] ty] feêh] /kwi] tho vkfn dk lfEeJ.k gSA

bl izdkj i;kZoj.k fdlh izk.kh leqnk; dk og izfrfØ;kRed ra=k gS] ftlesa vkc) fofHkUurRo mlds thou pØ ds fdlh Hkh vof/k esa ml ij izR;{k izHkko Mkyrs gSa rFkk mlds thou izk:idks izHkkfor djrs gSaAtSo fofo/krk dk laj{k.k (conservation of Biodiversity)

i;kZoj.k larqyu ds fy, tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k vko';d gS ,oa fofo/krk ds varxZr thotarqvksaa ,oa ikS/kksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA ftl {ks=k esa ftruh vf/kd tSo fofo/krk ikbZtkrh gS] ogka ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu (ecological balance) mruk gh vPNk gksrk gSA bl tSo fofo/krk esa deh gksus ij i;kZoj.k esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] blls ikfjfLFkfrdh vlarqyu c<+rk gSA

oSKkfudksa ds erkuqlkj i Foh dks Kkr 4 djksM+ iztkfr;ksa esa ls izfro"kZ yxHkx 10 gtkj

'kks/k /kkjk 162

iztkfr;ksa dk ekuo ÑR;ksa tSls&vkS|ksfxd fodkl uxjhdj.k] e nk vijnu] Ñf"k {ks=k esa foLrkj] Ñf"kmRiknu esa o f)] ck¡/k ,oa tyk'k;ksa dk fuekZ.k] tho tarq dk Hkkstu ds :i esa xzg.k vkfn ds dkj.kfoyksiu gks jgk gSA blh rjg lkxjh; thoksa dh iztkfr;ka Hkh lkxjh; ty iznw"k.k ds dkj.k u"V gksjgh gSAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu (Environment protection and conservation)

euq"; vkSj mlds i;kZoj.k ds chp vkfndky ls py jgh varfØZ;k ds QyLo:i dkykarjesa i;kZoj.k dk âkl izkjaHk gqvk gSA vkt ;g fLFkfr gS fd i;kZoj.k Hk;kud ladV ds nkSj ls xqtjjgk gSA bDdhloha lnh ¼21oha½ lnh esa o"kkZdky esa i;kZoj.k ladV ,d fo'oO;kih ladV cudj lkeus[kM+k gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu gsrq i;kZoj.k tkx:drk vR;ar vko';d gSA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.kdsoy ,d lekt o ns'k dh leL;k ugha vfirq iwjs fo'o dh leL;k gSA i;kZoj.k ladV fo'ks"kdji;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ;k ladV vkt ,d Toyar fo"k; cu xbZ gSA fiNys dqN o"kks± esa tu lkekU; esai;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu ds izfr tkx:drk esa fuf'pr gh o f) gqbZ gSAlaj{k.k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa mn~ns'; (Meaning of definitation of conservation)

laj{k.k 'kCn dk ewy vaxzsth i;kZ; *dUtjos'ku* (conservation) ysfVu Hkk"kk ds 'con'vFkkZr~ 'together' ¼lkFk½ rFkk servare vFkkZr~ 'guard' ¼j{kk½ ls cuk gS ftldk lkekU; vFkZ lqj{kk;k laj{k.k gSA izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx ds Hkfo"; dks n f"Vxr j[krs gq, mfpr nj fu/kkZfjrdjuk gSA Li"V gS fd lalk/kuksa dk mfpr ,oa lqfu;ksftr mi;ksx gh laj{k.k gSA izÑfr gesa vusdlalk/ku iznku djrh gSA fdarq ;fn mudk ;Fkksfpr mi;ksx ugha fd;k x; rks u dsoy fodkl dhxfr :d tk,xh vfirq gekjh Hkkoh ih<+h dk Hkfo"; Hkh va/kdkje; gks tk,xkA ;g fopkj izkjaHk esaekuo efLr"d esa ugha vk;k D;ksafd ml le; lalk/ku mi;ksx lhfer FkkA fdarq laj{k.k dhvko';drk ds ewy dkj.k gSa % & rhoz xfr ls tula[;k o f)( iznw"k.k( miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdremi;ksxAlaj{k.k dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Conservation)

izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds n{kre rFkk fgrdkjh mi;ksx ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA okLro esa laj{k.kos iz;kl gSa fd ftuls izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kZ mi;ksx (rational euploitation)] ijh{k.krFkk uohuhdj.k laHko gSA laj{k.k ls rkRi;Z&izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk mfpr ,oa vko';d mi;ksx lsgS ftlds ek/;e ls ge u dsoy orZeku esa mudk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa vfirq Hkfo"; esa Hkh mi;ksxgsrq vk'oLr gks ldsA ftejesu (Gemerman) ds vuqlkj *laj{k.k ls rkRi;Z orZeku ih<+h o Hkfo";dh ih<+h gsrq R;kx gSA*laj{k.k dh vko';drk ds ewy dkj.k%1- rhoz xfr ls tula[;k o f) ,oa i;kZoj.k (population & pollution problem)

fo'o dh tula[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA blds fodkl ds dkj.k ,d vksj rks ekuo lalkèkuesa o f) gqbZ gSA vkt bDdhloha lnh ¼21 oha lnh½ esa yxkrkj c<+rh tula[;k ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k esa,sls ifjorZu gks jgs gSa fd Hkfo"; Hk;kog fn[k jgk gSA 02 vDVwcj] 2017 x.kuk ds vuqlkj Hkkjr

'kks/k /kkjk 163

dh vuqekfur tula[;k 134]29]4]853 gS] tcfd iwjs fo'o dh tula[;k dk 17-74 izfr'kr gSAtula[;k foLQksV ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dkQh c<+ jgk gS] D;ksafd bruh cM+h tula[;k dksf[kykus ds fy, [ksrksa esa va/kk/kqa/k moZjd] dhVuk'kdksa dk mi;ksx gksus yxk gS( ftlds dkj.k feêh]ikuh] ok;q iznwf"kr gks pqdk gSA bruk gh ugha vkt iwjs fo'o esa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk gfjrØkafr dh xw¡t gSA vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k i;kZoj.k dk rkieku c<+ jgk gS] ftldk mnkgj.k gekjkfcykliqj 'kgj gSA orZeku esa ,u-Vh-ih-lh- m|ksx LFkkfir gksus] 'kgjhdj.k ,oa lM+d pkSM+hdj.k gksusds dkj.k isM+ksa dh va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ gks jgh gSA ml vuqikr esa u rks isM+ ikS/ks yxk, tk jgs gSa vkSj ugh bl vksj /;ku fn;k tk jgk gSA ftl dkj.k o"kkZ Hkh ugha gks jgh gS vkSj 'kgj dk rkiekufnu&izfrfnu c<+ jgk gS tks fuf'pr gh fpark dk fo"k; gSA iznw"k.k vc ,d ns'k fo'ks"k dh leL;kugha gS cfYd iwjs fo'o dh leL;k cu xbZ gSA foKku dh ftruh mUufr gqbZ gS] mruh gh ek=kk esa ogvfHk'kki cu dj lkeus vk;k gSA iznw"k.k ls fo'o dh vkcknh izHkkfor gks jgh gS vkSj vkcknh lsi;kZoj.k ;g dSlh foMacuk gSA tula[;k bruh c<+ xbZ gS fd fctyh] ikuh] vkokl] ifjogu] lapkj]f'k{kk] LokLF;] lQkbZ vkSj euksjatu ds lk/ku bR;kfn dh ekax c<+us ls mldh iwfrZ Hkh c<+ jgh gSvkSj dwM+s&dpjs ds <sj yxus ls ;k unh] leqnz esa cgkus ls iznw"k.k QSy jgk gSA vxj c<+rh vkcknhdks ugha jksdk x;k rks lkjh /kjrh jsfxLrku fn[ksxh vkSj gekjk fouk'k fuf'pr gSA2- miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk vf/kdre mi;ksx % &

ekuo dh vf/kd vkSj vf/kd mRikn o f) izkIr djus dh vr Ir vfHkyk"kk us LoxhZ; i Foh dksujde; cuk Mkyk gSA fuf'pr ifjf/k okyh i Foh ij HkkSfrd vfHko f) (physical growth) loZnkds fy, tkjh ugha dj ldrh gSA ekuo tula[;k dk foLQksV vkSj tSo eaMy ij blds cnysvp;fur gLr{ksi ekuo dh mRrjthfork ds fy, [krjukd cu x, gSaA okLro esa ekuo tula[;kdk foLQksV lokZf/kd [kjkc ,oa ewy fdLe dk iznw"k.k gSA lHkh izeq[k i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a tks Hkkohekuo tkfr gsrq [krjk mRiUu dj jgh gSaA os ewyr% ,d gh rRo ls mRiUu gks jgh gS&og rRo gStula[;k ckgqY;A chloha ¼20oha½ lnh ds iwoZ rd ;g tuHkkou Fkh] **izxfr dk rkRi;Z tula[;k]vf/kd tula[;k dk rkRi;Z&vf/kd izxzfr vkSj vf/kd izxfr dk rkRi;Z&laiUurkA** chloha ¼20oha½'krkCnh ds var ls fLFkfr foijhr gks xbZA tula[;k dk rkRi;Z gS&mRikn o f)] vf/kd tula[;k dkrkRi;Z gS&vf/kd mRikn o f)] vf/kd mRikn o f) dk rkRi;Z gS izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa d T;knk 'kks"k.k]izkÑfrd lk/kuksa ls T;knk 'kks"k.k dk rkRi;Z gS% i;kZoj.k vlarqyu vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu Lo;aekuo tkfr dks [krjkA vfu;af=kr tula[;k foLQksV ,oa ekuo LokLF; dh cnrj gksrh fLFkfr lHkhvk/kqfud ekuo ds efLr"d jfgr fØ;kdykiksa dk gh ifj.kke gSAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao/kZu dk mn~ns';(objective of environment protection and conservation)

laj{k.k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gS lalk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx u dsoy orZeku ds fy, vfirqHkfo"; dks n f"Vxr j[krs gq, djukA laj{k.k ds fofo/k i{kksa esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd i{kgksrs gSaA vkfFkZd izxfr ,oa fodkl ds fy, lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vkfFkZd izxfr ,oa fodkl ds

'kks/k /kkjk 164

fy, lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;g iz;ksx tc izfrLi/kkZ dk :i ys ysrk gS rks fouk'kd cu tkrkgSA ;|fi vFkZ'kkL=kh orZeku ykHk dks n f"Vxr j[krs gq, mlds vf/kdre ykHk dh LohÑfr iznkudjrs gSa fdarq Hkfo"; dks ns[kuk Hkh mudk mRrjnkf;Ro gSA vr% laj{k.k vko';d gSA lkekftdifjos'k esa laj{k.k vko';d gh ugha] vfirq vfuok;Z gSA D;ksafd gesa orZeku lekt ds lkFk gh Hkfo";ds lkFk Hkh U;k; djuk gSA orZeku esa fo'o esa laj{k.k dk jktuhfrdj.k vf/kd gks x;k gSAmifuos'kokn us tgka 'kks"k.k ds fopkj dks izcyrk nh( ogha bldh jktuhfr laj{k.k ij tksj ns jgh gSAfdarq viokn Lo:i lalk/ku viO;; esa Hkh lgk;d gSA okLro esa laj{k.k ds izfr jktuhfrdtkx:drk orZeku ;qx esa ubZ vk'kk dh fdj.k gS fd ge Hkfo"; ds izfr ;Fks"V ¼lpsr½ gSaAlaj{k.k ds izeq[k mn~ns'; gSa % &

izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k ftlls ekuo ,oa izkÑfrd esa lkeatL; cuk jgs vkSjikfjfLFkfrd ra=k larqfyr jgs bl dk;Z gsrq fuEu rF;ksa dks n f"Vxr j[kuk pkfg, % &v- ok;qeaMy laj{k.k vFkkZr~ ok;q&iznw"k.k ij fu;a=k.k] vkstksu ijr dk Lrj cuk, j[kukAc- tyok;q ifjorZuksa ij fuxjkuh j[kukAl- ty iznw"k.k ij jksd ,oa ty dk mfpr mi;ksxAn- e nk laj{k.kAb- ou ,oa vU; izkÑfrd laink dk laj{k.kAp- oU; thoksa dk laj{k.kA1- la{ksi esa izkÑfrd okrkoj.k dh j{kk] mls larqfyr ,oa ekuoksi;ksxh cuk, j[kuk vko';d gSA2- lHkh izdkj ls iznw"k.k jksdukA3- izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kZ iz;ksx dk fodkl djuk ftlls mudk nh?kZdky rd mi;ksx

laHko gks ldsA4- [kftu lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k fo'ks"kdj os [kfut tks lekIr gks tkus okys gSaA5- fuf'pr {ks=kksa esa dqN vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa tSls&ouksa dks dkVuk] tkuojksa dks ekjuk] vfu;fer [kuu

vkfn dks jksdukA6- uohuhdj.k ;ksX; lalk/kuksa dk mfpr mi;ksx ftlls mudk iqu% mi;ksx laHko gks ldsA7- uohuhdj.kh; lalk/kuksa dk laj{k.k vfr vko';d gS] D;ksafd mudks iqu% izkIr djuk laHko ughaA8- dks;yk] isVªksy rFkk vU; [kfut b±/kuksa ds izfrLFkk;h b±/kuksa dh [kkst xaHkhjrkiwoZd dh tkuh

pkfg,A ;FkklaHko fo|qr] lkSj ÅtkZ ,oa ijek.koh; 'kfDr (atomic energy) ds mi;ksx dksizksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

9- oU; thoksa ds f'kdkj ij izfrca/k yxkuk pkfg,] fo'ks"k :i ls mu oU; izkf.k;ksaa ij ftudh la[;kfujarj de gksrh tk jgh gSA

10- fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij NksVs&cM+s fpfM+;k?kj cukus pkfg,A yksxksa dks tho&tarqvksa ds izfr vfgalk dhizÑfr dks fodflr djuh pkfg,A

'kks/k /kkjk 165

ljdkj dh uhfr rFkk fØ;kUo;u % &orZeku esa i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ds fy, ljdkj dks uhfr cukuh pkfg,A ,slh uhfr dks viukuk

pkfg,] ftlls vPNs ifj.kke izkIr gks ldsA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa ljdkjh iz;klksa dh tkudkjhA1- fpidks vkanksyu % bl vkanksyu esa dk;ZdrkZ isM+ksa ls fpiddj mUgsa dkVus ls cpkrs gSaA bldh'kq:vkr 1793 bZ- esa m-iz- vkSj mRrjkapy izns'k ds peksyh ftys ds xksis'oj LFkku ls gqvkA bldsiz.ksrk Jh lqanjyky cgqxq.kk o Jh paMh izlkn gSaA Jh cgqxq.kk th fVgjh cka/k vkanksyu ds tud HkhgSaA2- vkijs'ku e x % ekpZ] 2001 esa Hkkjr&frCcr lhek iqfyl }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA blesa fgeky; dhigkM+ksa esa ik, tkus okys dLrwjh e x ds f'kdkj dks jksduk gSA3- nkfcr izkÑfrd xSl (C.N.G.): izkÑfrd xSl ,slh xSl gS] tks vklkuh ls tyrh gS vkSj Å"ekmRiUu gksrh gSA isVªksfy;e inkFkks± ls mRiUu b±/kuksa dks tykus ij okrkoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gS fdarqizkÑfrd xSl dks tykus ij ugha D;ksafd blls esFksu (CH4) gkbMªkstu xSl ik;h tkrh gS ftllsdksbZ gkfudkjd ¼iznw"k.k½ djus okyh xSl ugha fudyrhA blfy, bldk iz;ksx mPp nkc ij okguksadks pykus esa djrs gSaA fnYyh esa c<+rs gq, i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks jksdus ds fy, U;k;ky; us 31 fnlacj]2001 ds ckn CNG ds vykok dksbZ cl u pykus dk QSlyk fd;k rFkk iwjs ns'k esa tkjh djus dsfopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa VsYdks }kjk CNG ds clksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSAtSo fofo/krk dk laj{k.k % tSo fofo/krk ,d ,slk lalk/ku gS] tks ;fn ,d ckj lekIr gks tk, rksmls nksckjk ugha cuk;k tk ldrk ;k foyqIr gks tkrs gSaA vkt ,slk dksbZ Hkh mik; ugha gS ftllsHkwrdky esa foyqIr gqbZ tho tarqvksa dks iqu% mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA varjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk LFkkuh;Lrj ij tSo fofo/krk dks lajf{kr djus ds fy, nks izdkj dh j.kuhfr iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSAv- Lo vkoklh; laj{k.k (In-situ conservation)

tc thoksa dk laj{k.k muds izkÑfrd vkoklksa esa fd;k tkrk gS rks bls bu&lhVw laj{k.k dgrsgSaA laj{k.k dh ;g fof/k vf/kd mi;qDr gS] D;ksafd bl fof/k esa oU; thoksa ,oa ikni tkfr;ksa dks iw.kZlaj{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ouksa ds fouk'k dks jksddj jk"Vªh; m|ku] i'kq fogkj vkfn dkslqjf{kr LFky cuk;k tkrk gSAc- Ñf=ke vkoklh; laj{k.k (Ex-situ conservation)

tc thoksa dk laj{k.k muds izkÑfrd vkoklksa ls gVdj ekuo }kjk fufeZr lqjf{kr vkoklksa¼'kks/k&laLFkku] 'kj.k LFky] ouLifr m|ku½ esa fd;k tkrk gS rks bls ,Dl lhVw laj{k.k dgrs gSaAizkÑfrd vkoklksa ls foyqIr gks pqds ,d ftEuksLieZ ikni fxUxks ckbyksck (Gingo biloba) dks ,DllhVw laj{k.k ds varxZr lqjf{kr j[k dj foyqIr gksus ls cpk fy;k x;k gSA bl laj{k.k ls yxHkx1500 okuLifrd m|ku dk;kZfUor gSaA ftlesa yxHkx 80]000 nqyZHk ikni dks laj{k.k rFkk 800 lsvf/kd O;oLFkkfir fpfM+;k?kj ftlesa Lru/kkfj;ksa] if{k;ksa] ljhl iksa rFkk mHk;pjksa dh vuqekur%3]000 iztkfr;ksa dks laj{k.k fn;k tk jgk gSAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k lacaf/kr izeq[k vf/kfu;e % &

'kks/k /kkjk 166

1- i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1986½ & i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1986½ dks ikfjr djus dkmn~ns'; i;kZoj.k dks fofHkUu gkfudkjd izHkkoksa tSls&jlk;u] tSfod inkFkks± dh deh ls c<+rk gqvkiznw"k.k] izkÑfrd izdksi vkfn ls lajf{kr djuk gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds v/khu cuk, x, fu;eksa dkmYya?ku djus ij 5 o"kZ dh ltk ,oa 1 yk[k rd dk tqekZuk vFkok nksuksa ls nafMr fd;k tk ldsxkA2- ok;q iznw"k.k ¼fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=k.k½ vf/kfu;e ¼1981½&ok;q thou ds fy, vko';d gS] orZekuesa 'kq) ok;q dsoy vrhr dh dYiuk ek=k gSA laln }kjk ok;q iznw"k.k fuokj.k rFkk fu;a=k.k vf/kfu;e]1981 16 ebZ 1981 dks laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ykxw fd;k x;k gS ftUgsa lkr v/;k;ksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA3- ty iznw"k.k ¼fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=k.k½ vf/kfu;e ¼1974½&ty iznw"k.k vf/kfu;e fo'kSys] gkfudkjdvFkok iznwf"kr djus okys inkFkks± dks ufn;ksa ,oa dqvksa esa Qsads tkus dks fuf'k) djrk gS mls jksdrkgSA bl vf/kfu;e esa dqy 8 v/;k; rFkk 64 /kkjk,a gSaA4- oU; tho laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1972½ & oU; tho lqj{kk vkSj ladVxzLr tho iztkfr;ksa dh lqj{kkdks fu;af=kr djrk gSA5- ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e ¼1980½& ouksa ds laj{k.k laca/kh dbZ fu;e ,oa dkuwu cuk, x, gSa ysfduouksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1980 ehy dk iRFkj fl) gqvk gSA bl vf/kfu;e rFkkmn~ns'; xSj&okfudh dk;ks± ds fy, ou {ks=kksa ds mi;ksx dks fu:Rlkfgr djuk gSA bl vf/kfu;e esajk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy, ;fn dksbZ xSj&okfudh dk;Z djokrk gS tSls&lM+d cukuk] cka/k dk fuekZ.k]fo|qr ykbZu Mkyuk] [kuu djokuk vkfn dk;ks± dh ifj;kstuk,a pkyw djuh gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa dqN'krks± ds varxZr ou {ks=k ds LFkkukarj.k ds fy, ljdkj ds }kjk vuqefr nsus dk izko/kku gSA

lkj :i esa miQZDr fopkjksa ,oa dk;ks± ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd % &1- i;kZoj.k dks larqfyr djus ds fy, izÑfr ds lkFk euq"; dk fe=kor~ O;ogkj mRiUu fd;k tkuk

vko';d gSA2- i;kZoj.k ¼vuohuhÑr½ dk ,slk izca/ku fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls fd vkus okyh ihf<+;ka Hkh

bldk mi;ksx dj ldsaA3- 50 ls 5 gtkj ,dM+ {ks=kQy dh Hkwfe ij izkÑfrd dsanzksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg, ftlls

uxjksa ,oa cfLr;ksa ds ikl gh i;kZoj.k dh f'k{kk izkÑfrd fLFkfr;ksa esa nh tk;sA4- uspj Dycksa] uspj dsanzksa vkfn dh LFkkiuk ,oa laxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa tkdj

vke ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh izkIr dj ldsa rFkk vko';d tkudkfj;ksa mUgsa iznku dh tk ldsAokLro esa laj{k.k izÑfr ,oa izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ds mfpr mi;ksx dks iz'kLr djrk gSA ;g

dk;Z uhfr ,oa fu;kstu }kjk gh laHko gS] tks varjkZVªh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa {ks=kh; Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrkgSA izÑfr ds laca/k esa latks, vuqHkoksa dks ckaVus] i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks le>us&lqy>kus esa ,slsizHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks vius {ks=k&fo"k; fo'ks"k esa n{krk j[krs gksarFkk deZB dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa tqM+ ldrs gksaA dsoy fu;e ,oa uhfr;ka gh laj{k.k ds fy, i;kZIrugha vfirq bldh lQyrk laiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ij fuHkZj gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 167

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] nhfIr] dqekj- egsanz i;kZoj.k izca/ku ,oa izkÑfrd lalk/ku] vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh&110002

¼2009½A2- 'kekZ] nhfIr( dqekj egsanz] ekuo ,oa i;kZoj.k vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh&110002 ¼2009½A3- tks'kh] yrk( i;kZoj.k dh jktuhfr] vukfedk ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ ¼izk-½ fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyhA4- JhokLro] jko( i;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh] olqa/kjk izdk'ku] xksj[kiqj ¼2009½A5- 'kekZ] nhfIr dqekj( egsanz( i;kZoj.k f'k{k.k ,oa tupsruk] vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh&110002

¼2009½A6- dqekjh] MkW- izHkk( tula[;k foLQksV ,oa i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k] ok.kh izdk'ku] 'kxqu vkQlsV] 'kkgnjk] fnYyhA7- dkSf'kd] nsos'k( lalk/ku Hkwxksy] vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 ¼2012½A8- ukxkosy] Hkokuh( i;kZoj.k ,oa bldk laj{k.k] 'kks/k&izdYi] 2278 394 ¼2013½ i "B la-37A9- ;kno] jketh( ds-,u-,l- vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002 ¼2014½A10- fNCcj] MkW- ,l-ds( i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj U;k;ikfydk] vtqZu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002

¼2009½A11- iky] MkW- lqjsanz d';i( ds-ds- i;kZoj.k ,oa lekt] vtqZu ifCyf"kax gkÅl] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002

¼2014½A12- useh] ch-,l-( **ikfjfLFkfrdh; fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k Hkwxksy**] jLrksxh ,aM daiuh] esjB ¼1991½A13- www.debadityo.com/2015/2/11 environment-conservation and sustainable

deveopment.

'kks/k /kkjk 168


jk"Vª fodkl dk i;kZoj.kh; fparuMkW0 dkosjh nkHkM+dj

lgk;d izk/;kid] Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; fcyklk dU;k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

,d vuqeku gS fd 21oha lnh ds var rd gekjs ns'k dh vkcknh lok vjc gks tk;sxh vkSj 2050rd ge nqqfu;k eas lcls vf/kd vkcknh okyk jk"Vª cu tk;saxsA ,sls esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFk i;kZoj.kdks lek;ksftr dj gh fodkl dh u;h jkg pquuh gksxhA jk"Vª fodkl dks pan O;kikfj;ksa] cM+s vkS|ksfxd?kjkuksa ds vkfFkZd fgrksa dh cfy u cuus nsA vkfFkZd fodkl ds }a}] xjhc] vehj ds chp c<+rh [kkbZ uslkekftd i;kZoj.k dks vlarqfyr fd;k gS] ijarq ikfjfLFkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kuk gekjs uhfrfu;kedksa dk izeq[k y{; gksuk pkfg;sA

jk"Vª ,d HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ gSA Hkkjr ,d ,slh Hkwfe gS] tks lalk/ku laiUu gSA lkaLÑfrdfofoèkRrk jax] 'kL; 'kkeyk&/kjrh] fofo/k HkwvkÑfrd Lo:i ,oa ufn;ksa ds vizokfgr eSnku jk"Vª dsfodkl dks u;h fn'kk nsrs gSaA fodkl ,d lrr~ izfØ;k gS] oLrqr% fdlh jk"Vª ds fodkl dks js[kkafdrdjus ds rhu fcanq gks ldrs gSa %1- tula[;k esa o f)2- izfr O;fDr vk; esa o f) 3- v/kkslajpuk esa o f)

rhuksa gh lanHkksaZ ds usiF; esa gS% lalk/kuksa dk fodklA fuf'pr gh Lora=krk ds iwoZ ,oa i'pkr~ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyh gaSA tula[;k esa fujarj o f) gqbZ gSA 1901&1911 ds e/; Hkkjr esa tula[;k o f)nj 5-75 Fkh] tks 1951&61 ds e/; 21-64 ,oa 1981&91 ds n'kd esa 23-87 rFkk 2001&2011 dse/; 17-64 izfr'kr jghA Li"V gS tula[;k esa fujarj o f) ifjyf{kr gSA

lkfj.kh 1-0 Hkkjr % tula[;k o f)

o"kZ tula[;k o f) izfr'kr esa o"kZ tula[;k o f) izfr'kr esa

1901 1951 $13-311911 $5-75 1961 $21-641921 &0-31 1971 $24-801931 $11 1981 $24-661941 $14-22 1991 $23-87

2001 $21-542011 $17-64

L=kksr % prqZHkqt ekeksfj;k Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy 2014fodkl ds fofHkUu vk;keksa esa izfr O;fDr vk; ,d egRoiw.kZ lwpd gSA Hkkjr esa izfr O;fDr


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl ds rRo] i;kZoj.k fparu vkSj jk"Vª fodkl

'kks/k /kkjk 169

vk; ds o"kZ nj o"kZ ds vkadM+ksa ls ifjyf{kr gS ¼lkfj.kh 1-1½A foxr o"kksZ esa izfr O;fDr vk; esa o f)gqbZ gSA fujarj c<+rk vkS|ksxhdj.k uxjhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa dbZ izxfr esa vkfFkZdfodkl dks ubZ fn'kk nh gSA

lkfj.kh 1-1 & Hkkjr % izfr O;fDr vk;

jk"Vª dh ldy vk; izfr O;fDr vk;

I iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 4-2 2-4II iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 4-2 2-2III iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 2-6 0-3okf"kZd ;kstukIV iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 3-2 0-9V iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 4-9 2-6VI iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 5-4 3-1VII iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 5-5 3-3VIII iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 6-7 4-6IX iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 5-5 3-5X iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 7-5 5-9XI iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 7-8 6-3XII iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 9-4 7-9

2014&15 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk 7-4 6-1

L=kksr % xwxy lpZ 15-2-2018Lora=krk ds i'pkr Hkkjr esa iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls fodkl dk ekxZ lqfuf'pr fd;k

x;kA 1952 ds i'pkr f'k{kk] LokLF;] ifjogu bR;kfn ds lkFk&lkFk flapkbZ Ñf"k] {ks=kksa esa fodklgsrq fur u;s miØe fd;s x;sA cgqmn~ns''kh; flapkbZ ;kstukvksa dk foLrkj [kuu m|ksx] ifjogu dslk/kuksa ds fodkl us ns'k ds v/kkslajpukRed fLFkfr esa o f) dh gSA tSlk dh fuEu lkfj.kh ls Li"V gS%&

lkfj.kh 1-2 & Hkkjr % v/kkslajpukRed o f)1951 2011

lM+dksa dh yEckbZ 399942 4690342LokLF; dsUnzksa dh la[;k 725 23887izk- f"k{kk laLFkku 175999 787827is;ty lqfo/kk ;qDr xzke - 121812fo|qr lqfo/kk;qDr xzke - 560552jsyekxksZ dh yackbZ 54-4 65-8gokbZ vM~Mksa dh la[;k 4 127L=kksr % xwxy lpZ 15-2-2018

'kks/k /kkjk 170

mi;qZDr rhuksa lanHkksZ ds usiF; esa gS% lalk/kuksa dk fodklA ekuo dh ewyHkwr vko';drk dhiwfrZ ds fy, euq"; us lalk/kuksa dk va/kk/kaq/k mi;ksx fd;k gSA fodkl ds fy, u;s&u;s 'kgjksa dksclk;k tk jgk gS] vkS|ksxhdj.k c<+ jgk gS] Ñf"k ds foLrkj ls oukUrxZr Hkwfe dk vf/kxzg.k gks jgkgS] Hkw.eMyh; rkiu esa 0-8 lsfYl;l dh o f) gks pqdh gSA ifj.kke ekulwu esa nsjh] fcgkj dh ck<+]psUubZ dh ck<+] mRrjk[kaM ds HkwL[kyu] nkokuy] iznw"k.k] ?kjksa dh deh] >qXxh cfLr;ksa dk c<+rk Lo:ivkfn vusd i;kZoj.kh; ,oa uxjh; leL;k,a Hkkjr jk"Vª ,oa /keZfujis{k ns'k ds fy, foijhr gksrs tkjgh gSA fujarj iM+rs vdky] lw[ks dh leL;k eqag ck, [kM+h gSA Vh-,u- uSuu ds 'kCnksa esa ^Hkkjr viuhokf"kZd fodkl ds nj esa 5 izfr'kr c<+r dj ikrk ;fn taxyksa dk rsth ls lQk;k u gksrk] jlk;uksads miHkksx ls /kjrh tgjhyh catj u gksrhA Hk;kud ;g gS fd Hkkjr vius 33-9 izfr'kr ty Llzksrksadk bLrseky dj jgk gSA Hkkjr gj lky vius ldy vkfFkZd mRiknu dk 4-9 izfr'kr dher dkizkÑfrd lalk/ku u"V dj jgk gSA** bu lc ?kVukvksa dk nks"kh dkSu\ bl ij vkt vusd v/;srk]Hkwxksyfon] i;kZoj.k fon] uhfr fuekZrk lkspus ij etcwj gSaA D;k /kku mxkus okyk fdlku \ ;k fQjLFkkukarj.khy Ñf"k djus okys Ñ"kd] pjokgs ;k fQj ouksa dh ydfM+;ksa dks dkVdj viuk thoufuokZg djus okys vkfnoklh\ lp rks ;g gS fd fodkl ds vkM+ esa lalk/kuksa ds vfoosdiw.kZ iz;ksx]i¡wthoknh ekufldrk ds lkFk fodkl ,d egRoiw.kZ i{k gSA i;kZoj.k dh izR;sd ?kVuk ds ihNs fdlhjk"Vª dk miHkksDrk Lo:i] vkfFkZd] xfrfof/k;k¡] clkgV] oSKkfud mikxe izeq[k gksrs gSA bui;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds izfr equ"; lnSo laosnu'khy jgk gSA fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k ds varZlaca/kksa dsifjizs{; esa ek/ko xkMfxy rFkk jkepUnz xqgk }kjk rhu eq[; oSpkfjd n f"Vdks.kksa dks mYysf[kr fd;kgS &i;kZoj.k ij xka/khoknh n f"Vdks.k % bl er dks ekuus okys i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds fy;s ekuoh;ewY;ksa esa gkl rFkk vk/kqfud miHkksDrkoknh thou 'kSyh dks ftEesnkj ekurs gSA bl lEkL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq Hkkjrh; lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dh iqu% LFkkiuk ij tksj nsrs gSaA ;g n f"Vdks.k Lora=krkiwoZ dsxzkeh.k thou dh vksj ykSVus dk vkOgku djrk gS] tks lkekftd rFkk i;kZoj.kh; lkSgknzZ ij vk/kkfjrgSAi;kZoj.k ,oa ekDlZoknh n f"Vdks.k % bu erkoyafc;ksa }kjk i;kZoj.kh; ladV dks jktuSfrd ovkfFkZd igyqvksa ls tksM+k tkrk gSA lekt esa lalk/kuksa dk vleku forj.k i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dkewy dkj.k gSA vr% i;kZoj.kh; leL;k dk fujkdj.k vkfFkZd lekurk ij vk/kkfjr lekt ds fuekZ.kds lkFk ns[krs gSaAi;kZoj.k o rduhdh n f"Vdks.k % Ñf"k] cM+s ck¡/kkas] izkphu o v|ru rduhdh ijEijkvksa ds dkj.kfodkl dks u;h fn'kk rks feyh ijUrq i;kZoj.k ds vokZphu ewY;ksa dks lkFk ysdj gh fodkl fd;k tkldrk gSAfodkl ds lkis{; i;kZoj.k tu vkanksyuksa dh Hkwfedk % mUuhloha lnh Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dhlnh gSA [kuu] Ñf"k] flpkbZ] moZjd] c<+rk mRiknu ,oa rduhdh fodkl vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa izxfrgqbZ gSA c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k ds fy;s ewyHkwr vko';drk dks vkiwfrZZ gsrq fodkl dk ekxZ bl rjg

'kks/k /kkjk 171

iz'kLr gqvk fd i;kZoj.k ds fgrksa dh j{kk ds xaHkhj iz'u lkeus mB [kM+s gq;sA tu vkanksyu] fodkl,oa i;kZoj.kh; ikfjfLFkfrdh ds foykse laca/kksa ls mits gSaA i;kZoj.kh; ladVks dh j{kk gsrq vusdmnkgj.k Hkkjr esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA 1730 esa 360 oS".kkbZ laiznk; dk cfynku jsuh xko esa paMh izlkn¼1974½ dk fpidks vkanksyu] es/kk ikVdj dk ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu tks 13000 ou Hkwfe] 248 xkao,oa 9 yk[k foLFkkfir ,oa 584 vkfnoklh dh j{kk ls tqM+k gqvk eqn~nk tks vHkh Hkh tkjh gS] i;kZoj.kh;larqyu ds eqn~nks dks ysdj dsjy dk lk;ysaV oSyh vkanksyu] 1991 esa 1000 fd-eh- ds {ks=k esa foLr r192 vkfnoklh xk¡okas dh vkthfodk dk lk/ku ,oa nks yk[k tula[;k ds fy;s ojnku okyh fpYdk>hy ij cM+s ?kjkuksa ds O;kikfjd vfrØe.k ds fo:) la?k"kZ] 1990 esa /keZ flag usxh dk pkoy dhyxHkx 200 fdLeksa ,oa jkteksa dh 150 fdLeksa dks yqIr gksus ls cpkus dk iz;Ru] jkysxkao flf) dhikuh iapk;r ,sls gh dqN ehy ds iRFkj gSa] tks fodkl ds lkFk i;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k lao/kZu ds izfrfgek;rh tuksa dh ldkjkRed igy gSA

okLro esa i;kZoj.k vou;u fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk dnerky dj jgk gSA fLFkfr dh xaHkhjrkdks ns[krs gq;s Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 1980 esa i;kZoj.k ,oa ou foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ijUrq i;kZoj.kfon~ t;ar canksik/;k; ds erkuqlkj ßHkkjr ds LFkk;h fodkl ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ la?k"kZ rsy ugha ikuhgSA fo'o dh 18 izfr'kr tula[;k dk la?k"kZ rsy ugha ikuh gSAÞ e R;q dqekj ef.k us Hkkjr ds i;kZoj.kvou;u ds vkfFkZd foospu djrs gq;s Li"V fd;k dh 2009 rd i;kZoj.k uqdlku dh dher 3-7yk[k djksM+ :i;s gks x;h gS] tks fd Hkkjr ds ldy mRikn dks 5-77 izfr'kr gSAvkfFkZd fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k }an %

i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ds chp ;q) dh fLFkfr gSA orZeku esa fodkloknh n f"Vdks.k us i;kZoj.kj{kk ds ifjisz{; esa vusdksusd iz'u mifLFkr fd;s gSA ß,d oSf'od er losZ{k.k n'kkZrk gS fd HkkjrrFkk okLro esa lHkh ns'k fodkl ,oa blds rhu vk;keksa&lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa i;kZoj.k ds izfr mrusgh izfrc) gSa fQj Hkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dks ns[krs gq;s lalk/kuksa dh visf{kr ek=kk izkIr djus ds lanHkZesa pqukSfr;k¡ fudV gSaAÞ ¼vfHkuhr dqekj 2013½

Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ds chp ;fn Hkwfe mi;ksx ds vkadM+ksa dk voyksdu djsarks Hkkjr jk"Vª ls ouh; Hkwfe dk fujarj }kl gks jgk gSA Hkkjr esa oukPNkfnr Hkwfe ek=k 22-2 izfr'krgSA tcfd 'ks"k 77-67 izfr'kr oU;sRrj dk;ksaZ ds varxZr gSA tcfd i;kZoj.kh; ekud ds vuqlkjifjfLFkrhdh; larqyu gsrq 33 izfr'kr Hkwfe ij oukPNknu dh vko";drk gSA laizfr ns'k ds dbZ jkT;ksaesa ou [kRe gks x;s gSA iwoksZRrj jkT;ksa esa ouksa dh izfr'krrk ?kVh gSA

ouksa ds fujarj dVko ds dkj.k Hkkjr ds i;kZoj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh larqyu esa xzhu gkml xSlksadk izfr'kr ¼20 izfr'kr½ c<+ jgk gSA vr% vko';d gS fd ge ouksa dks uqdlku igq¡pk;s fcuk vkfFkZdfodkl dh u;h fn'kk fu/kkZfjr djsa] ftlls ifjfLFkfrdh ra=k Hkh lqn <+ jgsxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt^gfjr fodkl* dh vo/kkj.kk varjkZ"Vªh; fopkj.kh; eqn~nk gSA la;qDr jk"Vª i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe dseqrkfcd xzhu bdksukWeh og gS] ftlesa yksxksa dks vPNh lsgr ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd lekurk vkSjog i;kZoj.k ds [krjs dks de djus ds lkFk gh mldh dfe;ksa dks Hkh nwj djrh gSA fparu dh blh

'kks/k /kkjk 172

vo/kkj.kk us ifjfLFkfrdh; jk"Vªokn dks tUe fn;k gSAikfjfLFkfrdh jk"Vªokn ,d ,sls dk;Z lewg dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks /keZ ,oa laj{k.k ds

ewY; dks lefUor j[krk gSA 20oha lnh esa ßizÑfr dks inkFkZ ;k oLrqÞ ds :i esa dbZ jk"Vªksa us LohÑrfd;k ijarq blh vk/kqfudrkokn ,oa i;kZoj.k ds varlZaca/kksa dks \\\ us eglwl djrs gq;s dgk fd euq";fujarj viuh izÑfr ls vyx gks jgk gSA ifj.kke ekuo ,oa i;kZoj.k ds e/; vlarqyu ,oa rRtfurvusdkusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,aA iwoZ iz/kkuea=kh eueksgu flag ¼25 vizSy 2013] th-U;wt½ ds 'kCnksa esavkfFkZd fodkl rHkh fVdkÅ gksxk tc og bl rjg ls gks fd i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gksA

la;qDr jkT; la?k ds i;kZoj.k tkudkjh ds iSuy us vuqeku yxk;k gS fd vxj xzhuyS.M ,oavaVkZdfVdk esa cQZ fi?kysxh rks bl lnh esa leqnz 18-59 ehVj c<+sxkA iz'kkar egklkxj ds chp fLFkr,d ns'k Þrokywß ftldh tehu leqnz ls 01 ehVj ÅapkbZ ij gS egt 26fd-eh- esa QSyk o 12 gtkjdh tula[;k okyk ns'k gS tks fnu izfrfnu lh/ks&lh/ks [krjs ls tw> jgk gSA og fnu nwj ugha tcgekjs njokts ij nLrd nsus yxsxk ,oa y{k}hi rd igq¡p tk;sxkA ¼vfHkthr dqekj] 2017½ Li"V gSjk"Vª ds fodkl ds i;kZoj.kh; vk;ke dh vuns[kh ge ugha dj ldrsA

,d vuqeku gS fd 21oha lnh ds var rd gekjs ns'k dh vkcknh lok vjc gks tk;sxh vkSj2050 rd ge nqqfu;k eas lcls vf/kd vkcknh okyk jk"Vª cu tk;saxsA ,sls esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFki;kZoj.k dks lek;ksftr dj gh fodkl dh u;h jkg pquuh gksxhA jk"Vª fodkl dks pan O;kikfj;ksa]cM+s vkS|ksfxd ?kjkuksa ds vkfFkZd fgrksa dh cfy u cuus nsA vkfFkZd fodkl ds }a}] xjhc] vehj dschp c<+rh [kkbZ us lkekftd i;kZoj.k dks vlarqfyr fd;k gS] ijarq ikfjfLFkfrdh; larqyu dks cuk;sj[kuk gekjs uhfr fu;kedksa dk izeq[k y{; gksuk pkfg;sA izÑfr ls nwj gksrs ekuo dks iqu% feV~Vh lsizse djuk gksxkA rHkh lewph ekuo lH;rk dh j{kk gks ldsxh] ojuk egkjk"Vª dk ikuh dk xgjkrkladV laiw.kZ Hkkjr dk ladV cu tk;sxk] dsnkjukFk dk rkaMo lkjs fgeky; dks {kfjr dj nsxk]nkokuy ls f?kjk mRrj iwohZ Hkkjr ,oa psUubZ dh ck<+ dk ikuh fodkl ds ekxZ esa ckj&ckj nhokj curkjgsxkA

egkRek xka/kh ds 'kCnks esa&' The Earth Provides enough to satisfy every onesneed but not forAny one"s greed. In short we can say that weAre the generationwith theA¡reness ofA great danger. WeAre the ones with the responsibilityAndtheAbility to take steps of concreteAction before it is to late.

lanHkZ1- ekeksfj;k] prqHkqZt( 2014 %Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy] lkfgR; Hkou izdk'ku] vkxjk 2014A2- dqekj] vfHkfur( 2013% vkfFkZd fodkl esa i;kZoj.k dk ;ksxnku ;kstuk] 2013 ¼Hindi.india¡terp

ortal.org½3- [kcj] MkW- eksfudk( vkfFkZd i;kZoj.k ls fodkl o le f) ¼www.khabar live.in½ 20-01-20184- <xs] MkW- ,l- ds-( 2016 % 'kk'or fodklklkBh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkMkph xjt India Stream

Research Volueme 06 issue 10 Nov. 2016

'kks/k /kkjk 173


i;kZoj.kh; jk"VªoknMkW- ds-vkj- erkoys

lgk;d izk/;kid Hkwxksy] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractge lHkh Ik;kZoj.k ds vfHkUUk vax gSaA Ik;kZoj.k ds rRo gesa izHkkfor djrs gSaA ;fn Ik;kZoj.k esa

ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mldk izHkko gekjs lEiw.kZ fØ;k&dyki ij iM+rk gSA lkFk gh ekuo ds fofHkUUkfØ;k&dyki ,oa xfrfof/k;k¡] pkjksa vksj O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks Hkh dqN gn rd izHkkfor djrk gSA uSfrdIk;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ izd fr ds lkezkT; dh os lHkh 'kfDr;ka fØ;k,a rFkk rRo lfEEkfyr gksrs gSaAftudk izHkko ekuo] mlds fØ;k&dykiksa] Hkkstu] oL=k] vknrksa ,oa {kerk vkfn ij iM+rk gSA OgkbV vkSjjSuj us Hkksxksfyd Ik;kZoj.k ds egRo dks bl :i esa O;Dr fd;k gS&HkkSfrd okrkj.k ekuo ds cMs+ lewgksadks Li"Vr% izR;{k :Ik esa izkFkfed rjhds ls izHkkfor djrk gSA izR;sd lewg tutkfr] jkT;] jk"Vª vkSji Foh ds lHkh lkezkT; Ik;kZoj.k }kjk lh/ks rkSj ij lQyrk ds lkFk fujarj izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ekuo dhdksbZ Hkh cM+h egRoiw.kZ fØ;k Ik;kZoj.k dh lgk;rk :dkoVsa ,oa funsZ'kksa ds fcuk Lora=k ugha gSaA izkd frdIk;kZoj.k ekuo lekt ds fy;s ogh djrk gS] tks lkekftd Ik;kZoj.k O;fDrxr euq"; ds fy;sA Ik;kZoj.kvkSj jk"Vªokn ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA ,d ds fcuk nwljs dk vfLrRo [krjs esa vk tkrk gSA Ik;kZoj.k gS rksjk"Vª gS] i;kZoj.k ds vou;u ls jk"Vª dk fodkl vo:) gks tkrk gSA Ik;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIrgSA pkgs og HkkSfrd Ik;kZoj.k gks ;k lkaLd frdA Ik;kZoj.k vou;u dk eq[; dkj.k c<+rh gqbZ tula[;kvkSj ekuo dh mPPk vkdka{kk gSA


Key Words : i;kZoj.k vkSj vk/kqfud lanHkZ] i;kZoj.k vkSj jk"Vªokn] i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo thou

i;kZoj.kh; jk"Vªokn dks le>us ds igys ogka O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks le>uk gksxkA D;ksafdIk;kZoj.k gh gS tks gesa HkkSfrd ,oa lkaLd frd ,oa lkaLd frd lHkh :iksa esa gekjs fØ;k&dykiksa dksizHkkfor djrs gSaA ge lHkh i Foh ds /kjkry esa fuokl djrs gSaA fo'o txr ds leLr ekuo tkfrIk;kZoj.k vkSj jk"Vªokn ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gSaA vkt orZeku le; esa bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dk bLrsekylekpkj i=kksa] i=k&if=kdkvksa] nwjn'kZuksa rFkk gekjs vkl&ikl dss O;fDr;ksa }kjk izk;% fd;k tkrk gSAgekjs cMs cqtqxZ izk;% dgk djrs gSa fd vc og okrkoj.k ughaa jgk] tSlk fd igys FkkA vc okrkoj.kcgqr gh [kjkc gks x;k gSA gesa dkQh lw>&cw> ds lkFk LoLFk Ik;kZoj.k esa viuk dk;Z djuk pkfg;sA

Ik;kZoj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, g"kZ dksfoV~l fy[krs gSa fd ^Îk;kZoj.k lEiw.kZ okg~;ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mldk tho /kkfj;ksa ij iM+us okyk izHkko gS] tks tSo txr ds fodkl pØ dkfu;ked gSA**

ge lHkh Ik;kZoj.k ds vfHkUUk vax gSaA Ik;kZoj.k ds rRo gesa izHkkfor djrs gaSA ;fn Ik;kZoj.kesa ifjorZu gksrk gS] rks mldk izHkko gekjs lEiw.kZ fØ;k &dyki ij iM+rk gSA lkFk gh ekuo dh

'kks/k /kkjk 174

fofHkUUk fØ;k&dyki ,oa xfrfof/k;ka pkjksa vksj O;kIr Ik;kZoj.k dks Hkh dqN gn rd izHkkfor djrkgSA uSfrd Ik;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ izd fr ds lkezkT; dh os lHkh 'kfDr;ka] fØ;k,a rFkk rRolfEEkfyr gksrs gSaA ftudk izHkko ekuo] mldh fØ;k &dykiksa Hkkstu] oL=k] vknrksa ,oa {kerk vkfnij iM+rk gSA OgkbV vkSj jSuj us Hkksxksfyd Ik;kZoj.k ds egRo dks bl :i esa O;Dr fd;k gS& HkkSfrdokrkj.k ekuo ds cMs+ lewgksa dks Li"Vr% izR;{k :Ik esa izkFkfed rjhds ls izHkkfor djrk gSA izR;sdlewg tutkfr] jkT; jk"Vª vkSj i Foh ds lHkh lkezkT; Ik;kZoj.k }kjk lh/ks rkSj ij lQyrk ds lkFkfujarj izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ekuo dh dksbZ Hkh cM+h egRoiw.kZ fØ;k Ik;kZoj.k dh lgk;rk :dkoVsa ,oafunsZ'kksa ds fcuk Lora=k ugha gSA izkd frd Ik;kZoj.k ekuo lekt ds fy;s ogh djrk gS] tks lkekftdIk;kZoj.k O;fDrxr euq"; ds fy;sA

Ik;kZoj.k vkSj jk"Vªokn ,d&nwljs ds iwjd gSaA ,d ds fcuk nwljs dk vfLrRo [krjs esa vktkrk gSA Ik;kZoj.k gS rks jk"Vª gS] i;kZoj.k ds vou;u ls jk"Vª dk fodkl vo:) gks tkrk gSAIk;kZoj.k gekjs pkjksa vksj O;kIr gSA pkgs og HkkSfrd Ik;kZoj.k gks ;k lkaLd frdA Ik;kZoj.k vou;udk eq[; dkj.k c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k vkSj ekuo dh mPPk vkdka{kk gSA

izkphu le; esa fczfV'k 'kklu ds igys Hkkjr NksVs&NksVs fj;klrksa esa c¡Vk gqvk FkkA lHkhfj;klr Lora=k FksA Ik;kZoj.k lqn <+ FkkA ml le; ,d izdkj ls {ks=kh;okn FkkA vFkkZr~ izns'kokn FkkAekuo vius fj;klrksa ds ckjs esa lksprk FkkA fj;klrksa dk fodkl djuk pkgrk FkkA ,d&nwljs {ks=kksads ckjs esa vf/kd tkudkjh ugha FkhA O;fDr;ksa ls esy&tksy ugha gks ikrk FkkA fdlh Hkh izdkj lsvkpkj&fopkj ,oa vknku&iznku ugha gks ikrk FkkA O;fDr jk"Vª ds ckjs esa lksp ugha ldrk FkkA ,dizdkj ls ml le; jk"Vªokn dk chtkjksi.k ugha gqvk FkkA fczfV'k ds vkxeu ds Ik'pkr vkokxeuekxkZs ,oa lapkj ds lk/kuksa dk fodkl gqvkA rr~Ik'pkr ekuo dk ,d nwljs ls laidZ c<+kA vkpkj&fopkj dk vknku&iznku gksus yxkA ,d vyx Ik;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k gksus yxk] vFkkZr~ Ik;kZoj.k esaifjorZu gksus yxkA bl ifjofrZr Ik;kZoj.k esa jk"Vªokn dk chtkjksi.k gqvkA

jk"Vªokn 'kCn 14oha 'knh esa rc igyh ckj vfLrRo esa vk;k( tc Ýkal esa igyh ckj tkWu vkQvkdZ ¼lsaV tkWu½ us ukjk fn;k% ^Ýkal Qk¡lhfl;ksa ds fy;s* vkSj mlus vaxzstksa dh lRRkk ds f[kykQÝkal ds yksxksa dks tkx r fd;kA mifuosf'kd dky esa ;s vo/kkj.kk ;wjksi ls gksrh gqbZ nqfu;k Hkj esaQSy xbZ] ftldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk ;wjksih; rkdrksa }kjk vius mifuos'k ns'kksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k vkSjogka ds ukxfjdksa ds lkFk nks;e ;k vekuoh; O;kogkj jgkA yksxksa dks eglwl gqvk fd gekjh bl n'kkdk dkj.k fons'kh 'kklu gSA ftls nwj fd;s fcuk bl vU;k; ls NqVdkjk ugha fey ldrkA

Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ds bfrgkl esa ns[kk tk; rks fczfV'k dky ls igys jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kkutj gh ugha vkrhA lfn;ksa rd fons'kh geykoj ;gka vkrs jgs vkSj fQj ;gha ds gksdj jg x;sA tSlseqfLye geykoj 'kkld ;gha cl x;s vkSj Hkkjrh; eqLkyeku dgyk;sA fofHkUUk jktkvksa esa vkilhla?k"kZ vkSj vf/kdkf/kd {ks=k dks vius v/khu djus dh ykylk rks Fkh ij turk ds eu esa dksbZ jk"VªokntSlh dksbZ pht ugha FkhA tc fczfV'k Hkkjr ds 'kkld cus rks mUgksaus Hkkjr o Hkkjrh; yksxksa dks gs;n f"V ls ns[kk] mUgsa rq{k le>uk] mudk 'kks"k.k djuk vkfn dkj.kksa us jk"Vªokn dks tUe fn;kA

'kks/k /kkjk 175

ifjogu ,oa nwjlapkj ds lk/kuksa ds ek/;e ls ,d fj;klr ds laidZ esa vkus yxk] ftllsjk"Vªokn dk fopkj c<+us yxkA fofHkUUk izkarksa] /keksZ ,oa fofHkUUk Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys yksx ,d lkFklaxfBr gksdj jk"Vª dk fodkl djus ds fy;s dfVc) gksdj la;qDr :Ik ls vktknh ds la?k"kZ esa lkFkvk;sA vr% Hkkjr Lora=k gksdj ,d uohu jk"Vª cukA Hkkjr o"kZ ds fy;s uohu lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k gqvktks ge lHkh ds lokZfx.k fodkl ds fy;s gSA bl izdkj ,d x.kra=k jk"Vª dk vH;qn; gqvk] ftlesage lHkh dk fodkl fufgr gSA

tula[;k ds fujarj rhcz o f) ds dkj.k vusd Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a mRiUUk gksus yxh gSaAD;ksafd c<+rh tula[;k ds ewy Hkwr vko';drkvksa dh vkiwfrZ ds fy;s cuksa dk va/kk/kqa/k dVkbZ] lalk/kuksa dk fonksgu] vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k ,oa d f"k Hkwfe dk fodkl vkfn dkj.kksa ls vkt Ik;kZoj.kladV esa vk x;k gSA ;g leL;k Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd lEiw.kZ fo'o esa gSA vkt Ik;kZoj.k vou;uds dkj.k ty lalk/ku Hkwfe lalk/ku ,oa ou lalk/ku u"V gks jgs gSaA ok;q] ty ,oa Hkwfe iznwf"kr gksjgs gSaA

vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekuo Ik;kZoj.k ij lEEksyu 5 twu 1972 esa LVkWdkgkse esa gqvk] tksIk;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds lanHkZ esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dk igyk lEEksyu FkkA bl lEEksyu dk eq[; mn~ns';vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k rFkk lq/kkj dh fo'o O;kih leL;k dk lek/kkudjuk FkkA bl lEEksyu esa 119 ns'kksa us igyh ckj ,d gh i Foh dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;kA blhlEEksyu esa la;qDr jk"Vª Ik;kZoj.k dk;ZØe dk tUe gqvkA ekuoh; Ik;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djus rFkkmlesa lq/kkj djus ds fy;s jkT;kssa rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dks fn'kk funsZ'k fn;s x;sA f}rh; i FohlEEksyu 26 vxLr ls 4 flrEcj 2002 rd nf{k.k vÝhdk ds tksgkalcxZ esa lrr~ fodkl ds i{kesa jktuhfrd izfrc)rk vkSj blds fy, okLrfod dne mBk;s tkus dh mEEkhnksa ds lkFk vk;ksftrfd;k x;kA

fdlh Hkh Ik;kZoj.k vou;u dk eq[; dkj.k tula[;k dk rhoz fodkl gS] tks izkd frdlalkèkuksa vksj Ik;kZoj.k dks izfrdwy :Ik ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA rsth ls c<+rh tula[;k vkSj i;kZoj.kesa fxjkoV lrr~ fodkl dks vo:) dj nsrh gSA tula[;k esa o f) vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl Hkkjr esa dksbZxEHkhj Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks tUe ns jgh gSA buls Hkwfe ij Hkkjh ncko] Hkwfe {kj.k] ou fuoklvkfn gksus yxrs gSaA ekuo ds miHkksxrkokn ds dkj.k ÅtkZ dh ekax c<+rh tkrh gSA ifj.kke Lo:Ikok;q iznw"k.k Xykscy okfeZax] tyok;q ifjorZu] ikuh dh deh vkSj ty iznw"k.k vkfn gksus yxrs gSaA ,dvuqeku ds vuqlkj d f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe dk 60izfr'kr Hkwfe dVko] ty Hkjko vkSj yo.krk ls xzflr gSA1947 ls 2002 ds chp ikuh dh vkSlr okf"kZd miyC/krk izfr O;fDr 70 izfr'kr de gksdj 1822?ku EkhVj jg xbZ gSA rFkk HkwxfHkZd ty dk vR;f/kd 'kks"k.k gfj;k.kk iatkc o mRRkjizns'k esa ,dleL;k dk :Ik ys pqdk gSA ouksa dh dVkbZ vkS|ksxhdj.k vkSj eksVj okgu iznw"k.k ds lkFk fey djIk;kZoj.k dk rkieku c<+k nsrk gSA ifj.kke Lo:Ik o"kkZ dk Lo:Ik cnyus yxrk gS vkSj vkdky dhvko fRRk c<+ tkrh gSA vkt jk"Vªokn ds iqutkZxj.k dh vko';drk gSA Ik;kZoj.k vou;u Ik;kZoj.kiznw"k.k orZeku le; esa ,d jk"VªO;kih leL;k gSA bl fo'o Lrjh; leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy;s gesa

'kks/k /kkjk 176

,d lkFk laxfBr gksdj lkeuk djus dh vko';drk gSA rHkh jk"Vª dk lokZxh.k fodkl laHko gSAle;≤ ij Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy;s vusd fo'o Lrjh;

lEEksyu ,oa laxks"Bh gksrs jgs gSa] vkt ges vkSj vf/kd laxfBr gksdj dk;Z djus dh vko';drk gSAO;fDr;ksa dks tkx r djuk] miHkksxrkokn dh vko fRr dks de djuk] lalk/kuksa ds va/kk/kqa/k nksgu dksjksduk] lkekftd iznw"k.k us uDlyokn] vkradokn] HkkbZ&Hkrhtk okn tkfrokn dks tUe fn;k gSA mlslewy u"V dj Ik;kZoj.k dks lajf{kr djuk gSA rHkh jk"Vª dk lokZxh.k fodkl laHko gksxkA i;kZoj.kds LoPN lqUnj o lqn <+ gksus ls ekuo dk Hkfo"; [kq'kgky gksxk] vkSj ;g lc jk"Vªokn ls gh laHkogSA blds vusd mnkgj.k gSa&tyok;q ifjorZu lEEksyu] Ik;kZoj.k rFkk fodkl lEEksyu] la;qDrlEEksyu vkfnA vr%^ fodkl ds vf/kdrj dk mi;ksx bl izdkj fd;k tk; dh orZeku rFkk Hkfo";ds fodkl rFkk Ik;kZoj.k dh vko';drk,a lkekftd :Ik ls iwjh dh tk ldsA okLro esa ;ghIk;kZoj.kh; jk"Vªokn gSA

lanHkZ1- f'kokuan] MkW- xkSre( lalk/ku vkSj Ik;kZoj.kA2- jes'k] pUnzIIkk( ,oa jfo] Mh-vkj-( Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k,a fof/k vkSj izkS|ksfxdh&,d Hkkjrh; ifjis{;&fjlpZ

bafM;k izdk'ku fnYYkh 2009A3- us'kuy T;ksxzkfQd lkslkbVh 1995&ikuh% vk'kk dh ,d dgkuhA4- jko] MkW- ch-ih-( ,oa MkW- JhokLro] Ogh- ds-(& Ik;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh] olqU/kjk izdk'ku xksj[kiqj 2009

'kks/k /kkjk 177


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkJherh d:.kk xk;dokM+

lgk;d izk/;kid] fgUnh] MkW Hkaoj flag iksrsZ 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] is.Mªk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

ukjh dh Hkwfedk jk"Vªh; fodkl esa lcls vge gSA ukjh ij ?kj ,oa ckgj dh nksgjh ftEesnkjh gSAfodkl ds fofHkUu lksikuksa esa ukjh ds nkf;Roksa ea mRrjksRrj o f) gqbZ gSA ukjh vkt dsoy ?kj rd lhferu gksdj dk;kZy;ksa] Ldwyksa] U;k;y;ksa] vLirkyksa] lsuk eas Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jgh gSA ukjhu dsoy iq:"k ds thou esa ekW] csVh] cgu] iRuh] lgdehZ dh Hkwfedk esa vfirq thou eas vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kkgSA ukjh ds thou esa fujarj cnyko vk jgk gSA ukjh dks f'k{kk ,oa lekurk dk vf/kdkj feyk gSA ns'kds fodkl esa ukjh dh lgHkkfxrk ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mls fuHkhZd ,oa Lora=k okrkoj.k feysA ukjhdks f'k{kk ,oa leku volj miyC/k gksA ukjh esa fo'okl] eerk] /kS;Z] n;k] d:.kk] fu"Bk] leiZ.k] R;kx]l tu'khyrk ,oa lfg".kqrk ds xq.k fo|eku gksrs gSaA bUgha fofo/k xq.kksa dh 'kfDr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik ukjhdk jk"Vª fodkl eas vf}rh; ;ksxnku gSA ukjh f'k{kk] LokLF;] m|ksx] foKku] dyk ,oa lkfgR;] [ksy]jktuhfr lHkh {ks=kksa esa viuh lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ls jk"Vª fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA fofHkUu{ks=kksa esa ukjh dh miyfC/k;k¡ Lo;a mldh dhfrZxkFkk xk jgh gSA

ukjh ij gks jgs vR;kpkj ,oa vijk/k jk"Vª fodkl esa Hkh ck/kd gSaA ukjh ds fodkl esa jk"Vª dk fodklfufgr gSA ukjh ds izfr yksxksa dh nwf"kr ekufldrk ,oa iwokZxzgksa dks nwj djds mls lekurk dk vf/kdkj fnyk;ktk ldrk gSA mfpr rduhdh Kku rFkk voljksa dh lekurk ds }kjk ukjh 'kfDr dk iw.kZ mi;ksx jk"Vª dsfodkl esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl 'kks/k izi=k esa ukjh dh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa fofo/k {ks=kksa esa Hkwfedk dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA

izLrkouk%&**jk"Vª ds fodkl dh /kqjh ds nks ifg, uj vkSj ukjhukjh dh fodkl esa ftEesnkjh gS Hkkjhukjh us ?kj vkSj ckgj nksuksa dh Hkwfedk gS laHkkyhugha gS lQj vkalk ;s ijdfBu Mxj pqukSfr;ksa us mldh dkfcfy;r gS fu[kkjhjk"Vª ds fodkl esa fur u, dhfrZeku gS cuk;su,&u, {ks=kksa esa ukjh viuk ijpe ygjk;sA**dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª rHkh fodkl dj ldrk gS tc mldh yxHkx vk/kh vkcknh tks fd ukfj;ksa dh

gS] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd :Ik ls lfØ; Hkkxhnkj gksA vjLrw ds 'kCnksa esa **fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh fL=k;ksa


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj ukjh] lkekftd fodkl ds fofo/k vk;ke vkSj ukjh

'kks/k /kkjk 178

dh mUufr ,oa voufr ij gh ml jk"Vª dh mUufr ,oa voufr fuHkZj djrh gSA** jk"Vª fodkl ds fofoèk{ks=kksa esa ukjh Hkwfedk dks fuEu fcanqvksa ds vk/kkj ij le>k tk ldrk gS&ifjokj esa Hkwfedk& ukjh gh ifjokj dh /kqjh gSA ifjokj dks cka/kdj j[kus dk dk;Z ukjh gh djrh gSAukjh ek¡ ds :Ik esa cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k djds muesa mfpr laLdkj nsrh gSA ek¡ gh cPpksa dh izFkexq: gSA ek¡ dh Hkwfedk esa ukjh Hkkoh ih<+h dks lqlaLÑr dj muesa jk"Vª ds izfr izse ,oa ftEesnkjh dhHkkouk dk fodkl djrh gSA ukjh ?kj dks LoPN j[kdj mfpr okrkoj.k ,oa Hkkstu ds }kjk ifjokjds LokLF; dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA bfrgkl esa thtkckbZ] iUuk/kk;] jkuh y{ehckbZ tSlh vusd ekrkvksads ohjrk] R;kx ,oa cfynku dh xkFkk,a vej gSaA iRuh ds :Ik esa ukjh ifr ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr djrhgSA mls dRkZO; iFk ij vxzlj gksus] lR;] bZekunkjh ls dk;Z djus dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA cgu ds :Ikesa viukiu ,oa izse iznku djrh gSA ukjh ds R;kx] eerk] /kS;Z ,oa leiZ.k ds xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh ifjokjuked laLFkk thoar gSAlekt esa Hkwfedk %& euq"; ,d lkekftd izka.kh gSA lekt ds fcuk euq"; dh dYiuk ugha dh tkldrh gSA lekt esa ukjh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA og ih<+h nj ih<+h laLdkjksa dk LFkkukUrj.kdjrh gSA lekt dh dbZ egRoiw.kZ ftEesnkfj;ka efgykvksa ds da/kksa ij gSA lkekftd mRFkku esa ukjhvxz.kh jgh gSA enj Vsjslk us fons'kh gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dks viuk dk;Z{ks=k cuk;k vkSj lektlsok dsfy, *n lkslk;Vh vkWQ n fe'kujht vkWQ pSfjVh* uked laLFkk LFkkfir dj nhu] nq[kh] ihfM+rksa ,oamisf{krksa dks lgkjk fn;kA vusd lektlsoh laLFkkvksa ,oa ,u-th-vks- dk lapkyu ukfj;ksa ds }kjklektlsok ds fy, dq'kyrkiwoZd fd;k tk jgk gSAJe'kfDr esa Hkwfedk%& ukjh dk Je'kfDr ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gSA ukjhlgHkkfxrk Qly mRiknu esa 75 Qhlnh] ckxokuh esa 79 Qhlnh] Ik'kqikyu esa 58 Qhlnh] eRL;ikyu esa 95 Qhlnh gSA efgyk,a izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ls vthfodk dk lzksr izkIr djus esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk jgh gaSA blesa [kkn~; inkFkZ ,df=kr djuk] bZ/ku ds fy, ydfM+;ka bdV~Bh djuk] ikSèkkjksi.k] ouksit laxzg.k djuk dk;Z 'kfey gSA eujsxk dh ;kstuk esa Hkh iq:"kksa dh vis{kk efgykvksaJfedksa dh la[;k T;knk gSA ;fn efgykvksa dks mfpr rduhd ,oa leku volj iznku fd, tk;srks os viuh iw.kZ dk;Z{kerk dks iznf'kZr djsxhAm|ksx ,oa okf.kT; {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& jk"Vª fodkl esa vkS|ksxhdj.k egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA bl {ks=k esa ukjhviuk 'kr&izfr'kr ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA Jh efgyk x g m|ksx] fyTtr ikiM+] 'kgukt gqlSu lkSan;ZmRikn ukfj;ksa dh O;kikfjd lQyrk dh dgkfu;k¡ gSaA okf.kT; dh mPp laLFkkvksa esa v/;{k ds inksaij efgyk,a vklhu gSaA pank dkspj vkbZ lh vkbZ cSad] js.kq lwn dukZM&,p-Mh-,Q-lh-] fp=kk jkeÑ".k&us'ku rFkk fdj.k etwenkj ck;ksdkWu esa v/;{k in ij vius dRRkZO;kas dk lQyrk iwoZd fuoZgu djjgh gSaA yfyrk xqIrs vkSj dYiuk eksjifj;k efgyk O;olk;h us QksClZ dh nqfu;k dh lcls 'kfDr'kkyhefgykvkas dh lwph esa viuh txg cuk;h gSAdyk vkSj euksjatu ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& ,e-,l- lqCcqy{eh] xaxwckbZ gaxy] yrk eaxs'kdj vkSj vk'kkHkksalys tSlh xkf;dk,a ,oa ,s'o;Z jk;] lqf"erk lsu] fiz;adk pksiM+k tSlh vfHkus=kh us varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj

'kks/k /kkjk 179

ij Hkkjr dks lEeku fnyk;k gSAlkfgR; ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa dbZ lqizfl) ysf[kdk,a] dof;f=k;ksa rFkk dFkkysf[kdkvksa ds :Ik esa ukjh us viuk LFkku cuk;k gSA blesa egknsoh oekZ] ljkstuh uk;Mw] deyk lqjS;k]'kksHkk Ms] v:a/krh jk;] vuhrk nslkbZ us fo'oLRkj ij izfl) ikbZ gSA v:a/krh jk; dks muds miU;kl*n xkWM vkWQ LekWy fFkaXl* ds fy, cqdj iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k d;k gSAjktuhfrd {ks=k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& jktuhfr esa ukjh dh lgHkkfxrk esa fujarj o f) gqbZ gSA 73 osa,oa 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls ns'kHkj esa iapk;r Lrj ij fuokZpu izfØ;k es 50 izfr'krefgyk,a viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa tEew d'ehj] if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq] xqtjkr]caxky esa efgyk eq[;eaf=k;ksa us lQyrkiwoZd jkT; 'kklu dk lapkyu dj viuh usr Ro {kerk odq'ky iz'kklu dk mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k gSA Hkkjr dh izFke efgyk iz/kkuea=kh bafnjk xka/kh] izFkeefgyk jk"Vªifr izfrHkk ikfVy] yksdlHkk v/;{k ehjk dqekj] rFkk efgykvksa us jkT;iky] egkikSj vkfninksa ij dk;Zdq'kyrk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA ukjh us mPp inksa ij Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh xfjek dsvuq:Ik dk;Z djds ns'k dh izxfr esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA[ksy ds {ks=k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& [ksy ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa dks mrus T;knk voljksa ,oa lalk/ku ughfey lds gSaA ijUrq bu vHkkoksa ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; efgyk f[kykfM+;ksa esa ih-Vh- m"kk] ts-ts- 'kksHkk¼,FkySfVDl½] dqatjkuh nsoh ¼HkkjksRrksyu½] >wyu xksLokeh] Mk;uk ,MTuh ¼fØdsV½] lkbuk usgoky¼cSMfeaVu½] dksus: gIIkh ¼'krjat½ vkSj lkbZuk fetkZ ¼Vsful½ vkfn us varjkZ"Vªh; eap ij ns'k dks[;kfr fnykbZ gSAj{kk ds {ks=k esa Hkwfedk%& vk/kqfud ;qx esa efgyk,a iq:"kksa ds leku j{kk lsokvksa esa dÙkZO;ikyu ,oans'kHkfDr ds mnkgj.k izLrqr dj jgh gSaA Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk vkbZ ih ,l fdj.k csnh us viuhdÙkZO;fu"Bk ls dk;Zdq'kyrk ds fy, eSxlsls iqjLdkj izkIr fd;kA orZeku esa fueZyk lhrkje.k ns'kds j{kkea=kh ds dÙkZO; dk lQyrkiwoZd fuoZgu dj jgh gSaAlk{kj ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& jk"Vª ds fodkl esa efgyk lk{kjrk dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA fiNys dqNo"kksZa esa efgyk lk{kjrk esa tSls&tSls o f) vkrh xbZ ns'k fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gqvk gSA lu~ 1971esa tgka dsoy 22 Qhlnh efgyk,a lk{kj Fkha( ogha lu~ 2001 rd 54-16 Qhlnh efgyk,a lk{kj gksxbZaA lk{kj ukjh ds dkj.k lekt esa L=kh&iq:"k lekurk esa o f)] ifjokj esa larku dh i<+kbZ dk Lrj]f'k'kq e R;q nj esa deh] ifjokj fu;kstu dk;ZØe esa cgqr izxfr gqbZ gSAfoKku ,oa fpfdRlk {ks=k esa%& mUuhloha lnh esa fpfdRld vkuanh ckbZ tks'kh ls 'kq: gksdj chlohalnh esa tkudh vEey] deyk lksgksuh] v..kke.kh] vflek pVthZ] eaxyk ukfrZdj tSlh vusdoSKkfud ekStwn gSaA MkW- Vslh Fkkel us vfXu&5 felkby ls ijh{k.k dk izfrfuf/kRo djds Hkkjrh;felkby oqeSu dgykbZ] efgyk,a vius ifjJe] yxu] fu"Bk ls foKku ,oa fpfdRlk {ks=k esa Hkkxhnkjhls ns'k ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gSAfu"d"kZ%& ukjh bZ'oj dh Js"B Ñfr gSA ukjh dh jk"Vª fodkl esa Hkwfedk ds egRo dks udkjk ugha tkldrk gSA jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh leqfpr Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, fyax Hksn jksduk] Lora=k okrkoj.k ,oa

'kks/k /kkjk 180

leku volj vko';d gSA ukjh ds xq.kksa ,oa 'kfDr;ksa ds fcuk jk"Vª fodkl dh dYiuk ugha dh tkldrh gSA

ukjh ds izfr c<+rs vkijkf/kd izo fÙk ,oa vR;kpkjksa ij vadq'k yxkuk gksxkA ukjh dh fodklds lHkh {ks=kksa esa lgHkkfxrk c<+kus ds fy, leqfpr ,oa lkFkZd iz;kl vko';d gSA yksxksa ds fopkjksa,oa lksp esa cnyko ykuk gksxk vkSj ukjh ds izfr vekuoh; O;ogkj ds dkj.kksa dks Hkh [kkstuk gksxkAvko';drk gS fd ukjh esa fufgr xq.kksa dh lEink dks izksRlkgu nsus dh] ftlls os jk"Vª fodkl esalgk;d gksaA

jk"Vª ds lexz fodkl esa ukjh dk ys[kk&tks[kk vkSj muds ;ksxnku dk nk;jk vlhfer gSAlanHkZ

1. https://m.jagran.com2. www.hindiyakran.com3. m.hindi webdunia.com4- xwxy baVjusV@lks'ky ehfM;k vkfn ls vkHkkjA5- JhokLro] jkfxuh( vk/kqfud lekt ,oa efgyk,a] bankSj] 2011 i - 216- valkjh] ,e-,-( efgyk vkSj ekuokf/kdkj] t;iqj] 2007] i - 2247- gfjHkwfe] 25 ekpZ] 2010] i - 10

'kks/k /kkjk 181


xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl esa Lo&lgk;rklewgksa ds la?kksa dh Hkwfedk

MkW0 lqtkrk lSeqvylgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj dyk ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 liuk dkWjlgk;d izk/;kid] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] vjejhdyk] ckyksn] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½Abstract

xzkeh.k fodkl ds {ks=k esa LOk lgk;rk lewg ;kstuk lcls xjhc dks fodkl dk ykHk igq¡pkus] mudhthou'kSyh vkSj vkRefo'okl dks mPPk djus gsrq ,d vR;ko';d 'kfä vkSj j.kuhfr ds :Ik esa igpkukx;k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ks esa xjhc vkSj csjkstxkj efgykvksa dk izfr'kr iq:"kksa ls vf/kd gSSA Lo lgk;rk lewgksads ek/;e ls bu efgykvksa dk u dsoy vkfFkZd] cfYd lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd] ikfjokfjd o ekufldmRFkku gqvk gSA fdUrq ;s lewg Lo;a vusd pqukSfr;ksa vkSj ck/kkvksa tSls vkthfodk dks çksRlkgu nsus esavlQyrk] lewg laxBu esa Ik;kZIr lalk/kuksa dk vHkko] lewg lnL;ksa dks Ik;kZIr çf'k{k.k dk vHkko vkfndk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA bu pqukSfr;ksa vkSj ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus] lewg dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djus rFkkbuds ek/;e ls fodkl dh çfØ;k dh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa rFkklewgksa dk vU; laxBuksa ds lkFk lEc)rk ;k usVofdZax ds fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr gqbZ gSA Lolgk;rk lewgksa dk la?k NksVs lewgksa dk ,d laxBu gS] tks mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS tks ,dlewg }kjk iwjk djuk laHko ugha gSA la?k ,d eap gS] tgk¡ vusd lewgksa ds çfrfuf/k ,d fu/kkZfjr le;ij cSBd djds vius lkoZykSfdd eqíksa ij ppkZ djrs gSaA

izLrkouk xzkeh.k fodkl eq[;r% xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa jgus okys fu/kZu yksxksa dh vkthfodk ds lalk/kuksa ,oathou Lrj esa o f) gsrq fd, tkus okys fofHkUu çdkj ds ç;klksa dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA xzkeh.kfodkl ds {ks=k esa LOk lgk;rk lewg ;kstuk lcls xjhc dks fodkl dk ykHk igq¡pkus] mudh thou'kSyh vkSj vkRe fo'okl dks mPPk djus gsrq ,d vR;ko';d 'kfä vkSj j.kuhfr ds :Ik esa igpkukx;k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa xjhc vkSj csjkstxkj efgykvksa dk izfr'kr iq:"kksa ls vf/kd gSSA Lo&lgk;rklewgksa ds ek/;e ls bu efgykvksa dk u dsoy vkfFkZd cfYd lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd] ikfjokfjd oekufld mRFkku gqvk gSA fdUrq ;s lewg Lo;a vusd pqukSfr;ksa vkSj ck/kkvksa tSls vkthfodk dksçksRlkgu nsus esa vlQyrk] lewg laxBu esa Ik;kZIr lalk/kuksa dk vHkko] lewg lnL;ksa dks Ik;kZIrçf'k{k.k dk vHkko vkfn dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA bu pqukSfr;ksa vkSj ck/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus] lewg


Key Words : Lo&lgk;rk lewg] xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa efgyk,a] Lo&lgk;rk lewg ,oa jk"V ªfodkl

'kks/k /kkjk 182

dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djus rFkk buds ek/;e ls fodkl dh çfØ;k dh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[kus dsfy, Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa (federation) rFkk lewgksa dk vU; laxBuksa ds lkFk lEc)rk ;kusVofdZax ds fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr gqbZ gSA Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa dk la?k NksVs lewgksa dk ,dlaxBu gS] tks mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS tks ,d lewg }kjk iwjk djuk laHko ugha gSA la?k,d eap gS] tgk¡ vusd lewgksa ds çfrfuf/k ,d fu/kkZfjr le; ij cSBd djds vius lkoZykSfdd eqíksaij ppkZ djrs gSaA la?k Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds Lrj ls Åij ds Lrj ds gksrs gSa( ftudk y{; lnL;lewgksa dh {kerk dk fodkl dj mudh vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj fujarjrk dks c<+kuk gSA xzkeh.k efgykvksads lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fodkl ij Lo lgk;rk lewg ds la?kksa ds izHkko dk v/;;u izLrqr 'kksèki=k esa fd;k x;k gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns';¼1½ xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds Lo lgk;rk lewgkas ds la?kksa dh fLFkfr Kkr djukA¼2½ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa dh lgk;rk ls vkfFkZd l{kerk izkIr xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh orZeku

Lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr dks Kkr djukA'kks/k ifjdYiuk¼1½ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa ds dkj.k xzkeh.k efgyk,a vkfFkZd l'kDrrk izkIr dj lkekftd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa vf/kd lgHkkfxrk dj jgh gSaA¼2½ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa ds izHkko ls xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx:drk ,oa

jktuhfrd egRodk{kkvksa esa o ++f) gqbZ gSA'kks/k izfof/k❆ 'kks/k dk;Z gsrq NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds /kerjh ftys ds /kerjh fodkl[kaM dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA❆ mRrjnkrkvksa dk p;u mn~ns'; iw.kZ fun'kZu ¼Purposive sampling½ }kjk fd;k x;k gSA❆ lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph gsrq p;fur 05 xkaoksa ds 30 Lolgk;rk lewgksa dh dqy 30 v/;{kksa dk p;u

mRrjnkrksa ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA❆ lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph rFkk voyksdu rF; ladyu ds izkFkfed lzksr jgs gSaA❆ f}rh; leadksa dk ladyu fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iwoZ esa izdkf'kr izkstsDV fjiksVksZa] i=k if=kdkvksa rFkk

v[kckjksa esa izdkf'kr [kcjksa vkfn ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k gSALo&lgk;rk lewgksaa ds la?kksa dh fLFkfr❆ Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?kksa ds xBu ds fy, vko';d gS fd os nwljs xkaoksa ds vU; lewgksa ds

lkFk usVodZ dk fodkl djsa] ysfdu v/;;ujr~ lewgksa esa laidZ vkSj Hkkoh ;kstukvksa ds fo"k; esaleUo; dk vHkko ik;k x;k gSA

❆ 30 çfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa dks fodkl[kaM esa Lka?k ds xBu o muds lewgksa dh la?k esa Hkkxhnkjh dhfLFkfr ds fo"k; esa fo'ks"k tkudkjh ugha gSA

❆ vf/kdka'k mÙkjnkrkvksa dks Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh gS rFkkmÙkjnkrk la?k ds fo"k; esa lgh vuqeku yxkrh gSa] ftls bl rkfydk }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS&

'kks/k /kkjk 183

Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh tkudkjh

Øekad Lo lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k dh tkudkjh vko fr çfr'kr

1- gkW 28-5 952- ugha 1-5 5

;ksx 30 100

bls xzkQ ds ek/;e ls bl izdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA

lkekftd fodkl❆ 70 çfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?k ls tqMdj fpfdRlk] f'k{kk tSlh

vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gqbZ gSA❆ vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr gksus ds dkj.k ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;ksa esa lgHkkfxrk c<h gSA❆ 55 çfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj Ñf"k@O;olk; gsrq _.k ljyrkiwoZd çkIr gqvk gSA❆ cky fookg] cky Je vkSj ngst tSlh dqçFkkvksa dk fojks/k djus ds fy, lewgksa ds la?k ds ekè;e

ls os iz;Ru'khy gSaA❆ xkao dh lQkbZ] ihus ds ikuh dh O;oLFkk] u'kkcanh] ?kjsyw fgalk vkfn fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks jskdus

esa lewgksa ds la?k ;ksxnku djrs gSa] ,slk 25 çfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa dk er gSA❆ Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?kkas us tkfr ca/ku dks f'kfFky djus o vLi ';rk dks de djus esa

;ksxnku fn;k gS D;ksafd la?k esa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds lnL; gksrs gSaAjktuhfrd fodkl❆ Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?kksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa us LFkkuh; pqukoksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dh gS vkSj

jktuhfrd inksa tSls iap] ljiap vkfn ij p;fur gksus ds ckn mUgksaus xzkeh.k fodkl dh

'kks/k /kkjk 184

xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k gSA❆ Lo&lgk;rk lewg ds la?k lnL;ksa ds çR;k'kh ds :Ik esa pqukoksa esa [kM+s gksus ij çpkj gsrq foÙkh;

lgk;rk] çpkjd o çsjd ds :Ik esa lkeus vk jgh gSA❆ 60 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrkvksa us LFkkuh; pqukoksa esa fdlh izR;k'kh ds :i esa lgHkkfxrk ugha dh gS]

ysfdu pqukoksa esa izpkjd o ernkrk ds :i esa Hkkx fy;k gSA❆ p;fur mÙkjnkrk eas ls 38 izfr'kr LFkkuh; jktuhfr esa lgHkkfxrk djrh gSa rFkk ifjokfjd

lnL;ksa ds lfØ; jktuhfr ls tqMs gksus ds dkj.k jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa os :fp ysrh gSaAfu"d"kZ

vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk gS fd xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk Lo&lgk;rk lewgksads la?kksa ds ek/;e ls fodkl gqvk gS] vkSj os la?k dh vo/kkj.kk ls voxr gSaA ysfdu lewgksa ds chplaidZ vkSj leUo; dh deh ik;h x;h gSA Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds la?k }kjk mudk lkekftd vkfFkZdfodkl Hkh gks jgk gS ;|fi os izR;k'kh ds :i es jktuhfr esa aHkkx ugha ysrh]fdUrq LFkkuh; jktuhfrdxfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk] esa o ++f) gqbZ gSA

lanHkZ1- feJk] bafnjk ( xjhc efgyk,W m/kkj ,oa jkstxkj] fdrkc ?kj ]ubZfnYyh 2002-2- ek;jkM+k vuqHko ( ¼20013- feJ] MkW- vfuy dqekj( efgyk l'kfädj.k % n'kk vkSj fn'kk,W] ubZ lgL=kkCnh dk efgyk l'kfädj.k

% vo/kkj.kk fparu ,oa ljksdkj Hkkx 3 % vksesxk ifCyds'ku] nfj;kxat ] ubZfnYyh 2010-4- vkseçdk'k Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls ekbØksQkbusal] fu/kZure rd igqWp ,oa çHkko] jhxy

ifCyds'ku ] 2010-5- 'kekZ] çse ukjk;.k( ,oa fouk;d] ok.kh( xjhch mUewyu ,oa efgyk l'kfädj.k] Hkkjr cqd lsUVj] 2011-6- Usha, P.; Empowerment of women and self help groups, Sonali Publication. New

Delhi, 2006.7- ;kno] lqcg flg( xzkeh.k cSafdx ,oa fodkl] lcykbe ifCyds'ku] t;iqj 20048- ;kno] mRrjk( xzkeh.k ukjh ifjorZu dh vksj ]lkfgR; laxe ifCyds'ku] bykgkckn 2004

'kks/k /kkjk 185


jk"Vª fodkl esa efgyk dh HkwfedkMkW0 cchrk fe>kZ

jktuhfr foKku] Lo- Bkdqj egkjkt flag 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ] Fkku[kEgfj;k] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

oSfnd dky ls gekjs lekt esa ukjh ds vusd :i ns[kus esa vkrs gSaA dHkh og vius Lusfgy vkapyds rys yksfj;ka lqukrh gSa] rks dHkh vius dksey ân; dk Lusg dykb;ksa ij yqVkrh gS] rks dHkh v)kZafxuhds :i esa izhfr fuHkkrh gS] rks dHkh lwuh v¡f[k;ksa dk nqykj cudj thou dks txexkrh gSA mldk O;ogkjdHkh lhrk dh rjg lgu'khy gksrk gS] rks dHkh ifjfLFkr oa'k izpaM nqxkZ&dkyh Hkh cu tkrh gSA ;qxksa lspyh vk jgh gekjh laLÑfr esa ukfj;ksa dk fof'k"V egRo jgk gSA izkphu oSfnd xaFkksa esa ukjh dh efgekds vusd mnkgj.k gesa izkIr gksrs gSaA ;gh og ns'k gS( tgka lkfo=kh vius Lokeh ds izk.kksa dks okil ykusds fy, lk{kkr dky :ih ;ejkt ls Vdjk xbZ FkhA ;gh og ikou Hkwfe gS] tgk¡ mu] ohjkaxukvks dk tUegqvk ftUgksus la?k"kksZijkar e R;q dk oj.k djuk mfpr le>kA


Key Words : jk"Vªfodkl vkSj ukjh dh Hkwfedk] efgyk usr Ro ,oa fodkl ds ifjn ';A

oSfnd dky ls gekjs lekt esa ukjh ds vusd :i ns[kus esa vkrs gSaA dHkh og vius Lusfgyvkapy ds rys yksfj;ka lqukrh gS] rks dHkh vius dksey ân; dk Lusg dykM;ksa ij yqVkrh gS] rks dHkhv)kZfxuh ds :i esa izhfr fuHkkrh gS] rks dHkh lwuh v¡f[k;ks dk nqykj cudj thou dks txexkrh gSAmldk O;ogkj dHkh lhrk dh rjg lgu'khy gksrk gS] rks dHkh ifjfLFkr oa'k izpaM nqxkZ&dkyh Hkhcu tkrh gSA ;qxksa ls pyh vk jgh gekjh laLÑfr esa ukfj;ksa dk fof'k"V egRo jgk gSA izkphu oSfndxaFkksa esa ukjh dh efgek ds vusd mnkj.k ges izkIr gksrs gSaA ;gh og ns'k gSa tgka lkfo=kh vius Lokehds izk.kksa dks okil ykus ds fy, lk{kkr dky :ih ;ejkt ls Vdjk xbZ FkhA ;gh o ikou Hkwfe gS]tgk¡ mu] ohjkaxukvks dk tUe gqvk ftUgksus la?k"kksZijkar e R;q dk oj.k djuk mfpr le>kAlkekftd izfrc)rk%& vk/kqfudhdj.k] fo'ks"kr% uxjhdj.k o izkS|ksfxdh; fodkl ls gksus okysifjoZruksa us Hkkjrh; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds thou dks cgqr vf/kd izHkkfor fd;k gS]rFkk mudh fLFkfresa lq/kkj vk;k gSA fL=k;ksa ds chp esa /khjs&/khjs f'k{kk dk foLrkj gksuk izkajHk gqvk vkSj os gj izdkj dhf'k{kk esa iq:"k ds leku gh n{krk izkIr dj jgh gSaA tSls fd fL=k;k¡ vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vksj vxzljgqbZa A ifj.kke Lo:i fL=k;ksa esa ijaijkxr va/kfo'okl rFkk ladh.kZ euksHkko nwj gksrs x;s vkSj os viusizfr gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dk fojks/k djus ds fy, vkanksfyr gSaA ftldk ykHk ykHk mUgas feyk Hkh gSAefgykvksa esa LokHkkfod :i ls lkekftd vk;kstuksa esa lgHkkfxrk dh izo fRr vf/kd gksrh gSAlkekftd vk;kstu pkgs fdlh mRlo ;k R;kSgkj ls lacf/kr gkas ;k fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls lacf/kr gkasizR;sd vk;kstuksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk lkekU; rkSj ij ns[kh tk ldrh gSA gekjs ns'k es ukjh dk

'kks/k /kkjk 186

lkeku vf/kd gSAvkdk'koka.kh rFkk efgyk usr Ro %& vk/kqfud lapkj lk/kukas esa vkdk'kok.kh dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSAblls ,d vksj ns'k Hkj esa [kcj igqaprh gS] rks nwljh vksj fofo/k :iksa eas eauksjtu Hkh gksrs gSaA Hkkjrh;lkekt esa vkdk'koka.kh vkSj nwjn'kZu nks ,sls ek/;e gS( ftUgksus vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfd;k dks tkx rfd;k gSA [kkyh {k.kks dks fcrkus rFkk vdsysiu dh ;kruk ls eqDr vkSj eauksjtu dk ,d izeq[k lk/ku vkdk'koka.kh O;fDr ds efr"d ij xgjk izHkko Mky dj mlds fparu&O;ogkj ,oa jgu&lgu dksizHkkfor djrk gSA vkdk'koka.kh lquus dh fu;ferrk laØe.k'khy fLFkr gks lwfpr djrh gSAefgyk usr Ro dh jktuhfrd ppkZvks esa Hkkxhnkjh%& fopkjd ysieSu dk euuk gS fd O;fDr viusbZn&fxnZ ds okrkoj.k ls tks izkIr djrk gS] jktuhfrd ?kVukvkas esa lk>snkjh muds lac/k esa ppkZ ;kfuth vuqHko ,sls gh L=kksr gSaA vk/kqfud le; ls lapkj lk/kuksa esa Økafr ds dkj.k ns'k&fons'k dhNksVh ls NksVh ?kVuk dh tkudkjh rqajr laiw.kZ fo'o eas QSy tkrh gSA tkudkjh dh cgqyrk us vkevkneh dh ltxrk ,oa vfHk:fp esa o f) dhA usr Ro dh ltxrk Hkh bl n f"V ls egRroiw.kZ ekuhtk ldrh gSA usr Ro esa vkus ds i'pkr Hkh ;fn fo'ks"kdj efgyk,a dsoy pkSds&pwYgs rd Lo;a dkslfer j[ksaxh rks iz'kklfud {kerk iSnk ugha gks ldrh A QhYM odZ ds nkSjku v/;;udrkZ ds dqN,sls vuqHko gSaA ,d efgyk lajip ds ikl tc mRrjnkrk lk{kkRdkj gsrq xbZ rks efgyk lajip dkdguk Fkk fd vHkh esjs ifr ckgkj x;s gSaA djhc ,d ?akVs ds ckn vk;sxs rHkh vki dks dqN crk ik;saxsAnjvly tc rd efgykvkas dks fu.kZ; ysus dh izfd;k esa leku volj izkIr ugha gksxk rc rd fdlhcM+s ifjorZu dh vk'kk; ugha dh tk ldrh gSAmÙkjnkrkvksa dh 'kS{kf.kd fLFkr%& f'k{kk fdlh Hkh vk/kqfud lkekt dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vko';drkgksrh gSA f'k{kk dk cgqeq[kh vkSj xgjk izHkko O;fDr ij iM+rk gS rFkk f'k{kk tgka rd ,d vksj O;fDrls uohu mn~ns';ksa ds izfr tkx:drk iSnk djrh gS] ogha O;fDr esa oSpkfjd n <rk] iz[kj fparuegRokdka{kk bR;kfn xq.kkas dk lekos'k djrh gSA efgyk usr Ro ds vHkko ds ihNs muds fiNM+s] 'kS{kf.kdfLFkr dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gSA D;kasfd ijaijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh mPp f'k{kk ijfo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA xzkeh.k leqnk; esa vkt dh efgykvkas eas mPp f'k{kk dk vHkko Li"Vr%ns[kk tk ldrk gSA okLro esa lkaLd frd fojklr ,oa thou ds vFkZ dks izkIr djuk gh f'k{kk gSAorZeku xzkeh.k usr Ro f'k{kk ,ao tkx:drk dk egRo c<+ jgk gSA xkao ds yksxkas ds )kjk f'kf{kr O;fDrdks gh usrk Lohdkj djus dh izo fr c<+rh tk jgh gSAxkao esa efgyk mRihM+u ds fo:) laxBu dk gksuk%& efgykvkas ds fofHkUu leL;kvksa esa lcls ToyarleL;k muds fo:) dh tkus okyh fgalk gSA ;g ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] tks u dsoy vuSfrd gS cfYdizR;sd lH; lkekt ds fy, fpark vkSj 'keZ dk fo"k; lcls vf/kd gSA vk'p;Ztud rF; ;g gS fdrFkkdfFkr lH;rk ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ;g leL;k rhozrj vkSj chHkRl gksrh tk jgh gSA ;fnge jk"Vªh; vijk/k fjdkMZ 2003] lwpuk ij fo'okl djsa rks egku Hkkjr esa gj jkst 41 cykRdkj dsekeys ntZ fd;s tkrs gaSA 19 efgykvkas dh ngst e R;q gks jgh gS] 31 vigj.k gksrk gSA 113 ;kSumRihM+u dh f'kdkj gksrh gSaA 84 ls NsM+NkM+ dh tkrh gS vkSj efgykvkas ds lkFk gksus okys vijk/kkas

'kks/k /kkjk 187

dh la[;k lkykuk 2 yk[k rd igq¡p tkrh gSA bu vijk/kkas esa ,d cM+k fgLlk xzkeha.k {ks=kksa dk gksrkgSA ,sls esa iapk;rhjkt ds ek/;e ls pquh xbZ efgyk, bl fn'kk esa D;k iz;kl dj jgh gSaA bls Kkrdjuk gh egRoiw.Zk FkkAukjh dh 'kfDr ,d izsj.kknk;d%& ukjh detksj ugha cfYd ,d ,slh Tokyk gksrh gS] tks fudys rkslc dqN rckg dj ldrh gSA vkSj vius gkS"kys crk;s rks dqN Hkh dj ldrh gSA ;s ,d ,slh ghizsj.kknk;d dgkuh gSA ftlls lkfcr gks ldsxk fd vkt dy dh ukjh Hkh detksj ugh gSA cl ogvius vki dks detksj u le>sA efgykvksa ds lEeku o mUgs vkxs c<+us ds reke volj miyC/kdjkokus ds nkos pkgs fdrus gh fd;s tk;as ysfdu ;g gdhdr cny ldrh fd vc Hkh ukjh 'kfDrls lekt esa nks;e ntsZZ dk O;ogkj gks jgk gSA ^csVh gS vueksy* ukjs dh lkFkZdrk rHkh gS] tc mlij vey Hkh fd;k tk;sA dsoy ukjkas ls efgykvksa dk Hkyk gksus okyk ugha gSA bl fy, t:jh gS fdlekt dh dFkuh vkSj djuh esa dksbZ varj u jgsA vjLrw us dgka gS%&fdlh ns'k dh uhfr vkSj vouhfrml ns'k dh efgykvks dh fLFkfr ls ekih tk ldrh gSAjk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr vdsyh vkSjr dh igpku%& jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr ds elfons esa ,d egRoiw.kZeqn~nk ,dy efgykvksa dk mBk;k x;k gSA ftlesa vfookfgr fo/kok vkSj rykd'kqnk vkfn Js.kh 'kkfeygSA bl cnys nkSj esa vdsys vius Hkjksls thou ;kiu djus okyh efgykvkas dh la[;k c<+h gSA ij iq:"kiz/kku ekufldrk okys lkekt esa muds lkFk mRihM+u xSj cjkcjh vkSj vis{kk dh laHkkouk Hkh cuh gqbZgSA blfy, ,slh efgykvksa ds ckjs esa ;kstuk cukuk t:jh gSA ysfdu uhfr cukus ls igys bl ijfopkj djuk vkSj foe'kZ dks O;kid cukuk t:jh gSA egkuxjksa esa ,sls efgykvksa dh vPNh [kklhla[;k fn[krh gS] tks egt lgkjs ;k iw.kZr% ds fy, iq:"k ikVZuj ;k ifr dks Lohdkj djus ds dksrS;kj ugha gSA ;g vPNk cnyko gS fd mUgksus vius esa vkRefo'okl c<+k;k gSA bldk ;g vFkZ dnkfiugha fd os vdsys jgus dks izkFkfedrk nsus yxh gSAefgyk vkj{k.k%& Hkkjr eas efgykvkas dks lEeku vkSj lekurk dh fopkj/kkjk mruh gh l'kDr jghgS( ftruh fd blds lkFk vlkeurk dhA le; chrus ds lkFk iq:"k iz/kku lekt us u ekywe dSlsjoS;s esa ifjoZru dj fy;k vkSj ukjh Hkh bldh vknh gks xbZA lrh lkfo=kh] vfgY;knsoh] egkjkuhy{ehckbZ] jkuh nqxkZorh] fdj.k csnh] dYiuk pkaoyk Hkkjrh; efgykvkas dh jksy ekWMy gSaA og dkSulk dk;Z gS tks izLrkfor 33 Qhlnh oxZ us ugha dj fn[kk;k gSA iapk;rhjkt vkSj LFkkuh fudk;alacfèkr 73 osa vkSj 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;d vf/kfu;fer gksus ds ckn efgykvkas dh vkoktbl eqn~ns ij vkSj l'kDr gks pyh gSA fdrus vk'pZ; dh ckr gS fdrus pquko ds ckn Hkh efgykvksdh lLrk esa Hkkxhnkjh ux.; gSAukjh dh n'kk o lq/kkj ds mik;%& Hkkjr o"kZ esa iqjkur dky esa ukjh 'kfDr dk vf/kd egRo FkkA;gka fd laLÑfr esa ukjh dks ,d egku 'kfDr ds :i esa vkn'kZ lEeku fn;k tkrk jgk gSA oSfnddkyesa bl nso Hkwfe dh ukjh lkekftd] /kkfeZd o vk/;kfRed {ks=k esa iq:"k dh lgHkkfxuh FkhA xkSjo iw.kZvf/kdkj o lEeku izkIr ukjh vkfn dky ls eka&cgu] izs;lh] iRuh o iq=kh vkfn fj'rksa ds nkf;Rokasdks fuHkkrh pyh vk jgh gSAoSfnd dky es ukjh us vius dRrZO;ks dk ikyu djrs gq, lekt o thou

'kks/k /kkjk 188

ds gj {ks=k esa viuk xkSjo ,oa lEeku c<+k;k FkkA Hkkjr eas fgUnw 'kkL=kksa ds 'kklu dky rd ukjh dklEeku mPp dkfsV dk FkkA vkt vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd ge Hkkjr dks l'kDr jk"Vª cukusds fy, ukjh 'kfDr dks l'kDr vkSj laiy cuk,aA

lanHkZ1- vkgwtk] jke( Hkkjr dh lkekftd leL;k,¡] jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj2- Hkkj}kt] deys'k( Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds ewy vk/kkj3- 'kekZ] 'kadjn;ky( gekjs fparu dh ewy /kkjk]

'kks/k /kkjk 189


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW- vfouk'k dqekj yky

izHkkjh izkpk;Z] 'kkl- egkfo|ky;] ik.MkrjbZ] dchj/kke] NRrhlx<+

Jherh vfoUnuk tkWulgk;d izk/;kid] flfoy] Øqfr bafLVV~;wV] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+

lqJh lk/kuk jktiwrvfrfFk O;k[;krk] tUrq foKku] 'kkl- egkfo|ky;] ik.MkrjbZ] dchj/kke] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

;fn efgyk dks J)k dh Hkkouk vfiZr dh tk;s rks og fo'o ds d.k&d.k dks LofXkZd Hkkouk lsvksr&izksr dj ldrh gSA efgyk ,d lukru 'kfDr gSA og vkfndky ds mu lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks viusdU/kksa ij mBk, vk jgh gS] ftls vxj iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij Mky fn;k x;k gksrk rks og dc dk yM+[kM+kx;k gksrkA iqjkru dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks mPPk LFkku izkIr FkkA iq:"kksa ds leku gh mUgsa lkekftd]jktuSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd d R;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dk vkf/kdkj izkIr FkkA os ;q) {ks=k esa Hkh vius ifr dk lg;ksxdjrh jgh gSaA nsoklqj laxzke esa dSds;h us vius vf}rh; j.kdkS'ky ls egkjkt n'kjFk dks pfdr dj fn;kFkkA ;kKoYD; dh lg/kfEkZ.kh xkxhZ us vk/;kfRed /ku ds le{k lkalkfjd /ku rq{; gS] fal) djds lektesa viuk vknj.kh; LFkku izkIr fd;k FkkA fo|ksRRkek dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; gS] ftlus dkfynkl dks laLd rdk izdk.M iafMr cukus esa lQyrk izkIr dhA rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfRed psruk nsus esa mudhiRuh dh gh cqf) dk pkrq;Z FkkA fefFkyk ds egkiafMr eaMufeJ dh /keZiRuh fonq"kh Hkkjrh us 'kadjkpk;ZtSls egkKkuh O;fDrRo dks Hkh 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;k FkkA


Key Words : jk"Vªfodkl ds vk;ke ,oa ukjh lgHkkfxrk] Lok/khurk vkanksyu ,oa ukjh

ifjp;kRed% tc Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us vFkoZosn esa ekrk Hkwfe iq=kksa vga i fFkO;k%** ¼vFkkZr Hkwfe esjh ekrkgS vkSj ge bl /kjk ds iq=k gSaA½ dh izfr"Bk dh rHkh laiw.kZ fo'o esa ukjh efgek dk mn~?kks"k gks x;kFkkA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us ukjh dh egRRkk dks crkrs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s ,d ;ksX; ekrk ns nks] eSarqedks ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nw¡xkA

Hkkjrh; tu&thou dh ewy /kwjh ukjh vFkkZr~ ekrk gSA ;fn ;g dgk tk, fd laLd fr]ijEijk ;k /kjksgj ukjh ds dkj.k gh ih<+h&nj&ih<+h gLrkarfjr gksrh jgh gS] rks ;g vfr'k;ksfDr ughagksxhA tc&tc lekt esa tM+rk vkbZ gS] ukjh 'kfDRk us gh mls tekus ds fy,] mlls tw>us ds fy;sviuh larfr dks rS;kj djds vkxs c<+us dk ladYi fn;k gSAmn~ns';%& ;fn efgyk dks J)k dh Hkkouk vfiZr dh tk;s rks og fo'o ds d.k d.k dks LofXkZdHkkouk ls vkrs&izksr dj ldrh gSA efgyk ,d lukru 'kfDr gSA og vkfndky ds mu lkekftdnkf;Roksa dks vius dU/kksa ij mBk, vk jgh gS] ftls vxj iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij Mky fn;k x;k gksrk rks

'kks/k /kkjk 190

og dc dk yM+[kM+k x;k gksrkA iqjkruh dkyhu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks mPPk LFkku izkIr FkkA iq:"kksads leku gh mUgsa lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd] ;q)ksa vkfn ds vkf/kdkj izkIr FksA nsoklqj laxzkeesa dSds;h us vius vf}rh; j.kdkS'ky ls egkjkt n'kjFk dks pfdr dj fn;k FkkA ;kKoYD; dhlg/kfEkZ.kh xkxhZ us vk/;kfRed /ku ds le{k lkalkfjd /ku rq{; gS] fal) djds lekt esa viukvknj.kh; LFkku izkIr fd;k FkkA fo|ksRRkek dh Hkwfedk ljkguh; gS] ftlus dkfynkl dks laLd r dkizdk.M iafMr cukus esa lQyrk izkIr dhA rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfRed psruk nsus esamudh iRuh dk gh cqf) pkrq;Z FkkA fefFkyk ds egkiafMr eaMufeJ dh /keZiRuh fonq"kh Hkkjrh us'kadjkpk;Z tSls egkKkuh O;fDrRo dks Hkh 'kkL=kkFkZ esa ijkftr fd;k FkkALora=krk vkanksyu o ckn esa ukjh%& vc ge Lora=krk vkanksyu ds dky[kaM dks ns[ksa rks ge ns[krsgaS fd Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzke esa efgykvksa us ftruh cM+h la[;k esa Hkkx fy;k] mlls fl) gksrk gSfd le; vkus ij efgyk,a izse dh iqdkj dks fonzksg dh gqadkj esa rCnhy dj jk"Vªh; v[kaMrk dksv{kq..k cukus esa viuk loZLo lefiZr dj ldrh gSA jkuh y{ehckbZ] ljkstuh uk;Mw] eknke fHk[kkthdkek] v:.kk vklQ vyh] ,uhcslsaV] Hkfxuh fuosfnrk] lqpsrk d iykuh] dSIVu y{eh lgxy] nqxkZHkkHkh ,oa Økafrdkfj;ksa dks lg;ksx nsus okyh vusd efgyk,a Hkkjr esa vorfjr gqbZ( ftUgksaus jk"Vª fuekZ.kds fy;s viuk lc dqN U;kSNkoj dj fn;kA bfrgkl xokg gS tc&tc lekt ;k jk"Vª us ukjh dksvolj ,oa vf/kdkj fn;k gS] rc rc ukjh us fo'o ds le{k Js"B mnkgj.k gh izLrqr fd;k gSA

jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd lq/kkjksa ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa us viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kAfot; y{eh iafMr us pkj ckj la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA 1953 & 54 esa ogla;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk dh lnL; Hkh jghaA dqYlqe tslk;kuh us 1957 esa ;wusLdks ds rRok/kku esa gq,izkS<+ f'k{kk lEEksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;kA bafnjk xka/kh us ns'k dh izFke efgyk iz/kkuea=kh dsrkSj ij 'kklu O;OkLFkk c[kwch lapkfyr dhA 'kkafrnwr enj Vsjslk us fons'kh gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dksviuk deZ{ks=k cuk;kA dydRRkk esa n lkslkW;Vh vkWQ n fe'kujh vkWQ pSfjVh uked laLFkk ds ekè;els mUgksaus xjhcksa nhu&nqf[k;ksa] ykpkjksa dh lsok dk chM+k mBk;kAfofHkUUk {ks=kksa esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk%& vkt ehfM;k] i=kdkfjrk ,oa tulapkj ds {ks=k esa Hkh efgykvksa dkopZLo dk;e gSA lsuk] ok;q;ku mM+kuk] ioZrkjksg.k vkfn fofHkUUk {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjhdjds ySafxd vlekurk dks nwj dj fn[kk;k gSA f'k{kk] foKku] [ksydwn] O;oLkk;] lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh]fpfdRlk vkfn lHkh {ks=kksa esa efgyk,a iq:"kksa ls vf/kd ;ksX; fl) gks jgh gSaA vr% ns'k ds fodkl esaefgykvksa dk ;ksxnku dkQh vge gSA

xzkeh.k {ks=k ls ysdj 'kgjh {ks=k rd efgykvksa us lekt jk"Vª ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkufn;k gSA vkt Hkh ns'k dh yxHkx 65 ls 70 Qhlnh vkcknh xkaoksa esa fuokl djrh gS vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kdk eq[; dk;Z d f"k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=k esa d f"k ls ysdj okfudh] eNyh&ikyu] Ik'kqikyu] pk; ds cxkutSls egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku iq:"kksa dh vis{kk T;knk gSA d f"k {ks=k esa dqy Je dk60 ls 80 Qhlnh rd fgLlsnkjh efgykvksa dh gksrh gSA QwM ,.M ,xzhdYpj vkxZukbts'ku ds ,dv/;;u ls irk pyk gS fd fgeky; {ks=k esa izfr gsDVs;j izfr o"kZ ,d iq:"k vkSlru 1212 ?kaVs vkSj,d efgyk vkSlru 3485 ?kaVs dk;Z djrh gSAukjh lgHkkfxrk vkSj fodkl%& us'kuy lSaiy loZs vkWfQl ds vkadM+ks ds eqrkfcd 23 jkT;ksa esa d f"k

'kks/k /kkjk 191

okfudh vkSj eNyh ikyu esa dqy Je 'kfDr dk 50 Qhlnh Hkkx efgykvksa dk gSA NRRkhlx<+] fcgkjvkSj e/;izns'k esa 70 izfr'kr ls T;knk efgyk;sa d f"k {ks=k ij vk/kkfjr gSA tcfd iatkc] if'pecaxky] rfeyukMq vkSj dsjy esa ;g la[;k 50 izfr'kr gSA fetksje] vklke] v:.kkapy izns'k vkSjukxkyS.M esa d f"k {ks=k esa 10 izfr'kr efgyk Je 'kfDr gSAlq>ko o fu"d"kZ%& nksgjs nkf;Roksa ls ynh efgykvksa us viuh nksxquh 'kfDr dk izn'kZu dj fl) djfn;k gS fd lekt dh mUUkfr vkt dsoy iq:"kksa ds da/ks ij ugha vfirq muds gkFkksa dk lgkjk ysdjHkh mapkbZ;ksa dh vksj vxzlj gksrh mUUkr jk"Vª dh dYiuk rHkh ;FkkFkZ :Ik /kkj.k dj ldrh gS tcefgyk l'kDr gksdj jk"Vª dks l'kDr djssaA efgyk Lo;a fl)k le; dh ekax gSA

lanHkZ1- gksjk] vk'kkjkuh] Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj efgyk,aA2- xqIrk ,oa 'kekZ] lekt 'kkL=k ,oa v/;;u3- QfM+;k ch- ,y-]( Hkkjrh; 'kklu] jktuhfr4- 'kekZ] Jherh eatw( dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk lekt o cnyrk Lo:iA5- [kaMsyk] ekupan( efgyk l'kfDrdj.k fl}karif=kdk %&1- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] 2016&172- dq:{ks=k] ekpZ 20103- nSfud lekpkj i=k] uoHkkjr] if=kdk nSfud Hkk"dj] gfjHkwfe

'kks/k /kkjk 192


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW0 ckydjke pkSdls

'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] tktxhj] pkaik] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

O;fDr vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, ifjorZu pkgrk gSA jk"Vª fodkl dks c<+kusds fy, vkt Hkkjrh; lekt dh fL=k;ka iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/kk&ls&da/kk feykdj gj {ks=k esa viukLFkku cuk, gq, gSaA /kjrh esa ;k vklek gj txg ij efgykvksa us viuk LFkku cuk;k gSA Lo;aesa ifjorZu ds dkj.k uanuh gjh ukFk us viuk igyk tkc bljks ls pkyw fd;k vkSj chl lky lsihNs eqM ds ugha ns[kkA vuqjk/kk Vh ds izksxzke Mk;jsDVj bljks dhrhZ Qkstnkj dEI;wVj lslsVsykbZV dks dUVªksy djrh gSaA vr% Li"V gS fd jk"Vªh; fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA

izkphu Hkkjr ls ysdj orZeku le; rd esa fL=k;ksa us jk"Vª ds fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkbZ gSA vr% budk LFkku Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa egRoiw.kZ gSA L=kh iq:"k lkeatL; :i lslq[kiwoZd thou&;kiu djrs Fks( fir nsoks Hko%] ekr nsoks Hko% bR;kfn mfDr Hkh oSfnd dky esaukfj;ksa ds LFkku dks Li"V vkHkk"k djkrh gSA egkdfo dkfynkl dh /keZ iRUkh fo|ksÙkek vius ifrdks fuj{kj tkudj ifr dks ?kj ls ckgj dj fn;k Fkk] mlds izHkko ls egkdfo dkfynkl laLÑrlkfgR; ds egkdfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gq,A fofnr gS fd jktk tud dh lHkk esa ;kKoYD; _f"kdh iRuh dh xkxhZ] ;q) {ks=k esa jktk n'kjFk dh iRuh dSdsbZ j.kdkS'ky esa fonq"kh Fkh] Lora=k Hkkjrdh iwoZ iz/kku ea=kh bafnjkxka/kh ds uke dks dkSu ugha tkurk] Hkkjr dh iwoZ jk"Vªifr Jherh izfrHkkikfVy ftudk uke lHkh yksx tkurs gSaA vFkkZr~ ukjh Hkh jkT; dk lapkyu djus es dq'ky gSaAvr% vusd izdkj ls Li"V gksrk gS fd jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dk LFkku iz'kaluh; iwT;uh; ,oaoanuh; gSA


Key Words : ukjh f'k{kk dk egRo] jk"Vª fodkl ds vk;ke vkSj ukjh dk ;ksxnku

gekjs Hkkjr ns'k esa ukfj;ksa dk LFkku jk"Vª ds fodkl dh n f"V ls egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSAuj vkSj ukjh l f"V ds Lo:i ds nks Hkkx gSA l f"V pjkpj ltho futhZo lHkh txg uj vkSj ukjhvo'; gksrs gSa] n'kZu'kkL=k esa izÑfr vkSj iq:"k nksuksa gh J f"V ds cht crk, x, gSaA uj vkSj ukjh dklacaèk 'kk'or gSaA ukjh lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk gSA izR;sd lkekftd laxBu esa ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfrmudh lkekftd n'kk dk ifjp; gksrh gSA dgk Hkh x;k gS&

ukuk ukjha fu"Qyk yksd;k=kkA ¼i´p½ukjh lekt dk iks"k.k djrh gSA egkiq:"kksa dk thou fuekZ.k ,oa ekr Ro dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku

gSA usiksfy;u] f'kokth] egkReka xk¡/kh vkfn fo}kuksa us ekrkvksa ds la;ksx ls ;ksX; izfrHkk izkIr dhA ?kj

'kks/k /kkjk 193

esa fuokl djrs gq, Hkh ukjh vusd :iksa dks ¼ekrk] ifRu] lgpjh] lg;ksfxuh]½ /kkj.k djrh gSAdk;sZ"kq eaf=k dj.ks"kq nklh] Hkkstus"kq ekrk 'k;us"kq jEHkkA ¼ lq-j-Hkk- 351@27 ½

ekuo thou dk dksbZ Hkh ,slk {ks=k ugha gS( tgka fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa lekt dks fL=k;ksadk la;ksx izkIr u gksA oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh /kkfeZd] vk/;kfRed vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa usr Ro djrhFkhA lH;rk ds fodkl esa ges'kk iz;Ru'khy FkhA vk/kqfud le; esa Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa dh vis{kk de ughafn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ljksftuh uk;Mw] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] deyk nsoh pV ksik/;k;] v:.kk vklQ vyh]fot;y{eh] bUnzk xka/kh] vkfn vusd fL=k;ksa us jktuhfr esa mPp in izkIr fd;kA Hkkjrh; LkaLÑfr esaukfj;ksa dk LFkku iwT;uh; gSAHkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh & oSfnd dky ls orZeku le; rd fL=k;kas dk LFkku Hkkjrh; lekt esavfrxkSjo :i gS] iq:"kksa ds lkFk ukjh ges'kk fe=koRk~ dk;Z djrh gSA ukjh x g.kh] x g Lokfeuh]lgèkeZ.kh bR;kfn fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/kr gksrh gSA tUe ls fookg rd firk ds ?kj esa dU;k ds :i esa]fookg mijkUr iRuh ds :i esa ] x g Lokfeuh ds :i esa 'kksHkk dks izkIr gksrh gSA osnksa esa dgk x;k gSfd&lkEkzkKh 'olqjs Hko lkezkKh 'oJ~oka HkoA

uukUnfj lkezkKh Hko lkezkKh vf/k nsos"kqAA ¼_x~- 10@85@46½tk;snLre~ tk;k ,o vLra x gfeR;FkZ%] bfr ¼_x~- 3@53@4½

x gLFk vkJe esa Hkh ukjh dh iz/kkurk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] gekjs 'kkL=kksa esa Hkh dgk x;k gS&u x ga x gfeR;kgqx Zfg.kh x geqP;rsA ¼i´p- 3@146½

ifjokj esa ukfj;ksa dk LkEEkku tgka gksrk gS] ifjokj ds lHkh yksx ukfj;ksa dh lq[k ,oa izlUurkds fo"k; esa fparu djrs gaSA lnSo ogka y{eh dk fuokl gksrk gSA ogka leLr nsokrkvksa dk fuoklgksrk gSA blh fo"k; esa euqfLe fr esa dgk x;k gS &;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A ;=kSrkLrq u iwT;Urs] lokZLr=kkQyk% fØ;kAA ¼euqfLe fr 3@56½ukjh f'k{kk egRo & Hkkjr esa ukjh f'k{kk dk egRo iw.kZ LFkku gSA _xosn esa fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk dhO;oLFkk dks funsZf'kr fd;k x;k gSA iq=k ds leku miu;u laLdkj] osnksa dk v/;;u Hkh djk;k tkrkFkkA izkphu dky esa ukjh dh f'k{kk ds fo"k; esa lekt vf/kd tkx:d FkkA bl fo"k; esa vuqlqbZ;k]nsogqfr] 'kph] ;eh] ?kks"kk] moZ'kh] xkxhZ] eS=ks;h] vfnfr] dkS'kY;k] lhrk] rkjk] eanksnjh] dqUrh] vfgY;kvkfn ukfj;ksa ds uke mnkgj.k :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaAukjh dk vf/kdkj & ukjh lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk gS] ukjh iq:"k dh lg;kfsxu ds :i esa gSA og iq:"kds lkFk ls ;K vkfn dk;ksZa dk lEiknu djrh gSA Hkh"k.k laxzke esa og lsuk ds :i esa vyaÑr gksrhgSA ;q) {ks=k esa Hkh ukfj;ksa dk egRo iq:"k dh vis{kk de ugha fn[kkbZ nsrkA Hkjr dh ekrk dSdsbZ j.kdkS'ky esa fonq"kh FkhA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh y{ehckbZ] thtkckbZ] vkfn us j.k dkS'ky ij vrho izn'kZufd;kAukfj;ksa dk drZO;& dkO; izdk'kdkj vkpk;Z eEeV us dkO; iz;kstu ds izlax esa dkUrklfEer mins'k*Hkh dkO; dk izeq[k iz;kstu crk;k gSA og Hkkstu ds le; ekrk dk dk;Z djrh gS] dk;ksZa ds fopkjds le; esa Js"B ea=k.kk dj ea=kh dk dk;Z djrh gSA ifr lsok ds le; nklh :i dk O;ogkj djrhgS( dgk Hkh x;k gS&

dk;sZ"kq eU=kh dj.ks"kq nklh HkksT;s"kq ekrk 'k;us"kq jEHkkA

'kks/k /kkjk 194

/kesZpuqdwyk {ke;k /kfj=kh Hkk;kZ p "kMxq.;orhg nqyZHkkAA ¼lq-j-Hkk- 351@27½Js"B larku dks mRiUu dj jk"Vfªgr esa leZfir djuk ukfj;ksa dk drZO; gS &

bna jk"Vªa fii fg lkSHkxk;A ¼vFkoZ 7@35@1½vFkZo osn esa Hkh fL=k;ksa ds xq.kksa dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA og rstofr] ifr fgrdkj.kh ]e nqHkk"k.kh ] ljyk]vØks/kuk] ifrozrk] vkKkdkj.kh Fkh& iR;kpfojk/k;Urh ¼vFkZo- 2@36@4½

tk;k iR;s e/kqerha okpa onrq 'kkfUr oke~A ¼vFkZo- 3@3@2½jkek;.k egkHkkjr dky esa ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfr %

jkek;.k ,oa egkHkkjr dky esa ukfj;ksa dh f'k{kk lqO;ofLFkr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA jkek;.k esadkS'kY;k] rkjk ea=kksa dh Kkrk FkhA la/;k oanu djus dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA blh izdkj egkHkkjr esaHkh lqyHkk vkSj nzkSinh dks osnkUrks dh fonq"kh ,oa iafMr dgk tkrk FkkA ukfj;ksa dh laxhr dyk u R;vkfn dk o.kZu Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA vtZqu us mRrjk dks mlds ?kj esa laxhr u R; vkfn dk vH;kldjk;kA egkHkkjr esa o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS fd ukjh lk{kkr y{eh gksrh gSA mudk xkSjo fuEu 'yksd lsLi"V gksrk gS &

v/kZHkk;kZa euq";L; Hkk;kZa Js"Bre% l[kkA Hkk;kZa ewya f=koXZ'p Hkk;kZ ewya rfj";r%AAHkk;kZoUr% fØ;koUr% lHkk;kZ x gesf/ku%A Hkk;kZoUr% izeksnUrs Hkk;kZoUr% fJ;kfUor%AAl[kk;% izfofoDrs"kq HkoU;srk% fiz;oank%A iqjk uk;Z% iq:"krqY;ef/kdkjku~ ysfHkjsAA ¼egkHkkjr½

osnkas ,oa czkEg.k xzUFkksa esa ukjh dk Lo:i& oSfnd dky esa Hkh ukjh ije fonq"kh FkhA osnksa ,oa czkEg.kxzaFkksa ds vuqlkj xkxhZ eS=ks;h yksikeqnzk vkfn ije fonq"kh lhrk lkfo=kh nzkSinh 'kdqUryk vkfn dksifrozrk ukfj;ksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA osnksa ,oa 'kriFk vkfn czkEg.k xzaFkksa esa Hkh L=kh ds Lo:iksadks ;Fkk LFkku izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa fL=k;ksa dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ Fkk &

L=kh lkfo=khA ¼tS-m-czk-4@27@17½ voh;kZ oS L=khA ¼'kr- 2@5@2@36½rLeS ueUrka tu;% lqiRuh% ¼;tq- 12@35½bMkeÑo.ou~ euq"kL; 'kkluhe~ ¼_x- 1@31@11½lqeaxyh izrj.kh x gk.kka lq'ksok iR;s 'o'kqjk; 'kEHkw% ¼vFkoZ 14@2@26½

Le fr xzaFkksa esa ukjh dk Lo:i & Le fr;ksa esa Hkh ukjh ds Lo:i dks Js"B crk;k x;k gSA gekjs /keZ'kkL=k esa Hkh ^fL=k;% leLrkLro nsfo Hksnk%* bu opuksa ds vuqlkj vkt buds Lo:i dks izfrikfnrfd;k x;k gSA izkphu dky esa fL=k;ksa dks x g.kh] x gLokeh] lg/keZ.kh bR;kfn fo'ks"k.kksa ls lacksf/krfd;k x;k gS&

larq"Vks Hkk;Z;k HkrkZ Hk=kkZ Hkk;kZ rFkSo pA ;fLeUuso dqys fuR;a dY;k.ka r=k oS /kqzoeAA^jkepfjr ekul* esa ukjh&rqylh nkl th dk ukfj;ksa ds izfr rks mPp&fopkj ,oa fo'kky n f"V dks.kFkk] mUgksus jkek;.k ds izfr ukjh ik=k dks iq:"k ik=k ls vf/kd vkn'kZ :i esa izLrqr fd;kA mUgksusjke ls vf/kd lhrk dks] n'kjFk ls vf/kd dkS'kY;k dks] fgeky; ls vf/kd eSukorh dks] y{e.k lsvfèkd ekrk lqfe=kk dks] ckfy ls vf/kd rkjk dks] rFkk jko.k ls vf/kd eanksnjh dks vkn'kZ :i esaizLrqr fd;kA ekrk dkS'kY;k dh tks izse] n;k] vkSj /keZ dh izfrewfrZ Fkh] iwoZ fn'kk dgdj oanuk dhgS& canm dkS'kY;k fn'kh izkph* D;ksa fd iwoZ fn'kk ls fnu esa lw;Z fudydj va/kdkj dks nwj dj lalkjdks lq[k igq¡pkrk gS] rFkk jkf=k esa iw.kZ pUnzek fudydj jks'kuh QSykrk gS rFkk 'khryrk nsrk gS vkSj

'kks/k /kkjk 195

'kjn dkyhu jkf=k esa ikyk cu dj dey dks uk'k djrk gSA mlh izdkj iwoZ fn'kk :ih ekrk dkS'kY;klw;Z :ih jke dks mRiUu dj va/kdkj :ih v/keZ dks nwj dj rFkk pUnzek ds leku lEiw.kZ txr dks'kkafr iznku dh vkSj ikyk ds leku dey :ih nq"V jk{klksa dk lagkj fd;kA

rqylh nkl th ukfj;ksa dks vkn'kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh ds :i esa ns[kus ds i{kèkj FksA blfy, mUgksusekul ds izR;sd ukjh ik=k dks Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds vuq:i gh muds pfj=k ds izR;sd i{k dks vkn'kZ:i esa izLrqr fd;kA bruk gh ugha mUgksus oke ukjh ik=kksa esa eaFkjk vkSj dSds;h ds lEeku dh Hkh iw.kZj{kk dh gS vkSj mudh djuh dks fo/kkrk dh djuh crkrs gq, mUgksus nks"k eqDr dj fn;kA mUgksusHkjrh; ukfj;ksa dks iq:"kksa ls vf/kd lgu'khy] /keZijk;.k] /kS;Zoku] drZO; ijk;.k rFkk 'kfDr nkf;uhdgk gSA izse dh rks os lk{kkr~ nfso;ka gaS os eka] cgu] iRuh] iq=kh vius izR;sd :i esa izse dh o"kkZ djrsjgrs gSaA

O;fDr vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus ds fy, ifjorZu pkgrk gSA jk"Vª fodkl dks c<+kus dsfy, vkt Hkkjrh; lekt fd fL=k;ka iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/kk&ls&da/kk feykdj gj {ks=k esa viuk LFkkucuk, gq, gSA /kjrh esa ;k vklek gj txg ij efgykvksa us viuk LFkku cuk;k gSA Lo;a esa ifjorZuds dkj.k uanuh gjh ukFk us viuk igyk tkc bljks ls pkyw fd;k vkSj chl lky ls ihNs eqM+ dsugha ns[kkA vuqjk/kk Vh ds izksxzke Mk;jsDVj bljks dhrhZ QkStnkj dEI;wVj ls lsVsykbZV dks dUVªksydjrh gSaA vr% Li"V gS fd jk"Vªh; fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSAmilagkj & vr% Li"V gS fd izkphu Hkkjr ls ysdj orZeku le; rd esa fL=k;ksa us jk"Vª ds fodklesa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA budk LFkku Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa egRoiw.kZ gSA L=kh&iq:"k lkeatL;:i ls lq[kiwoZd thou&;kiu djrs Fks&fir nsoks Hko%] ekr nsoks Hko% bR;kfn mfDr Hkh oSfnd dky esaukfj;ksa ds LFkku dks Li"V vkHkk"k djkrh gSA egkdfo dkfynkl dh /keZ iRUkh fo|ksÙkek vius ifrdks fuj{kj tkudj ifr dks ?kj ls ckgj dj fn;k FkkA mlds izHkko ls egkdfo dkfynkl laLÑrlkfgR; ds egkdfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gq,A fofnr gS fd jktk tud dh lHkk esa ;kKoYD; _f"kdh iRuh xkxhZ] ;q) {ks=k esa jktk n'kjFk dh iRuh dSdsbZ] j.kdkS'ky esa fonq"kh FkhaA Lora=k Hkkjr dhiwoZ iz/kku ea=kh bafnjk xka/kh ds uke dks dkSu ugha tkurkA Hkkjr dh iwoZ jk"Vªifr Jherh izfrHkk ikfVyftudk uke lHkh yksx tkurs gSaA vFkkZr~ ukjh Hkh jkT; dk lapkyu djus esa dq'ky gSaA vr% vusdizdkj ls Li"V gksrk gS fd jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dk LFkku iz'kaluh;] iwT;uh; ,oa oanuh; gSA

lanHkZ1- i´pra=k&fo".kq 'kekZ 2- lq-j-Hkk- &3- _xosn 4- euqLe fr5- vFkZoosn 6- egkHkkjr7- 'kriFk czkEg.k 8- ;tqZosn9- _xosn 10- jkepfjr ekul

'kks/k /kkjk 196


jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa cLrj ftys dh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnkufl;kyky ukx

'kks/kkFkhZ] jktuhfr foKku] cLrj fo'ofo|ky;] txnyiqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 ¼Jherh½ y{eh ysdkel0 izk0] jktuhfr foKku] Hkkuq izrki nso 'kkldh; LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] dkadsj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

cLrj Hkkjr ds NRrhlx<+ izns'k ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr ftyk gSA cLrj ftys ,oa cLrj laHkkx dkeq[;ky; txnyiqj 'kgj gSA e/;izns'k esa ftyk iquaxZBu vk;ksx xBu 1983 esa U;k;ewfrZ Jh ch-ds-nqcs dhv/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 11 uoacj 1985 dks ljdkj dks nh FkhA vk;ksxdh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij 03 flracj 1992 dks rRdkyhu ljdkj us 16 u;s ftys xBu dh ?kks"k.kk dhA;s ftys 1 uoEcj 1992 ls vfLrRo esa vkus Fks] fdUrq U;k;ky; LFkxu vkns'k ikfjr dj fn;s tkus ds dkj.kvfLrRo esa ugha vk ik;s FksA bu 16 ftyksa esa cLrj ftys dks foHkkftr dj lu~ 1998 esa nUrsokM+k o dkadsjdks ftyk cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA NRrhlx<+ fuekZ.k ds 7 o"kZ ds ckn vkSj cLrj dks foHkkftr fd;kx;k o 1 ebZ 2007 dks 2 uohu ftyksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA uohu ftys ukjk;.kiqj o chtiqj gS vkSj 15vxLr 2011 dks dks.Mkxk¡o] o lqdek dks ftyk cukus dh ?kks"k.kk fd;k x;kA bl rjg cLrj laHkkx vHkhorZeku esa ;s Lora=k lkr vyx &vYkx ftys gks x;s gSaA cLRkj ftyk dks lkr Cykdksa esa foHkkftr fd;kx;k gSAFigure : 00 References : 06 Table : 00

Key Words : jk"Vªfodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] {ks=kh; fodkl vkSj efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku

ukjh fo/kkrk dh loksZRre vkSj uk;kc l f"V gSA ukjh dh lwjr vkSj lhjr dh ijkdk"Bk vkSjmldh xgurk dks ekiuk nq"dj gh ugha vfirq ukeqefdu gSA lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd]HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d txr esa ukjh ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy ckâ;] vfirqvareZu ds xw<+re Hkko&lkSUn;kZRed Lo:Ik dk Hkh jgL;ksn~?kkVu gqvk gSA ukjh] izÑfr ,oa bZ'oj }kjkiznRr vHnqr îfo=k lk/; gS] ftls eglwl djus ds fy, îfo=k lk/ku *dk gksuk t:jh gSA bldhu rks dksbZ ljgn gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ Nksj! ;g rks ,d fojkV Lo:Ik gS] ftlds vkxs Lo;a fo/kkrk HkhureLrd gksrk gSAcLrj ftys dk ifjp;%& Hkkjr ds NRrhlx<+ izns'k ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr ftyk gSA cLrj ftys ,oacLrj laHkkx dk eq[;ky; txnyiqj 'kgj gSA e/;izns'k esa ftyk iquxZBu vk;ksx xBu 1983 esaU;k;ewfrZ Jh ch-ds-nqcs dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl vk;ksx us viuh fjiksVZ 11 uoacj 1985dks ljdkj dks nh FkhA vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa ds vk/kkj ij 03 flracj 1992 dks rRdkyhu ljdkjus 16 u;s ftys xBu dh ?kks"k.kk dhA ;s ftys 1 uoEcj 1992 ls vfLrRo esa vkus Fks] fdUrq U;k;ky;LFkxu vkns'k ikfjr dj fn;s tkus ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa ugha vk ik;s FksA bu 16 ftyksa esa cLrj ftysdks foHkkftr dj lu~ 1998 esa nUrsokM+k o dkadsj dks ftyk cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA NRrhlx<+

'kks/k /kkjk 197

fuekZ.k ds 7 o"kZ ds ckn vkSj cLrj dks foHkkftr fd;k x;k o 1 ebZ 2007 dks 2 uohu ftyksa dkxBu fd;k x;k] uohu ftys ukjk;.kiqj o chtiqj gS vkSj 15 vxLr 2011 dks dks.Mkxk¡o] o lqdekdks ftyk cukus dh ?kks"k.kk dh x;hA bl rjg cLrj laHkkx vHkh orZeku esa ;s Lora=k lkr vyx&vYkx ftys gks x;s gSA cLRkj ftyk dks lkr Cykdksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA tks fd bl izdkjgSa &txnyiqj] cLrj] cdko.M+] ckLrkukj] njHkk] ykSgk.M+hxqM+k ]rksdkikyA bldh tula[;k lu~2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 8]33]318 gS] ftlesa xzkeh.k tula[;k 6]91]934 rFkk uxjh;tula[;k 1]35]384 gS]

blesa iq:"k 4]12]981] rFkk efgyk 4]20]337 gSaA cLrj dh tula[;k esa 70 izfr'krtutkrh; leqnk;]tks NRrhlx<+ dh dqy tutkrh; tula[;k dk 26-76 izfr'kr gSA tSls xksaM+]ekfj;k] eqfj;k] Hkrjk] gYck] /kq:ok leqnk; gSaA cLrj ftyk ljy LoHkko tutkrh; leqnk; vkSjizkÑfrd lEink laiUu izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z ,oa lq[kn okrkoj.k dk Hkh /kuh gSA cLrj ftyk ?kus taxyksa]Åph igkfM+;ksa] >juksa] xqQkvksa ,oa oU; izkf.k;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA cLrj ftys ds yksx nqyZHk dykÑfr]mnkj laLÑfr ,oa lgt ljy LoHkko ds /kuh gSaA jk"Vªh; m|ku 01 dkaxsj ?kkVh jk"Vªh; m|ku&izeq[k RkF;&,f'k;k dk izFke ck;ksfLQ;j fjtZo]jktdh; i{kh igkM+h eSuk ]HkSalknjgk exjePN {ks=k ]Ik;ZVu LFkku & jkT; dk lcls pkSM+k tyizikrfp=kdksV ,oa lcls Åpk ty izikr rhjFkx<+ ]dqVqelj ¼fo'o dh 7 ,oa Hkkjr dh lcls cM+h xqQk½,oa dSyk'kxqQk ,oa dkaxsj?kkVh jk"Vªh; m|ku ]lM+d ifjogu jk"Vªh; jktekxZ Øekad 30 ,oa Øekad63] izeq[k unh bUnzkorh ¼cLrj dh xaxk dgrs gSa½] dsUnzh; tsy 01 ¼txnyiqj lsUVªy tsy½ fo'ks"k]lEHkkx ds izFke vkdk'kok.kh dsUnz dh LFkkiuk ¼22 tuojh 1977 esa txnyiqj esa½] txnyiqj esa jkT;dk izFke ekuo laxzgky; dh LFkkiuk ]laHkkx ds izFke izkFkfed fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ¼1886 esatxnyiqj esa½] laHkkx ds izFke egkfo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ¼ 1962 esa txnyiqj esa½] laHkkx ds izFkefo'ofo|ky; cLrj fo'ofo|ky;^ dh LFkkiuk ¼2008 esa txnyiqj eaas½] fo'o izfl) yksdioZ cLrjn'kgjk^ ,oa ^xksapk ioZ ^blh ftys dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gS] NRrhlx<+ dh ,dek=k [kqyh tsy elxkWocLrj ftys esa gSAlhek,¡ %& orZeku esa cLrj ftyk dh lhek mRrj esa dkadsj] nf{k.k esa nUrsokMk+ o iwoZ esa mM+hlk] if'peesa ukjk;.kiqj o chtkiqj ds e/; fLFkr gSA

;g cLrj ve r&ojnku* gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fnO; vkS"kf/k* gSA ukjh gh og lksa/kh feV~Vh dhegd gS] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gS vkSj u dsoy O;fDrxr cfYd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esaviuh egRrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ukjh ds fy, ;g dgk tk, fd ;g ^^fofo/krk esa ,drk gS**-------rksdksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA D;ksa fd efgykvksa dss okg~; Lo:Ik ]lkSUn;Z vkSj igukos esa fofo/krk rksgksrh gS] ysfdu muds ekul esa ,dkdkj vkSj dsUnzh; 'kfDr bZ'oj dh rjg ,d gh gksrh gSA blh 'kfDrds bnZ&fxnZ lw;Z vkSj vU; xzgksa dh Hkk¡fr vusd izdkj ds lnq.k fujUrj xfreku jgrs gSa tSls&fo'okl] izse] d:.kk] fu"Bk] n;k] leiZ.k] R;kx] cfynku] eerk] 'khryrk] Lusg] dq'kyrk] dRrZO;ijk;.krk]lgu'khyrk] e;kZnk] lerk] l tu'khyrk vkSj lfg".kqrk bR;kfnA bUgh fofo/k 'kfDr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ikefgykvksa dk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa cLrj ftys dh efgykvksa ds }kjk fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa vn~HkqrvkSj vrqyuh; ;ksxnku gSA efgykvksa ds bl lRkr~ ;ksxnku dks ge dqN fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls le>

'kks/k /kkjk 198

ldrs gSa&1 ek¡ ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& ekuo dY;k.k dh Hkkouk ]dRrZO; ]l tu'khyrk ,oa eerk dks lokZsifjekurs gq, efgykvksa us bl txr esa ekW ds :Ik esa viuh loksZifj ;ksxnku dks fuHkkrs gq, jk"Vª &fuekZ.kvkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA cPpksa dks tUe nsdj mudk ikyu &iks"k.kdjrs gq, muesa laLdkj vkSj lnxq.kksa dk mPpre fodkl djrh gSaA rFkk jk"Vª ds izfr mudh ftEesnkjhdks lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA rkfd jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl fuckZ/k xfr ls gksrk jgsA ohj Hkxrflag]pUnz'ks[kj] foosdkuUn tSlh foHkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj ^êkW** ds Lo:Ik dh gh nsu gSA ekrkthtkckbZ] t;oarkckbZ] iUuk/kk; tSlh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx] leiZ.k vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgklds Lof.kZe iUuksa ij vafdr gSA ekW gh gS ]tks cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl djrh gS]tks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d gSA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us ek¡* dh xfjek dks le>rs gq, dgk Fkkfd&eq>s ,d ;ksX; ekrk nks] eSa rqEgs ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nwaxkA bl dFku ls ek¡ ds Lo:Ik dk jk"Vª &fuekZ.kvkSj fodkl esa vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fNik gSA2 iRuh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& ek¡ ds Ik'pkr iRuh dk vorkj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa egrhHkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iRuh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vkSj ln~xq.k cuk ldrh gSA lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esa vk;kgS] fd tc Hkh ns'k ij ladV vk;k gS rks ifRu;ksa us gh vius 'kkSgj ds ekFks ij fryd yxkdj tks'k]twuwu vkSj fo'okl ds lkFk j.kHkwfe esa Hkstk gSA ;gh ugha iRuh gh ^^gkMh** cudj ‘'kh'k dkVdj nsnsrh gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS----tks fd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA bl;ksxnku dh vkSj ifRu;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,&rqylhnkl th dsthou dks vk/;kfRed psruk iznku djus eas mudh iRuh ^^jRukoyh** dk gh cqf)&pkrq;Z FkA^fo|ksRrek* us dkyhnkl dks laLÑr dk izdkaM+ dgkdfo cuk;k FkkA ge NksVh lh ckr dk ftØ djsarks ;g csekuh ugha gksxk fd ifr dks Hkz"Vkpkj] csbZekuh] ywV] xcu bR;kfn tks fd jk"Vª dks [kks[kykcukrs gSa] tSls dqÑR;ksa ls iRuh gh nwj j[krh gS] tks fd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds fy, lghHkh gSA3 x fg.kh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku %& Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; ^^/kqjh** gksrh gSa] tks fd,d x fg.kh ds :Ik esa jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuh mRÑ"V Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] tks fd ^vUUkiw.kkZ**ds ,s'o;Z ls vyaÑr vkSj lq'kksfHkr gSA ,d x g.kh ds :Ik esa og lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lqpk: :Ik lslapkyu djrh gS rFkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo fRr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gSA o"kZ 1930]1998] 2008] vkSj 2014 esa vkbZ oSf'od vkfFkZd eanh ls lHkh ns'k xzflr gq, ]ijUrq Hkkjr ugha! D;ksafdHkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izÑfr us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dks Ck<+kok nsrh gSA budsvfrfjDr gLrdykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;kasZ dks xfr iznku djrh gSA vr% ;g Hkhjk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA4 laLÑfr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijkvksa dh lajf{kdk ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& efgyk, gh laLÑfr ]laLdkjvkSj ijEijkvksa dh okLrfod laajf{kdk gksrh gSaA os ih<+h budk lapkj.k vkSj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gSaAlEiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkZ fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd Hkkjr dks laLÑfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA5 lkekftd &'kSf{kd&/kkfeZd ;ksxnku%& lH;rk ]laLÑfr ]laLdkj vkSj ijEijk efgykvksa ds dkj.k dh

'kks/k /kkjk 199

,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa gLrkUrfjr gksrh gSA vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'kSf{kd&/kkfeZd dk;ZO;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks l'kDr cukrs gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd&l'kDr efgyk] l'kDrlekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA ftlesa fo'o izfl) cLrj n'kgjk dh 'kq:vkr ls igys dakfNu xknh esalokj gksdj daqokjh dU;k nsoh ds :Ik esa vuqefr iznku djrh gSA ekrk cPps dh izFke f'kf{kdk gS]tks cPps ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esaf'k{kk dk nku djrh gS rks ;g ,d loksZRre vkSj ikou dk;Z gks tkrk gSA ns'k dh izFke f'kf{kdk^lkfo=kh ckbZ Qwys* vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k gSaA oSfnd lH;rk dh EkS=ks;h] xkxhZ] fo'ookj] yksikeqnzk] ?kks"kvkSj fonq"kh uked efgyk,a f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh; gSa] ftUgksus jk"Vª&fuekZ.kvkSj fodkl esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA6 Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku%& xqykeh jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa u dsoy ck/kd gS] vfirq ;gjk"Vª dks vfLFkjrk iznku djrh gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk gS fd Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa usviuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dj Hkkjr dk uo fuekZ.k djok;kA gekjs Lora=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksaus viuk vewY; ;ksxnku nsrs gq, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj dj fn;kA dSIVu Yk{eh lgxy ]v:.kkvklQ vyh] nqxkZ HkkHkh] eSM+e Hkhdkth dkek] ljkstuh uk;Mw vkSj ,uhcslsUV tSlh tkus fdruhekfgykvksa us jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vrqYkuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA7 oSKkfud ;ksxnku%& vkRefo'okl] yxu] esgur] deZBrk] l tu'khyrk vkSj cqf)&dkS'ky ds dkj.kefgykvksa ds fy, oSKkfud [kkstksa vkSj vuqla/kku dk {ks=k vNwrk ugha gSA vkt vusd efgyk,sa j{kkfo'ks"kK vkSj oSKkfudksa ds :Ik esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa ns jgh gSaA MkW- Vslh FkkWelus vfXu 5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gq, ^^Hkkjr dh felkby oqeSu vkSj vfXuiq=kh**dk lEeku gkfly fd;k gSA ,slh cgqr lh efgyk,sa oSKkfud fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'prdjrs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA8 jktuSfrd ;ksxnku %& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh fn'kk vkSj n'kk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd mudklapkyu djus okyk O;fDrRo dSlk gS\ blh Øe esa efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[kk;k gS fd oksjktuSfrd fodkl esa viuh Hkkxnkjh c[kwch fuHkk ldrh gSaA ljkstuh uk;Mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjkxkW/kh] izfrHkknsoh flag ikfVy] lq"kek Lojkt] bR;kfn vusd efgykvksa us viuh jktuSfrd izfrHkk dkiz;ksx jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa fd;k gS] tks fd ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd dne gSA9 iz'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku %& fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk iz'kklu ml jk"Vª dh izxfr vkSj fodkl dk lwpdgksrk gSA ;fn iz'kklfud n{krk vkSj dq'kyrk lqn <+ gS rks jk"Vª dh izxfr vkSj fodkl lqfuf'pr gSAorZeku esa vusd efgyk, Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vkSj jkT; iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa viuh mifLFkfrlqfuf'pr dj jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA10 lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku%& lkfgR;] lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl mPpre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;kasfd lkfgR; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dkS'ky oju~O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkfgfR;d deZ ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks;g lksus ij lqgkxk gksrk gS] D;ksfd efgykvksa esa fo|eku êeZ* lkfgR; dks xq.koRrkiw.kZ cukrk gSAvusd efgykvksa us lkfgR;&l tu/kfEkZrk ds }kjk jk"VªfuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnkufn;k gS( tSls&egknsoh oekZ] ve rk izhre] ehjk] vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh ]vkSj lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku bR;kfnA

'kks/k /kkjk 200

bUgksusa ,slk dkyt;h lkfgR; fy[kk] tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrdfodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gS] ftlesa psruk vkSj jk"V ªfuekZ.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gSaA11 LoaLkgk;rk lewg%& cLrj ,oa izns'k esa efgyk, Loalgk;rk lewg ds ek/;e ls dbZ egRoiw.kZ dk;Zdjrh gSa tks fd jk"Vª fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa mudh lgHkkfxrk jgrh gSA12 cLrj lhvkjih,Q vf/kdkjh ds :Ik esa %& vHkh rd ns'k ds NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds cLrj ftys lsvDlj UkDly vkSj fHkM+ar dh [kcjsa gh lquus dks feyrh gSaA ysfdu vkt ,d vPNh [kcj cLrj ftysls vk jgh gSA uDly izHkkfor cLrj ftys esa igyh ckj fdlh efgyk vfllVsaV us dk;ZHkkj laHkkykgSA m"kk fdju uke dh efgyk dks bl in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh efgyk vf/kdkjh dsinHkkj laHkkyus ls lqj{kkcyksa dk eukscy c<+ x;k gSA tks jk"Vª fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jghgSaAfu"d"kZ%& ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa us vius dRrZO; ]deZBrk vkSj l tu'khuyhrk ds ek/;e lsjk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa cLrj dh efgykvksa us viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkt Hkh iq:"kksads lEkku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vkSj lQy gSa] pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] [ksy]dyk] lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdRlk] lsok] ehfM+;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbZ Hkh gksA ukjh dhmifLFkfr] ;ksxnku] ;ksX;rk] miyfC/k;k¡ ]ekfeZdrk vkSj l tu'khy Lo;a ,d izR;{k ifjp; nsrh gSAifjokj vkSj lekt dks laHkkyrs gq, jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot; irkdkygjkrs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd og l tuk] vUuiw.kkZ] nsoh] ;qx n "Vk vkSj ;qx l "Vk gksus ds lkFk gh Lo;a fl)k Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ1 iqjh] ykyk txny( ^cLrj yksd dyk laLÑfr* fo'oHkkjrh izdk'ku] ukxiqj 20112 flag] lR;izdk'k( vkepks cLrj] *cLrj lEHkkx f'k{kknwr xzUFkkdkj izdk'ku ]jk;iqj 20123 'kqDy] ghjkyky(‘&vkfnoklh cLrj dk c gn bfrgkl ]ch- vkj- ifCyf'kax dkWjiksjs'ku ]fnYyh 2007A4 'kkg] ?ku';ke(‘&Hkkjr esa lkekftd vkanksyu ]jkor ifCyds'kUl ]ubZ fnYyh 2009A5 bastar .gov.in6- https:hindi.sahityapedia.com>jk"Vª---------

'kks/k /kkjk 201

fgUnh ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P. 201-202

jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW- ¼Jherh½ lquhyk ,Ddk

l0 izk0] jktuhfr'kkL=k] 'kkldh; vxzlsu egkfo|ky;] fcYgk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds uofuekZ.k gsrq ukjh l'kDrhdj.k dh vko';drk iM+hA tc ns'kvktkn gqvk Fkk( rc f'k{kk] vf/kdkj] gd] lgHkkfxrk] fu.kZ;u] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd vkfnLrjksa ij Hkkjrh; ukjh fiNM+h gqbZ Fkh vkSj neu] 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko o vlekurk dh f'kdkj FkhA mls lektesa nks;e ntkZ izkIr FkkA bUgha lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 14 esaefgykvksa ,oa iq:"kksa dks jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks=k esa leku vf/kdkj vkSj volj iznku fd;sx;s] ogha vuqPNsn 16 ds tfj;s jkstxkj ds leku volj Hkh iznku fd;s x;sA efgykvksa dks 'kks"k.k]Hksn&Hkko vkSj neu ls cpkus ds fy;s fof/kd laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k rFkk mUgsa lk{kj cukus ds fy;slgf'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s i Fkd fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh 'kklu }kjk 'kq: dh xbZA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk] fofHkUu lkekftd Lo:i ,oa L=kh&foe'kZ

orZeku~ le; esa ?kj ,oa ckgj nksuksa gh txg ukjh dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gqbZ gSA ifjokj tksfd lekt dh izkjafHkd bdkbZ gksrh gS] esa ukjh dh dsUnzh; Hkwfedk gksrh gSA og ifjokj dks iwjh rjgls laHkkyrh gh gS] izFke og xq: ds :Ik esa cPpksa dks vPNs laLdkj Hkh nsrh gS] tks fd Hkfo"; esa ns'kds d.kZ/kkj cudj jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa viuk ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA ?kj ds ckgj Hkh ukjh dh Hkwfedk derj ughagSA mlesa varfj{k dh mM+ku Hkjdj iq:"kksa ds naHk dks rksM+k gSA vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa esa ;g lekto jk"Vª ds izfr vius vonku ls viuh mikns;rk dks lqfuf'pr~ dj jgh gSA

ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr ds uofuekZ.k gsrq ukjh l'kDrhdj.k dh vko';drk iM+hA tcns'k vktkn gqvk Fkk] rc f'k{kk] vf/kdkj] gd] lgHkkfxrk] fu.kZ;u] lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrdvkfn Lrjksa ij Hkkjrh; ukjh fiNM+h gqbZ Fkh( vkSj neu] 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko o vlekurk dh f'kdkj FkhAmls lekt esa nks;u ntkZ izkIr FkkA bUgha lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj tgk¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dsvuqPNsn 14 esa efgykvksa ,oa iq:"kksa dks jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa leku vf/kdkjvkSj volj iznku fd;s x;s] ogha vuqPNsn 16 ds tfj;s jkstxkj ds leku volj Hkh iznku fd;s x;sAefgykvksa dks 'kks"k.k] Hksn&Hkko vkSj neu ls cpkus ds fy;s fof/kd laj{k.k iznku fd;k x;k rFkk mUgsalk{kj cukus ds fy;s lgf'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk yM+fd;ksa ds fy;s i Fkd fo|ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh 'kklu}kjk 'kq: dh xbZA^^jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk**❆ oSfnd dky esa L=kh vkSj iq:"k dks led{k ekuk tkrk Fkk] bl nkSjku fL=k;k¡ lkekftd] jktuSfrd]

vkfFkZd o /kkfeZd dk;ksZa esa iq:"kksa ds lkFk cjkcj dh Hkkxhnkj FkhaA fgUnw /keZ 'kkL=kksa esa Hkh mUgsa

'kks/k /kkjk 202

'kfDr izrhd nqxkZ] /ku dh izrhd y{eh] fo|k dh izrhd ljLorh] vUuiw.kkZ ekuk tkrk jgk gSA_Xosn esa vusd fL=k;ksa ds uke feyrs gSa] tks fonq"kh rFkk nk'kZfud Fkha vkSj mUgksaus dbZ ea=kksa ,oa_pkvksa dh jpuk dh FkhA fo'ookjk dks czEgokfguh* ,oa ea=knz"Vh* dgk x;k gS] ftUgksaus _Xosnds L=kksr dh jpuk dh FkhA ?kks"kk] yksieqnzk] 'kk'orh] vikyk] fuokjh] vkfn fonq"kh fL=k;ksa ds dbZuke feyrs gSa] tks oSfnd ea=kksa ,oa L=kksrksa ds jpf;rk gSaA

❆ Lora=krk la?k"kZ esa o ml le; efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSAljkstuh uk;Mw] ehjk csu] lqpsrk Ñikykuh] fot;y{eh iafMr] v:.kkvklQ vyh vkfn usvktknh dh izkfIr ds fy;s cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

❆ vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkh efgyk;sa viuh lQyrk dk ijpe ygjk jgh gSaA ns'k ds 'kh"kZ inksa ij dk;Zjr~gSa rFkk ns'k ds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku iznku dj jgh gSaA orZeku~ esa ns'k ds lkoZtfud {ks=k dscM+s O;kikfjd cSadksa] LVsV cSad vkWQ bafM;k ds ps;jeSu v:a/krh HkV~Vkpk;Z gSaA buds vykok pUnkdkspj] uSuhrky fdnobZ] lkfo=kh ftany vkfn vyx&vyx laLFkkuksa dks usr Ro iznku dj jgha gSaA

❆ foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds {ks=k esa Vslh Fkkel dk uke mYys[kuh; gS] ftudh ns[k&js[k esa vfXu&5felkbZy dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k] budks ^^felkbZy oweSu** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA I;kZoj.k ds{ks=k esa oanuk f'kok] lquhrk ukjk;.k vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA iz'kklfud {ks=k esa fdj.k csnh]nhid la/kw] fu:iek jko] xkSjh 'kadj vkfn efgykvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA

❆ NRrhlxl<+ ds jktuhfrd i "BHkwfe esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk jgh gSA izkphudky esa egkjkuhdkS'kY;k] vkuanh ckbZ] cLrj dh dkdrh; jkuh izQqYy dqekj nsoh ,oa lkekftdrk dh izrhdfcyklk ckbZ dsaoVhu] jk/kk ckbZ] jkteksfguh nsoh] dsdrh ckbZ c?ksy vkfn us NRrhlx<+ ds Lok/khurk la?k"kZ esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA

❆ vktknh ds ckn la?kh; O;oLFkk dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA mi;qZDr O;oLFkk esa NRrhlx<+ dh efgykjktuhfrKksa us viuh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ ftuesa lkaln feuh ekrk dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;ktkrk gS] tks 5 ckj lkaln pquh xbZA jkuh inekorh 2 ckj lkaln jghA Nchyk usrke] Jherhd:.kk 'kqDyk] lqJh ljkst ik.Ms;] ';ke dqekjh nsoh] deyk eugj vkfn yksdlHkk dh lnL;kjgha gSaA lu~ 2000 esa Hkkjrh; x.kjkT; ds :i esa i Fkd NRrhlx<+ ds efgyk fo/kk;dksa esa Jherhxhrk nsoh ¼dsfcusV ea=kh½ Mksaxjxk¡o] Qwyksnsoh usrke~ ¼ds'kdky½] izfrHkk lkgw ¼fp=kdksV½] jkuhjRuekyk nsoh ¼pUnziqj½] ';ke /kzqo ¼dkadsj½ fo/kk;d jghaA

efgyk;sa lekt dh jpukRed 'kfDr gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn mudh fLFkfr lekt esa visf{kr odetksj gks rks lekt ;Fks"B fodkl ;k izxfr ugha dj ldrkA blfy;s efgykvksa ds izfr lkekftdlksap esa rsth ls cnyko ykus dh t:jr gSA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] jke foykl( Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn2- MkW- vejukFk( ukjh dk eqfDr la?k"kZ

'kks/k /kkjk 203


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW0 ghjkyky 'kekZ

'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] lhir] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 bZ'kkcsyk ydM+k'kkldh; uohu dU;k egkfo|ky;] fcyklijq] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa L=kh vkSj iq:"k dh leku lgHkkfxrk gqvk djrh gSA mu fnuksa dhihM+knk;d Le fr;ksa dks gesa vius fnekx ls fudky nsuk gksxk] tc iq:"k iz/kku lkekftd lajpuk dk ukeysdj fL=k;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks lEcksf/kr djus dh ijEijk vR;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gSA ukjh dsJ}k vkSj iwT;k tSls ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr djus dh ijEijk vR;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vk jgh gSA ukjh dsfy, bl izdkj ds lEcks/ku dk iz;ksx djds geus mls iwtk dh oLrq cuk fn;k ;k fQj mls vcyk dgdjlaifRRk cuk fn;kA mldk ,d :Ik vkSj Hkh gS] ftldk Lej.k ge lHkh djrs gSa( og :Ik gS HkfDr dkA;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs lkeus ;g iz'u ckj&ckj vkrk gS fd] vkf[kj ukjh dk lekt ds ;k jk"Vª ds fuekZ.kesa D;k ;ksxnku gS\ ukjh dk ek¡ dk :Ik lekt fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gS D;kA cguds :Ik esa iq:"k dks lnk viuk Lusg iznku djuk D;k lekt fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ugha gS\ iRuh ds :Ik esa?kj x gLFkh dh ns[kHkky djuk vkSj iwjs ifjokj dks laHkkyuk D;k de egRoiw.kZ gS\ orZeku esa rks ukjhiq:"kksa ds leku gh thou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa viuk dkS'ky vkSj izfrHkk fn[kk jgh gSA


Key Words : jk"Vªh;rk ,oa L=kh foe'kZ] jk"Vª ds fofo/k vk;ke vkSj ukjh ds izfr:i

jk"Vª dh ifjHkk"kk ,d ,sls tu lewg ds :Ik esa dh tk ldrh gS tks fd ,d HkkSxksfyd lhekvksaesa ,d fuf'pr ns'k esa jgrk gksA leku ijEijk] leku fgrksa rFkk leku Hkkoukvksa ls ca/kk gks vkSjftlls ,drk ds lw=k esa cka/kus dh mRlqdrk rFkk leku jktuSfrd egRokdka{kk,a ikbZ tkrh gksAjk"Vªokn ds fu.kkZ;d rRoksa ds jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkoukfdlh vaxsaztksa ds 'kkludky esa] jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fo'ks"k :Ik ls fodkl gqvk] bl fodkl esafof'k"V ckSf)d oxZ dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ,d vk/kqfud rF; gS] ftlds mn; dh izfØ;k vR;ar tfVy vkSj cgqeq[khjgh gSA Hkkjr fofo/k Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh vkSj vusd /kekZs ds vuq;kf;;ksa okyk fo'kky tula[;k dk ns'k gSAHkkjr dh lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd lajpuk vkSj fo'kky vkdkj ds dkj.k ;gka jk"Vªh;rk vkSjjk"Vª fuekZ.k dh ifjdYiuk tfVy vkSj oSfo/; ewyd gSA jk"Vª vkSj jk"Vªh;rk ,d lkewfgd Hkko gSA,d izdkj dh lkgp;Z Hkkouk vFkok ikjLifjd lgkuqHkwfr gS tks ,d Lons'k fo'ks"k ls lacaf/kr gSA jk"Vªdh vo/kkj.kk dqN lqfuf'pr vo;oksa ls curh gS( ftlesa HkkSxksfyd lhek] /keZ] laLd fr] Hkk"kk vkSjfuokfl;ksa dh x.kuk dh tkuh pkfg,A jk"Vªh;rk dh bl Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ns'k esa jgus okys

'kks/k /kkjk 204

fuokfl;ksa dh x.kuk dh tkuh pkfg,A jk"Vªh;rk dh bl Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk esa ns'k esa jgus okysfuokfl;ksa dh Hkwfedk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA ;s ltho dkjd jk"Vª fo'ks"k dh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksads eq[kj :Ik gksrs gSa tc ge jk"Vª fparu ;k jk"Vªh; fodkl dh ckr djrs gSa] rks lcls igys ogka dsfuokfl;ksa dh l tukRed 'kfDr ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkuk vR;ar vko';d gks tkrk gSA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa L=kh vkSj iq:"k dh leku lgHkkfxrk gqvk djrh gSA mu fnuksadh ihM+knk;d Le fr;ksa dks gesa vius fnekx ls fudky nsuk gksxk] tc iq:"k iz/kku lkekftd lajpukdk uke ysdj fL=k;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks lEcksf/kdr djus dh ijEijk vR;ar iqjkus le; ls pyh vkjgh gSA ukjh ds J)k vkSj iwT;k tSls ukeksa ls lEcksf/kr djus dh ijEijk vR;ar iqjkus le; ls pyhvk jgh gSA ukjh ds fy, bl izdkj ds lEcks/ku dk iz;ksx djds geus mls iwtk dh oLrq cuk fn;k;k fQj mls vcyk dgdj laifRRk cuk fn;kA mldk ,d :Ik vkSj Hkh gS ftldk Lej.k ge lHkhdjrs gSa] og :Ik gS HkfDr dkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjs lkeus ;g iz'u ckj&ckj vkrk gS dh vkf[kjukjh dk lekt ds ;k jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa D;k ;ksxnku gS\

ukjh dk ek¡ dk :Ik lekt fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª ds fodkl esa lgk;d ugha gS D;kA cgu ds :Ikesa iq:"k dks lnk viuk Lusg iznku djuk D;k lekt fuekZ.k esa lgk;d ugha gS\ iRuh ds :Ik esa ?kjx gLFkh dh ns[kHkky djuk vkSj iwjs ifjokj dks laHkkyuk D;k de egRoiw.kZ gS\ orZeku esa rks ukjhiq:"kksa ds leku gh thou dks laHkkyuk D;k de egRoiw.kZ gS\ orZeku esa rks ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku ghthou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa viuk dkS'ky vkSj izfrHkk fn[kk jgh gSA vkt efgyk;sa ekmaeV ,ojsLV Qrgdj jgh gSa] dYiuk pkoyk tSlh efgykvksa us varfj{k ds {ks=k esa uke jks'ku fd;k D;k ftl ns'k esabafnjk xka/kh tSlh efgyk iz/kkuea=kh gqbZ] izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy tSlh ukjh ftl ns'k esa jk"Vªifr cuh]D;k mlh ns'k esa ukjh ds ;ksxnku ij iz'u mBkuk pkfg,\ Hkkjr gh ugha lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ,slk dksbZns'k u gksxk tgka ukjh ds etcwr dne u iM+sa vxj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ns[ksa rks irk pysxk dh ukjhizkphu dky ls jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa lgk;d jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh lgk;d gSA oSfnd lH;rk ds fuekZ.kesa ge xkxhZ dfiyk] v#a/kfr vkSj eS=ks;h tSlh fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds ;ksxnku dks Hkwy ugha ldrsA

e/;dky esa ukjh dh n'kk lgh ugha Fkh] iq:"kksa us mUgsa dsoy Hkksx&foykl dh oLrq cuk j[kkFkk] ijUrq lEiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,slk ugha FkkA ;g og nkSj Fkk tc jft;k lqYrku] pkan chch] thtkckbZ]vfgY;k ckbZ vkSj jkuhy{eh ckbZ tSlh ohjkaxukvksa dk mn; gqvk] ftUgksaus iq:"k iz/kku lekt dkspqukSrh nh vkSj ukjhRo dk ijpe Qgjk;kA Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzke esa Hkh ,suh cslsaV] ljksftuh uk;Mwfot; y{eh iafMr] vktkn fgUn QkSt dh dSIVu y{eh lgxy vkSj csxe gtjr egy tSls efgykvksaus iq:"kksa ds lkFk da/ks ls da/kk feykdj Hkkx fy;kA lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ,slk dksbZ jk"Vª u gksxk] ftldsfuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku u gksaA

vkt vc Hkkjr vius iqufuZek.k ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gS rks Hkkjrh; ukjh fu'p; gh jk"VªfuekZ.k esa viuh lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSA ukjh fo/kkrk dh loksZRRke vkSj uk;kc l f"V gSA mldsfojkV Lo:Ik ds lEEkq[k Lo;a fo/kkrk Hkh ureLrd gksrk gSA lkekftd] lkaLd frd] /kkfeZd] HkkSxksfyd],sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d txr esa ukjh ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy oká vfirq varjeu ds xw<+refuekZ.k rFkk jk"Vª ds fodkl esa Hkh viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

izd fr iznRRk fofo/k HkfDr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i efgykvksa dh jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj gq, efgykvksa

'kks/k /kkjk 205

us bl txr esa ek¡ ds :Ik esa viuh loksZifj Hkwfedk dks fuHkkrs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viusfo'ks"k nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA cPPkksa dks tUe nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laLdkjvkSj ln~xq.kksa dk mPPkre fodkl djrh gS rFkk jk"Vª ds izfr mudh ftEEksnkjh dk lqfuf'pr djrhgS rkfd jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl fuckZ/k xfr ls gksrk jgsA ohj Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kj] foosdkuan tSlhfoHkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj eka ds Lo:Ik dh gh nsu gSA ekrk thtk ckbZ] t;oark ckbZ] iUUkk/kk;tSlh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;ksx] leiZ.k vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iUUkksa ij vafdr gSaAek¡ gh gS] tks cgqvk;keh O;fDrRo dk fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl djrh gS] tks jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';dgSA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ esa eka dh xfjek ds le>rs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s ,d ;ksX; ekrk nks] eS rqEgsa,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nwaxkA bl dFku ls eka ds Lo:Ik dk jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrkgSA iRuh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vkSj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gSA lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd tcHkh ns'k ij ladV vk;k gS rks ifRu;ksa us gh vius 'kkSgj ds ekFks ij fryd yxkdj tks'k] twuwu vkSjfo'okl ds lkFk j.kHkwfe esa Hkstk gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k djrk gS--------tks fd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA bl ;ksxnku dh vkSj ifRu;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gSAmnkgj.k ds fy,&rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfRed psruk iznku djus esa mudh iRuh jRukoyhdk gh cqf) pkrq;Z FkkA fo|ksRRkek us dkfynkl dks laLd r dk izdkaM egkdfo cuk;k FkkA ge NksVhlh ckr dk ftØ djsa rks ;g csekuh ugh gksxk fd ifr dks Hkz"Vkpkj] csbZekuh] ywV] xcu bR;kfn tksfd jk"Vª dks [kks[kyk cukrs gSa] tSls dqd R;ksa ls iRuh gh nwj j[krh gS] tks fd ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dsfodkl ds fy, lgh Hkh gSA3- x fg.kh ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,a ifjokj dh eqqqqqq[; /kqjh gksrh gS tks fd ,dx fg.kh ds :Ik esa jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuh mRd "V Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] tks fd vUUkiw.kkZ ds,s'o;Z ls vyad r vkSj lq'kksfHkr gSA ,d x fg.kh ds :Ik esa og lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lqpk: :Ik lslapkyu djrh gS rFkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo fRRk dks Hkh fodflr djrh gSA o"kZ 1930]1998] 2008 vkSj 2014 esa vkbZ oSf'od vkfFkZd eanh ls lHkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijUrq Hkkjr ughaA D;ksafdHkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izd fr us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks cpk;kA ,slk gh mnkgj.k gesa o"kZ2016 dh uksVcanh ds nkSjku ns[kus dks feykA blh ds lkFk yxHkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a d f"k ,oaIk'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrs gq, ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSA buds vfrfjDrgLrdykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;ksZ dks xfr iznku djrh gSA vr% ;g Hkh jk"Vª fuekZ.kvkSj fodkl dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA4- laLd fr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijkvksa dh lajf{kdk ds :Ik esa ;ksxnku%& efgykvksa gh laLd fr] laLdkjvkSj ijEijkvksa dh okLrfod lajf{kdk gksrh gSA os ih<+h&nj&ih<+h budk lapkj.k vkSj laj{k.k djrhjgrh gS] laiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: dk ntkZ fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd Hkkjr dks laLd fr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA5- lkekftd] 'kSf{kd /kkfeZd ;ksxnku%& lH;rk] laLd fr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijk efgykvksa ds dkj.kgh ,d ih<h ls nwljh ih<h es gLrkUrfjr gksrh gSA vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] /kkfeZd dk;ZO;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks l'kDr cukrs gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd l'kDr efgyk,a l'kDrlekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSaA ekrk cPPks dh izFke f'k{kd gS] tks cPPks ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy,

'kks/k /kkjk 206

mRRkjnk;h gSaA tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gSa rks ;g ,dlokZsRRke vkSj ikou dk;Z gks tkrk gSA ns'k dh izFke f'kf{kdk lkfo=kh ckbZ Qqys ,d vuqdj.kh;mnkgj.k gSa oSfnd lH;rk dh eS=ks;h xkxhZ fo'ookjk] yksikeqnzk] ?kks"kk vkSj fonq"kh uked efgyk,a f'k{kkds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh; gSa ftUgksaus jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;kA6- oSKkfud ;ksxnku%& vkRefo'okl yxu] esgur] deZBrk] l tu 'khyrk vkSj cqf} dkS'ky esa dkj.kefgykvksa ds fy, oSKkfud [kkstksa vkSj vuqla/kku dk {ks=k vNwrk ugha gSA vkt vusd efgyk,a j{kkfo'ks"kK vkSj oSKkfudksa ds :Ik esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"Vª fuekZ.k fodkl esa ns jgh gSaA MkW- Vslh FkkWelus vfXu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gq, Hkkjr dh felkby oqeSu vkSj vfXuiq=kh dklEEkku gkfly fd;k gSA ,slh cgqr lh efgyk,a oSKkfud fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djrsgq, jk"VªfuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA7- jktuSfrd ;ksxnku%& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh fn'kk vkSj n'kk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd mudklapkyu djus okyk O;fDrRo dSlk gS\ blh Øe esa efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[k;k gS fd oksjktuSfrd fodkl esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh c[kwwch fuHkk ldrh gSA ljkstuh uk;Mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjkxka/kh bR;kfn vusd efgykvksa us viuh jktuSfrd izfrHkk dk iz;ksx jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa fd;kgS tks fd ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd dne gSA9- lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku %& lkfgR;] lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl mPPkre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd lkfgR; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf) dkS'ky ojuO;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkfgfR;d deZ ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks;g lksus ij lqgkxk gksrk gS D;ksafd efgykvksa esa fo|eku eeZ lkfgR; dks xq.koRRkiw.kZ cukrk gSA vusdefgykvksa us lkfgR;&l tu/kfeZrk ds }kjk jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gSaegknsoh oekZ] >qaik ykfgM+h] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku bR;kfn us ,slk dkyt;h lkfgR; fy[kk tks fdO;fDrRo fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gS ftlesapsruk vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa us vius drZO;]deZBrk vkSj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

vkt t:jr gS ukjh tkfr esa O;kIr vf'k{kk vkSj vkRefo'okl ds vHkko dks nwj fd;k tk,vkSj mUgsa [kqys vkleku esa mM+us dk ekSdk fn;k tk, ftlls os viuh {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx jk"VªfuekZ.k esa dj ldsaA Lusg] lEEkku vkSj vkRefo'okl ls Hkjh ukjh gekjs lekt dh gh ugha cfYd jk"Vªdh Hkh vko';drk gSA

lUnHkZ1- ;kno] MkW- m"kk( fgUnh dh efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh ekuoh; laosnuk&jk/kkd ".ku izdk'ku ubZ fnYYkhA2- ';keth] xksdqy oekZ( u;s fuca/k&fo|kfogkj] ubZ fnYYkh3- oekZ] egknsoh( lkfgR;dkj dh vkLFkk rFkk vU; fuca/k yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn4- flag] MkW- eghi( ledkyhu lkfgR; fparu5- feJ] MkW- jkenkl( Kkuxaxk izdk'ku] ubZ fnYYkh6- ik.Ms] e .kky( ifjf/k ij L=kh&jk/kkÑ".ku izdk'ku ubZ fnYyhA7- ik.Ms] e .kky( n lCtsDV bt oweu ¼efgyk fo"k;d ys[kksa dk ladyu½ ubZ fnYYkhA

'kks/k /kkjk 207

ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P. 207-209

f'k{kd&f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa orZeku izxfr ds ckjs esa izfrHkkfx;ksa dsKku ds v|ru dk v/;;u djuk

jhrk flagfoHkkxk/;{k] lkanhikuh ,dsMeh] is.Mªh] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

cPPkksa dks f'kf{kr djus ,oa muds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA f'k{kdh;dk;Z dh lQyrk f'k{kdksa dh dk;Z'kSyh] f'k{k.k dkS'ky] f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fRRk ds ldkjkRed gksus ij fuHkZjdjrh gSA f'k{kd dk ntkZ lekt esa ges'kk ls gh iwT;uh; jgrk gSA dksbZ mls v/;kid ;k Vhpj dgrkgSA ;s lHkh 'kCn ,d ,sls O;fDr dks fpf=kr djrs gSa] tks lHkh dks Kku nsrk gSA fl[kkrk gS vkSj ftudk;ksxnku fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k jk"Vª ds Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA lgh ek;uksa esa dgk tk;s rks ,d f'k{kdgh vius fo|kFkhZ dk thou x<+rk gSA f'k{kd gh lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA ,d f'k{kd dh vius thouds var rd ekxZ n'kZd dh Hkwfedk vnk djrk gS vkSj lekt dks jkg fn[kkrk jgrk gSA rHkh f'k{kd dkslekt esa mPPk ntkZ fn;k tkrk gSA


Key Words : f'k{kk dk Lo:i] f'k{kk vkSj Kku dh v|ru fLFkfrA

izLrkoukjk"Vª ds fodkl esa f'k{kk O;oLFkk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA D;ksafd ;g Kku dk izlkj djrh gSA rFkk

ckydksa dks lHkh n{krkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ djrh gSA f'k{kk ds okgd xq: dh Hkh ,slh gh f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.kdh vko';drk gS tks muds fopkjksa dk;kZs] O;ogkj esa xq.koRRkk yk;sA f'k{kd 21 oha 'krkCnh dk usr Rodjrk gSA ckydksa dks O;ogkfjd rFkk l'kDr igpku nsus esa mldk izHkkoh ;ksx gSA f'k{kd viusvfèkxe laca/kh dk;kZsa dks RkHkh izHkkoh cuk ldrk gS] tc og Lo;a tkx:d gksA Lo;a dk fodklizf'k{k.k }kjk gh laHko gksxkA f'k{kk dks lekt rd izsf"kr djus esa f'k{kd dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrkgSA f'k{kk fdlh ls] dgha ls] dHkh Hkh yh tk ldrh gSA cl dsoy f'k{kk ysus okyk tkx:d gksA lkjsns'k esa f'k{kdksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ekufld ruko ls nwj j[kus ds fy, izf'k{k.k dks vfuok;Z cuk;ktk jgk gSA fdlh Hkh 'kS{kf.kd dk;Z dh lQyrk mls fØ;kfUor djus okys f'k{kdksa ij fuHkZj djrhgSA v/;kiudrkZ] vkpk;Z {ks=k ,oa fo"k; fo'ks"k esa ;ksX;rk j[krs gSa( fQj bl fo"k; esa 'kks/k laiUUk fd;kx;k gSA

le;≤ ij izf'k{k.k u;s&u;s rduhdh Kku] fof/k] izfof/k] iz'kklu] izca/ku] Ik;kZoj.klqj{kk vkfn f'k{kdksa dks voxr djk;k tkrk gSA izf'k{k.k gh og lk/ku gS] ftlds ek/;e ls f'k{kdds dk;Z O;ogkj esa ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSAv/;;u dh vko';drk& f'k{kk dh fdlh Hkh izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA 'kSf{kd;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u esa f'k{kd vius nkf;Ro dk fuoZgu djrs gSaA ckyd tc fo|ky; tkrk gS(

'kks/k /kkjk 208

vè;;u ds nkSjku mudk laidZ fofHkUUk izdkj ds f'k{kdksa ls gksrk gSA ckyd ds vanj ftKklk gksrhgSA viuh ftKklk dks f'k{kd ds lkeus izdV djrk gSA ;fn ml ckyd dh ftKklk dh larqf"V ughagksrh gS rc ogha ls ckyd esa udkjkRed Hkko dk lapkj gksrk gS vkSj mlds eu esa /khjs&/khjs vius dk;Zds izfr v:fp gksus yxrh gSA f'k{kd vius nkf;Ro dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr dSls fuHkk;s] bl mn~ns'; dh izkfIrgsrq le;≤ ij izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

eksgu ds- ¼1980½ ^f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh izHkko'khyrk dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj fu"d"kZik;k fd vf/kdrj izf"k{kkFkhZ dk;ZØe dh izHkkodkfjrk ls larq"V ugha FksaA**v/;;u ds mn~ns'; &1 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh orZeku izfØ;k ds izfr f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fRRk ,oa f'k{k.k izHkko'khyrk dk

vè;;u djukA2 f'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa orZeku izxfr ds izfr Kku dk v|ru dk v/;;u djukA3 f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh orZeku izfØ;k ds izfr 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k f'k{kdksa dh vfHko fRRk ,oa f'k{kd

izfrHkkfx;ksa ds Kku dk v/;;u djukAf'k{kd f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa Kku dk {ks=k] v|ru djus ds mik; &fof/kd ,oa laLFkkfud <kapk&lsok iwoZ izf'k{k.k ds fy, jk"Vªh; f'k{kd f'k{kk ifj"kn ¼,ulhVhbZ½ tks dsanzljdkj dk lkafofèkd fudk; gS] ns'k esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fu;ksftr vkSj lefUor fodkl dk ftEEksnkjgSA ,ulhVhbZ fofHkUu f'k{kd f'k{kk ikB~;Øe ,oa ?kVd rFkk vof/k ,oa U;wure ;ksX;rk fu/kkZfjr djrhgSA lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k ds fy, ns'k esa ljdkj LokfeRo okyh f'k{kd laLFkkvksa ¼VhVhvkbZ½ dk cM+kusVodZ gS( tks Ldwy v/;kidksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k iznku djrk gSAdk;ZØeksa vkSj dk;Zdykiksa dk foRr iks"k.k &lsok iwoZ izf'k{k.k ds fy, ljdkj vkSj ljdkjh lkfgR;f'k{kd f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dks lacaf/kr jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk foRRkh; lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA blds vykokf'k{kd f'k{kk dh dsanz izk;ksftr Ldhe ds varxZr dsanz ljdkj Hkh Mh vkbZ bZ Vh] lh Vh bZ vkSj vkbZ, lh bZ lfgr 650 ls vf/kd laLFkkvksa dks lgk;rk djrh gSAfu%'kqYd vkSj vfUkok;Z cky f'k{kk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009 esa f'k{kd f'k{kk ds fufgrkFkZ❄• dsanz ljdkj v/;kidksa ds izf'k{k.k ds ekudksa dk fodkl vkSj mudk izorZu djsxkA❄• dsanz ljdkj }kjk izkf/kd r vdknfed izkf/kdj.k }kjk ;Fkk fu/kkZfjr U;wure ;ksX;rk j[kus okys

O;fDr f'k{kd ds :Ik esa fu;ksftr fd, tkus ds ik=k gksaxsA❄• ,slh fu/kkZfjr ;ksX;rk,a ugha j[kus okys ekStwnk v/;kidksa dks 5 o"kZ dh vof/k esa mDr ;ksX;rk

vftZRk djuk visf{kr gksxkAf'k{kd f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <kapk &❄• ijkorhZ izpyu] f'k{kd f'k{kk dk dsanzh; y{;A❄ Nk=k&v/;kidksa dks Lo&f'k{kk ijkorZu u, fopkjksa ds vkRelkrdj.k vkSj vfHkO;fDr dk volj

gksxkA❄• Lo&funZsf'kr f'k{kk dh {kerk vkSj lkspus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl vkSj lewgksa esa dk;Z egRoiw.kZ gSAfofuek;d <kaps esa lq/kkj&❄ fofHkUUk jkT;ksa ds v/;kidksa rFkk f'k{kd f'k{kdksa dh ekax ,oa vkiwfrZ ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ,u

'kks/k /kkjk 209

lh Vh bZ us 13 jkT;ksa ds laca/k esa fofHkUUk f'k{kd f'k{kk ikB;Øeksa ds fy, vkSj vkosnu izkIr ughadjus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:I jkT;ksa ds chp ekax vkiwfrZ dh fLFkfr esa I;kZIr;qfDrdj.k gqvk gSA

❄ ,u lh ,Q 2005 dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, f'k{kd f'k{kk dk jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ <kapk rS;kj fd;kx;k gSA

egRo &,d f'k{kd ;k xq: }kjk vius fo|kFkhZ dk Ldwy esa tks fl[kk;k tkrk gS ;k tSlk oks fl[krkgS oSlk gh O;ogkj djrs gSaA mudh ekufldrk Hkh dqN oSlh gh cu tkrh tSlk og vius vkliklgksrk ns[krs gSaA blfy, ,d f'k{kd ;k xq: gh vius fo|kFkhZ dks vkxs c<+us ds fy, iszfjr djrk gSAlQy thou ds fy, f'k{kk cgqr mi;ksxh gSA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd frd fodkl ml ns'k dh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj djrkgSA vxj jk"Vª dh f'k{kk uhfr vPNh gS rks ns'k dks vkxs c<+us ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrkA vxj jk"Vªdh f'k{kk uhfr vPNh ugha gksxh rks izfrHkk nc dj jg tk;sxhA cs'kd fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh f'k{kk uhfrcsdkj gks] ysfdu ,d f'k{kd csdkj f'k{kk uhfr dks Hkh vPNh uhfr esa rCnhy dj nsrk gSA vkt dsle; esa f'k{kk dk O;olkf;d dkj.k vkSj cktkjh dj.k gks x;k gSA f'k{kk dk O;olkf;d dj.k vkSjcktkjh dj.k ns'k ds le{k cM+h pqukSrh gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk Hkfo"; fuekZrk dgs tkus okys f'k{kddk egRo ;gha lekIr ugha gksrkA D;ksafd og u flQZ gedksa lgh vkn'kZ ekxZ ij pyus ds fy, izsfjrdjrs gSaA cfYd f'k{kkFkhZ ds lQy thou dh uho Hkh mudh ds gkFkksa }kjk j[kh tkrh gSAlq>ko &1 izf'k{k.k ,sls fo"k;] fo'ks"kKksa ls fn;s tk;s tks vius fo"k; esa fuiq.k gkasA vkt dy izk;% 'kklu

ds }kjk izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk fodkl [kaaM ;k ftys Lrj ij nh tkrh gSA ftlds pyrs izf'k{kkFkhZgYds esa izf'k{k.k dks ysrs gSaA

2 izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku izf'k{kdksa }kjk crkbZ gqbZ ckrksa dh leh{kk gksuh pkfg,A blls izf'k{kkFkhZ fdruklh[k ik, bl ckr dk irk pyrk gSA

fu"d"kZ &f'k{kdh; vfHko fRRk ,oa f'k{kd izHkko'khyrk ls lg laca/k mPPk gks! bl gsrq f'k{kdh; vfHko fRRkdks ldkjkRed f'k{kk nsuh gksxh rkfd f'k{kd izHkko'kkyh <ax ls f'k{kd&izfØ;k dk fuokZg dj ldsAf'k{kd izf'k{kd dks izHkko'kkyh cukuk gksxk rkfd f'k{kd izf'k{k.k izkIr djus dks rRij jgsaA

lanHkZ1 dfiy- ,p- ds- ¼1997½] vuqla/kku fof/k;ka] gjizlkn HkkxZo iqLrd izdk'ku dpgjh ?kkV vkxjk] i "B

218&2212 eksgu- ds- ¼1980½] % f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dh izHkko'khyrk] lsd.M] loZs vkQ fjlpZ ,twds'ku] i - 8223 flag] efgyk- ¼1980½] izHkkoh ,oa vizHkkoh f'k{kdksa dh d{kk var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k4 HkV~ukxj] foosd ¼2006½] euksfoKku rFkk f"k{kk esa lkaf[;dh; rkfydk,a] gjizlkn O;ogkj v/;;u laLFkku]

vkxjk&2 i "B 265- vLFkkuk] MkW- fofiu ¼2008½] 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa la[;dh; vxzoky izdk'ku] vkxjkA

'kks/k /kkjk 210


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnkuMkW0 'kf'k xqIrk

l0 izk0 ]'kkldh; fcyklk dU;k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

jk"Vª esa ukjh dh fLFkfr lnSo ,d leku ugha jgh gSA blesa ;qxkuq:i ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSaA oSfnd;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx rd vusd mrkj&p<+ko mudh fLFkfr esa vkrs jgs gSa rFkk muds vfèkdkjksa esale; le; ij cnyko gksrs jgs gSaA oSfnd o mRrjoSfnd dky esa ukjh dks xfjeke; LFkku izkIr FkkA mlsnsoh] lg/kfeZ.kh] v)kaZfxuh] lgpjh ekuk tkrk FkkA Le frdky esa Hkh Þ;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsorkÞdgdj mls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Lora=krk izkfIr ls iwoZ rd dh ukjh cgqr vPNh fLFkfr esa ugha Fkh] ysfduLora=krk izkfIr ds ckn ls ljdkj }kjk mudh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq rFkk mUgsa fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa lekfgr djus gsrq vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡ cuk;hx;ha( ftlls fodklkRed dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk ldsA efgykvksa dks fodkl dh vf[ky /kkjkls tksM+us gsrq mUgsa f'k{kk dk leqfpr volj miyC/k djk;k x;k] ftlls oks vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksads izfr ltx jgrs gq, viuh lksp esa ifjorZu yk ldsA vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk ls mUgsavkRefuHkZj cukdj LokoyEcu dh vksj izsfjr fd;k x;kA


Key Words : ukjh 'kfDr vkSj jk"Vª ds vk;ke] fodkl dk ifjn '; vkSj L=kh 'kfDr] jk"Vª vkSj ukjh

jk"Vª dk vFkZ fofHkUu izkUrksa esa fuokl djus okys tulewg ls gSA jk"Vª 'kCn ,d ,slk Hkko gStks tulewg esa jk"Vªh; tkxj.k dh Hkkouk dks m}sfyr djrk gSA jk"Vª dks mUufr vkSj fodkl dhvksj ys tkuk gh jk"Vªh; tkxj.k gSA jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ftruk ;ksxnku lekt] bfrgkl] /keZ] foKku]i;kZoj.k] vFkZ O;oLFkk laLÑfr dk gS] mruk gh ;ksxnku ukjh dk Hkh gS] D;ksafd buds fcuk jk"Vª ,dix Hkh vkxs ugha c<+ ldrk gSA

jk"Vª esa ukjh dh fLFkfr lnSo ,d leku ugha jgh gSA blesa ;qxkuq:i ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSaAoSfnd ;qx ls ysdj vk/kqfud ;qx rd vusd mrkj p<+ko mudh fLFkfr esa vkrs jgs gSa rFkk mudsvfèkdkjksa esa le;≤ ij cnyko gksrs jgs gSaA oSfnd o mRrjoSfnd dky esa ukjh dks xfjeke;LFkku izkIr FkkA mls nsoh] lg/kfeZ.kh] v)kaZfxuh] lgpjh ekuk tkrk FkkA Le frdky esa Hkh Þ;=k uk;ZLrqiwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsorkÞ dgdj mls lEekfur fd;k x;kA Lora=krk izkfIr ls iwoZ rd dh ukjh cgqrvPNh fLFkfr esa ugha Fkh] ysfdu Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn ls ljdkj }kjk mudh vkfFkZd] lkekftd]'kS{kf.kd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq rFkk mUgsa fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk esa lekfgr djusgsrq vusd dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡ cuk;h x;ha( ftlls fodklkRed dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tkldsaA efgykvksa dks fodkl dh vf[ky /kkjk ls tksM+us gsrq mUgsa f'k{kk dk leqfpr volj miyC/kdjk;k x;k] ftlls oks vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa nkf;Roksa ds izfr ltx jgrs gq, viuh lksp esa ifjorZu

'kks/k /kkjk 211

yk ldsaA vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk ls mUgsa vkRefuHkZj cukdj LokoyEcu dh vksjizsfjr fd;k x;kA

mUuhloha lnh ls ysdj bDdhloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs efgykvksa us jk"Vª ds fodkl esa viuhegRoiw.kZ lgHkkfxrk nh vkSj og ljdkjh ;k izkbosV laLFkkvksa esa viuh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj deZpkjh;k vf/kdkjh cudj vius ifjokj vkSj jk"Vª dks vkfFkZd vkSj ckSf)d lg;ksx iznku dj jk"Vª fodklesa viuh Hkwfedk vfHkuhr djrh gSA 'kS{kf.kd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] iz'kklfud][ksydwn vkfn fofo/k {ks=kksa esa Hkh miyfC/k;ksa ds u;s vk;ke r; fd;s gSaA vkt efgyk;sa vkRe fuHkZj]LofufeZr vkSj vkRefo'oklh gaSA bruk gh ugha mUgksaus bl iq:"k iz/kku pqukSrhiw.kZ {ks=kksa esa Hkh viuh;ksX;rk iznf'kZr dj jk"Vª fodkl esa ckSf)d {kerk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA og dsoy f'kf{kdk]ifjpkf;dk] L=khjksx fo'ks"kK u cudj bathfu;j] ik;yV] oSKkfud] rduhf'k;u] lsuk vkSj i=kdkfjrktSls u;s {ks=kksa esa Hkh viuk n[ky ns jgh gSA jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa Hkh efgykvksa us dbZ dhfrZeku LFkkfirdj jk"Vª dks ,d u;s f'k[kj dh vksj vxzsf"kr fd;k gSaA ns'k ds loksZPp jk"Vªifr in ij Jherh izfrHkkikfVy] yksdlHkk Lihdj ds in ij ehjk dqekj] dkaxzsl v/;{k Jherh lksfu;k xk¡/kh] mRrj izns'k dheq[;ea=kh lqJh ek;korh] olqU/kjk jkts] 'khyk nhf{kr vkfn efgyk,¡ jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa Hkh 'kh"kZ ijjgdj dk;Z fd;k gSA lkekftd {ks=k esa es|k ikVdj] Jherh fdj.k etwenkj] bykHkV~V] lq/kk ewfrZvkfn efgyk,¡ [;kfryC/k gSaA [ksy txr esa ih-Vh-m"kk] vatw ckWch tktZ] lquhrk tSu] lkfu;k fetkZ]vatw pksiM+k vkfn us u, dhfrZeku LFkkfir fd;s gSaA iz'kklfud {ks=k esa fdj.k csnh] varfj{k ;k=khlquhrk fofy;El vkfn us vius cqf) dkS'ky dk ifjp; fn;k gS A vkt ,slk dksbZ Hkh {ks=k 'ks"k ughagS] tgk¡ efgykvksa us viuh lgHkfxrk u nh gksA

orZeku lekt esa la;qDr ifjokj dh ijEijk VwVrh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS mudk LFkku ,dkdhifjokj O;oLFkk ysrh tk jgh gSA vk/kqfudhdj.k ds le; esa [kkuk cukus] diM+k /kksus] lQkbZ djusvkfn vU; ?kjsyw dk;ksZa ds fy, e'khuksa ds vk tkus ls rFkk rS;kj elkys] dVh dVkbZ lfCt;k¡ vkfnmiyC/k gksus ds dkj.k efgykvksa ds ikl vfrfjDr le; cprk gSA vkt og ijEijkvksa ds uke ijvR;kpkjksa dks lgrh ugha gSA vfirq ?kj ds pkS[kV ds ckgj fudydj mudk lkeuk djrh gSA ogmUgha dks viukrh gS tks ijEijk,a mlds O;fDrRo vkSj jk"Vª fodkl esa lgk;d gksA

f'k{kk ,d ,slk ek/;e gS] ftlus efgykvksa ds thou dks ,d u;h fn'kk iznku dh gS A egkRekxk¡/kh us dgk Fkk fd&Þ,d yM+dh dh f'k{kk ,d yM+ds dh f'k{kk dh vis{kk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafdyM+ds dks f'kf{kr djus ij og vdsyk f'kf{kr gksrk gS] fdUrq ,d yM+dh dh f'k{kk ls iwjk ifjokjf'kf{kr gks tkrk gSA f'k{kk gh og dqath gS tks thou ds lHkh }kj [kksy nsrh gS]tks vko';d gh ughalkekftd gSA vkt ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd efgykvksa us Lo;a ds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij viuh esgur vkSjvkRe fo'okl ds vk/kkj ij vius fy;s ubZ eaftysa] u;s jkLrksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gSA thtk ckbZ dh f'k{kk&nh{kk] iUuk/kk; ds cfynku] y{ehckbZ] jft;k lqYrku] in~feuh ds 'kkS;Z us lqdhfrZ dk >aMk Qgjk;k gSA vkt dh ukjh Hkh vius 'kkS;ZvkSj ijkØe ds >aMs izR;sd {ks=k esa LFkkfir dj jgh gSA ukjh bZ'oj dh ,d ,slh Ñfr gS] ftldk l tumlus 'kfDr] mnkjrk] eerk] ckSf)drk vkfn xq.kksa ds izlkj ds fy, fd;k gSA

Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn vkt jk"Vª ds ukxfjdksa dh lksp ukfj;ksa ds izfr cnyus yxh gSA igys

'kks/k /kkjk 212

ukSdjh okyh L=kh ds ifr dks ^L=kh dh dekbZ [kkus okyk* dgdj lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA ysfduvkt lksp cny pqdh gSA L=kh LokraC; esa vFkZ'kkL=k dk ;ksxnku vn~Hkqr gSA fL=k;k¡ /ku dekus yxhgSa rks iq:"k dh ekufldrk esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k gSA vkfFkZd n f"V ls ukjh vFkZpØ ds dsUnz dh vksjc<+ jgh gS A

vkt dh ukjh jktuhfrd] dkjksckj] dyk rFkk ukSdfj;ksa esa igq¡pdj u;s vk;ke x<+ jgh gSAHkwe.MyhÑr nqfu;k¡ esa jk"Vª vkSj ogk¡ dh ukfj;ksa us viuh furkar lEekutud txg dk;e dj yhgSA vkadM+s n'kkZrs gSa fd izfro"kZ dqy ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa esa 50 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ MkWDVjh dh ijh{kk mRrh.kZdjrh gaSA vktknh ds ckn yxHkx 12 izfr'kr efgyk,¡ fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh eq[;ea=kh cu pqdh gaSA ns'kds vxz.kh lk¶Vos;j m|ksx esa 21 izfr'kr is'ksoj efgyk,¡ gSaaA QkSt] jktuhfr] [ksy] ik;yV rFkkm|eh lHkh {ks=kksa esa tgk¡ o"kksZa igys efgykvksa ds gksus dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA ogk¡vkt ukjh Lo;a dks LFkkfir gh ugha dj ik;h gS cfYd lQy Hkh gks jgh gSA ;fn gedks fodkl djukgS rks efgykvksa dk fodkl gksus ij gh jk"Vª mRFkku djsxkA

orZeku le; esa ljdkj }kjk efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy, vusd dk;ZØe ,oa ;kstukvksa dklapkyu gks jgk gS rkfd efgyk,¡ vkRe fuHkZj ,oa LokoyEch cusa vkSj jk"Vª dks ,d ,slh fn'kk esa ystk;s tgk¡ mldk opZLo dHkh de u gksA bl lanHkZ esa ;qxuk;d ,oa jk"VªfuekZrk Lokeh foosdkuUndk ;g dFku mYys[kuh; gS%& **fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izxfr dk loksZPp FkekZehVj gS ogka dh ukfj;k¡]gesa ukjh dks ,slh fLFkfr esa ig¡qpk nsuk pkfg;s] tgk¡ os viuh leL;kvksa dks vius <ax ls Lo;a lqy>kldsaA gesa ukjh 'kfDr dk mn~)kjd ugh] vfirq mudk lsod vkSj lgk;d cuuk pkfg;sA ukjh fo'ods lHkh {ks=kksa esa viuh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh {kerk j[krh gSA vko';drk gS mUgsa mi;qDr voljnsus dhA ukjh ds mRFkku vkSj mldh lfØ;rk esa jk"Vª dk mTtoy Hkfo"; vkSj fodklkRedlEHkkouk,¡ lfUufgr jgrh gaSA

lUnHkZ1- gluSu] unhe( ¼2004½ ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt] Hkjr cqd lsUVj y[kuÅ2- MkW- jktdqekj ]ukjh ds cnys vk;ke] vtqZu ifCyflax gkÅl 20053- vkgwtk] jke+ ¼1999½ Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk] jkor izdk'ku] t;iqj] t;iqj ubZ fnYyh-

'kks/k /kkjk 213

fgUnhISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386

SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 18; Vol.1; P. 213-215

jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW0 ¼Jherh½ lqtkrk lSeqqvy

jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW0 liuk dkWjlekt'kkL=k foHkkx] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] vejhdyk] ckyksn] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh vkcknh dk yxHkx vk/kk fgLlk efgykvksa dk gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dh n f"Vls os iq:"kksa ls U;wu gksrh gSa] fdarq f'k'kqvksa dk tUe vkSj çkjafHkd o"kksZa esa mudk ykyu- ikyu ukfj;ksa dkfo'ks"k nkf;Ro gksrk gS] ;s f'k'kq vkxs pydj jk"Vª ds ftEesnkj ukxfjd curs gSaA Li"V gS fd ukfj;ksa dhfLFkfr fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl vkSj mlds Hkfo"; dk vuqeku djus gsrq vk/kkjHkwr fo'oluh; ekinaMgSA ;fn efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fdlh jk"Vª esa larks"ktud gS] os lqf'kf{kr gSa] vkSj vius vf/kdkjksa rFkk dÙkZO;ksads çfr tkx:d gSa] rks ml ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh fodflr gS vkSj ;gh f'k{kk vkSj laLdkj os vius f'k'kqvksadks gLrkarfjr djsxhA Li"Vr% ml jk"Vª dk fodkl lkuqikfrd gS vkSj mldk Hkfo"; Hkh mTToy gSA ,djk"Vª ds :Ik esa Hkkjro"kZ dk fodkl Hkh bl ekinaM dh mis{kk ugha dj ldrkA tc ge çkphu dky lsjk"Vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djrs gSa rks ikrs gSa fd vk/kqfud jk"Vª jkT; vo/kkj.kk dsmn~Hko ds iwoZ Hkkjro"kZ ds fodkl esa ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; FkhA çkphu vkSj orZekudky esa fo'ods vU; jk"Vªksa ds e/; Hkkjr dk tks lEekuiw.kZ LFkku gS] mlds fy, og viuh lq;ksX; efgyk ukxfjdksadks J)kiwoZd Lej.k djrk gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh] Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj ukjh'kfDr vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ukjh 'kfDr

çfl) ;wukuh fpard IysVks us dgk Fkk&^^jkT; ekuo efLr"d dk gh O;kid :Ik gSA jkT;cywr ds o {k vFkok pV~Vkuksa ls ugha fudyrs oju~ mu yksxksa ds efLr"d vkSj pfj=k dk çek.k gksrsgSa tks muesa fuokl djrs gSaA*1 dksbZ Hkh jk"Vª mruk gh fodflr vkSj leFkZ gksrk gS] ftruk mlesafuokl djus okys vke ukxfjd gksrs gSaA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh vkcknh dk yxHkx vk/kk fgLlk efgykvksa dk gksrk gSA 'kkjhfjd 'kfä dhn f"V ls os iq:"kksa ls U;wu gksrh gSa] fdarq f'k'kqvksa dk tUe vkSj çkjafHkd o"kksZ esa mudk ykyu&ikyuukfj;ksa dk fo'ks"k nkf;Ro gksrk gS] ;s f'k'kq vkxs pydj jk"Vª ds ftEesnkj ukxfjd curs gSaA Li"V gSfd ukfj;ksa dh fLFkfr fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl vkSj mlds Hkfo"; dk vuqeku djus gsrq vk/kkjHkwrfo'oluh; ekinaM gS] ;fn efgykvksa dh fLFkfr fdlh jk"Vª esa larks"ktud gS] os lqf'kf{kr gSa] vkSj viusvf/kdkjksa rFkk dÙkZO;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gSa] rks ml ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh fodflr gS vkSj ;gh f'k{kkvkSj laLdkj os vius f'k'kqvksa dks gLrkarfjr djsxhA Li"Vr% ml jk"Vª dk fodkl lkuqikfrd gS vkSjmldk Hkfo"; Hkh mTToy gSA ,d jk"Vª ds :Ik esa Hkkjro"kZ dk fodkl Hkh bl ekinaM dh mis{kk ugha

'kks/k /kkjk 214

dj ldrkAtc ge çkphu dky ls jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djrs gSa rks ikrs gSa

fd vk/kqfud jk"Vª jkT; vo/kkj.kk ds mn~Hko ds iwoZ Hkkjro"kZ ds fodkl esa ukfj;ksa dh HkwfedkmYys[kuh; FkhA çkphu vkSj orZekudky esa fo'o ds vU; jk"Vªksa ds e/; Hkkjr dk tks lEekuiw.kZ LFkkugS] mlds fy, og viuh lq;ksX; efgyk ukxfjdksa dks J)kiwoZd Lej.k djrk gSA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk dks fuEu fcanqvksa esa ljyrkiwoZd le>k tk ldrk gSA(i) çkphu dky esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku &çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl bl rF; dsLi"V lk{; nsrk gS fd jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ukfj;ksa dk egRowi.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA oSfnd lH;rk ds fuekZ.kesa ge xkxhZ] dfiyk] vla?kfr vkSj eS=ks;h tSlh efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks misf{kr ugha dj ldrsAokLro esa tc Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa us vFkoZosn esa êkrk Hkwfe% iq=kks vga i fFkO;k%** ¼Hkwfe esjh ekrk vkSj gebl /kjk ds iq=k gSa½*2 dk mYys[k fd;k rks çdkjkarj esa os efgykvksa dh ekr Hkwfedk dk gh oanu djjgs FksA çfl) Ýkalhlh lezkV usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us efgykvksa ds egRo dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, dgkFkkA rqe eq>s dqN ;ksX; ekrk,a nks eSa rqEgs ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nw¡xkA* okLro esa fdlh Hkh f'k'kq ds O;fDrRoesa LokfHkeku] jk"Vªçse vkSj ijksidkj tSlh Hkkoukvksa dk lekos'k djuk ekrkvksa dk gh dk;Z gksrk gSA(ii) vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;ked ds :Ik esa &vFkZO;oLFkk ds fu;ked :Ik esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku nksLrjksa ij gksrk gS¼v½ ifjokj dh lhekvksa esa & ifjokj dh eq[; /kqjh efgyk,a gh gksrh gaSA euq"; tc vkfne voLFkkesa Fkk vkSj f'kdkj rFkk ouksit ladyuksa ij vkfJr Fkk] iq:"k f'kdkj vkfn dk nkf;Ro laHkkyrs Fks]vkSj efgykvksa dk nkf;Ro gksrk Fkk fd f'k'kqvksa] ckydksa vkSj o )tuksa dh ns[kjs[k djsa vkSj miyC/klalk/kuksa dk bl çdkj vkoaVu djsa fd u flQZ lHkh lnL;ksa dh U;wure vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksoju~ çkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka çfrdwy gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkfo"; gsrq dqN cp Hkh ldsA¼c½ vFkZO;oLFkk esa lg;ksxh Hkwfedk & ukfj;ksa dh drZO;'khyrk ek=k ?kj dh pkj nhokjh rd ghlhfer ugha jgh Fkh] vFkksZiktZu ds dkeksa esa Hkh mUgksus lfØ; lg;ksx fd;k Fkk vkSj dj jgh gSa] [ksrhckM+h ds dk;Z esa vkt Hkh efgykvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh gksrh gSA ;g vyx rF; gS fd ikfjokfjdlaifÙk gksus ds dkj.k mUgs uxn Hkqxrku ikus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gS vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa ifjokj ds eqf[k;ktks T;knkrj iq:"k gksrs gSa] dh rqyuk esa mudk ;ksxnku derj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA orZeku ;qx esa rksefgyk,a lh/ks rkSj ij ?kj ls ckgj viuh ;ksX;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vkfFkZd miktZu esa layXu gSa vkSjvf/kdrj voljksa ij viuh dk;Zdq'kyrk dh Nki NksM+rh gSA

vius vU; vkfFkZd nkf;Roksa dh iwfrZ ds lkFk efgyk,a ifjokj gsrq cpr dh ço fÙk dks Hkh c<+koknsrh gSaA o"kZ 1930] 2008 rFkk 2014 dh vkfFkZd eanh esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk T;knk çekf.kr ugha gqbZD;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgyk,a cpr dh ço fÙk j[krh gSa vkt Hkkjr esa yxHkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a Ñf"k vkSji'kqikyu tSls vk/kkjHkwr m|ksxksa ds ek/;e ls vFkZO;oLFkk esa viuk ;ksxnku dj jgh gSA(iii) ijaijkvksa dh okgd & ih<+h&nj&ih<+h fdlh ns'k dh laLÑfr vkSj ijaijkvksa dks orZeku dhih<+h ls Hkfo"; ds ukxfjdksa rd igqapkus dk dk;Z efgyk,a gh djrh jgh gSaA fo'o dh tks lH;rk,açkphu vkSj thfor gS] mu lHkh lH;rkvksa esa ukfj;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 215

(iv) lkekftd&/kkfeZd&'kS{kf.kd {ks=k esa ;ksxnku &Ldwyh f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa tks ,d vk/kkjHkwrvko';drk gS] vkt Hkh gesa vf/kdrj efgyk,a gh çkFkfed f'k{kd ds :Ik esa feyrh gS] D;ksafd muesa/kS;Z vkSj fouezrk ds xq.k gksrs gS vkSj NksVs ckydksa dks çf'kf{kr djus gsrq bu xq.kksa dh egrhvko';drk gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ dksbZ Hkh ckyd viuh çkjafHkd vukSikpkfjd rFkk vkSipkfjd nksukas rjgdh f'k{kk,a vf/kdrj ukfj;ksa ls gh çkIr djrk gSA ;g dFku loZFkk lR; gS fd l'kä efgyk l'kälekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk* gSA3

(v) oSKkfud] jktuSfrd rFkk ç'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku & tc ge jktuSfrd] ç'kklfud rFkkoSKkfud {ks=k esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks ge fczfV'k ç/kkuea=kh JherhekjxzsV FkSpj] Jherh bafnjk xka/kh] Jherh Fksjslk] Jherh ,atsyk ekdSy] eSMe D;wjh] tSlh efgykvksadks ikrs gSa ftUgksus lewps fo'o dks viuh ckSf)d vkSj usr Ro {kerk ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA orZeku Hkkjresa Hkh j{kk ds {ks=k dk nkf;Ro Jherh fueZyk lhrkje.k ds gkFkksa esa gh gSA ç'kklfud vkSj oSKkfud{ks=kksa esa Hkh jk"Vª fodkl ds {ks=k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku vrqyuh; gSA

okLro esa ^vk/kh vkcknh* dks iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa de volj vkSj lalk/ku miyC/k gS fQjHkh mUgksus jk"Vª fodkl ds çR;sd {ks=k esa viuh vfeV Nki NksM+h gS] mu vufxur efgykvksa dk dghadksbZ mYys[k ;k ;'kksxku lqukbZ ugha nsrk tks fujarj vius ifjokj lekt vkSj varr% jk"Vª ds fodklesa viuk thou lefiZr djrh gSa] muds ckjs esa egkdfo t;'kadj çlkn dk ;g dFku mfpr gS fd%&

vkalw ls Hkhxs vapy ij eu dk lc dqN j[kuk gksxkArqedks viuh fLefr js[kk ls ;g laf/ki=k fy[kuk gksxkA*4

lanHkZ1 tSu] iq[kjkt( IysVks&n- fjifCyd &jktuhfr foKku] ifCyds'ku] i 0 52 >k] xqats'k xkSre( jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku&fofo/kk vçSy 20143 dqekj] MkW- çnhi( jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk&lkfgR; ihfM+;k ifCyf'kax&2017] i -

14 çlkn] t;'kadj( dkek;uh&yTtk lxZ& 016

'kks/k /kkjk 216


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedkfoosd flag

'kks/kkFkhZ] fcykliqj fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

gekjs lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; /kqjh* gksrh gSa] tks fd ,d x fg.kh ds :i esa jk"Vª fuekZ.kvkSj fodkl esa viuh mRÑ"V Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA ,d x fg.kh ds :i esa og lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lqpk: :ils lapkyu djrh gSa rFkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo fRr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gSaA fo'o esa vkfFkZdeanh ls lHkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijUrq Hkkjr ugh] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izÑfr us Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk dks cpk;k gSaA blh ds lkFk gh yxHkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk, Ñf"k ,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrsgq, ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA efgyk,a ih<+h&nj&ih<+h laLÑfr] laLdkj vkSjijEijkvksa dk lapkj.k vkSj laj{k.k djrh jgrh gSa] lEiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkZ fnykus esaefgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr dks laLÑfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA


Key Words : ukjh dk jk"Vª fodkl esa ;ksxnku] jk"Vªh; psruk vkSj ukjh

ûkjh* fo/kkrk dh loksZRRke vkSj uk;kc l f"V gSA ukjh] izÑfr ,oa bZ'oj }kjk iznRr vn~Hkqrîfo=k lk/;* gS] ftls eglwl djus ds fy, îfo=k lk/ku* dk gksuk t:jh gSA bldh u rks dksbZljgn gS vkSj uk gh dksbZ NksjA ;g rks ,d fojkV Lo:i gS] ftlds vkxs Lo;a fo/kkrk Hkh ureLrdgksrk gSA ;g ve r&ojnku* gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fnO; vkS"kf/k* gSA ukjh gh og lksa/kh feV~Vh dh egdgS] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gS vkSj u dsoy O;fDrxr cfYd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa viuhegrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA

cPPkksa dks tUe nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laLdkj vkSj ln~xq.k dk mPprefodkl djrh gS rFkk jk"Vª ds izfr mudh ftEesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gS rkfd fuekZ.k vkSj fodklfuckZ/k xfr ls gksrk jgsA ohj Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kj] foosdkuUn tSls foHkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj^êk¡** ds Lo:i dh gh nsu gSA ekrk thtkckbZ] t;orh ckbZ] iUuk/kk; tSlh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx]leiZ.k vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iUuksa ij vafdr gSA

ukjh dk iRuh vorkj jk"Vª fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iRuh pkgs rks ifr dksxq.koku vkSj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gSA lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS tks fd jk"Vª fodkl esa ;ksxnkunsrk gSA blesa ifRu;ksa dk vge ;ksxnku ns[kk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, rqylhnkl th dsthou dks v/;kfRed psruk iznku djus esa mudh iRuh ^^jRukoyh** dk gh cqqf)&pkrq;Z FkkA^^fo|ksRrek** us dkyhnkl dks laLÑr dk izdkaM egkdfo cuk;k FkkA

gekjs lekt esa efgyk, ifjokj dh eq[; ^/kqjh* gksrh gSa] tks fd ,d x fg.kh ds :i esa jk"Vª

'kks/k /kkjk 217

fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuh mRÑ"V Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ,d x fg.kh ds :i esa og lEiw.kZ ifjokj dklqpk: :i ls lapkyu djrh gS rFkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo fRr dks Hkh fodflr djrhgSaA fo'o esa vkfFkZd eanh ls lHkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijUrq Hkkjr ugha] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cprdh izÑfr us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks cpk;k gSA blh ds lkFk gh yxHkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,sa Ñf"k,oa i'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrs gq, ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA

efgyk,a ih<+h&nj&ih<+h laLÑfr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijkvksa dk lapj.k vkSj laj{k.k djrh jgrhgSa] lEiw.kZ fo'o esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkZ fnykus esa efgykvksa dh gh Hkwfedk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd Hkkjr dks laLÑfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA

efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'kSf{kd&/kkfeZd dk;Z O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks l'kDrcukrs gSaaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd & l'kDr efgyk] l'kDr lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSA ekrk cPps dh izFkef'k{kd gS] tks cPps ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, mRrjnk;h gSA tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydjlekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gS rks ;g ,d loksZRRe vkSj ikou dk;Z gks tkrk gSA ns'k dh izFkef'kf{kdk ^lkfo=kh ckbZ Qqys* ,d vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k gSA oSfnd lH;rk dh eS=ks;h] xkxhZ] yksikeqnzk]?kks"kk vkSj fonq"kh uked efgyk,sa f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa ;ksxnku gsrq vkt Hkh iwtuh;k gSaA

lkfgR;] lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodl mPpreLrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd lkfgR; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dkS'ky oju~ O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZfodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lkfgfR;d&deZ ;fn efgykvksa ds }kjk gks rks ;g lksus ij lqgkxkgksrk gS] D;ksafd efgykvksa esa fo|eku ^êeZ** lkfgR; dks xq.koRrkiw.kZ cukrk gSA vusd efgykvksa uslkfgR;&l tu/kfeZrk ds }kjk jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gSSA tSls&ehjk]egknsoh oekZ] egk'osrk nsoh] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] ve rk izhre bR;kfnA bUgksaus ,slk dkyt;h lkfgR;fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrd fodkl dk Hkh cy iznku djrkgS] ftlesa psruk vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gSaA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa us vius drZO;] deZBrk vkSj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e lsjk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku ghlqf'kf{kr] l{ke vkSj lQy gSaA pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] [ksy] dyk]lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdRlk] lsok] ehfM;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbZ Hkh gksA ukjh dhmifLFkfr] ;ksxnku] ;ksX;rk] miyfC/k;k¡] ekfeZdrk vkSj l tu'khyrk Lo;a ,d izR;{k ifjp; nsrh gSAifjokj vkSj lekt dks laHkkyrs gq, jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;ghdkj.k gS fd og l tuk] vUuiw.kkZ ;qx&n "Vk vkSj ;qx&l "Vk gksus ds lkFk gh ^^Lo;a&fl)k** Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ1- prqosZnh] txnh'oj( L=khoknh lkfgR; foe'kZ2- dkfy;k] eerk( [kk¡Vh ?kjsyw vkSjr

'kks/k /kkjk 218


ukjh f'k{kk vkSj jk"Vª dk fodklvfuy dqekj flag

'kks/kkFkhZ] bykgkckn] m0iz0¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

vkt ds izxfr'khy le; esa Hkh ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd lekt ds dqN oxksZa }kjk vHkh Hkh ukjhdks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kuk ,d vijk/k ds leku gSA fo'o izfl) Ýkalhlh 'kkld usiksfy;u cksukikVZ tSls;ks)k dk Hkh dguk Fkk fd ;fn ek¡ vf'kf{kr gS rks jk"Vª dh mUufr lEHko ugha gSA ;fn ifjokj ukxfjdrkdh izFke ikB'kkyk gS rks ek¡ ml ikB'kkyk dh izFke v/;kfidk gSA ;fn og izFke f'kf{kdk gh vf'kf{krgS rks ifjokj ,d vPNh ikB'kkyk dSls fl) gks ldrk gSA ns'k ds Hkkoh ukxfjd ;ksX; o lqf'kf{kr gksablfy, mudk ikyu&iks"k.k ,d lqf'kf{kr ek¡ ds usr Rr esa gksuk pkfg,A ifjokj esa ,d L=kh rhu :iksa esaviuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA vkjEHk esa ,d iq=kh] rRi'pkr ,d iRuh vkSj fQj ,d ek¡ ds :Ik esagksrh gSA ,d f'kf{kr ukjh viuh rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa dks vPNh rjg le> ldrh gS rFkk vius drZO;ksa dksHkyh izdkj fuoZgu dj ldrh gSA ukjh us ?kj ls ckgj fudydj thou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa iq:"kksa ds lekuviuh lgHkkfxrk fuHkkbZ gSA lkfgR; l tu ds {ks=k esa og egk'osrk nsoh* gS rks foKku ds {ks=k esa dYiukpkoykA lekt dY;k.k ds {ks=k esa og enj Vsjslk* gS rks jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa og LoxhZ; bafnjk xk¡/kh tSlhjk"Vªh; o vUrjjk"Bªh; Lrj dh usrk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks pqdh gSA izkphu le; esa Hkh fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kkxzg.k djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk izkIr FkhA oks _f"k;ksa ds vkJe esa jgdj xq:tu ls f'k{kk xzzg.k djrh FkhaA os fofHkUudykvksa tSls&xk;u] u R;dyk] fp=kdyk] ;q)dyk esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xf.krK Hkh FkhaA


Key Words : ukjh f'k{kk] jk"Vª fodkl vkSj ukjh f'k{kk

ukjh fo/kkrk dh loksZRre vkSj mRÑ"V vax gSA ukjh dh lwjr vkSj lhjr dh ijkdk"Bk mldhxgurk dks ekiuk nq"dj gh ugha vfir ukeqefdu gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd ekuo lH;rkdk fodkl f'k{kk ds }kjk gh laHko gksrk gSA dgk x;k gS fd fcuk f'k{kk ds euq"; fcuk i¡wWN ds Ik'kqds leku gSA blfy, lekt ds izR;sd L=kh o iq:"k ds fy, f'kf{kr gksuk vfuok;Z gSA L=kh o iq:"knksuksa gh lekt :ih xkM++h ds nks ifg;s gSa vkSj ;fn iq:"k f'kf{kr gS rFkk ukjh vf'kf{kr gS rks ;gxkM+h lqpk: :Ik ls vkxs ugha py ldrhA L=kh f'k{kk ds vHkko eas lkekftd thou esa vfLFkjrk ovfuf'prk dh fLFkfr n f"Vxr gksrh gSA blfy, lqjf{kr lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lekt ds izR;sdoxZ ukjh dk f'kf{kr gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

vkt ds izxfr'khy le; esa Hkh ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd lekt ds dqN oxksZa }kjk vHkh Hkhukjh f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kuk ,d vijk/k ds leku gSA fo'o izfl) Ýkalhlh 'kkld usiksfy;u cksukikVZtSls ;ks)k dk Hkh dguk Fkk fd ;fn ek¡ vf'kf{kr gS rks jk"Vª dh mUufr lEHko ugha gSA ;fn ifjokjukxfjdrk dh izFke ikB'kkyk gS rks ek¡ ml ikB'kkyk dh izFke v/;kfidk gSA ;fn og izFke f'kf{kdk

'kks/k /kkjk 219

gh vf'kf{kr gS rks ifjokj ,d vPNh ikB'kkyk dSls fl) gks ldrk gSA ns'k ds Hkkoh ukxfjd ;ksX;o lqf'kf{kr gksa blfy, mudk ikyu&iks"k.k ,d lqf'kf{kr ek¡ ds usr Rr esa gksuk pkfg,A

ifjokj esa ,d L=kh rhu :iksa esa viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djrh gSA vkjEHk esa ,d iq=kh]rRi'pkr ,d iRuh vkSj fQj ,d ek¡ ds :Ik esa gksrh gSA ,d f'kf{kr ukjh viuh rhuksa Hkwfedkvksa dksvPNh rjg le> ldrh gS rFkk vius drZO;ksa dks Hkyh izdkj fuoZgu dj ldrh gSA ukjh us ?kj lsckgj fudydj thou ds izR;sd {ks=k esa iq:"kksa ds leku viuh lgHkkfxrk fuHkkbZ gSA lkfgR; l tuds {ks=k esa og êgk'osrk nsoh* gS rks foKku ds {ks=k esa dYiuk pkoykA lekt dY;k.k ds {ks=k esa ogênj Vsjslk* gS rks jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa og LoxhZ; bafnjk xk¡/kh tSlh jk"Vªh; o vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj dhusrk ds :Ik esa LFkkfir gks pqdh gSA

izkphu le; esa Hkh fL=k;ksa dks f'k{kk xzg.k djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk izkIr FkhA oks _f"k;ksa dsvkJe esa jgdj xq:tu ls f'k{kk xzzg.k djrh FkhaA os fofHkUu dykvksa tSls&xk;u] u R;dyk]fp=kdyk] ;q)dyk esa ikjaxr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xf.krK Hkh FkhaA

e/;dkyhu le; esa eqfLye 'kkldksa ds Hkkjr vkxeu ls gekjh lH;krk o laLÑfr ij dVqizgkj gqvkA mUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjr ij 'kklu fd;k cfYd gekjs lkekftd ifjos'k dks [k.M fo[k.Mdj fn;kA mlh dkj.k efgykvksa dks f'k{kk ds {ks=k ls oafpr fd;k tkus yxk Fkk vkSj mUgsa ?kj dhpkj nhokjh esa dSn dj fn;k x;kA vaxzsth 'kklu dky esa fL=k;ksa dks dqN lhek rd Lora=krk izkIrgqbZ FkhA fdUrq ;g dsoy mPp o /kfud oxZ rd gh lhfer jgh FkhA

Hkkjr dh Lora=krk izkfIr ds ckn fL=k;ksa dh n'kk esa Hkh lq/kkj ds iz;kl gq, gSaA lafo/kku }kjkns'k ds lHkh L=kh iq:"kksa dks lkeku ekSfyd vf/kdkj iznku fd;s x;s gSaA ftlds vUrxZr leku f'k{kkdh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSaA blls efgykvksa ds 'kSf{kd Lrj esa lq/kkj dk izek.k ;g gS fd Lora=krk dsle; Hkkjr esa efgyk f'k{kk dk izfr'kr dsoy 7-5 izfr'kr Fkk tks vkt 65-46 izfr'kr gSA Lora=kHkkjr esa f'kf{kr efgyk,¡ u dsoy vius ifjokj dh ns[k&js[k dj jgh gSaA vfirq vius ifjokj dsjgu&lgu ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, vkRefuHkZj gksdj ifjokj dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls enn Hkh dj jghgSaA

ukjh lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkfgfR;d txr esa ukjh dsfofo/k Lo:iksa dk u dsoy oká] vfirq vareZu ds xw<+re Hkko lkSUn;kZRed Lo:Ik dk HkhjgL;ksn~?kkVu gqvk gSA ukjh izÑfr ,oa bZ'oj }kjk iznRr vn~Hkwr ifo=k lk/;* gSA ftls eglwl djusds fy, ifo=k lk/ku* dk gksuk t:jh gSA bldh u rks dksbZ ljgn gS vkSj u gh dksbZ Nksj ! ;g rks,d fojkV~ Lo:Ik gS] ftlds vkxs fofo/krk Hkh ureLrd gksrk gSA ;g ve r ojnku* gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ^fnO; vkS"kf/k* gSA ukjh gh og lkSa/kh feV~Vh dh egd gS] tks thou&cfx;k dks egdkrh gS vkSju dsoy O;fDrxr cfYd jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa viuh egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA ukjh ds fy,;g dgk tk;s fd] ßfofo/krk esa ,drk gSÞ--- rks dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA D;ksafd efgykvksa dksokº; Lo:i] lkSUn;Z vkSj igukos esa fofo/krk rks gksrh gS ysfdu muds ekul esa ,dkdkj vkSj dsUnzh;'kfDr bZ'oj dh rjg ^,d* gh gksrh gSA blh 'kfDr ds bnZ&fxnZ lw;Z vkSj vU; xzgksa dh Hkk¡fr vusd

'kks/k /kkjk 220

izdkj ls ln~xq.k fujUrj xfreku jgrs gSa( tSls&fo'okl] izse] d:.kk] fu"Bk] n;k] leiZ.k] R;kx]cfynku] eerk] 'khryrk] Lusg] dq'kyrk] drZO;&ijk;.krk] lgu'khyrk] e;kZnk] lerk] l tu'khyrkvkSj lfg".kqrk bR;kfnA bUgh fofo/k 'kfDr;ksa dk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku gSA efgykvksa ds bl lrr~;ksxnku dks ge ij xoZ gSA

usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us ek¡ dh xfjek dks le>krs gq, dgk Fkk fd&ßeq>s ,d ;ksX; ekrk nks]eSa rqEgsa ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nw¡xkAÞ

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa us vius drZO;] deZBrk vkSj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;ejk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl ls viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku ghlqf'kf{kr] l{ke vkSj lQy gSA pkgs og ftl {ks=k esa gksa% lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] [ksy]dyk] lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdRlk] lsok] ehfM;k dksbZ Hkh gksA ukjh dh mifLFkfr];ksxnku] ;ksX;rk] miyfC/k;k¡] l tu'khyrk dh ifjp; nsrh gSA ifjokj vkSj lkekt dks laHkkyrs gq,jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodklesa viuk fo'ks"k vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd og l tuk] vUuiw.kkZ] nsoh] ;qx nz"VkvkSj ;qx lz"Vk gksus ds lkFk gh ßLo;a&fl)kÞ Hkh gSA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] lksgu ¼MkW0½] Hkkjrh; lekt esa oxZ la?k"kZ vkSj fgUnh miU;kl&jpuk izzdk'ku2- frokjh] jkepUnz ¼MkW0½] fgUnh dk x|&lkfgR;] fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klhvk/kkj xzUFk %&1- nqxsZ'k uafnuh] fgUnh miU;klksa esa lkekftd ifjizs{;2- jktsUnz ;kno] vrhr gksrh lnh vkSj L=kh dk Hkfo";

'kks/k /kkjk 221


jk"Vª&fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkJherh euksjek pUnzk

'kks/k&Nk=kk] lh-Ogh- jeu fo'ofo|ky;] djxh jksM] dksVk] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

oSfnd dky ls gh ukjh dk LFkku Js"B jgk gSA osn] 'kkL=k] iqjk.kksa esa ukjh dks nsoh rqY; ekuk x;kgSA ns'k esa gq, dbZ eqxy vkØe.kksa ds dkj.k ukjh dh n'kk esa ifjorZu gksus yxkA vaxzstksa ds 'kkludkyesa mudh n'kk n;uh; Fkh] mUgsa vcyk ukjh dgk tkrk FkkA ngst] lrh&izFkk] inkZ&izFkk] tSlh dqjhfr;ksads dkj.k muds fy, Lora=k gksdj thou thuk eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA vf'k{kk ds izHkko ls muesa vkREfo'okldh deh Fkh] ijarq fczfV'k dky ds vkrs&vkrs jktk jkeeksgu jk; o bZ'ojpan fo|klkxj tSls egkufoHkwfr;ksa us efgykvksa ds fy, vkokt+ mBkbZA mudh f'k{kk ds fy, vusd vkanksyu pyk, x,] fofHkUudqjhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k x;k] ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh efgykvksa esa uo&tkxj.k dk mn; gqvk vkSj osf'k{kk xzg.k djus yxhaA vktknh ds rhu&pkj n'kd esa gh mudh fLFkfr iq#"kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd etcwrgksus yxh vkSj jk"Vª ds vusd {ks=k esa os viuh miyfC/k;k¡ nsus yxhaA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl vkSj ukjh] izkphu lanHkZ vkSj ukjh dk fodkl esa ;ksxnku

vkt dk ;qx ifjorZu vFkok Økafr dk ;qx gSA Hkkjr ns'k iq#"k iz/kku gksrs gq, Hkh efgykl'kfDrdj.k ls oafpr ugha jgkA jk"Vª ds uo&fuekZ.k vFkok fodkl esa iq#"kksa dh Hkk¡fr ukfj;ksa us Hkhviuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ns'k esa NksVs&cM+s lHkh 'kkldh; o v'kkldh; dk;kZy;ksa esa iq#"kksads leku fL=k;ksa us Hkh viuh iw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkbZ gSA orZeku le; esa ukjh dk eukscy f'k{kk ds {ks=kesa mRÑ"V fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] mudh miyfC/k;ksa dk vadu djuk laHko ugha gSA ukfj;ksa }kjk fofHkUu {ks=kksaesa viuk dk;Z lw>&cw> ls l¡Hkkyk tk jgk gSA e/;dky esa ukjh tks pgkjfnokjh dh 'kksHkk cudjjg xbZ Fkh] og vk/kqfud dky esa ,d ohjkaxuk ds :i esa lekt ds le{k viuk :i /kkj.k dj pqdhgSA mudk eukscy o vkRefo'okl pje lhek ij gSA vkt jk"Vª&fodkl ds {ks=k esa efgykvksa dscMs+&cM+s dkjukesa v[kckjksa o Vsyhfotu ij i<+us&lquus dks feyrs gSaA efgykvksa ds cgqewY; fØ;k&dykiksa ds dkj.k vkt Hkkjr fodkl'khy jk"Vª ls fodflr jk"Vª cuus dh vksj vxzlj gSA uj dsleku ukjh Hkh dfBu ifjJe dj mUufr ds f'k[kj dks Nwus yxh gSAukjh dk Lo:i

ukjh dk fHkUu&fHkUu :i lekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ek¡ ds :i esa og eerk ,oa R;kx dhewjr gksrh gS] tks vius xHkZ esa ukS ekg rd f'k'kq dks vius [kwu ls flafpr dj lalkj esa tUe nsrhgS vkSj mldk ikyu&iks"k.k dj lekt esa ;ksX; vFkok izfrf"Br LFkku fnykrh gSA lkFk&gh viuslaLdkjksa o ln~fopkjksa ls iYyfor dj jk"Vª ds izfr mudh ftEesnkjh lqfuf'pr djrh gSA vkt ns'k

'kks/k /kkjk 222

esa egkRek xk¡/kh] foosdkuan] Hkxr flag tSls vusd egku foHkwfr;ksa dk tUe ukjh ds ek¡ Lo:i dh ghnsu gSA bfrgkl dky esa cM+s&cM+s ohj iq#"kksa o ns'kHkDrksa us tUe fy;k] mUgksaus jk"Vª&fuekZ.k esa viusfo'ks"k nkf;Ro fuHkk,A iRuh ds :i esa ukjh vius ifr ds izR;sd NksVs&cM+s dk;ksZa ij ijke'kZ nsrh gSAizkphu dky ls gh iRuh ns'k esa ladV ds {k.kksa esa vius ifr ds ekFks ij fot;&fryd yxkdjjk"Vª&fgr ds fy, mUgsa ;q) ds eSnku esa [kM+k djrh vkbZ gSA xyr O;luksa o nq"deksZa ls ifr;ksa dksifRu;k¡ nwj j[krh gSa] ftlls ifjokj] lekt o jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lq/kjus ds lkFk&gh lkekftdfLFkfr esa Hkh cnyko vkrk gSA jk"Vª&fodkl esa ifRu;ksa dk ;ksxnku ljkguh; gSA vFkZ] /keZ] deZ] eks{klHkh {ks=kksa esa ifRu;k¡ vius ifr dh lgHkkxh gksrh gSaA x fg.kh ds :i esa Hkh L=kh vius ifjokj dkegRoiw.kZ vax gksrh gS] og iwjs ifjokj ds [kku&iku vkSj vkpkj&fopkj ij viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAde&ls&de [kpZ dj og cpr djrh gSA ?kj ds dk;ksZa ds lkFk gh i'kq&ikyu] [ksrh&ckM+h dk dk;ZHkh vius ifr ds lax da/ks&ls&da/kk feykdj djrh gSA Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk vFkZO;oLFkk dks etcwrcukuk Hkh jk"Vª&fodkl ds fy, egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSA iq=kh ds :i esa] rks dHkh cgu ds :i esa efgykvksaus jk"Vª esa vyx&vyx [;kfr vftZr dj viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA fo}kuksa dk er gS fd ?kj&ifjokjesa L=kh dks [kq'k j[kus ls ?kj esa y{eh dk okl gksrk gS vkSj thou vkuane; dVrk gSA ukjh dk ân;Hkkoqd o dksey gksrk gS] og vius ifjokj dh lq[k&'kkafr ds fy, vFkd iz;Ru'khy ÑR; djus esafo'okl j[krh gSA og ifjokj dh lajf{kdk rFkk ifr dh v)kZafxuh Hkh dgykrh gSA lgt LoHkko lsifjiw.kZ] lsok o n;k Hkko dh izfrewfrZ ukjh dk lEeku vkt cgqr de yksx gh dj ikrs gSaA vkt dhefgyk,¡ ohjkaxuk dk :i /kkj.k djus yxh gSa vkSj jk"Vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku nsus yxh gSaAjk"Vª&fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku

oSfnd dky ls gh ukjh dk LFkku Js"B jgk gSA osn] 'kkL=k] iqjk.kksa esa ukjh dks nsoh rqY; ekukx;k gSA ns'k esa gq, dbZ eqxy vkØe.kksa ds dkj.k ukjh dh n'kk esa ifjorZu gksus yxkA vaxzstksa ds'kkludky esa mudh n'kk n;uh; Fkh] mUgsa vcyk ukjh dgk tkrk FkkA ngst] lrh&izFkk] inkZ&izFkk]tSlh dqjhfr;ksa ds dkj.k muds fy, Lora=k gksdj thou thuk eqf'dy gks x;k FkkA vf'k{kk ds izHkkols muesa vkREfo'okl dh deh Fkh] ijarq fczfV'k dky ds vkrs&vkrs jktk jkeeksgu jk; o bZ'ojpanfo|klkxj tSls egku foHkwfr;ksa us efgykvksa ds fy, vkokt+ mBkbZA mudh f'k{kk ds fy, vusdvkanksyu pyk, x,] fofHkUu dqjhfr;ksa dk fojks/k fd;k x;k] ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh efgykvksa esauo&tkxj.k dk mn; gqvk vkSj os f'k{kk xzg.k djus yxhaA vktknh ds rhu&pkj n'kd esa gh mudhfLFkfr iq#"kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd etcwr gksus yxh vkSj jk"Vª ds vusd {ks=k esa os viuh miyfC/k;k¡ nsusyxhaA Lora=krk vkanksyu esa vusd efgykvksa us mRÑ"V ;ksxnku fn;k] ljkstuh uk;Mw] ,uh cslsaV]y{ehckbZ tSls dbZ efgykvksa us ijra=krk dk ?kksj fojks/k dj jk"Vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kAbafnjk xk¡/kh] lqpsrk Ñiykuh tSlh vusd efgykvksa us ns'k ds jktuSfrd fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnkufn;kA efgyk,¡ vkt jk"Vª&fodkl ds {ks=k esa viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA bldk izeq[k dkj.kmudh yxu'khyrk o n <+ vkRefo'okl gS] tks ,d fonq"kh ,oa esgurh ukjh ds :i esa igpkuh tkusyxh gSA orZeku esa vufxur efgyk,¡ dsanzh; iz'kklu ls ysdj jkT; iz'kklu rd lsok ns jgh gSa rFkk

'kks/k /kkjk 223

jk"Vª&fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA lokLF;] iqfyl] cSad] jsyos tSls egRoiw.kZ foHkkxksa ds dk;ksZadk lapkyu efgykvksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA oSKkfud {ks=kksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku mYys[kuh;gSA MkW- Vslh Fkel us vfXu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gq, Hkkjr dh felkby oqeSuvkSj vfXuiq=kh dk lEeku gkfly fd;k gSA dYiuk pkoyk pk¡n ij igq¡pus okyh izFke efgyk FkhA,sls gh ns'k esa vusd efgyk,¡ oSKkfud vuqla/kku dj jk"Vª&fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSaAlkfgR; dk {ks=k Hkh efgykvksa dk deZ&{ks=k cu pqdk gSA orZeku esa lSdM+ksa efgyk&jpukdkjksa }kjkdbZ fo/kkvksa esa lkfgR;&l tu dj jk"Vª&fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k tk jgk gSA m"kk fiz;aonk]egknsoh oekZ] ve rk izhre] e nqyk xxZ rFkk vYiuk frokjh tSlh vusd efgyk lkfgR;dkj lkfgR;&l tudj lekt o ns'k dh rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lekt ds le{k mtkxj dj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k o fodklesa ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA lkfgR; lekt dk izfrfcac gksrk gS] ftlesa lekt o jk"Vª dk laiw.kZ n '; fNikgksrk gS] ftls efgyk lkfgR;dkj viuh dye ls vfHkO;fDr nsdj jk"Vª&fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk dkfuoZgu dj jgh gSA lkfgR;&l tu O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkFk gh vkfFkZd] lkekftd] uSfrd ojktuhfrd fodkl esa Hkh viuk egrh ;ksxnku nsrk gSAfu"d"kZ

jk"Vª ds fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk mYys[kuh; gSA Lora=krk ls ysdj vkt rd gj {ks=kesa muds egrh dk;Z] yxu'khyrk o ifjJe dks fujarj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkfFkZd] lkekftd]jktuSfrd] lkfgfR;d lHkh {ks=kksa esa os iq#"kksa dh Hkk¡fr gh lsok ns jgh gSaA iq#"kksa ds lkFk da/ks&ls&daèkkfeykdj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k o jk"Vª&fodkl ds fy, dk;Z dj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSaA

lanHkZ1- iq"ik] eS=ks;h( [kqyh f[kM+fd;k¡- lkef;d izdk'ku] 2006-2- [ksrku] izHkk( mifuos'k esa L=kh- fnYyh % jktdey izdk'ku] 2004-3- fiz;aonk] m"kk( :dksxh ugha jkf/kdk- fnYyh % jktdey izdk'ku] 2010-4- ;kno] jktsUnz( vkneh ds fuxkg esa vkSjr- fnYyh % jktdey izdk'ku] 2007-5- nSfud HkkLdj] 27 uoacj] 2015-

'kks/k /kkjk 224


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedkdq0 fiz;adk ;kno

'kks/kkFkhZ] lekt'kkL=k] fcykliqj fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

vf[kys'k dqekj lkgw'kks/kkFkhZ] lekt'kkL=k] cLrj fo'ofo|ky;] txnyiqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

Hkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"Vª dh ukfj;ksa us ges'kk Hkkjr dks ,d loksZPp lRrk ij jgus okys jk"Vª ds:i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh ukfj;ksa ds bl loZK 'kfDr dks ns[krs gq;s mudsfy;s fofHkUu ;kstuk;sa lfEefyr fd;s gSa] mlesa ls ,d ;kstuk gS efgyk ,oa cky fodkl dh ;kstukAftlesa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k efgyk,a blds }kjk vkRefuHkZjcu jgh gSaA ?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk,a] rykd'kqnk] ifjR;Drk efgyk;sa tks fd va/kdkje; thou thjgh Fkha bl ;kstuk ls vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA vkSj lekt ;k jk"Vªds fodkl esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaAefgykvksa dks vcyk] ?kj dh 'kksHkk ;k dkseyrk dh oLrq le>k tkrk FkkA ijUrq vc efgyk,a izR;sd {ks=kesa vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA ?kj ds dkedkt ,oa mRrjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkrs gq, iz'kklfud dk;Z] jk"Vª ds dk;Z esaHkh viuh Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gSaA


Key Words : jk"Vª&fodkl vkSj L=kh 'kfDr] lekt vkSj L=kh&psruk

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk fodkl ;k lekt dk fodkl ogk¡ ij ik;s tkus okys uj vkSj ukjh ls gksrkgSA ftl izdkj ,d xkM+h esa nks ifg, gksrs gSa mlh izdkj lekt ;k jk"Vª :ih xkM+h dks pykus ds fy;sL=kh vkSj iq:"k nksukas dk lg;ksx vfr vko';d gSA

Hkkjr ,d ,slk jk"Vª gS] ftlesa ukfj;ksa dk laiw.kZrk ls ,oa lrdZrk ds lkFk jk"Vª ds fodklesa ;ksxnku jgk gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gSA Lora=krk laxzke esa lu~ 1857 esa jkuh y{eh ckbZus igyh ckj ryokj mBk;k Fkk vkSj gekjs jk"Vª dh ekax dh&

ped mBh lu~ larkou esa og ryokj iqjkuh FkhAcqansys gj cksyks ds eqag geus lquh dgkuh FkhAA

mlh izdkj ls Jherh ,uhfclsUV us Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl ds fy;s dk;Z fd;kA enj Vsjslk]ljkstuh uk;Mw] dYiuk pkoyk] Jherh bafnjk xka/kh Hkkjr ds fodkl ds fy;s efgykvksa dk ;ksxnkuges'kk gh jgk gS] ftldk ;s lc mnkgj.k gSaA tSls tSls vkfne lekt ls vk/kqfud lekt esa thuklh[ks gSa] mlesa vR;f/kd izfrLi/kkZ vk;h gSA lekt dbZ jk"Vªks esa caV x;k vkSj Hkkjr tks fd ,d Lora=kjk"Vª ds :i esa lkeus vkus yxk] ftlds fodkl ds fy;s ukfj;ksa us vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA usrk thds rqyknku dks geus ns[kk gSA Hkkjr dh ukfj;ka viuh eaxylw=k dks Hkh ns'k dks cpkus ds fy;s mrkj

'kks/k /kkjk 225

Qsadk FkkAHkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"Vª dh ukfj;ksa us ges'kk Hkkjr dks ,d loksZPp lRrk ij jgus okys jk"Vª

ds :i esa ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkh ukfj;ksa ds bl loZK 'kfDr dks ns[krsgq;s muds fy;s fofHkUu ;kstuk;sa lfEefyr fd;s gSa] mlesa ls ,d ;kstuk gS&efgyk ,oa cky fodkldh ;kstukA ftlesa xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds fodkl dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dh xzkeh.k efgyk,a blds}kjk vkRefuHkZj cu jgh gSaA ?kjsyw fgalk dh f'kdkj efgyk,a rykd'kqnk ifjR;Drk efgyk;sa tks fdva/kdkje; thou th jgh Fkha] bl ;kstuk ls vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA vkSj lekt ;k jk"Vª ds fodkl esa viuk;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA efgykvksa dks vcyk] ?kj dh 'kksHkk ;k dkseyrk dh oLrq le>k tkrk Fkk] ijUrqvc efgyk,a izR;sd {ks=k esa vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA ?kj ds dkedkt ,oa mRrjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkrs gq,iz'kklfud dk;Z jk"Vª ds dk;Z esa Hkh viuh Hkwfedk vnk dj jgh gSaA D;ksafd dsoy iq:"k ds dk;Z djusls gh jk"Vª dk fodkl laHko ugha gSA blls jk"Vª dk ,d i{kh; fodkl gksxk] blfy;s vc ukjh f'k{kkdks vR;fèkd c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA bl laca/k esa eSus eLrwjh fodkl [k.M dk 'kks/k fd;k rks iwNkfd D;k vki iq=k vkSj iqf=k;ksa esa lekurk j[krs gSa rks1- 75 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa us lekurk O;Dr dh gSA2- 25 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa us vlekurk O;Dr dh gSA

bl izdkj 100 esa vk/ks ls vf/kd tula[;k L=kh iq:"k esa Hksn ugha eku jgs gSaA vkSj bllsjk"Vª ds fodkl gks jgk gSA Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us ?kj] lkekftd ;ksxnku esa viuh Hkwfedh fuHkk;h gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt ;k jk"Vª ,d fir lRrkRed lekt gSA ;gk¡ iq:"koknh fopkj /kkjk cuh gqbZ gSAge vk/kqfudrk esa 21oha lnh esa vk x;s ij Hkkjrh; lekt esa tks ukfj;ksa ds izfr tks lksp gS] og fuEugh gSA dsoy ?kj ds pgkj fnokjh esa jguk jgrk FkkA ijUrq Hkkjrh; lekt dh ukjh Qwy ugha fpaxkjhgSA dksey gS detksj ugha gSA ;g iq:"kksa ds leku gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gSA

gekjs jk"Vª dh ukfj;ksa us viuh n'kk dks vius fn'kk esa vkM+s vkus ugha fn;kA lkjs?kjsyw dke ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls yM+rs gq;s Hkh vius vki dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA ftlls jk"Vª vkxs dhvksj c<+k gSA iapk;rh jkT; gks] izns'k] izkUr] dsUnzh; O;oLFkk izR;sd {ks=k esa Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us viukijpe ygjk;k gSA dsoy ?kwa?kV esa jgdj NqbZ&eqbZ vnk esa jgus dh lhek dks rksM+dj viuk Lora=kvfLrRo LFkkfir fd;k] tks fd Hkkjr dks fo'o xq: jk"Vª ds :i esa ifj.kr fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ds /keZ]laLÑfr] izfreku] vkn'kZ] izFkk,a] lkekftd ewY; tks fd vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSa] ftls ;gkW ds ukfj;ksaus gh vius fopkj ls vkxs c<+k;k gS] tks fd vU; ns'k ls Hkkjr dks ,d mRÑ"V jk"Vª ds :i esa igpkufnykrk gSA

uQjrksa ds fy;s ugha cfYd ubZ cgkj gS ukjh] ek¡ dh eerk cgu dk I;kj gS ukjhA;g fj'rksa dks c[kwch fuHkkrh gSA vkWu is vk;s tk;s rks ryokj gS ukjhA;gh ckr jk"Vª ds fodkl esa Hkh vkrh gSA ukjh dh lksp foosd] fpUruh;] fopkjkRed LoHkko

us Hkh jk"Vª dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA ukjh vius fopkj ls dqVhj m|ksx dks viuk jgh gSA ;g Hkh jk"Vª dsfodkl esa ,d lg;ksx gSA jk"Vª dk NksVk ls NksVk ,oa cM+k ls cM+k dk;Z djds Hkkjr dh ukfj;ksa us

'kks/k /kkjk 226

gekjs jk"Vª dks ,d fodflr jk"Vª cukus esa viuh fof'k"V Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA iqfyl foHkkx] LokLF;foHkkx] f'k{kk iz'kklfud {ks=k] /kkfeZd lHkh {ks=k esa ukfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA jk"Vª ds fodkl dsifjizs{; Hkkjr ds ukfj;ksa dk cl ;gh dFku gS &

esgur gekjk thou] esgur gekjk ukjk]esgur ls txexk nks jk"Vª dk flrkjk]

lUnHkZ1- e;wj pUnz'ks[kj Lusg] Hkkjr dh ØkfUr vkSj mlds uk;d uknku eqds'k] lkfgR; lnu nfj;kxat fnYyhA2- 'kqDyk] egs'k( 'kqDyk] oUnuk( lekt oSKkfudh] xkSjo izdk'ku] jhok¡] e-iz-3- xqIrk ,.M 'kekZ lekt'kkL=kA4- fgUnh fof'k"V ;qxcks/k izdk'kuA

'kks/k /kkjk 227


yksdrkaf=kd lgHkkfxrk] lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.kdknEcjh oS".ko

lgk0 izk0] lekt 'kkL=k foHkkx] Hkk0 xzk0 Hkk0 egkfo|ky;] gjnh cktkj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

orZeku le; esa efgyk,¡ yksdra=k esa viuh iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk iznf'kZr dj jgh gSaA laln vkSjfoèkkue.Myksa esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k vkSj fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk] jkT;iky]ea=kh] eq[;ea=kh] iz/kkuea=kh vkSj jk"Vªifr rd ds :i esa mudh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gS fd ns'k esa efgykvksa esajktuSfrd psruk fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA vc rd gq, fofHkUu pqukoksa ls Hkh ,slk Kkr gksrk gS fdefgykvksa esa oksV dk Lora=k :i ls mi;ksx djus dh izo fRr Hkh c<+h gSA Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us jkT;ikyksa]dSfcusV Lrj ds eaf=k;ksa vkSj jktnwrksa ds :i esa Hkh ;'k izkIr fd;k gSA vkt efgykvksa dh jktuSfrd psruk,oa yksdrkaf=kd lgHkkfxrk esa vizR;kf'kr o f) gqbZ gSA vkt f'k{kk] vkS|ksfxdj.k ,oa uohu fopkj/kkjk dsizHkko ds dkj.k lkekftd] vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkh efgykvksa dh izfLFkfr esa egRoiw.kZ cnyko n f"Vxkspj gksjgs gSaA efgykvksa esa 'kSf{kd fodkl ds ifj.kkeLo:i mudh vkfFkZd vkRe fuHkZjrk esa o f) gqbZ gSA vkfFkZdLokyacu ls efgykvksa ds vkRefo'okl] dk;Z{kerk vkSj ekufld Lrj esa Hkh izxfr gqbZ gS] vkt lekt dsgj {ks=k esa efgyk deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k fujarj c<+rh tk jgh gSA vkt efgykvksa dh lkekftd tkx:drkesa Hkh o f) gqbZ gSA vc os vkMEcj;qDr lkekftd izFkkvksa dks csdkj le>us yxh gSa] :f<+;ksa ds izfrefgykvksa dh mnklhurk c<+ jgh gS] vkSj os uohu fopkjèkkjkvksa dk leFkZu djus yxh gSaA ifjokj esa Hkhefgykvksa dh ijEijkxr ikfjokfjd izfLFkfr esa Hkh cnyko vk;k gSA vkt efgyk iq:"k dh nklh ugha]cfYd mldh lg;ksxh vkSj fe=k ds :i esa gS] ifjokj esa mldh fLFkfr ;kfpdk dh u gksdj ,d izca/kddh gSA Li"V gS fd orZeku esa efgykvksa ds lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk yksdrkaf=kdlgHkkfxrk esa Hkh rhoz xfr ls o f) gks jgh gSA egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd orZeku le; esa efgykvksa dhizfLFkfr ls lacaf/kr iqjkuh ekU;rkvksa esa f'kfFkyrk vkbZ gSA


Key Words : yksdrkaf=kd lgHkkfxrk ,oa jk"Vªokn] efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu

Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh fLFkfr izkjaHk ls mrkj&p<+ko ls ifjiw.kZ jgh gSA mldh Lora=krk]vkRefuHkZjrk] Lo;a ls iw.kZ bZdkbZ ds vfLrRo dks iq:"k lapkfyr lekt us fujarj vogsyuk dh n f"Vls ns[kk gSA Lo;a ukjh Hkh vKkurk dk f'kdkj jgh gSA mls ges'kk gh 'kks"k.k] iq:"k dh v/khurk] nklrkvkSj vR;kpkj lguk iM+k gSA Lora=k ,oa LoPNUn okrkoj.k esa thus dk volj mls de gh feyrkjgk gSA dgus dks rks efgykvksa ds lEeku vkSj mudh iz'kalk esa ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k x;k fd ^^;=kuk;ZLrq iwT;ars] jeUrs r=k nsork^^] fdUrq O;ogkj esa mUgsa vR;kpkjksa vkSj mis{kk dk gh lkeuk djukiM+k gS] mUgsa lfn;ks ls vcyk dgdj ?kj dh pgkjnhokjh esa gh dSn j[kk x;k gS] Hkys gh l f"V] lektvkSj ns'k ds fodkl esa efgykvksa vkSj iq:"kksa dk leku ;ksxnku jgk gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 228

mn~ns'; & bl 'kks/k vkys[k ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; gSa %&1½ orZeku esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd ,oa ikfjokfjd izfLFkfr esa gq, ifjorZuksa ls

voxr djkukA2½ efgykvksa esa rhoz xfr ls c<+rh gqbZ jktuSfrd psruk ,oa yksdrkaf=kd lgHkkfxrk dk mYys[k

djukA'kks/k i)fr & izLrqr 'kks/k&vkys[k fo'ys"k.kkRed i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gSA 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk voyksdu ,oaf}rh;d lzksrksa ds ek/;e ls ladfyr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fo"k; dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

orZeku vkSj bfrgkl dk voyksdu djus ij vc ;g Li"V gks jgk gS fd 21oha lnh esa lektds gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+rh tk jgh gSA ik'pkR; izHkko ,oa f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj dsifj.kke Lo:i] lekt esa fo'ks"kr% efgykvksa esa xr 'krkCnh ls dqN tkx:drk vkbZ gSA vkt ukjhvius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr tkx:d gks jgh gS] vkSj mldh vkRefuHkZjrk c<+rh tk jgh gSA ljdkj }kjkHkh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk&nh{kk ,oa mUgsa fofo/k lqfo/kk,a miyC/k djkus ds lkFk&lkFk muds fy,fgrdkjh dkuwu Hkh cuk, x;s gSaA ftlds dkj.k vkt efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vkSj iwoZ lkekftd O;oLFkkds lHkh {ks=kksa esa Li"Vr;k ifjorZu gks jgs gSaAvkfFkZd fodkl&Lora=krk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ f'k{kk] vkS|ksxhdj.k] uohu fopkj/kkjk ds izHkko ds dkj.kefgykvksa dh iq:"kksa ij vkfFkZd fuHkZjrk yxkrkj de gksrh tk jgh gSA Lora=krk izkfIr ls igys fuEuoxZ vkSj mPp oxZ dh efgykvksa }kjk fdlh izdkj dh vkfFkZd fØ;k djuk vuSfrd :i ls ns[kk tkrkFkkA Lora=krk izkfr i'pkr~ cM+h la[;k esa e/;oxZ dh efgykvksa us f'k{kk izkIr djds vkfFkZd {ks=kksa dhvksj vFkksZiktZu ds fy, dne c<+kuk 'kq: dj fn;kA orZeku esa f'k{kk] LokLF;] fpfdRlk] lektdY;k.k] euksjatu] fofHkUu m|ksxksa vkSj dk;kZy;ksa esa efgyk deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+rh tkjgh gSA O;fDrxr izfr"Bkuksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd dsUnzksa esa efgyk deZpkfj;ksa dh ek¡x fujUrj c<+ jgh gSAij Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh eukso fRr esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu u gks ldus ds dkj.k os f'k{kk vkSjfpfdRlk ds {ks=k esa dke djus dks fo'ks"k izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA

efgykvksa esa vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk esa o f) gksus ds dkj.k muds vkRefo'okl] dk;Z{kerk vkSjekufld Lrj esa bruh izxfr gqbZ gS] fd muds O;fDrxr thou dh rqyuk ml efgyk ls fdlh izdkjugha dh tk ldrhA tks vkt ls dqN gh o"kZ igys rd lalkj dh laiw.kZ yTtk dks vius ?kw¡?kV esalesVs gq,] iq:"k ds 'kks"k.k ds lk;s esa viuk thou O;rhr djus ds fy, ck/; FkhAlkekftd fodkl &orZeku esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd tkx:drk esa o f) gqbZ gSA vc os inkZ izFkk dkscsdkj le>us yxh gSa vkSj ?kj dh pgkjnhokjh ls ckgj [kqyh gok esa lkal ys jgh gSaA vktdy fL=k;ksads fopkjksa vkSj n f"Vdks.kksa esa bruk vf/kd ifjorZu vk pqdk gS fd vc os vUrtkZrh; fookg] izse fookgvkSj foyEc fookg dks vPNk le>us yxh gSA vkt foyEc fookg efgykvksa esa fujarj yksdfiz; gksrktk jgk gSA tkrh; fu;eksa vkSj :f<+;ksa ds izfr efgykvksa dh mnklhurk cjkcj c<+ jgh gSA vc os:f<+oknh lkekftd cU/kuksa ls eqDr gksus ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gSaA vkt vusd fL=k;k¡ efgyk laxBuksavkSj Dycksa dh lnL; gSaA dbZ rks lekt dY;k.k dk;ksaZ esa yxh gqbZ gSaA vkt ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh

'kks/k /kkjk 229

fLFkfr dh n f"V esa Hkh dkQh ifjorZu vk x;k gSA vkt efgyk iq:"k dh nklh ugha cfYd mldhlg;ksxh vkSj fe=k gSaA ifjokj esa mldh fLFkfr ;kfpdk dh u gksdj izca/kd dh gSA vkt f'kf{krefgyk la;qDr ifjokj ds cU/kukas ls eqDr gksdj] ,dkdh ifjokj dh LFkkiuk dj Lora=k thou O;rhrdjuk vkSj ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuk pkgrh gSA vc cPpksa dh f'k{kk] ifjokj dhvk; dk mi;ksx] ikfjokfjd vuq"Bkuksa dh O;oLFkk] ikfjokfjd ;kstukvksa ds :i ds fu/kkZj.k esaefgykvksa dk egRo fujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gSA

egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd vkt dh ubZ ih<+h Lo;a gh efgykvksa dks muds ikfjokfjd vf/kdkjnsus ds i{k esa gS] vkSj ;fn fdlh dkj.k mUgsa bu vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k rks vkus okys le;esa os vius bu vf/kdkjksa dks viuh Lo;a dh 'kfDr ls Hkh izkIr dj ysaxhA vkt efgykvksa esa lkekftdpsruk rhoz xfr ls c< jgh gSAjktuSfrd psruk esa o f) & jktuSfrd {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ftl rst xfr ls Å¡ph mBus yxhgS] og okLro esa ,d vk'p;Z dh ckr gSA dqN le; igys jktuSfrd {ks=k efgykvksa ds fy, mfprugha le>k tkrk FkkA Hkkjr mu ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gS] tgk¡ Lora=krk ds ckn efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkjizkIr FkkA fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdra=k gksus vkSj Lora=krk i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksadks vkj{k.k ,oa vusd lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djus ds ckn Hkh ;gk¡ efgykvksa dh lalnh; Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk&lkFk pqukoksa esa Hkh de fgLlsnkjh ns[kh tkrh gSA lu~ 1957 ds pqukoksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, 41 LFkkuvkjf{kr gksus ij dsoy 10 efgykvksa us gh pquko yM+k] tcfd 1967 ds pquko rd efgykvksa dhjktuSfrd tkx:drk bruh c<+ xbZ] fd dsoy jkT;ksa dh fo/kkulHkkvksa ds fy, gh 342 efgyk,¡ pqukods fy, [kM+h gqbZ] vkSj muesa ls 195 pquko Hkh thr xbZA 1977 ds pquko ds ckn jkT;lHkk vkSjyksdlHkk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k 42 Fkh] tcfd 1980 ds vke pquko ds ckn ;g la[;k c<+dj54 gks xbZA

o"kZ 1950 ls 2010 rd ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa o ifj.kkeksa ds lanHkZ esa efgykvksa us viuhHkkxhnkjh dks iznf'kZr fd;k gS] 1950 ds yksdlHkk pquko esa tgk¡ 22 efgyk mEehnokj fot;h gqb] ogha2004 ds yksdlHkk pquko esa 45 vkSj jkT;lHkk esa 14 efgyk mEehnokj pquh xbA 2004 ds MkW-eueksgu flag ea=kh e.My esa 'kiFk ysus okyh efU=k;ksa esa 7 efgykvksa dks LFkku izkIr gqvkA

15 oha yksdlHkk esa laln esa izos'k djus okyh efgykvksa dh la[;k 50 ls vf/kd gks xbZ gSA15 oha yksdlHkk dh cM+h ckr ;g fd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa igyh ckj ,d efgyk dks yksdlHkk v/;{kcuus dk ekSdk feykA ;g vizR;kf'kr rq[kn Fkk] fd 15 oha yksdlHkk esa misf{kr efgykvksa dkizfrfufèkRo c<+k gSA yxHkx 58 efgyk,¡ yksdlHkk ig¡qph Fkh] tks vc rd dk lkoZf/kd vk¡dM+k FkkA

orZeku le; esa fo/kkulHkk] yksdlHkk vkSj uxjh; fudk;ksa ds pqukoksa esa efgykvksa dkizfrfufèkRo 'kqHk ladsr nsrk gS] 2009 dk pqukoh lky ukjh 'kfDr ds uke jgkA bl l=k ij xkSj djsarks ns'k dh jk"Vªifr in ij efgyk] yksdlHkk v/;{k ds in ij efgyk] lRrk:<+ ny dh v/;{kefgyk] foi{kh ny esa Hkh izeq[k in ij efgyk ¼lq"kek Lojkt½ vklhu jghaA

Li"V :i ls dgk tk ldrk gS fd orZeku le; esa efgyk,¡ yksdra=k ds izfr viuh iw.kZ

'kks/k /kkjk 230

lgHkkfxrk iznf'kZr dj jgh gSaA laln vkSj fo/kkue.Myksa esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k vkSj fofHkUuxfrfof/k;ksa esa mudh lgHkkfxrk] jkT;iky] eq[;ea=kh] ea=kh vkSj ;gk¡ rd iz/kkuea=kh vkSj jk"Vªifr rdds :i esa mudh Hkwfedk ls Li"V gS fd ns'k esa efgykvksa esa jktuSfrd psruk fnuksa&fnu c<+rh tkjgh gSA ns'k esa vc rd gq, fofHkUu pqukoksa ls Hkh ,slk Kkr gksrk gS fd efgykvksa esa oksV dk Lora=k:i ls mi;ksx djus dh izo fRr Hkh c<+rh tk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us jkT;ikyksa] dSfcusV Lrjds eaf=k;ksa vkSj jktnwrksa ds :i esa Hkh ;'k izkIr fd;k gSA Li"V gS fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa efgykvksadh jktuSfrd psruk esa vizR;kf'kr o f) gqbZ gSA

Li"V gS fd orZeku le; esa efgykvksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd fLFkfr esa ØkafrdkjhifjorZu vk;k gSA orZeku esa efgyk f'k{kk dk izlkj] vkS|ksxhdj.k] uohu fopkj/kkjkvksa ds izHkko dsdkj.k efgykvksa esa vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk esa o f) gqbZ gSA vusd lkekftd vf/kfu;eksa ,oa efgykvksads izfr lekt ds n f"Vdks.kksa esa gq, ifjorZu ds dkj.k mUgsa vusd fu;ksZX;rkvksa ,oa lkekftd dqjhfr;ksals NqVdkjk feyk gSA vkt efgykvksa dks vius fodkl gsrq dkQh lqfo/kk,¡ izkIr gSaA ifj.kke Lo:Ikvkt efgyk f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa izxfr] vkfFkZd] vkRefuHkZjrk esa o f)] jktuSfrd psruk esa o f)] lkekftdtkx:drk esa o f)] ikfjokfjd {ks=k esa vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr gqbZ gSA vkt fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa dhizfLFkfr esa vizR;kf'kr :i ls gq, ifjorZuksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] MkW- iwf.kZek( ¼2015½ Hkkjr esa ukjh l'kDrhdj.k dk O;ogkfjd Lo:i] fodkl izdk'ku] dkuiqj i -

39] 40] 41] 422- MkW- foIyo] ¼2013½ efgyk l'kDrhdj.k fofo/k vk;ke] jkgqy ifCyf'kax gkÅl] 348@6 'kkL=khuxj esjB

¼;w-ih-½] i - 57] 583- MkW- jktdqekj( ¼2009½ efgyk ,oa fodkl] vtZqu ifCyf'kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh] i -209] 2104- 'kekZ] MkW- dfork( ¼2012½ L=kh fodkl dh ,sfrgkfld :ijs[kk] lerk izdk'ku] ctjax uxj :jk dkuiqj

nsgkr] ¼m-iz-½] i - 112] 1135- 'kekZ] MkW- dfork( ¼2012½ Hkkjrh; L=kh lkekftd izfLFkfr vkSj fodkl] lerk izdk'ku] ctjax uxj :jk

dkuiqj nsgkr] ¼m-iz-½] i - 222] 2236- flag] MkW- lhek( ¼2010½ iapk;rh jkt vkSj efgyk l'kDrhdj.k] fo|k fogkj ubZ fnYyhA7- xqIrk] ,e-,y-( ,oa 'kekZ] Mh-Mh-( ¼2015½ lekt'kkL=k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk ¼m-iz-½ i - 121]122Aizdkf'kr 'kks/k if=kdk,¡@'kks/k i=k] 'kks/k vkys[k bR;kfn &1- 'kekZ] MkW- lq/khj ¼laiknd½ 'kks/k&izdYi] =kSekfld fjlpZ tuZy] vad tqykbZ&flrEcj 2012 vad vDVwcj&

fnlEcj 2012A2- 'kqDyk] MkW- egs'k] ¼laiknd½ lekt oSKkfudh] ekpZ 2014] vad 24 xkSjo izdk'ku] jhok ¼e-iz-½A3- dq:{ks=k] ekg tuojh 2016 izdk'ku foHkkx lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] lh-th-vks-

dkEIysDl yks/kh jksM ubZ fnYyh 110003 vad 3] i "B Øekad 10] 11] 22] 234- 'kks/k&i=k eaMkoh] MkW- osnorh ¼2012½ % efgykvksa ds jktuhfrd vf/kdkj] 'kks/k if=kdk 'kks/k&izdYi vad

¼61½ 28&31A6- 'kks/k&i=k f=kosnh MkW- t;Jh ¼2013&14½ % Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj efgyk,¡ % fpUru ds fofo/k ljksdj] 'kksèk

'kks/k /kkjk 231

if=kdk] Ñfrdk vad ¼13&14½ % 144&1466- 'kks/k&i=k d';i MkW- Jherh eatqyrk ¼2014½ % tutkfr; efgyk fodkl] 'kks/k&if=kdk lsf'k;ksykWftdy

DosLV] vad ¼4½ % 18] 22E-REFERANCE

1. http://www.mediaoforrights.org/womenrights/Prabudhnagrikata.gtml2. www.geagindia.org/pdf/mahiladi¡s-8-9march(2011)3. www./rights-and-law-ofwomen.4. www.hindikiduniya.com/essay/social-issues-a¡reness/women-empowerment5. File://J:bhartmemahilasasaktikaran/html

'kks/k /kkjk 232


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkvpZuk oh-

'kks/kkFkhZ] fgUnh foHkkx] esV~l fo'ofo|ky;] jk;iqj] NRRkhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstractefgykvksa ds mRFkku esa Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ihNs ugha gSA chrsa dqN lkyksa esa ljdkj }kjk vufxur

;kstuk,a pykbZ xbZ gSa tks efgykvksa dks lkekftd csfM;k¡ rksM+us esa en~n dj jgh gSa rFkk lkFk gh lkFkmUgsa vkxs c<+kus esa izsfjr dj jgh gSaA ljdkj us iqjkus oDr ds izpyuksa dks can djus ds lkFk&lkFk muij dkuwuu jksd yxk nh gS] ftuesa eq[; Fks cky fookg] Hkwz.k gR;k] ngst izFkk] cky etnwjh] ?kjsyw fgalkvkfnA bu lHkh dks dkuwuh :i ls izfrca/k yxkus ds ckn lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa dkQh lq/kkjvk;k gSA


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh 'kfDr] jk"Vª fodkl vkSj izkphu lanHkZ

gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k dk vk/kk fgLlk efgyk,a gSaA vr% ns'k dk lexz fodkl efgykvksadh Hkkxhnkjh ds cxSj ugha gks ldrkA Hkkjr esa vukfn dky ls gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa us iq:"kksa ds lkFkfeydj dke fd;kA Hkkjrh; efgyk,a ?kj x gLFkh dk iwjk dke&dkt fuiVkus ds lkFk lkFk jk"Vªh;thou ds gj {ks=k esa [ksrksa&[kfygkuksa] dky&dkj[kkuksa] n¶rj] vLirkyksa esa mi;ksxh ;ksxnku djrhvkbZ gSaA pkgs xkaoksa esa lk{kjrk ds izlkj dk vfHk;ku dk gks ;k xkao ds ;qodksa dks jkstxkj miyCèkdjkus dk ekeyk gks] xkao esa ihu ds ikuh dh leL;k vFkok Qlykas dks chekfj;ksa ls cpkuk gks ;glc dk;Z xzkeh.k efgyk,a gh vkilh lg;ksx vkSj fodkl dk;kZs eas lcdh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djldrh gSA c<+rh vkcknh dh jksdFkke] Ik;kZoj.k dh j{kk] cPPkksa dks ikSf"Vd o larqfyr vkgkj nsus vkSjbu lcls c<+dj LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dh vf/kdkf/kd vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr djus dh fn'kk esa efgyk,a ghviuk ;ksxnku vkSj usr Ro ns ldrh gSaA

efgykvksa dk l'kDrhdj.k u dsoy lkekftd lekUkrk ds fy, t:jh gS] cfYd ;g xjhchmUewyu] vkfFkZd fodkl] vkSj vU; lekt dh etcwrh ds fy, Hkh mruk gh t:jh gSA 21 oha lnhds lekt dh ckr dh tk;s rks vkt Hkh efgykvksa dks os vf/kdkj ugha feys gaS ftudh os gdnkj gaSAvkt Hkh muls dbZ txg ?kfV;k O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS mu ij gkoh gksus dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA;g gesa lkspus ij foo'k djrk gS fd brus lkekftd tkx:drk QSykus okys dk;ZØe pyus dsckotwn D;ksa gj txg flQZ efgyk dks ijs'kku gksuk iM+rk gS\ D;ksa mUgsa ekufld ihM+k lguh iM+rhgS\

efgykvksa ds mRFkku esa Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ihNs ugha gSA chrsa dqN lkyksa esa ljdkj }kjkvufxur ;kstuk,a pykbZ xbZ gSa tks efgykvksa dks lkekftd csfM;k¡ rksM+us esa en~n dj jgh gSa rFkklkFk gh lkFk mUgsa vkxs c<+kus esa izsfjr dj jgh gSaA ljdkj us iqjkus oDr ds izpyuksa dks can djus

'kks/k /kkjk 233

ds lkFk&lkFk mu ij dkuwuu jksd yxk nh gS] ftuesa eq[; Fks cky fookg] Hkwz.k gR;k] ngst izFkk] ckyetnwjh] ?kjsyw fgalk vkfnA bu lHkh dks dkuwuh :i ls izfrca/k yxkus ds ckn lekt esa efgykvksa dhfLFkfr esa dkQh lq/kkj vk;k gSA

dbZ voljksa ij ns[kk x;k gS fd efgykvksa ds lkFk fuEu ntZs dk crkZo fd;k tkrk gS ijlcds lkFk ,slk ugha gSA lekt esa efgykvksa ds dbZ ,sls mnkgj.k Hkh gaS tks NksVh mez dh yM+fd;ksads fy, izsj.kk gSA Jherh fdj.k csnh ,d ,slh ukjh gSa tks iwjs efgyk oxZ ds fy, izsj.kknk;d fl)gqbZaA

efgykvksa dks t:jr gS fd os viuh {kerk dks igpkuas vkSj iz;kl djsa fd vius ifjokj dslkFk&lkFk ns'k vkSj lekt ds fodkl ds izfr viuh Hkwfedk dks fuHkk ldsaA ljdkj dks Hkh T+;knkls T+;knk ;kstuk efgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, pykuh pkfg,A ;s cnyko rHkh lEHko gS tc lkjklekt ,d lkFk [kM+k gksdj ldkjkRed :[k ls dke djsA

ge ;g vPNh rjg tkurs gSa fd ekr Ro ds vk¡xu esa gh gekjs O;fDrRo dk fodkl gksrk gSAek¡ gh cPps dh izFke f'kf{kdk gksrh gSA gesa ;g drbZ ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd& l'kDr ukjh] l'kDrlekt] l'kDr lekt] l'kDr ns'k----------gksrk gSA

'kk;n blfy, 'kj&'kS;k ij ysVs Hkh"e firkeg us vius vafre le; esa iakMoksa dks jktuhfrds ikB i<+krs gq, ulhgr nh Fkh fd jktk dh dq'kyrk bl rF; dh eksgrkt gksrh gS fd mlds jkT;esa efgykvksa dk lEeku fdruk gksxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ljdkj dhmiyfCèk;ksa dk lkFkZd ekin.M cuk gqvk gSA

o"kZ 2011 ds bafnjk xk¡/kh 'kkfUr iqjLdkj iznku djrs le; Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr iz.ko eq[kthZus dgk Fkk fd jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa efgykvksa dh mfpr Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk lkekftd izxfrdh vis{kk j[kuk rdZ laxr ugha gksxkA tgka&tgka efgykvksa dh O;kikj o dkWjisjsV txr esa vgeHkkxhnkjh jgh gSA ¼,d la;qDr jk"Vª ds loZs{k.k ds eqrkfcd½ ;gka djhc 53 izfr'kr vf/kd ykHkka'kvkSj djhc 24 izfr'kr vf/kd fcØh ik;h x;h gSA

tc rd efgykvksa dk lkekftd] oSpkfjd ,oa ikfjokfjd rkSj ij mRFkku ugha gksxk rc rdl'kDrhdj.k dk <ksy ihVuk ,d [ksy ek=k gh cuk jgsxkA lkekftd mRFkku dk vk/kkj LrEHk gSukjhA f'kf{kr O;fDr gh viuh lekurk vkSj LorU=krk ds lkFk&lkFk viuh dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dkcsgrj mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA vius vkRe lEeku dh j{kk dj ldrk gSA vxj ukjh dks i<+us nsaxsrks og viuh 'kfDr dk ifjp; c[kwch fn;k gSA iwoZ iz/kkuea=kh Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/kh] iwoZ iqfyl dfe'ujJherh fdj.k csnh] vkbZ-lh-vkbZ-lh-vkbZ- dh funs'kd pank dkspj vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSAfofo/k 'kfDr;ksa ds ifj.kkLo:i efgykvksa dk jk"VªfuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa v)qr vkSj vrqyuh; ;ksxnkugSA efgykvksa ds bl lrr~ ;ksxnku dks ge dqN fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls le> ldrs gSa&1- ekrk ds :i esa ;ksxnku& usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us êk¡^^ dh xfjek dks le>rs gq, dgk Fkk fd eq>s,d ;ksX; ekrk nks] eSa rqEgsa ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nwxk¡A bl dFku ls ek¡ ds Lo:i dk jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl es vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fNik gSA ekuo dY;k.k dh Hkkouk] drZO;] l tuhyrk ,oa eerk dkslokZsifj ekurs gq, efgykvksa us bl txr esa ek¡ ds :i esa viuh lokZsifj Hkwfedk dks fuHkkrs gq, jk"VªfuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu fd;k gSA cPpksa dks tUe nsdj mudk ykyu

'kks/k /kkjk 234

iks"k.k djrs gq, muesa laLdkj vkSj ln~xq.kksa dk mPpre fodkl djrh gS rFkk jk"Vª ds izfr mudhftEesnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSaA rkfd jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl fucak/k xfr ls gksrk jgsA ohj Hkxrflag] pUnz'ks[kj] foosdkuUn tSlh foHkwfr;ksa dk ns'kfgr esa vorkj êk¡^^ ds Lo:i dh gh nsu gSA ekrkthtkckbZ] t;oarkckbZ] iUuk/kk; tSlh vusd ekrkvksa dks R;kx] leiZ.k vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgklds Lof.kZe iUuksa ij vafdr gSA2- iRuh ds :i esa ;ksxnku & ek¡ ds i'pkr iRuh dk vorkj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa egrhHkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iRuh pkgs rks ifr dks xq.koku vkSj ln~xq.kh cuk ldrh gSA lfn;ksa ls ns[kus esavk;k gS] fd tc Hkh ns'k ij ladV vk;k gS rks ifRu;ksa us gh vius 'kkSgj ds ekFks ij fryd yxkdjtks'k tquwu vkSj fo'okl ds lkFk j.kHkwfe esa Hkstk gSA rqylhnkl th ds thou dks vk/;kfRed psrukiznku djus esa mudh iRuh jRukoyh dk gh cqf) pkrq;Z FkkA ^fon~;ksRrek^ us dkyhnkl dks laLd rdk izdkaM egkdfo cuok;k FkkA3- x fg.kh ds :i esa ;ksxnku%& ,d xzfg.kh ds :i esa og lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lqpk: :i ls lapkyudjrh gS rFkk ifjokj ds lapkyu gsrq cpr dh izo fRr dks Hkh fodflr djrh gSA o"kZ 1930] 1998]2008 vkSj 2014 esa vkbZ oSf'od vkfFkZd eanh ls lHkh ns'k xzflr gq,] ijUrq Hkkjr ughaA D;ksafdHkkjrh; efgykvksa dh cpr dh izd fr us Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks cpk;kA ,slk gh mnkgj.k gesa o"kZ2016 dh uksVcanh ds nkSjku ns[kus dks feykA blh ds nkSjku yxHkx 65 izfr'kr efgyk,as d f"k ,oai'kqikyu dk dk;Z djrs gq, ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA buds vfrfjDrgLrdykvksa djrs gq, Hkh fodkl dk;kZsa dks xfr iznku djrh gSaA vr% ;g Hkh jk"Vª & fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA4- laLd fr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijkvksa dh lajf{kr ds :i esa ;ksxnku&efgyk,¡ gh laLd fr] laLdkjvkSj ijEijkvksa dh okLrfod lajf{kdk gksrh gSA os ih<+h nj ih<+h budk lapkj.k vkSj laj{k.k djrhjgrh gSaA5- lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ;ksxnku%& lH;rk] laLd fr] laLdkj vkSj ijEijk efgykvksa ds dkj.k gh ,dih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa gLrkUrfjr gksrh gSA vr% efgykvksa ds lkekftd&'kSf{kd&/kkfeZd dk;Z O;fDr]ifjokj] lekt vkSj jk"Vª dks l'kDr cukrs gSaA dgk Hkh x;k gS fd& l'kDr efgyk] l'kDr lektvk/kkjf'kyk gSaA6- f'k{kd ds :i esa ;ksxnku%& ekrk cPps dh izFke f'k{kd gS] tks cPps ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy,mÙkjknk;h gSA tc ;g f'kf{kdk ifjokj ls fudydj lekt esa f'k{kk dk nku djrh gS rks ;g ,dlokZsRre vkSj ikou dk;Z gks tkrk gSA ns'k dh izFke f'kf{kdk ^lkfo=kh ckbZ Qqys^ ,d mnkgj.k gSA7- LorU=krk vkanksyu esa ;ksxnku%& Hkkjrh; LorU=krk vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us viuh Hkkxhnkjhlqfuf'pr dj Hkkjr dk uo&fuekZ.k djok;kA gekjs LorU=krk vkanksyu esa vusd efgykvksa us viukvewY; ;ksxnku nsrs gq, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj dj fn;kA dSIVu y{eh lgxy] v:.kk vklQ vyh]eSMe Hkhdkth dkaek] ljksftuh uk;Mw vkSj ,uh cslsUV tSlh fdruh efgykvksa us jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA8- oSKkfud ;ksxnku%&vkt vusd efgyk,¡ j{kk fo'ks"kK ds :i esa viuk ;ksxnku jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl esa ns jgh gSaA MkW0 Vslh FkkWel us vfXu&5 felkbyksa dh ;kstuk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gq,

'kks/k /kkjk 235

^^Hkkjr dh felkby oqeSu vkSj vfXuiq=kh^^ dk lEeku gkfly fd;k gSA9- jktuhfr esa ;ksxnku%& ns'k dh jktuhfr dh n'kk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gSa fd mudk lapkyudjus okyk O;fDrRo dSlk gS\ efgykvksa us ;g fl) djds fn[kk;k gS fd oks jktuSfrd fodkl esaviuh Hkkxhnkjh c[kwch fuHkk ldrh gSaA ljkstuh uk;Mw] lqpsrk d iykuh] bafnjk xk¡/kh bR;kfn vusdefgykvksa us viuh jktuSfrd izfrHkk dk iz;ksx jk"Vª &fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa fd;k gS] tks fd ,degRoiw.kZ vkSj lkFkZd dne gSA10- iz'kklfud {ks=k esa ;ksxnku%& fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk iz'kklu ml jk"Vª dh izxfr vkSj fodkl dklwpd gksrk gSA ;fn iz'kklfud n{krk vkSj dq'kyrk lqn <+ gS rks jk"Vª dh izxfr vkSj fodkl lqfuf'prgSA orZeku esa vusd efgyk,a Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vkSj jkT; iz'kklfud lsokvksa esa viuh mifLFkfrlqfuf'pr dj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vrqyuh; ;ksxnku ns jgh gSaA nqxkZ 'kfDr ukxikyHkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vf/kdkjh gSa tks viuh bZekunkjh ds fy, tkuh tkrh gSaA mUgsa voS/k [kuuds f[kykQ ekspkZ [kksyus ds dkj.k fuyfEcr dj fn;k x;kA Nfo jktkor Hkkjr dh igyh ,e-ch-,-ljiap gSA11- lkfgfR;d ;ksnku%& lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gSA lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSjfodkl mPpre Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd lkfgR; ds }kjk u dsoy cqf)&dkS'ky oju~O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vusd efgykvksa us lkfgR; l tu/kfeZrk ds }kjkjk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gS( tSls&egknsoh oekZ] ve rk izhre] vk'kkiw.kkZnsoh] egk'osrk nsoh] >qaik ykfg.kh vkSj lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku bR;kfnA bUgksaus ,slk dkyt;h lkfgR;fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrkgS] ftlesa psruk vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k ds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gSaA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd efgykvksa usvius drZO;] deZBrk vkSj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vHkwriwoZ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kksa ds leku gh lqf'kf{kr] l{ke vkSj lQy gSa] pkgs og {ks=klkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] [ksy] dyk] lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdRlk] lsok]ehfM;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbZ Hkh gksA ifjokj vkSj lekt dks lEHkkyrs gq, jk"Vªh; vkSj varjk"Vªh; Lrjij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;&irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"Vª vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vkSj vHkwriwoZ;ksxnku fn;k gSA tSls&egknsoh oekZ] ve rk izhre] vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh] egk'osrk nsoh] >qEik ykfg.kh vkSjlqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku bR;kfnA bUgksaus ,slk dkyt; lkfgR; fy[kk tks fd O;fDrRo fodkl dslkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrd fodkl dks Hkh cy iznku djrk gS] ftlesa psruk vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.kds Loj eq[kfjr gksrs gSaA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd efgykvksa us vius drZO;] deZBrk vkSj l tu'khyrk ds ek/;e lsjk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA vkt Hkh ukjh iq:"kkas ds leku ghlqf'kf{kr l{ke vkSj lQy gS] pkgs og {ks=k lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd] [ksy] dyk]lkfgR;] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] [kxksy] fpfdRlk] lsok] ehfM;k ;k i=kdkfjrk dksbZ Hkh gksA ifjokj vkSjlekt dks lHkkyrs gq, jk"Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ukjh us ges'kk ls gh fot;&irkdk ygjkrsgq, jk"Vª vkSj fodkl esa viuk fo'ks"k vkSj vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

orZeku le; esa ,d ifjokj lekt vkSj ns'k dh izxfr esa ukjh dk ljkguh; ;ksxnku gSA

'kks/k /kkjk 236

blfy, iwjh nqfu;k ukjh l'kDrhdj.k dk fcxqy ctk jgh gSA u,&u, {ks=kksa esa L=kh dh izfrHkk dhigpku gks jgh gSA efgyk,a ifjokj cukrh gSaA ifjokj ?kj cukrk gS] ?kj lekt cukrk gS vkSj lektgh ns'k cukrk gSA efgyk dh {kerk dks utjvankt djds lekt dh dYiuk djuk O;FkZ gSA f'k{kkvkSj efgyk l'kDrhdj.k ds fcuk ifjokj lekt vkSj ns'k dk fodkl ughsa gks ldrk gSA ukjh dslEEkku vkSj f'k{kk ds fy, gj O;fDr dks viuk lg;ksx djuk pkfg, rkfd ,d fodkl'khy jk"Vª dkfuekZ.k gks ldsA

lanHkZ1- dqekj] MkW0 iznhi( jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk2- fodhihfM;k&iapk;r ,oa efgyk,a3- fgUnh dh nqfu;k&efgykvksa dh ljkg esa Hkwfedk4- fgUnh O;kdj.k&jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku5- >k] xaqts'k xkSre] jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku6- ,l] fiz;n'kZ] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk

'kks/k /kkjk 237


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkfedkMkW- ¼Jherh½ y{eh c tcklh

lgk0 f'k{kd] Hkjkjh] ¼jruiqj½] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

jk"Vª ,oa fo'o fodkl ds ihNs ukfj;ksa ds R;kx] cfynku ,oa ;ksxnku dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ jgh gSAvesfjdk] dukMk tSls fodflr ns'kksa ds leku vkt vYifodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Hkh ;g cnyko fn[kkbZ ns jgkgSA tgk¡ iq:"kksa dk ,dkf/kdkj Fkk] ogk¡ efgyk,a bl {ks=k esa viuk yksgk euok jgh gSaA pkgs varfj{k mM+kugks] ioZrkjksg.k] lkgliw.kZ {ks=k] jktuhfrd lkekftd {ks=k gks gj txg efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h gSAoSfnd dky esa lfn;ksa ls tks csfM+;ksa ls tdM+h Fkha] mls rksM+dj vkt og viuh ubZ igpku cukus esa tqVhgSA ukjh 'kfDr mHkj dj lkeus vk jgh gSA vkt ukjh vcyk ugha cfYd og iq:"kksa ls nqcZy ugha mulsdgha T;knk l{ke vkSj lcy gSaA vius lkFk&lkFk ifjokj vkSj lekt dks ,drk ds lw=k esa ck¡/kdj gekjslkaLÑfrd /kjksgj dks Hkh vkxs c<+k jgh gSaA ukjh ifjokj dh xq: gSA ogh lekt dks ,d ;ksX; ukxfjdns ldrh gSA Lokeh foosdkuan ds vuqlkj fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izxfr dk loksZre FkekZehVj gS ogk¡ dhefgykvks dh fLFkrh


Key Words : jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh 'kfDr] jk"Vª fodkl vkSj izkphu lanHkZ

Hkwfedk& jk"Vª ekuoksa dh HkkoukRed rFkk lkaLÑfrd ,drk ls curk gSA lewgksa dh ,drk gh jk"Vª gSAvkSj blh lewgksa dh ,drk eas nks yksxkas dh Hkwfedk gksrh gS% uj vkSj ukjh dhA vxj nksukas da/ks ls daèkkfeykdj pysa rks jk"Vª ds fodkl esa dksbZ ck/kk ugha vk ldrh gSA vkt dh ukjh varfj{k ls ysdjtehu Lrj rd tqM+h gS] ftlesa og ok;q;ku ls ysdj cl] vkVks fjD'kk pyk jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkkuesa efgykvksa dks dkuwu ds ek/;e ls Hkh fo'ks"k izko/kku ,oa vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA yksdlHkk esaefgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk] vuqPNsn 332 ¼d½ esa izLrkfor 84osa lfo/kku lalks/ku ds tfj,jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvks esa efgykvkas ds vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk gSA

oSfnd lH;rk ls orZeku rd ukjh dh Hkwfedk ns[kh tk; rks ukjh ds vfLrRo vkSj lektds fodkl esa ;ksxnku dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA tks vkt gekjs fy, izsj.kk ds :i esa lkeus vkrhjgh gSA oSfnd lH;rk dks nks Hkkxks esa ckaVk x;k gS 1-_XoSfnd dky 2- mÙkj oSfnd dky_XoSfnd dky& bl dky esa ukjh dh lkekftd n'kk ns[kh tk, rks ukfj;kas dks i;kZIr Lora=krk FkhAos ;K esa rFkk lHkk lfefr;kas dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysrh FkhaA fu;ksx izFkk]fo/kok fookg rFkk cgq iRuhfookg dk Hkh vfLrRo FkkA fL=k;kas ds f'k{kk dk izca/k Fkk] lrh izFkk dk pyu ugha FkkAmÙkj oSfnd dky& bl dky esa ukjh dh lekftd n'kk esa fxjkoV vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA mUgs ;Kksa vkSjlHkk lfefr dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus ls izfrcaf/kr dj fn;k x;kA ukjh dh n'kk vR;r n;uh; FkhAiq:"kksa ds }kjk mudk 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA mudks Hkksx foykl dh oLrq cuk j[kk FkkA

'kks/k /kkjk 238

ijarq laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa ,slk ugha FkkA dbZ txg ohjkaxukvksa dk mn; gqvk FkkA ftUgksus iq:"kizèkku lekt dks pqukSrh nh^ vkSj ukjh 'kfDr tkx:d dj jk"Vª ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj cudj vgeHkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj ;ksxnku fn;kA ml le; jft;k lqYrku] pk¡nchch] vfgY;k ckbZ rFkk jkuh y{ehckbZ tSlh ukjh 'kfDr dk mn; gqvkA oSfnd lH;rk ds fuekZ.k eas ge dfiyk] v:a/kfr vkSj eS=ks;h]xkxhZ tSlh fonq"kh dSds;h ukfj;kas ds ;ksxnku dks Hkh ugha Hkwy ldrsA rFkk Loa+r=krk laxzke esa dLrwjckckbZ] ljkstuh uk;Mw] deyk usg: bu efgykvksa us iq:"kkas ls da/kk feykdj iwjk lg;ksx fn;k FkkAvk/kqfud fparu& vkt ds bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa ukjh iq:"k ls fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa ihNs ugha gSA pkgs ogjktuhfrd ;ksxnku] iz'kklfud {ks=k] lekftd {ks=k ;k O;kolkf;d {ks=k] oSKkfud ;k dyk {ks=k]fpfdRlk {ks=k] lkaLÑfrd lkfgR; ;k /kkfeZd {ks=k gks( ukjh gj {ks=k esa viuk vyx LFkku cuk pqdhgSA ukjh us ijEijkvkas dh lajf{kdk ds :i esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ukjh x g.kh ds :i esa] iRuh ds :iesa fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gq, jk"Vª dks ,drk ds HkkoukRed :i esa cka/ks gq, gSaA

vktknh ls ysdj orZeku rd gekjs ns'k esa ,slh egku ukfj;ksa us tUe fy;k gS] ftUgksusvkleku dh cqayfn;ksa dks Nqvk gS rFkk ns'k dk uke iwjs fo'o esa Åapk fd;k gSA ftues ls bafnjk xka/kh ¼iz/kkuea=kh½] fdj.k csnh ¼vkbZ0ih0,l½] lquhrk fofy;El] dYiuk pkoyk ¼varfj{k ;k=kh½] dyk {ks=kesa yrk eaxs'kdj ¼xkf;dk½ [ksy {ks=k esa ih0Vh0 Å"kk] lkfu;k fetkZ] lkekftd {ks=k esa enj Vsjlkbu lHkh ukfj;ksa dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA

vkt ukjh dks 'kfDr ds :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA os fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa viuk yksgk euokus esaihNs ugha gSA lfn;kas ls dksbZ Hkh iq.; dk;Z ukjh ds fcuk iw.kZ ugha gksrk gS pkgs ;K gks] vuq"Bku ;kfuekZ.k dk;Z gksA ukjh gh ekuo lekt dh tuuh gSA ckyd dh xq:] rFkk iq:"k dh izsj.kk gSA ,dukjh gh gS] tks ?kj dks LoxZ lk cukrh gS vkSj lekt o ifjokj dks iw.kZ djrh gSA ,d ukjh gh cPpsdks tUe ls ysdj var rd jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsus yk;d cukrh gSA ukjh gh ml cPps dk Hkfo";fuekZ.k djrh gSA vkSj lekt o jk"Vª dks ,d ;ksX; ukxfjd nsrh gSA bl rjg ,d ukjh gh jk"Vªfodkl dh uhao j[krh gSAmilagkj& ukjh gh jk"Vª fodkl dh tuuh gSA mlh ds }kjk jk"Vª fuek.kZ ds fy, ;ksX; O;fDÙk rS;kjgksrk gSA pkgs og ckyd gks vFkok iq:"k mlh dh izsj.kk ls og lekt dks ldjkRed :i ls fodkldh vksj vxzlj djrk gSA ,slss Hkh ukjh dks ,d 'kfDr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS rFkk vkt ukjh ,d'kfDr cudj gj {ks=k esa igpku cuk jgh gSA vkt ds ;qx esa efgykvkas dks iq:"k ds cjkcj dk ntkZgekjs ;qok ns jgs gSaA os efgykvkas ds fy, [kqys fopkj dh lksp j[krs gSa] mUgs vkxs c<+us ds fy;s ges'kkizksRlkfgr djrs gSaA iajrq vHkh Hkh dbZ iq:"k iqjkru lksp fy, gq, gS ukjh dks viuh laifÙk le>rsgSaA mudh {kerk dks de vkadrs gSaA mudks ?kj dh pkjnhokjh esa thus dks foo'k djrs gaSA efgykvkasdks lafo/kku esa cjkcj dk ntkZ izkIr gksrs gq, Hkh efgyk,a [kqn dks vlqjf{kr eglwl dj jgh gSa tksmudks vkxs c<+us ls jksdrh gSA

vkt lekt dks pkfg, fd ukjh dks Hkh viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj vkxs c<+us ds fy, izksRlkfgrdjsA lalk/ku] f'k{kk rFkk mfpr okrko.k cuk,] ySafxd vlekurk dks nwj djsA vkt ukjh dks FkksM+hlgk;rk vkSj lkFk dh vko'drk gSA ukjh eas vikj {kerk gksrh gSA mls viuh {kerkvksa dk nksgudjus nsA fQj ns[ks fd oks fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa iq:"kkas ls de ugha gSA oks Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl esa viuk

'kks/k /kkjk 239

ldkjkRed lg;ksx ns ldrh gSA dgkor gS fd gj lQy iq:"kkas ds ihNs ,d ukjh dk gkFk gksrk gSAvxj ,d ukjh ,d iq:"k dks lQy cuk ldrh gS rks mldh {kerk ij fdlh dks lansg ugha gksukpkfg,] oks [kqn Hkh lQy gks ldrh gS] cl mls Hkh lg;ksx ,oa lk/ku pkfg,Avxj ukjh Bku ys rks 'kkafr yk ldrh gS vkSj egkHkkjr Hkh djok ldrh gSA ukjh dksey gS ij vcykughaA vkt dh ukjh viuh {kerkvksa rFkk vf/kdkjksa dks igpku pqdh gSA vkSj gj {ks=k esa viuh igpkucukrs gq, jk"Vª ds fodkl esa viuk loZJs"B ;ksxnku ns jgh gS rFkk lekt dks vkxs c<+k jgh gSAuj&ukjh thou :ih xkM+h ds nks ifg, gSaA nksuksa vxj lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSa rHkh ekuo] lekt rFkkjk"Vª dk fodkl laHko gSA

fgUnh esa ukjh ;kSfxd 'kCn ¼uj$bZ½ gS vkSjr ds fy, gekjh Hkkf"kd ijaijk esa lokZf/kdizpfyr rhu 'kCn gS L=kh] ukjh vkSj efgykA buds vykok vkt Hkh Hkkjr ns'k esa ukjh dks nsohvcyk] J)k vkSj iwT;k tSls ukeksa ls lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA rFkk vkt dh ukjh bu 'kCnkas lsmij mB dj 'kfDr ds :i esa igpku cuk pqdh gSA laiw.kZ fo'o esa ,slk dksbZ jk"Vª ugh gksxkftlds fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku ugh gksA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Hkh dkuwu ds ek/;e ls

efgykvksa dh lqj{kk] vkj{k.k ds fy, fo'ks"k izo/kku j[ks x, gSaA lEifRr esa gd] f'k{kk ds {ks=k esafo'ks"k izok/kku] ukSdjh esa vkj{k.k] lk{kkjrk nj 2011 ds vk¡dM+s vuqlkj 65 izfr'kr c<+h gSA

jktuhfr {ks=k esa 50 izfr'kr efgykvkas dk vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA mlh ds lkFk ge dg ldrs gSafd jk"Vª fodkl eas ukjh gh ekuo dks HkkoukRed rFkk lkaLÑfrd :i ls ,drk ds lw=k esa ck¡/k

dj jk"Vª dks fodkl dh vksj vxzlj djrh gSAlanHkZ

1- foosdkuan] Lokeh( Hkkjrh; ukjh A2- QfM+;k] ch0,y0( lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjkA3- bZf'krk] izfr;ksfxrk lkajk'k ¼2012½ laLdj.k4- ekfyuh] gsek( esjh lgsyh¼2017½ laLdj.k5- usoj] latho( fgUnw /keZ es ukjh dh efgek

'kks/k /kkjk 240


Hkkjr jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.kMkW0 ?ku';ke nqcs

lgk;d izk/;kid] bfrgkl foHkkx] xq: ?kklhnkl ¼dsUnzh;½ fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

vfHk"ksd vxzoky'kks/k Nk=k] bfrgkl foHkkx] xq: ?kklhnkl ¼dsUnzh;½ fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA mudk ;ksxnku izkphu dkyls gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gSA izkphure lH;rk gM+Iik vkSj eksgu tksnM+ks esa Hkh efgyk, fo'ks"kLFkku j[krh FkhaA lSa/ko lekt esa ekr lRrkRed O;oLFkk FkhA oSfnd dky esa dbZ fonq"kh ukfj;ksa jkse'kk]vikyk] moZ'kh] fo'okjk] fldrk] ?kks"kk] yksikeqnzk] fuykacjk dk mYys[k feyrk gS( ftUgksus _Xosn dh vusd_pkvksa dh jpuk esa ;ksxnku iznku fd;k FkkA e/;dky esa Hkh vusd fonq"kh efgyk, gqbZa] ftUgksus viuhiz'kklfud rFkk lkfgfR;d dq'kyrk ls tuekul dks izHkkfor fd;kA eqfLye 'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esackcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe us ^gqeka;wukek* fy[kkA

vk/kqfud dky esa Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA 1857 dsLokèkhurk laxzke ls ysdj 1942 dh tuØkfUr vkSj fQj vktknh feyus rd efgykvksa dk Lok/khurk laxzkeesa vewY; o lfØ; ;ksxnku jgk gSA vaxsztksa ds fo:) 1857 ds la?k"kZ esa fofHkUu ukfj;ksa us foæksg dkusr Ro fd;kA muesa lcls izeq[k uke jkuh y{ehckbZ dk vkrk gSA jkuh y{ehckbZ ds ckn vU; izeq[kohjkaxukvksa esa csxe gtjr egy] csxe thur egy dk uke Hkh vxz.kh gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esavusd fonq"kh ,oa izcq) lekt lq/kkjd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku gS( ftuesa Jherh ,uh cslsaV] ljksftuh uk;Mwvkfn izeq[k gSA Hkkjr esa erkf/kdkj dk izFke iz;kl bUgh nksuksa us fd;kA


Key Words : jk"Vª fuekZ.k ,oa efgyk,a] jk"Vª dh laLÑfr ,oa L=kh&fparu

fdlh jk"Vª ds pfj=k dk ifjpk;d lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr rFkk izfr"Bk gksrh gSA ns'kdh ukfj;k¡ gh jk"Vª dh fuekZrk gksrh gSaA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, ml ns'kdh ukjh dh fLFkfr dk Kku izkIr djuk vko';d gSA

^^fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk mRFkku rFkk iru ml jk"Vª dh efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij dkQh va'kksa esafuHkZj djrk gSA ia usg: us dgk Fkk êq>s iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd vkt Hkkjr dh izxfr mldh efgykvksadh fLFkfr ls ekih tk ldrh gSA**1

^^fdlh jk"Vª dh lH;rk ,oa laLd fr ds fuekZ.k rFkk fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku cgqregRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa /keZ'kkfL=k;ksa us ukjh dks ije b"V dh Js.kh esa j[kk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa euqfy[krs gSa] ^^tgk¡ ukjh dh mikluk gksrh gS] ogk¡ nsork fuokl djrs gSaA**2

Hkkjr jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA mudk

'kks/k /kkjk 241

;ksxnku jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gSA efgykvksa us izkphu dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rdjk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA mudh Hkwfedk Hkkjr ds Lora=krk laxzkeesa Hkh vfr egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa us vusd voljksa ij jktuhfrd rFkk vU; lektfuekZ.k ds dk;Z fd, gSaAIkzkphu dky esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk% Hkkjr esa izkphu dky ls gh ukjh dh lEekutud]lkglh] ohjkaxuk dh Nfo jgh gSA jk"Vªh; vkanksyu izfØ;k ls iwoZ dk dky ,sfrgkfld dky dgk tkldrk gS] ftlesa ukjh ekr &lRrkRed lekt O;oLFkk esa dchys dh eqf[k;k FkhA gekjh ikSjkf.kdnsfo;k¡ rFkk [kqnkbZ ls izkIr ukjh ewfrZ;ksa esa cy'kkyh jkuh] egkjkuh] 'kkfldk jkuh ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA

fo'o dh izkphure lH;rk gM+Iik vkSj eksgu tksnM+ks ds ewd izek.k ;gh crkrs gSa fd fla/kqlekt esa Hkh efgyk, fo'ks"k LFkku j[krh FkhaA lSa/ko lekt esa ekr lRrkRed O;oLFkk FkhA^^flU/kq ?kkVhdh lH;rk esa ukjh thou dh dqN >yd feyrh gSA vuqeku gS fd bl dky esa ije ukjh dh iwtkyksdfiz; FkhA [kqnkbZ esa feV~Vh dh cuh gqbZ cgqr lh [kM+h ,oa v)Z&uXu ukjh ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZa gSaA;s ewfrZ;k¡ laHkor% ekr nsoh ;k izd fr nsoh dh gSaA izkphu lalkj esa ekr nsoh dk O;kid izpkj FkkA flUèkq?kkVh ds yksx Hkh mlls ifjfpr FksA**3

fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds ekr lRrkRed :i ds ckjs esa :lh bfrgkldkj th-,e-cksxkbZ ysfou usfy[kk gS fd ^^fL=k;ksa dks fpf=kr djrh gqbZ y?kq e .; ewfrZ;k¡ ikbZ xbZ gSa vkSj ;g rF; ekr nsoh dhmikluk dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA**4 vr% Hkkjr jk"Vª ds izkphure lH;rk esa Hkh ukfj;ksa ds egRoiw.kZ;ksxnku ds fp=k fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA fla/kq ?kkVh esa L=kh dk egRo Fkk] blfy,ekr nsoh ds :i esa mUgsa iwtk tkrk FkkA fla/kq ?kkVh esa ekr lRrkRed ifjokj dk izpyu FkkA

oSfnd dky esa ifjokj] lekt] jktuhfr] 'kkL=k ;gk¡ rd fd 'kL=k fo|k esa Hkh efgyk, iq:"kksads cjkcj ntkZ j[krh Fkha rFkk os fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa iq:"kksa ds cjkcj jkT; fuekZ.k ds dk;Z esa lfØ; FkhaAbuesa dbZ fonq"kh ukfj;ksa us iq:"kksa ls Hkh c<+dj dk;Z fd;k gSA izkphu dky esa efgykvksa dks iq:"kksads leku cjkcjh dk ntkZ izkIr FkkA izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa dbZ fonq"kh ukfj;ksa dk mYys[k feyrkgS] ftudk LFkku lekt esa lEekutud vkSj e;kZnk;qDr FkkA

^ô gnkj.;d mifu"kn esa ,sls /kkfeZd d R; dk mYys[k gS ftudk mn~ns'; fonq"kh iq=kh izkIrdjuk FkkA fL=k;ksa dh f'k{kk dk iw.kZ /;ku j[kk tkrk Fkk] ;g bl ckr ls Li"V gS fd _Xosn dh vusd_pk;sa yksikeqnzk] fujkojh vkSj ?kks"kk vkfn fonq"kh fL=k;ksa dh jph gqbZ gSA**5

blh dky esa ^^;kKoYD; dh iRuh eS=ks;h vius ifr ds lkFk nk'kZfud okn&fookn esa Hkkxysrh FkhA xkxhZ vkSj vk=ks;h Hkh oSfnd fl)kUrksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr FkhaA**6

lw=k xzaFkksa] jkek;.k] vkSj egkHkkjr ls Kkr gksrk gS fd fL+=k;k¡ ml dky esa oSfnd ea=kksa dhjpuk ds lkFk&lkFk /kkfeZd d R; djrh FkhaA _Xosn ds dbZ ea=kksa dh jpuk fL=k;ksa us dh FkhAvk'oyk;u x glw=k esa _f"k;ksa ds lkFk xkxhZ okpØoh] cM+ok] izfrFks;h] lqyHkk ,oa eS=ks;h ukedf'kf{kdkvksa ds fy, Hkh riZ.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA iratfy ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dbZ czkã.k fL=k;k¡O;kdj.k vFkok ehekalk esa fo'ks"k v/;;u djrh FkhaA dkykUrj eas n'kZu fl)kUrksa ds mn~Hko gksus ijn'kZuksa ds v/;;u vkSj fparu esa Hkh fL=k;k¡ ihNs ugha FkhaA dbZ dks bl {ks=k esa fo'ks"k izfr"Bk izkIr FkhAizfl) nk'kZfud ;kKoYD; dh iRuh eS=ks;h vius ifr dh vuq:i FkhA o gnkj.;d mifu"kn ls Kkr

'kks/k /kkjk 242

gksrk gS fd tud dh jktlHkk esa xkxhZ okpØoh us ;kKoYD; ds nkar [kV~Vs dj fn, FksA^îzkphu dky esa vusd lqf'kf{kr ifjokj dh fL=k;k¡ us dof;f=k;ksa ds :i esa Hkh izflf) ik;h

FkhaA foTtk] lhrk vkfn dof;f=k;ksa dh mRd "V jpuk;sa dkO; laxzgksa esa LFkku ikrh gSaA bl dky dsbfrgkl esa dbZ jkfu;ksa ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSa] ftUgksus 'kklu lw=k laHkkysA**7

izkphu dky esa lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa dbZ fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds vfrfjDr ,slh ukfj;ksa ds mnkgj.kHkh feyrs gSa] ftUgksus viuh jktuhfrd fo}Rrk ls tuekul dks izHkkfor fd;kA izkphu dky esafofHkUu jktoa'kksa dh jkfu;ksa us viuh jktuhfrd ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, dq'ky jktdkt dklapkyu fd;k FkkA

^^xqIr dky dh ukfj;k¡ jktuSfrd] lkekftd o /kkfeZZd dk;ksZa esa vius ifr ds lkFk Hkkx ysrhFkhaA paUnzxqIr f}rh; dh dU;k vkSj okdkVd ujs'k :nzlsu f}rh; dh iRuh izHkkorh xqIr ,dizfrHkk'kkyh ukjh FkhA mlus vius iq=k fnokdjlsu vkSj nkeksnj lsu dh ckY;koLFkk esa lQyrkiwoZdokdkVd 'kklu dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA**8

izkphu dky esa ukfj;ksa us u dsoy jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa viuh ;ksX;rk dk izn'kZu fd;k] vfirqmUgksus lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa Hkh mRd "V dk;Z fd;kA

^ûkfj;ksa us lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa vuqie izflf) izkIr dh Fkh ,oa mudh jpuk;sa rRdkyhulkfgR; dks cgqewY; nsu gSaA iq:"k ds leku fL=k;k¡ Hkh dfo gksrh FkhaA dfork ys[ku ds vfrfjDrlekykspukvksa esa Hkh fL=k;k¡ fo'ks"k :fp ysrh FkhaA dkO; ehekalk ds jpf;rk jkt'ks[kj dh iRuh vofUrlqanj dfof;=kh ,oa Vhdkdkj nksuksa gh FkhA laLd r dkO; dh og izdk.M iafMr FkhA eksfj[kk ,oa foTtk¼vkBoha 'krh½ Hkh egku dof;f=k;k¡ FkhaA foTTkk us ekuo] izse ,oa izd fr ij eq[; jpuk;sa dh gSa] dkSeqnhegksRlo uked izfl) xzUFk dh jpuk Hkh bUgksus dh gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr dh izfl) fonqf"k;ksa ,oadof;f=k;ksa esa jkuh fot;HkV~Vkfjdk mPp dksfV dh dof;=kh FkhaA e.Mu feJ dh iRuh Hkkjrh]ehekalk] osnkUr dh Kkrk Fkha rFkk viuh ckSf)d foy{k.krk ds dkj.k 'kadjkpk;Z rFkk e.MufeJ dschp gq, 'kkkL=kkFkZ dh fu.kkZf;dk fu;qDr dh xbZ FkhA**9

izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd fr dh vksj n f"Vikr djus ij jktuhfr] /keZ] lkfgR; vkfn {ks=k esa ukjhds ;ksxnku dk ifjy{k.k gksrk gSA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ls ysdj xqIrdky rd Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa us jk"VªfuekZ.k ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZAe/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa ukfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk%& e/;dkyhu bfrgkl esa jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esaukfj;ksa ds fofHkUu Lo:i ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA e/;dky esa lYrurdky ls ysdj eqxy dky rd fofHkUuukfj;ksa us jktuhfrd] lkfgfR;d rFkk lkaLd frd dk;ksZa ds }kjk viuh ,d vyx igpku cuk;h gSAbl ;qx dh vusd fL=k;ksa dk Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa viuk LFkku gSA xksaMokuk dh jkuh nqxkZorh] jkuhdeZorh] ehjk ckbZ rFkk rkjkckbZ blds izeq[k mnkgj.k gSaA

bl ;qx esa Hkh dbZ mPp dksfV dh fonq"kh ukfj;ksa ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSa] ftuls ;g irk pyrkgS fd bu dky esa Hkh ukfj;k¡ dks mPp dksfV dh f'k{kk izkIr djrh FkhA jktdqekjh fo|k] bUnqefr]n;kckbZ] lgtkckbZ] ehjkckbZ] xaxkckbZ] lksudqekjh] panzkorh bl ;qx dh fonq"kh efgyk FkhaA^êhjkckbZ dk uke dfork ds {ks=k esa mYys[kuh; gSA jkeHknzkEck us laLd r Hkk"kk esa j?kqukFk vH;qn;dh jpuk dhA e/kqjok.kh uked L=kh us vkU/kz Hkk"kk esa jkek;.k dk vuqokn fd;kA egkjk"Vª esa jkenkl

'kks/k /kkjk 243

dh nks izeq[k f'k";k,% vdkckbZ vkSj dSukckbZ lkfgfR;d {ks=k esa fo'ks"k izfrHkk j[krh FkhaA**10

bl ;qx dh vU; fonq"kh efgykvksa us lkfgR; ds {ks=k esa vusd miyfC/k;k¡ gkfly dh gSaAeqfLye 'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esa ckcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe us gqeka;wukek* fy[kk] lqYrkuk jft;k]lkezkKh uwjtgk¡ tSlh Qkjlh dh izfl) dof;f=k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk tscqfUulk o tgkavkjk Hkh blh ;qxdh nsu gSaA ^^jft;k csxe] 'kkgrqdkZu efYydk , tgk¡] jkT; iz'kklu dk;Z esa n{k FkhaA ogha eqfLye'kkgh ifjokj dh ukfj;ksa esa ckcj dh iq=kh xqycnu csxe Qkjlh vkSj rqdhZ Hkk"kk vPNh rjg tkurhFkhA ckcj dh nwljh iq=kh xqy:[k csxe Hkh ,d dof;=kh FkhA vdcj dh iRuh lyhek csxe Qkjlhdh Kkrk FkhA vCnqjZghe [kku&[kkuk dh iq=kh tku&csxe ,d i<+h fy[kh ukjh Fkh] mlus dqjku ij,d fVIi.kh fy[khA eqerkt egy Qkjlh esa dfork;sa fy[krh FkhaA ukflj lrh mfUulk Qkjlh fonq"khFkhA**11

e/;dky esa ukfj;ksa us u dsoy lkfgR; ,oa jpukRed dk;ksZa esa viuk ;ksX;rk dk ifjp;fn;k] vfirq mUgksus fofHkUu dky [k.M esa jktuhfrd ;ksX;rk dk Hkh ifjp; fn;kA

eqxy dky esa fL=k;ksa us 'kklu&izcfU/kdk ds :i esa fuiq.krk ls dk;Z fd;kA ^êqxydkyhufL=k;ksa us 'kklu&izcU/k ds {ks=k esa Hkh viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; fn;kA pUnsy jktdqekjh nqxkZorh usx<+xksfoUn dk vR;Ur dq'kyrk rFkk nwjnf'kZrk ls 'kklu&lapkyu fd;kA mlds jkT; esa yxHkx70]000 xzke vkSj dLcs lfEefyr Fks] ftudk 'kklu&izcU/k vR;Ur dq'kyrk rFkk lQyrk ls fd;ktkrk FkkA dqN bfrgkldkjksa dk rks vuqeku gS fd nqxkZorh dk 'kklu&izcU/k lezkV vdcj ls HkhvPNk FkkA 'kklu&izcU/k ds lkFk&lkFk nqxkZorh lSU;&lapkyu esa Hkh viwoZ dq'ky FkhA**12

nqxkZorh ds vfrfjDr Hkh pkanchch rFkk uwjtgk¡ us Hkh fo'kky lkezkT; dk lapkyudq'kyrkiwoZd fd;kA ^^nqxkZorh ds leku pkanchch us vgenuxj us 'kklu dk lapkyu Hkh vR;Urfuiq.krk vkSj dq'kyrk ls pyk;kA vyhenhZ [kka dh iq=kh dks dkcqy dk okLrfod xoZuj fu;qDr fd;kx;k FkkA eqxy&'kkld tgkaxhj ds 'kklu dh ckxMksj uwjtgk¡ ds gkFk esa FkhA uwjtgk¡ vius jkT;ds izR;sd foHkkx dk fujh{k.k djrh Fkh rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij mfpr funsZ'k nsrh FkhA fo/kokrkjkckbZ eksgrs vius iq=k f'kokth f}rh; dh lajf{kdk FkhA ogh lkjs 'kklu dh ns[k&Hkky djrh FkhAmlds dky esa vkSjaxtsc dh lsuk Hkh vkdze.k djus ls fgpdrh FkhA tnqukFk ljdkj us muds 'kkludh Hkwfj&Hkwfj iz'kalk dh gSA**13

e/;dky esa fL=k;ksa us dsoy 'kklu lapkfydk ds :i esa viuh ;ksX;rk dk ifjp; fn;kvfirq dbZ voljksa ij ,d egku ;ks)k] ohjkaxuk dk Hkh ifjp; fn;kA eqxydky esa vusd ohj rFkk;ks)k efgykvksa ds Hkh mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA ^^nqxkZorh ,d ohj L=kh Fkh] mlus cktcgknqj ds fo:)vusd ;q) yM+s vkSj mlesa lQyrk Hkh izkIr dhA QRRkk dh eka dk uke esokM+ ds bfrgkl esa vktHkh txexk jgk gSA vius lksyg o"khZ; iq=k ds lkFk ;q) LFky esa tkdj mlus viwoZ lkgl dk ifjp;fn;kA pkanchch us viwoZ ohjrk vkSj dq'kyrk ds lkFk vdcj dh lsuk dk lkeuk fd;k vkSj vdcjdh lsuk dk vf/kdkj vgenuxj ij rHkh gks ldk] tc rd fd mlds ;q) djrs&djrs u fudyx;sA uwjtgk¡ dh j.k&dq'kyrk dk irk mlds }kjk tgkaxhj dks egkor dh dSn ls NqM+kus yxrk gSAbl le; gkFkh ij lokj gksdj mlus Lo;a lsuk dk lapkyu fd;k FkkA**14

Hkkjrh; Lora=krk la?k"kZ vkSj efgyk;sa% vaxsztksa ds fo:) la?k"kZ dh 'kq:vkr 1857 ls ekuh tkrh gS]

'kks/k /kkjk 244

ftlesa lekt ds gj oxZ us c<+ p<+ dj fgLlk fy;kA ftlesa la?k"kZ dk fofHkUu ukfj;ksa us Hkh foæksgdk usr Ro fd;kA os 1857 esa vaxzsth lrk dks m[kkM+ Qsdus dk ladYi ysdj viuh ekr Hkwfe dh vkuvkSj lEeku ds fy, lc dqN R;kx dj gkFk esa ryokjas ysdj dwn iM+hA

^^vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ] la?k"kZ djus okyh efgykvksa esa ,slk gh ,d mnkgj.k gS psUuek dkA ogfdUrwj dh ohj jkuh FkhA vaxzstksa }kjk muds jkT; ds gM+ius dk mUgksus fojks/k fd;kA 1824 esa vaxzstksavkSj jkuh psUuek dh lsuk ds chp ;q) gqvkA bl ;q) esa cgqr ls vaxzst ekjs x, vkSj vUr esa jkuhdh Hkh e R;q gks x;hA**15 MkW- m"kkokyk us ;g fy[kk gS&Hkkjrh; ukjh vieku] vku vkSj lEeku dsfy, dkseyrk] d:.kk] vkSj n;k dk ycknk mrkjdj Qsad nsrh gS vkSj izfr'kks/k] izfr fgalk ds fy,nsoh ls nkuoh dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA ,slk gh lkSUn;Z vkSj 'kkS;Z dk lkeatL; 1857 dh Økafrdk usr Ro djus okyh jkfu;ksa] egkjkfu;ksa] csxeksa vkfn esa feyrk gS ftUgksaus vaxzsth 'kklu dh uhfrdks tM+ ls fgyk fn;kA**16

^^1857 ds fonzksg dky dh nks efgykvksa ds uke eq[; :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA os gSa >kalh dhjkuh y{eh ckbZ vkSj vo/k dh csxe gtjr egyA >kalh dh jkuh ds usr Ro esa iq:"kksa ds gh ugha fL=k;ksadh Hkh lsuk laxfBr dh x;h] ftlesa fiNM+h tkfr dh x gLFk efgyk;sa FkhaA egy dh nkfl;ksa] njckjdh urZfd;ksa vkSj uxj dh ohjkaxukvksa us Hkh ?kaq?k:vksa dk ifjR;kx dj ryokj mBkbZA bl yM+kbZ esajkuh dh gkj gqbZ vkSj e R;q Hkh] ijUrq blesa jkuh dh ohjrk vlk/kkj.k jghA**17

usrkth lqHkk"kpUnz cksl us vktkn fgUn QkSt esa fL=k;ksa dh ,d jsthesUV cukbZ Fkh] ftldkuke 1857 dh ohjkaxuk jkuh >kalh ds uke ij j[kk x;kA bl jsthesaV dh iz/kku y{eh LokehukFkuFkhaA jsthesaV esa 1000 L=kh&lSfud FksA mUgsa fof/kor izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA tks ;ksX; Fkha mUgsa ;q) {ks=kesa Hkstk x;kA 'ks"k dks uflZax ds dke esa yxk;k x;kA

Hkkjr esa izFke Lora=krk laxzke ds bfrgkl esa >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ ds ckn tks izeq[k ukemHkjdj vkrk gS] og gS csxe gtjr egyA csxe gtjr egy dk uke 1857 ds Lok/khurk laxzkeesa vR;Ur xkSjo ds lkFk fy;k tkrk gSA csxe gtjr egy us vo/k esa Loar=krk laxzke dk usr Ro fd;k]egy ds vkjke nk;d thou ls fudy dj vaxzstksa dk eqdkcyk dj mUgksaus viuk ,d vyx gh LFkkudk;e fd;k gSA muds }kjk fd;k x;k foæksg Hkys gh lQy uk gqvk gks] ijUrq mUgksaus ,slk dqN djfn[kk;k ftls rRdkyhu iq:"k lekt ugha dj ldk FkkA

1857 ds fonzksg ds nkSjku csxe gtjr egy us vzxzstksa dk MVdj lkeuk fd;kA ^7 tqykbZ1857 dks os vo/k ds 11 o"kZ ds uokc fcjftl dnz dh oks lajf{kdk cuhaA csxe gtjr egy dks^tukc&,&vkfy;k* dk f[krkc fn;k x;kA muds lkeus vusdksa leL;k;sa Fkha ftudk mUgksus MVdjlkeuk fd;kA muds usr Ro esa 1857 ds fonzksg ds nkSjku vo/k ds Økafrdkfj;ksa us 02 tqykbZ 1857dks gsujh ykjsal dh rFkk 27 flrEcj 1857 dks tujy uhy dh gR;k dj nhA csxe gtjr egyds usr Ro esa vo/k dh vusd efgykvksa us iq:"k os'k esa Øafr esa Hkkx fy;kA VkbEl ds laoknnkrk jlsyus mUgsa vius ckn'kkg ifr ls vPNk enZ crk;k FkkA**18

^^bfrgkl ds iUus iyVus ij irk pyrk gS fd Lora=krk vkanksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us viuhHkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhA 1857 dh Lok/khurk laxzke ls ysdj 1942 dh tuØkfUr vkSj fQj vktknh feyusrd efgykvksa dk Lok/khurk laxzke esa vewY; o lfØ; ;ksxnku jgk gSA efgykvksa us u flQZ iq:"kksa

'kks/k /kkjk 245

ds lkFk vktknh ds egk;K esa viuh vkgqfr nh vfirq dbZ ekspksZa ij rks mUgksus Lo;a vaxzstksa ls yksgkfy;k vkSj lhus ij xksfy;k¡ [kk;haA xqykeh ds ml nkSj esa Hkh efgyk,sa yM+kbZ ds nwljs eSnku&jktuhfresa Hkh lfdz; FkhaA bl {ks=k esa v:.kk vklQ vyh] ljksftuh uk;Mw] ,suh cslsUV] deyk J)s; gSaAHkkjr ds vk/kqfud Lora=krk laxzke dk la?k"kZ 'kq: gqvk Fkk vBkjgoha lnh ds vafre n'kdksa ls vkSj mlhle; ls efgykvksa us bl egk;K esa f'kjdr 'kq: dj nh FkhA**19

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa 1920 ls 1947 rd dk dky xka/kh ;qx gSA xka/kh th }kjk lapkfyrjk"Vªh; vkanksyu us Hkkjrh; efgykvksa esa vHkwriwoZ tkx fr mRiUu dhA ued lR;kxzg esa xka/kh dsvkg~oku ij lHkh Hkkjrh; efgyk;sa lfdz; :Ik ls lgHkkxh gqbZaA xka/kh tc fxj¶rkj gq, rks /kjlkukesa ljksftuh uk;Mw] cacbZ esa deyk nsoh pV~Vksik/;k;] enzkl esa :def.k y{ehifr us lR;kxzg dkusr Ro laHkkykA

^^1920&22 ds chp pys vlg;ksx vkanksyuksa esa ljksftuh uk;Mw] deyk nsoh pV~Vksik/;k;vkSj ljyk nsoh pkS/kjh dk uke eq[; jgsA 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ksa vkanksyu esa vle dh ,d yM+dhdud yrk dk lkgl vf}rh; jgkA 13 o"khZ; bl ckfydk us Fkkus ij >.Mk Qgjkus okyh HkhM+ dkusr Ro djrs gq, ohjxfr ik;hA**20

20oha lnh ds izkjafHkd dky esa jk"Vªh; tkxj.k vkanksyu] Lora=krk la?k"kZ] efgyk vkanksyu]lekt lq/kkj lHkh egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZa esa ,suh cslsUV dk uke ,d vyx gh igpku j[krk gSA os Hkkjrh;jk"Vªh;rk xzg.k dj Hkkjrh; thou esa ?kqy&fey dj vkSj Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk laxzke esa tqM+dj ;gefgyk Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ds v/;{k in rd iagqphA 1917 esa dydRrk dkaxzsl ds v/;{k in dkslq'kksfHkr djus okyh og izFke efgyk FkhaA erkf/kdkj dh ekax 1917 dk o"kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh dh Hkwfedkdk igyk egRoiw.kZ dne FkkA Jhefr ,suhcslsUV dh v/;{krk esa dkaxzsl us ,d izLrko ikfjr djds;g ekax dh fd fL=k;ksa dks Hkh iq:"kksa ds leku erkf/kdkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

^^,suh cslsUV us 1 flrEcj 1916 dks enzkl esa Hkkjrh; gkse:y yhx dh LFkkiuk dhA Jhefr,suh cslsUV us gkse:y vkanksyu dks vf/kdkf/kd yksdfiz; cukus ds fy, lekpkj i=k fudkys] U;wbafM;k ,oa dkeuohyA os Hkkjro"kZ dks mldh ;qx&;qx O;kih fuanzk ls txkuk pkgrh FkhaA**21

^^jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh izfdz;k esa lkekftd laxBu rFkk L=kh laxBuksa us jktuhfrd tkx frykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA jktuhfrd {ks=k esa efgykvksa dk okLrfod inkiZ.k chloha 'krkCnhds izkjaHk ls ekuk x;k gSA blh dky esa Jhefr ,suh cslsUV us Jhefr ekxZjsV daftl rFkk ekxZjsV ukscsyds lkFk feydj osd&vi bafM;k* uke ls vkanksyu dk lw=kikr fd;kA tks ckn esa gkse:y vkanksyuesa ifjofrZr gks x;kA efgyk laxBu o jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk mudh 'kfDr dh lwpdgSA**22-

,uh cslsUV ds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh ltx izgjh efgykvksa esa dLrwjck xkaèkhdk uke loksZifj :i ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA 1922 esa vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds nkSjku xka/kh th dhfxj¶rkjh vkSj dkjkokl ds le; dLrwjck us ns'kokfl;ksa ls jpukRed dk;ZØe dks iwjk djus dhvihy dhA

^^dLrwjck us xkaoksa esa ?kwe&?kwe dj jpukRed dk;ZØe dk izpkj fd;kA os vkfnoklh bykdksaesa Hkh xbZa vkSj mUgksus gtkjksa vkfnokfl;ksa ls 'kjkc NqM+okdj mudks pj[kk dkrus vkSj Hktu djus

'kks/k /kkjk 246

esa yxk fn;kA mudk dguk Fkk fd meM+rs gq, tks'k ds le; rks gj dksbZ lkFk nsrk gS ysfdu tks'kmrjus ds ckn tks fVds jgrs gSa] os iDds gSaA nf{k.k vQzhdk esa Hkh ,slh gh fujk'kk Nk xbZ FkhA ysfducgusa vkSj [kkuksa esa dke djus okys etnwj fudy iM+sA var esa thr lR; dh gh gksxhA**23

^Ûked lR;kxzg ds le; lwjr 'kgj esa ftys esa fons'kh diM+ksa ds ck;dkV vkSj 'kjkccanh dsfy, Nkofu;ka Mkyus dh ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZA bl vfHk;ku dk usr Ro dLrwjck us gh fd;kAmuds uke esa dqN ,slk f[kpko Fkk fd Nkouh esa lSdM+ks cgusa Hkjrh gks xbZaA lwjr 'kgj esa fiNM+h dghtkus okyh dkSeksa ls Hkh] lSdM+ksa cgusa ftnxh esa igyh ckj lkoZtfud dke ds fy, fudy iM+hA ckus /kjklM+k vkSj cksjln dh Hkh ;k=kk dh vkSj lR;kxzfg;ksa dk mRlkg c<+k;kA**24

Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ljkstuh uk;Mw dk Hkh vfoLej.kh; LFkku gSA mUgksaus jk"Vªh;vkanksyu ds nkSjku tsy ;k=kkvksa esa vkxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZaA Jhefr uk;Mw Hkkjr ds ukjh vkanksyu dhtUenk=kh bl dk;Z dks mUgksaus vlhe /kS;Z mRlkg vkSj yxu ls fd;kA Lora=krk vkanksyu ds lejesa ljkstuh uk;Mw us vafre lkal rd ns'k dh lsok dh bUgksaus vius iz[kj vkSj vkstLoh O;fäRo lsHkkjrh; ukjh dh {kerk dk vkn'kZ Lo:i izLrqr fd;kA

Jherh ljksftuh uk;Mw ,d tUetkr dof;=kh] ns'kHkDr] jktuhfrK vkSj dq'ky oDrk FkhaAog izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk dkaxzsl v/;{k vkSj izFke efgyk jkT;iky FkhaA 1917 esa mUgksus nks egRoiw.kZdk;Z fd, laiw.kZ ns'k dk Hkze.k vkSj efgyk erkf/kdkj vkanksyu dk usr RoA 18 fnlEcj 1917 dksJherh ekjxsV daftl dh izsj.kk ls efgyk erkf/kdkj dks ysdj 18 efgykvksa dk tks f'k"Ve.My ykMZpsElQksMZ vkSj Jh ekaVsX;w ls feyk Fkk mldk usr Ro Jherh uk;Mw us gh fd;k FkkA izfrfuf/k e.Myus ekax dh fd fL=k;ksa dks Hkh iq:"kksa ds leku er nsus dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k tk,A ;g ekax bldsikap o"kZ ckn gh QyhHkwr gks xbZA

buds vfrfjä ,d egRoiw.kZ uke v:.kkvklQ vyh dk Hkh gSA ;s egku Økafrdkjh FkhbUgksaus Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa izeq[k :i usr Ro fd;k FkkA 1942 ds vkanksyu esa Hkwfexr jgdjfczfV'k 'kklu ds fo:) dk;Z djus okyksa esa budk uke egRoiw.kZ gS] ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa izsjdds :i dk;Z fd;kA

Hkkjrh; vkanksyu esa ftu egRoiw.kZ fons'kh efgykvksa dk Hkh izeq[k ;ksxnku jgk] ftuesa ,suhcsalsV] Hkfxuh fuosfnrk] ekWMe dkek dk uke izeq[krk ls fy;k tk ldrk gSA ikjlh tkfr dh ,slhgh ,d Lora=krk lsukuh eSMe dkek us fons'kksa esa 35 o"kZ rd dzkafr dh nhif'k[kk dks izTTofyr j[kkAHkkjr dh efgyk dzakfrdkfj;ksa esa eSMe dkek dk uke lcls Åij gSaA 1906 ls 1914 rd mUgksus yanu]isfjl vkSj tsusok esa Hkkjrh; Lora=krk ds i{k esa izpkj fd;kA

^êSMe dkek ds thou dk lcls egRoiw.kZ le; og Fkk tc mUgksusa 1907 esa LVVxkMZlEEksyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA eSMEk dkek us bl lEesyu esa ,d vkstLoh Hkk"k.k fn;k ftlesa mUgksusvarjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds lEeq[k Hkkjrh; Lora=krk dk i{k izLrqr fd;k vkSj igyh ckj fdlh varjkZ"Vªh;lEesyu esa Lora=k Hkkjr dk /ot igjk;kA**25

^^frjaxs >aMs dh dYiuk loZizFke dkek ds gh efLr"d esa mRiUu gqbZ Fkh vkSj mUgha ds }kjkog igyh ckj Qgjk;k Hkh x;k FkkA blh n f"V ls dkek ds thou dks vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ekuk tk ldrkgSA vkt ftl frjaxs >aMs dks xkSjo izkIr gS] og dkek ds gh efLr"d dh mit gSA dkaUQzsal ds Ik'pkr

'kks/k /kkjk 247

dkek us viuk ;g fu;e cuk fy;k Fkk fd os tgk¡ Hkh Hkk"k.k djus tkrha] frjaxs >aMs dks vo';Qgjk;k djrh FkhaA muds gh dkj.k varZjk"Vªh; txr~ esa frjaxs >aMs dks [;kfr izkIr gqbZA**26

bl izdkj lekt lq/kkj ls ysdj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku gj {ks=k esaO;kid jgk gSA jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa efgykvksa us vius ru&eu&/ku ls dk;Z fd;k rFkk vius izk.kksadh ckth yxkdj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa lfØ;k Hkkx fy;k ,oa ns'k dh vktknh esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnkdhA jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh mudh ifjdYiuk rFkk muds dk;ksZa dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk cfYd vko';drkmuds egRo dks vkSj vf/kd egRo fn;s tkus dh gSA

vkt fL=k;ksa dh jktuhfr esa lfdz; lgHkkfxrk ysuk vko';d gS] fd os Lo;a esa vfrfjDr{kerk, iSnk djsaA ftl :Ik esa Hkkjrh; efgykvksa us ns'k dh vktknh dh e'kky tykbZ Fkh] vc ns'kfuekZ.k o jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dks LoPN o ranq:Lr cukus dk ladYi ysuk gksxk rHkh jk"Vª dk fuekZ.ko jk"Vª fodkl laHko gSA orZeku le; esa Hkh fofHkUu ukfj;k¡ [ksy i=kdkfjrk jktuhfr ds {ks=k esamRd "V dk;Z dj ns'k fuekZ.k dk dk;Z dj jgh gSa rFkk mudk ;ksxnku jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFkjk"Vª fodkl esa Hkh vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA

lanHkZ1- ukxksjh] ,l- ,y( ^Hkkjrh; laLd fr dk o gr~ bfrgkl** t;iqj] iksbZUVj ifCy'klZ] 1997] i "B la[;k 25-2- ¼;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%] euqLe fr] 3@56( egkHkkjr vuq- ioZ] 81@5&6½ tSu] MkW- dSyk'k pUnz

^îzkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd] lkaLd frd vkSj HkkSxksfyd v/;;u**] ubZ fnYyh] Jh ifCyf'kax gkml] 1986]i -la- 104-

3- xqIrk] fo'o izdk'k( ,oe~ xqIrk eksfguh( Lora=krk laxzke vkSj efgyk;sa* ubZ fnYyh ueu izdk'ku] 2002]i -la- 3&4-

4- dksyksLdh] vkarksyksok( ysfou( ^^Hkkjr dk bfrgkl**] izxfr izdk'ku] 1973] i "B la[;k 36-5- izdk'k] vkse( ^îzkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd bfrgkl**]ubZ fnYyh] U;w ,t bUVjus'kuy izk-

fyfeVsM] 2001] i -la- 220-6- ogh] i -la- 220&221-7- xqIRk] MkW- f'ko dqekj( ^îzkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl**] t;iqj] iap'khy izdk'ku] 1999] i -la-

177&178-8- 'kqDyk] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz ,oe~ 'kqDyk MkW- Jherh vpZuk( ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh* jk;iqj] f'k{kknwr xzUFkkxkj

izdk'ku] 2009] i -la- 21-9- feJ] MkW- mfeZyk izdk'k( ^îzkphu Hkkjr esa ukjh**] Hkksiky e/;izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh]] 2012] i -la-

50&51-10- Hkkj}kt] fnus'k pUnz( ê/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd fr**] Hkksiky] dSyk'k iqLrd lnu] i -la- 52-11- 'kqDyk] MkW- lqjs'k pUnz( ,oe~ 'kqDyk MkW- Jhefr vpZuk] ^Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh** iwoksZDr] i -la- 82&83-12- Hkkj}kt] fnus'k pUnz( ê/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lH;rk ,oa laLd fr**] iwoksZDr] i -la- 54-13- ogh] i -la- 54-14- ogh] i -la- 54&55-15- e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vkSj mldk R;kx**] fnYyh] dYikt ifCyds'ku] 2006] i -la- 39-16- 'kqDyk] MkW lqjs'k paæ( ,oe~ MkW Jherh vpZuk 'kqDyk( Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ukjh* iwoksZDr] i -la- 209&210-

'kks/k /kkjk 248

17- e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vkSj mldk R;kx**] iwoksZDr i - la-] 40-18- xqIrk] fo'o izdk'k( ,oe~ eksfguh xqIrk] ^Lora=krk laxzke vkSj efgyk;sa* iwoksZDr] i - la- 217-19- dey] MkW- lquhrk( ukjh l'kfDrdj.k%izkphu dky ls vkt rd*] MkW- Hkxorh Lokeh] MkW- lfork fd'kksj]

¼laik-½ ^Êkfgyk l'kfDrdj.k D;ksa vkSj dSls**] t;iqj vkj-ch-,l , ifCy'klZ]] 2008] i -la-] 188&189-20- e/kqdj] MkW- th-oh-( ^^Hkkjrh; ukjh vkSj mldk R;kx**] iwoksZDr] i -la- 41-21- xqIrk] fo'o izdk'k( ,oe~ eksfguh xqIrk] ^Lora=krk laxzke vkSj efgyk;sa* iwoksZDr] i -la- 223-22- Hkkj}kt] MkW- T;ksRluk( jktuhfr vkSj 'kklu iz'kklu% ukjh dh Hkwfedk*] MkW- Hkxorh Lokeh] MkW- lfork

fd'kksj] ¼laik-½ Ekfgyk l'kfDrdj.k D;ksa vkSj dSls] vkj-ch-,l , ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] 2008] i -la-119&120-

23- ijh[k] ouekyk( ,oe~ uS;j] lq'khyk( ^gekjh ck*] uothou izdk'ku eafnj] vgenkckn] 1996] i -la- 88-24- xqIrk] fo'o izdk'k( ,oe~ xqIrk] eksfguh( ^Lora=krk laxzke vkSj efgyk;sa* iwoksZDr] i -la- 247-25- ogh] i - la- 231-26- tSu] ehjk( ^Hkkjr dh ohjkaxuk,* fo|k fogkj] ubZ fnYyh] 2008] i -la- 49-

'kks/k /kkjk 249


jk"Vª fodkl esa ukjh dh HkwfedkMkW- ¼Jherh½ nqxkZ oktis;h

lgk;d izk/;kid] lekt'kkL=k] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

MkW- ¼Jherh½ 'kkjnk nqcsfoHkkxk/;{k] lekt'kkL=k] 'kkldh; fcyklk dU;k LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018 ½

Abstract

bfrgkl ds i "B crkrs gSa fd lgL=kkCnh dh izFke lnh esa mRrjh jkT; d'ehj dk dq'ky iz'kklujkuh fn'k ds gkFk FkkA nf{k.k esa mYdk nsoh us 1015 bZ0 esa] jkuh eSyk nsoh us 1050 bZ0 esa] jkuh dqdqensoh us 1079 bZ0 esa rFkk jkuh y{eh nsoh us 1100 bZ0esa pkyqD; iz'kklu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhAjktiwrkus esa jktdqekfj;ksa ,oa jkfu;ksa us 'kklu dq'kyrk ds lkFk&lkFk ;q) ds Hkh tkSgj fn[kk;sA egkjkuhdqekZ nsoh us 1195 bZ0 esa dqrqcqn~nhu ds vkØe.k ds le; mlls MVdj yksgk fy;kA jk.kk lk¡xk dh foèkokegkjkuh deZorh us ;q) esa cgknqj'kkg ds nk¡r [kV~Vs dj fn;s] vU; jktiwr ohjkaxukvksa esa la;ksfxrk]in~feuh] d.kkZorh vkfn ukfj;ksa ds 'kkSj ,oa cfynku dh xkFkkvksa ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vkIYkkfor gSA


Key Words : lekt vkSj jk"Vª] jk"Vª vkSj ukjh] iapk;rh jkt vkSj ukjh

lekt o jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ukjh dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djus ds iwoZ ukjh thou dh fodkl;k=kk tks mUgksaus fofHkUu ;qxksa esa r; dh gS] ij izdk'k Mkyuk lehphu gksxkA

ukjh ekuo lekt dk vfHkUu vax gS] mlds fcuk ekuo vfLrRo dh dYiuk Hkh ugha dh tkldrh gSA jk"Vª dh lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr ds fuekZ.k esa ukjh dk vfoLej.kh; ;ksxnku gksrk gSA

fL=k;k¡ i Foh ij leLr nSoh; xq.kksa dh izrhd gaS] lkse us viuh leLr ifo=krk mUgsa iznkudh gSA xak/koZ us e nqok.kh rFkk vfXu us mUgsa vR;ar vkd"kZd cukus ds fy, viuh leLr ped muij U;kSNkoj dj nh gSA ¼;kKoYD;½

ukjh dks lekt us iq:"k dk vk/kk fgLlk ekuk gS vkSj bZ'oj dh dYiuk v)Zukjh'oj ds :iesa dh xbZ gSA ukjh fo/kkrk dh vuqie ,oa loksZRÑ"V Ñfr ekuh tkrh gSA mlesa d:.kk] eerk] Lusg]lfg".kqrk vkfn xq.k LokHkkfod :i ls fo|eku jgrs gSaA osn o 'kkL=kksa dh jpuk djus ds vfrfjDros _pkvksa dh jpuk djrh FkhaA _Xosn dh jpuk djus okyh chl fonqf"k;k¡ izfl) gSaA vusdohjkaxuk,¡ vius ifr;ksa ds lkFk ;q)Hkwfe esa xbZ FkhA ftuesa foj;yk rFkk e nxykuh dk mYys[k feyrkgSA

** mr Le okrks ogfr oklks vL;k%] vFk p *vf/kjFka ;n~tr~ lgL=ke´+cqf)Kku ds {ks=k esa Hkh mudk Lrj mPp dksfV dk FkkA ;K esa ukfj;k¡ Kkuo/kZd mins'k nsrh

FkhaA okLro esa iRuhRo vkSj ekr Ro ukjh dk izÑfr iznRr {ks=k gSA blh ds ek/;e ls og lqn <+ vkSj

'kks/k /kkjk 250

lqlaxfBr jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k djrh gSa rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij ckg~; {ks=k esa Hkh viuh izfrHkk dk izn'kZudj Lo;a dks jk"Vª ds fgr esa lefiZr dj nsrh gSaA egkjkuh nqxkZorh] jkuh y{ehckbZ vkfn ukfj;ksa dslkgfld dk;Z blds izek.k gSaA

lYrur~ ,oa eqxydky esa Hkh le;≤ ij 'kklu dh ckxMksj] fL=k;ksa ds gkFk esa jgh gSAvdcj dh vk;k] ekg; vaxk us yxHkx 05 o"kksaZ rd 'kklu izca/k ij viuk fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kkA pk¡nchch us vgen uxj ij dq'kyrkiwoZd 'kklu fd;kA tgk¡xhj dh csxe uwjtgk¡ us Hkh dq'kyrkiwoZd'kklu dk lapkyu fd;kA ohj f'kokth dh ekrk thtk ckbZ us f'kok th dks lc izdkj dh f'k{kk&nh{kknsdj ohj lsukuh rFkk dq'ky iz'kkld Hkh cuk fn;kA ukjh tgk¡ dksey g~n;] lgu'khy] d:.kke;hgS] ogha mruh gh deZ dBksj] lkglh] izR;qRiUuefr o vius mRrjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkus esa n{k Hkh gSA

bfrgkl ds i "B crkrs gSa fd lgL=kkCnh dh izFke lnh esa mRrjh jkT; d'ehj dk dq'kyiz'kklu jkuh fn'k ds gkFk FkkA nf{k.k esa mYdk nsoh us 1015 bZ0 esa] jkuh eSyk nsoh us 1050 bZ0 esa]jkuh dqdqe nsoh us 1079 bZ0 esa rFkk jkuh y{eh nsoh us 1100 bZ0esa pkyqD; iz'kklu esa egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhA jktiwrkus esa jktdqekfj;ksa ,oa jkfu;ksa us 'kklu dq'kyrk ds lkFk&lkFk ;q) dsHkh tkSgj fn[kk;sA egkjkuh dqekZ nsoh us 1195 bZ0 esa dqrqcqn~nhu ds vkØe.k ds le; mlls MVdjyksgk fy;kA jk.kk lk¡xk dh fo/kok egkjkuh deZorh us ;q) esa cgknqj'kkg ds nk¡r [kV~Vs dj fn;s] vU;jktiwr ohjkaxukvksa esa la;ksfxrk] in~feuh] d.kkZorh vkfn ukfj;ksa ds 'kkSj ,oa cfynku dh xkFkkvksa lsHkkjrh; bfrgkl vkIYkkfor gSA

jk"Vª dh ckr rks cgqr nwj gS l f"V dk fuekZ.k gh fcuk ukjh ds laHko ugha gSA izfl) nk'kZfudcksoh ds vuqlkj **bZ'oj ds ckn ge lcls vf/kd _.kh ukjh ds gSaA igys rks Lo;a vius thou dsfy, vkSj fQj bl thou dks thus ;ksX; cukus ds fy,A okLro esa ukjh ,d T;ksfr gS] tks gekjseqlhcr :ih va/ksjs dks vius Lusg] R;kx ,oa leiZ.k ls nwj djrh gSA**

Hkkjr ds NksVs ls NksVs jkT; esa Hkh efgykvksa us lekt lq/kkj vUnksyuksa esa viuh egRoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA mÙkjk[ka.M dk fpidkss vkanksyu tks isM+ksa dks dkVus ds fo:) ,d l'kDr dk;ZFkkA izR;sd efgyk ,d isM+ ls fpidh vkSj isM+ dkVus ugh fn;kA bldh us=kh Fkh Jherh xkSjk nsohAnwljk lQy vkUnksyu Fkk vkU/kzizns'k dk vjd fojks/kh vkanksyu] D;ksfd u'ks ls ifjokj u"V gks jgsFksA bls Hkh efgykvksa us pyk;k] blh rjg rhljk vkanksyu Fkk ef.kiqj esa 'kjkc ds fojks/k esa] blesaHkh efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vxz.kh jghA

lekt o jk"Vª ds fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj fpUru esa ,d fo'oO;kih cnykovk;k gSA efgyk;sa Hkh bl fpUru dh lkFkZdrk dks fl) djus ds fy, thou ds gj {ks=k esaa iq:"kksals da/kk ls da/kk feykdj viuh vUrfuZfgr {kerk dk izek.k ns jgh gSaA pkgs og [ksr [kfygkuksa esa gkFkc¡Vkus dk dk;Z gks ;k yM+kdw foekuksa dh ik;yV cu lhek j{kk djus dk nkf;Ro gks ;k ek¡ ;k iRuhcu x gLFkh dks l¡okjus dk {ks=k gksA

Hkkjr esa ukjh us fodkl ds gj {ks=k esa viuh lQyrk ds >aMs xkMs+ gSaA tSls xk;u esa yrkeaxs'kdj] lekt lsok esa enj Vsjslk] [ksydwn esa ih-Vh-m"kk] eYys'ojh] lkbuk usgoky] lkfu;k fetkZ

'kks/k /kkjk 251

vkfn] ,ojsLV ij Qrg gkfly djus esa cNsUnzhiky ¼mRrjk[k.M fuoklh½ izFke vkbZ-ih-,l- vf/kdkjhfdj.k csnh] ck¡/k fojks/kh ueZnk cpkvks vkanksyu dh izsj.kk lzksr es/kk ikVdj] oSKkfud MkW- m"kkokjk.klh ¼vesfjdk ds izslhMsalh;y jSad vokMZ ls lEekfur½] Lora=k Hkkjr dh igyh efgyk iz/kkuea=khJherh bafnjk xk¡/kh] varfj{k ;k=kh dYiuk pkoyk] ,;j ek'kZy in~ekorh ca|ksik/;k;] dSIVu y{ehlgxy ¼MkWDVj lSukuh½ ij[kuyh f'k'kq fuekZrk MkW- bfUnjk fgUnwtk] jsy Mªkboj lqjs[kk ;kno] VsDlhMªkboj rkjk {ks=kh] nedy dehZ ehuk{kh fot; dqekj] ,e-Mh-lh-bZ-vks- ,fDll cSad f'k[kk 'kekZ] ,e-Mh- ps;j ilZu ck;ksdkWu fdju ,e-'kkW] i;kZoj.kfon] oanuk jk; vkfn us vius O;fDrRo o ÑfrRo lsiwjs jk"Vª dks vnE; lkgl dk ifjp; fn;kA

efgyk usr Ro ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'kksa ls vkxs gSA ;gk¡ yxHkx lHkh 'kh"kZ inksaij efgyk, dkfct gSaA orZeku le; esa lq"kek Lojkt ¼fons'k ea=kh½ lqfe=kk egktu] ¼yksdlHkk v/;{k½ fueZyk lkhrkjeu~ ¼j{kkea=kh½ olqU/kjk jkts ¼eq[;ea=kh jktLFkku½ eerk cSuthZ ¼eq[;ea=kh ia0caxky½ vkfn us deku laHkkyh gSA thou dk dksbZ Hkh fp=k fcuk efgykvksa ds jax ls ugha cu ldrkgSA

f=kLrjh; iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks 73 osa o 74 osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku }kjk ,dfuf'pr izfrfuf/kRo nsdj ,sfrgkfld dne mBk;k x;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:i iapk;rksa o uxj izfrfufèklHkkvksaa esa tuizfrfuf/k ds :i esa efgykvksa us viuh ldkjkRed o lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk;h gSA bl rjglekt o jk"Vª dk dksbZ Hkh {ks=k efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku ls vNwrk dgk gSA

bl rjg osn _pk;sa jpus okyh] 'kkL=kkFkZ esa teus okyh] j.k&dkS'ky fn[kykus okyh]tkSgj&fprk ltkus okyh Hkh Hkkjr dh ukjh gh gSaA

lanHkZ1- 'kekZ] izKk( efgyk fodkl vkSj l'kfDrdj.k vfo"dkj ifCy'klZ] fMLVªhC;wVlZ t;iqj 302003 ¼jkt-½ izFke

laLdj.k & 20012- 'kekZ] izKk( Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjh ] iksbUVj ifCy'klZ t;iqj 302003 ¼jkt½izFke laLdj.k 20013- flag MkW-fu'kkar( Hkkjrh; efgyk,sa ,d lkekftd v/;;u] vksesxk ifCyds'kUl fnYyh] laLdj.k& 2012A4- ,l] MkW-vf[kys'k( 'kqDy] MkW-la/;k] Hkkjrh; ukjh dy vkSj vkt] xk;=kh ifCyds'ku ] jhok ¼e-iz-½ izFke

laLdj.k 2012A

'kks/k /kkjk 252


jk"Vª fodkl dk vk/kkj LrEHk ûkjh*T;ksfr dq'kokg

'kks/kkFkhZ] gsepanz ;kno fo'ofo|ky;] nqxZ] NRrhlx<+¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gSA ukjh dks lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk ekuk x;k gSA D;ksafd ukjhlekt dk iks"k.k djrh gSA fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, mlesa ukjh dh fLFkfrdh tkudkjh egRoiw.kZ gSA ukjh dk lekt esa iq=kh] iRuh vkSj ekrk ds :i esa fo'ks"k LFkku gSA ,d rjQukjh iRuh ds :i esa lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gSA ogha nwljh rjQ ekrk ds :i esa lEiw.kZ ifjokjdk lapkyu djrh gSA ogha ekrk ds :i esa J"Vk Hkh gSA izkphu dky dh Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk dkftruk Hkh v/;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;s mlds vk/kkj ij lR; ;gh gS fd vrhr esa Hkkjrh; ukjhdk Lo:i vkSj LFkku xkSjoe;h jgk gS] mls ifjokj vkSj lekt esa vknj dh n f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA


Key Words : jk"Vªh; ifjos'k esa ukjh] jk"Vª fodkl vkSj L=kh dh Hkwfedk

lEiw.kZ jk"Vª ds fodkl rFkk mlds fuekZ.k esa ukfj;ksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk vkSj muds ;ksxnku dknk;jk vlhfer gSA ukjh lekt dk vfHkUUk vax gksrh gSA gekjs ns'k dh tula[;k dk vk/kk fgLlkukfj;ksa dk gSA Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk izkphu dky ls gh vfr egRoiw.kZ jgh gSA mudk ;ksxnkuizkphu dky ls gh jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa jgk gSA vukfndky ls gj {ks=k esa efgykvksa us iq:"kksads lkFk feydj dke fd;k gSA blfy, jk"Vª ds lexz fodkl dh dYiuk ge efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjhds cxSj dj gh ugh ldrsA

Hkkjrh; thou dh ewy /kqjh ukjh gSA ukjh dks lekt dh vk/kkj f'kyk ekuk x;k gSA D;ksafdukjh lekt dk iks"k.k djrh gSA fdlh Hkh lekt ds fodkl Lrj dks le>us ds fy, mlesa ukjh dhfLFkfr dh tkudkjh egRoiw.kZ gSA ukjh dk lekt esa iq=kh] iRuh vkSj ekrk ds :i esa fo'ks"k LFkku gSA,d rjQ ukjh iRuh ds :i esa lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gS] ogha nwljh rjQ ekrk ds :iesa lEiw.kZ ifjokj dk lapkyu djrh gS] ogha ekrk ds :i esa J"Vk Hkh gSA izkphu dky dh Hkkjrh;laLÑfr vkSj lH;rk dk ftruk Hkh v/;;u vkSj fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;s mlds vk/kkj ij lR; ;ghgS fd vrhr esa Hkkjrh; ukjh dk Lo:i vkSj LFkku xkSjoe;h jgk gS( mls ifjokj vkSj lekt esa vknjdh n f"V ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA efgykvksa dks lekt esa ^v)kZfxuh^ ^x gy{eh^ ^foRrea=kh^ vkfn vknjlwpd 'kCnksa ls lEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA ukjh ds lEeku ds fo"k; esa euqLe fr esa dgk x;k gS&

;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A ;=kSrkLrq u iwT;Urs] lokZLr=kkQyk% fØ;kAAvFkkZr~ tgk¡ ukjh dk lEEkku gksrk gS] mldh iwtk gksrh gS] ogk¡ lq[k&le f) ,oa nsork fuokl djrsgSaA vkSj tgk¡ ukjh dk vknj lEeku ugha gksrk ogk¡ lkjs dk;Z vkSj iz;Ru lc fu"Qy gks tkrs gSaALokeh th dgk djrs Fks&efgyk dk okLrfod :i ek¡ dk gSA ek¡ lc ckrksa esa larku dk lkFk nsrh

'kks/k /kkjk 253

gSA iRuh vkSj larku ifjokj ls foyx gks ldrs gaS] fdarq ek¡ dHkh ugha R;kxrhA l f"V pjkpj]ltho&futhZo gS] lHkh txg uj vkSj ukjh vo'; gksrs gSa] n'kZu'kkL=k esa izÑfr vkSj iq:"k nksuksa ghl f"V ds cht ekus x;s gaSA uj vkSj ukjh dk lEca/k 'kkLor gSA usiksfy;u cksukikVZ us dgk gS&^êq>s,d ;ksX; ekrk ns nks] eSa rqedks ,d ;ksX; jk"Vª nw¡xkA** dkj.k ;g gS fd egkiq:"kksa ds thou fuekZ.kesa ekr rRo dk LFkku vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA cPpksa dks tUe nsdj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k djrs gq, muesalaLdkj ,oa ln~xq.kksa dk mPpre fodkl djrh gqbZ ek¡ gh jk"Vª ds izfr viuh ftEesnkjh dks lqfuf'prdjrh gS] rkfd jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl fuckZ/k xfr ls gksrk jgsA bl fo"k; esa Lokeh foosdkuan thus dgk Fkk&^^ftudh ekrk,a f'kf{krk] uhfr ijk;.k o /kkfeZd gksrh gSa] mUgha ds ?kj esa egkiq:"k tUeysrs gSaA egkRek xkaèkh] Lokeh foosdkuan] ohj Hkxrflag] pUnz 'ks[kj vktkn] usiksfy;u] ohj f'kokth tSlsegkiq:"kksa dks jk"Vª fgr esa vorkj ekr * Lo:i dh gh nsu gSA Hkxr flag dh ekrk fon~;korh dh jk"Vªfu"Bk( jktdqekj mn; flag dh izk.k j{kk ds fy, vius iq=k dk cfynku djrh /kk; ek¡ iUuk( bldslkFk gh xHkkZoLFkk esa vius ns'kokfl;ksa dh vaxzstksa ls j{kk ds fy, xHkZikr dh vlguh; ihM+k dks Hkh>sydj vkxs c<+us okyh jkuh y{eh ckbZ( ekrk thtk ckbZ] t;oark ckbZ tSlh vusd ekrkvksa dk R;kx]leiZ.k vkSj cfynku vkt Hkh bfrgkl ds Lof.kZe iUuksa ij vafdr gSA ekuo thou dk dksbZ Hkh {ks=k,slk ugha gS tgk¡ fdlh&u&fdlh :i esa lekt dks fL=k;ksa dk la;ksx izkIr u gksA oSfnd ;qx esa ukjh/kkfeZd] vkè;kfRed vkSj lkekftd {ks=kksa esa usr Ro djrh FkhA lH;rk ds fodkl eas ges'kk iz;Ru'khyFkhA Lokeh th us fy[kk gS&^^fgUnw fL=k;k¡ cgqr vk/;kfRed vkSj /kkfeZd gksrh gSa] dnkfpr~ lalkj dhlHkh efgykvksa ls vf/kdA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa ukjh dk ;ksxnku izR;{k vkSj ijks{k nksukas gh :iksa esa ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA laLÑfr] laLdkj] lH;rk vkSj ijEijkvksa dh okLrfod lajf{kdk vkSj okgd efgyk,a ghgksrh gSaA lEiw.kZ lalkj esa Hkkjr dks fo'oxq: dk ntkZ fnykus esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ jghgSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr dks laLÑfr vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; /keZ vkSjlaLÑfr dks lcls izkphu ,oa fo'oxq: dk LFkku izkIr gSA bl laca/k esa Lokeh foosdkuan th dgk djrsFks &^^;fn jk"Vª dks le )] lEiUu gksuk gS] fo'o xq: cuuk gS] rks mlesa L=kh dh lgHkkfxrk vko';dgSA**

ek¡ ds i'pkr~ ukjh dk iRuh :i jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgudjrk gSA bfrgkl xokg gS tc&tc jk"Vª ij ladV vk;k] rc&rc ifRu;ksa us gh vius ifr ds eLrdij fot; fryd yxkdj iwjs tks'k mRlkg vkSj fo'okl ds lkFk mUgsa j.kHkwfe dh vksj vxzlj fd;kAbruk gh ugha ifr dh e R;q ds ckn mlds jkT; dks lEHkkays j[kus dk dk;Z Hkh ohjkaxukvksa us fd;kftuesa jktk nyir'kkg dh iRuh jkuh nqxkZorh] >kalh ds egkjkt xaxk/kj jko dh iRuh jkuh y{ehckbZ] xk;=kh nsoh] jkuh psuEek] gkM+h jkuh vkfn dk uke mYys[kuh; gS( ftUgksaus vaxzst lsuk ds nkar[kV~Vs dj fn;sA jkuh y{eh ckbZ ds fo"k; esa fy[kh ifDr;¡k Lej.k esa vkrh gS&

flagklu fgy mBs jktoa'kkas us Hk dqVh rkuh FkhAped mBh lu~ lÙkkou esa]og ryokj iqjkuh FkhA

'kks/k /kkjk 254

cqUnsys gj cksyksa ds eqg geus lquh dgkuh FkhA[kwc yM+h enkZuh og rks] >k¡lh okyh jkuh FkhA

vk/kqfud dky esa LorU=k vkUnksyu esa Hkh efgykvksa us vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA vxzstksa ds fo:)1857 ds l?k"kZ esa usr RodrkZ ds :i esa loZ izeq[k jkuh y{eh ckbZ dk uke vkrk gSA y{ehckbZ ds ckncsxe gtjr egy] csxe thur egy dk uke Hkh vxz.kh gSA Økafrdkjh efgyk esa eSMe dkek dk ukelcls Åij gSA

vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fodkl esa vusd lekt lq/kkjd efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku jgk] ftuesa Jherh,uh cslsaV ljkstuh uk;Mw] enj Vsjslk vkfn izeq[k gSaA orZeku ;qx esa efgyk;sa jktuhfr] [ksy] iz'kklu]foKku] dyk] lkSUn;Z vkfn fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa viuk ;ksxnku ns jgh gaSA ftlesa bafnjk xka/kh] izfrHkk nsohflag ikfVy] Le fr bZjkuh] lk;uk usgoky] ferkyh jkt] eerk [kjc] dksus: gEih] >wyu xksLokeh]lkfu;k fetkZ] ehrw ekFkqj] fdj.k csnh] vkf'kek pVthZ] dYiuk pkoyk] MkW- eatw 'kekZ] MkW- oUnuk f'kok]lquhrk fofy;El] ;qDrk eq[kh] ,s'o;kZ jk;] jhrw csjh] 'kgukt gqlSu] e/kqckyk] vkfn dk uke Øe'k%mYys[kuh; gSA ftUgksaus fo'oLrj ij vusd {ks=kksa esa Hkkjr dk uke xkSjokfUor fd;k gSA

jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds {ks=k esa lkfgR; ds vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku dks foLe r ugha fd;k tk ldrkA pw¡fdlkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS] blfy, lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª fodkl dks lghfn'kk iznku dh tk ldrh gSA vusd efgyk lkfgR;dkjksa tSls egknsoh oekZ] ve rk izhre] lqHknzkdqekjhpkSgku] v:a/kfr jk;] vk'kkiw.kkZ nsoh] >qEik ykfgM+h] egk'osrk nsoh vkfn us viuh dkyt;h jpukvksads }kjk jk"Vª psruk vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds Loj lqjf{kr fd;s gSa] tks vkt Hkh vusd efgyk lkfgR;dkjksads fy, vuqdj.kh; gSA

fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd ifjokj vkSj lekt dks laHkkyrs gq, jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;Lrj ij ukjh us lnSo ls gh fot; irkdk ygjkrs gq, jk"Vª fuekZ.k vkSj jk"Vª fodkl esa viuk vHkwriwoZ;ksxnku fn;k gSA ;gh otg gS fd l tuk] vUuiw.kkZ] nsoh] ;qx n "Vk vkSj ;qx&l "Vk gksus ds lkFk lkFkukjh ^^Lo;a fl)k** Hkh gSA

lanHkZ1- xkSre] xqats'k( jk"Vª fuekZ.k esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku2- lkjLor] MkW- fiz;adk( ;'kLoh Hkkjrh; efgyk,¡] ltuk izdk'ku] fiykuh 333031 ¼jktLFkku½3- euqfLe fr &3@564- ;kno] MkW- m"kk( fgUnh dh efgyk miU;kldkjksa dh ekuoh; laosnuk] jk/kkÑ".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh

'kks/k /kkjk 255


jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fu/kkZjd rRoMkW- lh-ch-[kwaVs

lgk;d izk/;kid] vFkZ'kkL=k] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] NRrhlx<+

Jh th-,u- Hkrijslgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr] 'kkldh; y{e.ks'oj egkfo|ky;] [kjkSn] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

vkfFkZd dkjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk vukfFkZd dkjd Hkh jk"Vª fodkl dks izHkkfor dj jgk gSA ;gkafofoèk /keZ] tkfr] lEiznk; ds yksx ,d NksVs fo'o ds :Ik esa ,d lkFk fey&tqydj jgrs gSaA ;gkalEiznkf;d lkSgknZz dk okrkoj.k gSA ns'k vkt fodflr ns'kksa dh laLÑfr dh vksj mUeq[k gSA lektvkfFkZd ,oa a'kS{kf.kd :Ik ls vkxs c<+ jgk gSA ;gka jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa dsUnzh;dj.k dks cy fey jgk gS]ftlds pyrs fons'kh i¡wth ,oa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka cs[kkSQ gksdj i¡wth fofu;ksftr dj jgh gSaA oghavUrjkZ"Vªh; txr esa vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro c<+us ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk eku c<+k gSA fo'o dh 10cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkjr dh fxurh gSA


Key Words : vkfFkZd ifjn ';] Hkwfe dh mit fLFkfr vkSj jk"Vª fodkl ds rRo

Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk bfrgkl la?k"kksaZ ls Hkjk iM+k gSA xqykeh ls tdM+us ds iwoZ ;gka lH;,oa lqlaLÑr fla/kq?kkVh dh lH;rk FkhA ysfdu fdUgh dkj.kksa ls ;g lH;rk /oLr gks xbZ vkSj Øe'k%Qsazp] Mp] eqfLye ,oa vaxzstksa dk 'kklu LFkkfir gks x;kA eqfLye 'kkldksa us dbZ eafnj /oLr dj ;gkads [ktkus ywV fy,A ogha vafre 'kkld bu vaxzstksa us Hkkjr ij yxHkx 190 o"kksZ rd 'kklu fd;kAbUgksaus lq'kklu LFkkfir djus ds lkFk nwljh vksj Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls [kks[kyk djus esas dksbZdlj ugha NksM+kA yEcs la?k"kZ ds Ik'pkr~ 15 vxLr 1947 dks ns'k vktkn gks x;kA ttZj gqbZ vkfFkZdiz.kkyh dks iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls lgstk x;k vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ljdkj ,oa tu&tu dhvko';drk gks xbZA okLro esa vkfFkZd fodkl ,d ns'k dh jk"Vªh;@izfrO;fDr vk; esa o f) ds lkFkvFkZO;oLFkk ds laLFkkxr <kaps esa ifjorZu ls gSA izLrqr v/;;u jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fu/kkZjd rRoksa ijvk/kkfjr gSA v/;;u esa f}rh;d vkadM+ksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA tgka fu/kkZjd rRoksa dk ewY;kadudj laHko lq>ko fn, x;s gSaAfu/kkZjd rRo ,oa Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; & vkt fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd o f) gqbZ gSA ysfdu fodkldh njsa fHkUu&fHkUu gksus dkj.k ns'k fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk esa c¡V x;k gSA budk izeq[kdkj.k vkfFkZd ,oa vukfFkZd ?kVd jgk gSA izks- jsxuj udlsZ ds vuqlkj&vkfFkZd fodkl dk ekuoh;'kfDr;ksa] lkekftd ekU;rkvksa] jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ls cgqr ?kfu"V laca/k gSA oSls rks fdlh ns'k dks vkfFkZd :Ik ls lEiUu gksus gsrq izkÑfrd ,oa ekuoh; lalk/kuksa ds vf/

'kks/k /kkjk 256

kdrk dh vko';drk ugh gksrh tSlk fd vesfjdk ,oa baxySMA fQj Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl dks fu/kkZfjrdjus okys eq[; nks rRo gSa&vkfFkZd&izkÑfrd lk/ku] ekuoh; lalk/ku] i¡wth fuekZ.k vkfnA vukfFkZd?kVd & lkekftd] laLFkkxr] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd ?kVd ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡Avxj ;g rRo ns'k ds vuqdwy ,oa ldkjkRed gS rc ns'k ds fodkl dks dksbZ jksd ugha ldrkAHkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa vxj dgk tk; rks ;gka izkÑfrd ,oa ekuoh; lalk/ku foiqy ek=kk esa miyC/k gS]tks fuEukafdr rkfydk ls Li"V gS&

rkfydk Øekad & 01 % Hkwfe dk fooj.k

Ø- fooj.k {ks=k fefy;u gsDVs;j dqy dk izfr'kr

1- Oku 70-04 22-922- Ñf"k ds fy, vizkIr Hkwfe 42-95 10-063- xSj Ñf"k Hkwfe ¼pkjkxkg lfgr½ 26-36 8-624- Ikjrh Hkwfe 26-24 8-585- fucy cks;k x;k {ks=k 140-02 45-82

;ksx 305-61 100-006- ,d ckj ls vf/kd cks;k x;k {ks=k 52-187- dqy Qlyh {ks=k 192-208- dqy flafpr {ks=k 63-269- Lkdy flafpar {ks=k 86-42

lzksr vFkZ'kkL=k 2017 ist & 41Hkkjr dk dqy Hkw&{ks=kQy 3287263 oxZ fdyksehVj gS( ftlesa 305-61 fefy;u gsDVs;j ds

vkadMs+ miyC/k gSaA ns'k esa vkSlr okf"kZd ty dh miyC/krk 1869 fcfy;u D;wfcd ehVj vuqekfurgSA ty dh miyC/krk fofHkUu lzksrksa ls Ik;kZIr gSA ogha Hkkjr Hwkfe ij 794245 oxZ fdyksehVj ou{ks=k gS] tks dqy ou Hkw&Hkkx dk 24-16 izfr'kr gSA ;gka fofHkUu izdkj ds [kfut lalk/ku& isVªksfy;e]vHkzd] eSfXut ] iRFkj] lksuk] yksgk] dks;yk] rkack] ckDlkbM vkfn gSA Hkkjr dk fo'o esa vHkzdmRiknu esa izFke] ckDlkbM Hk.Mkj esa NBoka rFkk dks;yk Hk.Mkj esa ukSoka LFkku gSA

Rkfydk Øekad& 02 % Hkkjr dh tula[;kOk"kZ Tkula[;k djksM+ks esa1901 23-841911 25-211921 25-131931 27-901941 31-871951 36-11

Ok"kZ Tkula[;k djksM+ks esa1961 43-921971 54-821981 68-331991 84-642001 102-872011 121-08

'kks/k /kkjk 257

Rkkfydk Øekad 02 ls Li"V gS fd ;gka ekuoh; laLkk/ku dh deh ugha gS vkSj fo'o esa phuds ckn nwljs uEcj ij gSA ;gka vk/ks ls vf/kd vkcknh ;qok oxZ dh gSA ogha lk{kjrk vuqikr Hkh c<+dj73 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA rFkk izR;kflr vk;q 67 o"kZ gSA vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk& mtkZ ifjogu] lapkj] cSad]chek ,oa foÙk esa Lora=krk Ik'pkr cgqr lq/kkj gqvk gSA vkt cSadksa dh 121535 'kk[kk,a gSaA foxr~ o"kksZaesa cpr ,oa fofu;ksx nj esa Hkh o f) gqbZ gS tks 1950&51 ds ldy ?kjsyw cpr rFkk fofu;ksx Øe'k%08-6 izfr'kr rFkk 08-7 izfr'kr FkhA ogha ;g 2013&14 esa c<+dj Øe'k% 30-06 izfr'kr rFkk 32-3 izfr'kr gks xbZ gSA vkt ns'k ds ikl lkoZtfud miØeksa dh la[;k 290 ,oa bu ij 992971 djksM+:Ik;s dh i¡wth fofu;ksftr gSA [kkn~;ku mRiknu 2013&14 esa ¼2648 yk[k Vu½ ns'k vkRe fuHkZj gSrFkk th-,u-vkbZ- 2016&17 esa fLFkj ewY;ksa ij 112-46 yk[k djksM+ ,oa bUgh o"kkasZ esa pkyw ewY;ksa ijizfr O;fDRk vk; 103226 :Ik;s gks xbZ gSA ekuo fodkl lwpdkad 2013 ds vuqlkj 187 ns'kksa esaHkkjr dk LFkku 136 oka ¼0-538½ gSA vius vkfFkZd fodkl ds pyrs oSKkfud rFkk vkarfj{k foKkuds {ks=k esa ns'k us dkQh rjDdh dh gSA

mi;qZDr vkfFkZd dkjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk vukfFkZd dkjd Hkh jk"Vª fodkl dks izHkkfor dj jgkgSA ;gka fofo/k /keZ] tkfr] lEiznk; ds yksx ,d NksVs fo'o ds :Ik esa ,d lkFk fey&tqydj jgrsgSaA ;gka lEiznkf;d lkSgknzZ dk okrkoj.k gSA ns'k vkt fodflr ns'kksa dh laLÑfr dh vksj mUeq[kgSA lekt vkfFkZd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd :Ik ls vkxs c<+ jgk gSA ;gka jktuhfrd {ks=kksa esa dsUnzh;dj.k dkscy fey jgk gS] ftlds pyrs fons'kh i¡wth ,oa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ cs[kkSQ gksdj i¡wth fofu;ksftrdj jgs gSaA ogha vUrjkZ"Vªh; txr esa vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro c<+us ds dkj.k Hkkjr dk ekuc<+k gSA fo'o dh 10 cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk esa Hkkjr dh fxurh gSAleL;k ,oa lq>ko &

mij ds leLr fooj.kksa ls ;g ugha le> ysuk pkfg, fd ;gka vkfFkZd fodkl dks fu/kkZfjrdjus okys leLr dkjd ns'k ds vuqdwy gSaA ;g ckr Bhd gS fd ns'k us pgq¡eq[kh fodkl fd;k gSAysfdu ns'k ,oa fo'o ds ifjizs{; esa vHkh Hkh Hkkjr ds le{k dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA Hkkjr esa 2011&12 esa26-97 djksM+ yksx fu/kZu gSa] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad esa cgqr ihNs gSa] fo'o fodkl lwpdkad 2012 dsvuqlkj Hkkjr esa fupys 20 izfr'kr yksxksa dh dqy vk; dk 8-6 izfr'kr rFkk mijh 20 izfr'kr yksxksadkh 42-8 izfr'kr Hkkx izkIr gksrk gSA csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k 2001&02 esa 34-8 djksM+ FkhA fodflrns'kksa dh rqyuk esa iw¡th fuekZ.k izfrO;fDr vk; cpr dh njsa cgqr de gSA ;gka vHkh Hkh lkekftdla?k"kZ gksrs jgrs gSA vkardh ,oa /kkfeZd mUekn dh ?kVuk gksrh jgrh gSA izn'kZu izHkko ge ij ?kj djxbZ gSA ekuo rLdjh] jsi dh ?kVuk,a vkSj foÙkh; Bxksa dh deh ugha gS] tks lekt dks vUnj ls[kks[kyk dj nsrk gSA ns'k iwoZ dh Hkkafr fons'kh vkfFkZd vkf/kiR; esa Qlrk tk jgk gSA vr% bu gkykrksals ns'k dks mckjus gsrq vko';d gS fd&1- miyC/k vkfFkZd dkjdksa] Hkwfe] ekuo ,oa i¡wth fuekZ.k dk izkFkfedrk Øe esa lnqi;ksx ,oa fodkl

fd;k tk;A2- dk;Z laLÑfr dks c<+kok nsdj f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k nsdj ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dk dq'ky mi;ksx fd;k

'kks/k /kkjk 258

tk,A3- cpr dh izo fÙk dks c<+kdj i¡wth fuekZ.k dks lg;ksx fd;k tk;A4- lkekftd lejlrk dk Hkko fodkl dh uhao dks etcwr djsxkA5- cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk vkea=k.k Nn~e mifuos'kokn gSA vr% ns'kh fuos'kdksa ds fy, gh mi;qDRk

okrkoj.k fuekZ.k fd;k tk, ,oa fons'kh i¡wth ij vf/kd vkfJr u gksaA6- fons'kh laLÑfr dk vU/kkuqdj.k ns'k ds fy, vfgrdj gSA vr% lhfer izn'kZu izHkko ns'k fgrdkjh

gSAbl rjg fodkl ds ck/kd rRoksa dks fu;af=kr dj lk/kd rRoksa ds visf{kr fodkl ls ns'k vkSj

vf/kd fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksxkAlanHkZ

1- MkW- iUr ,oa feJk& vFkZ'kkL=k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk2- feJk] MkW- ts-ih-( & lao f) ,oa fodkl dk vFkZ'kkL=k] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk3- feJk] MkW- ts-ih-( & vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa fu;kstu] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku vkxjk4- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk & 2017] n f"V ifCysd'ku5- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk & lkekU; v/;;u 2014] midkj izdk'ku vkxjk6- nSfud lekpkj i=k& uoHkkjr] nSfudHkkLdj

'kks/k /kkjk 259


orZeku Hkkjr esa lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa jDr oxZoxhZdj.k dh izklafxdrk

lar dqekjlgk;d izk/;kid] izk.kh 'kkL=k] 'kkldh; uohu egkfo|ky;] ikWyh] dksjck] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

orZeku Hkkjr esa yxHkx 6743 tkfr;ksa&mitkfr;ksa] vusd /keZ laLd fr;ksa ,oa bZ'ojksa Hkxoku esafoHkkftr gSA gekjs lekt esa bUgha fofHkUUkrkvksa ds pyrs jk"Vª ,oa lekt esa Lotkfrokn vlekurkÅap&uhp] Hksn&Hkko] ?k .kk] ,oa vusd izdkj ds nq"izHkko tks jk"Vª dh ,drk&v[k.Mrk ,oa ekuo fodklds leLr {ks=kksa esa dSalj ,oa ,M~l dh Hkk¡fr ,d Hk;adj jksx ds :Ik esa loZ=k QSyk gqvk gSA ftldk lekèkku,d oSKkfud n f"Vdks.k viuk dj jDr oxZ oxhZdj.k dks vk/kkj ekudj mDr leL;kvksa] dfBukbZ;ksa dkstkuus le>us rFkk mtkxj dj mls nwj djus dk mik; crkus&lq>kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA


Key Words : thsal] gksekslSfi;al] Lora=k viO;wgu

izLrkouk %& izkphu Hkkjr esa oSfnddky ds _Xosn esa deZ ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks pkj o.kkZsa esa ck¡Vfn;k x;kA czkEg.k ¼mPPk o.kZ vkpk;Z½] {kf=k; ¼laj{kd½] oS'; ¼O;kikjh½] 'kqnz ¼fuEu lsod½ ftudktUe Øe'k% eq[k] ckag] mnj] iSj ls ekuk x;kA ¼iq:"k lwDr e.My 10 lwDr 90 ea=k 11&12 esa of.kZrgSA½

mDr o.kZ vius dekZsa ij ,dkf/kdkj ,oa tUe tekarj o.kZ tkfr dks vk/kkj ns fn;k x;k gSAdkykarj esa mDr pkj o.kZ yxHkx gtkjksa tkfr;ksa&mitkfr;ksa esa foHkkftr gksrs x;sA

vkdM+k yxHkx bl izdkj gS%& tSls pkj oxZ ,oa vusd tkfr;k¡&¼1½ vuq- tkfr 1606 ¼2½ vuq- tu- tkfr 886¼3½ fiNM+k vU; oxZ 4141 ¼4½ lkekU; 110

blh izdkj vusd /keZ tSls&fgUnw] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ] ckS)] tSu] ;gwnh ftuds Øe'k%vyx&vyx Hkxoku] bZ'oj] jke d ".k] nqxkZZ] guqeku] vYYkkg] bZ'kk elhg] xq:ukud] xkSre cq)]egkohj Lokeh vkfn gSaA

mi;qZDr fofo/krk] Lotkfrokn] tkfrokn] oxZokn] /keZokn] tks lEiw.kZ jk"Vª ,oa lekt ijnq"izHkko vlekurk] HksnHkko tks jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa 'kkafr O;OkLFkk ,oa lekt ds fodkl esa ck/kd ,oa?kkrd gSA mDr O;OkLFkk vlaoS/kkfud] voSKkfud] vlS)kafrd] vrkfdZd] vizekf.kd voLrqfu"B]eux<+Ur] ghucks/kd] euksHkko mRiUUk djus okyh ,d dkYifud O;OkLFkk gSAizkphu oSfnd xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk01- fjtys ds vuqlkj&tkfr ,d can oxZ gS] tks tUe ls gksrk gS vkSj lkekftd izfLFkfr fuèkkZfjr

'kks/k /kkjk 260

djrk gSA02- _Xosn ds vuqlkj&o.kZ tkfr deZ ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj tUe ls fuf'pr gS vkSj czkEg.kksa dklksiku Øe esa 'kh"kZ ij gSA tks vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa Hkh mDr O;oLFkk ds :Ik esa izpfyr gSA tks jk"Vª,oa ekuo fodkl esa ,d Toyar pqukSrhiw.kZ leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA tcfd fo'o ds vU; fodflr jk"Vªksaesa mDr izdkj dh dksbZ tkfr O;oLFkk ugha gSA mDr O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk jgkgSAizkphu ,oa vk/kqfud fopkjdksa }kjk vkykspu % vusd lkekftd fopkjdksa] _f"k&eqfu;ksa] xq:vksa ds}kjk Hkh lekt esa tkfrokn dks ?kkrd crk;k x;k gSA01- dchj nkl&^^tkfr u iwNkS lk/kq dh] iwN fyft;s KkuA eksy djkS ryokj dh] iM+s jgu nks

E;kuAA**02- xq: ?kklhnkl&^êkuo ekuo ,d leku** fl}kar fn;kA03- Lokeh foosdkUkUn&^êkuo ekuo ,d leku] tkfr ikfr dk feVs fu'kkuA**04- dkdk dkysydj&^^vU/k HkfDr ifjfefr lewg gS tks U;k; ds lkekU; lkekftd ekun.Mksa ds

vkSfpR; uSfrdrk rFkk lkoZHkkSfed] Hkzkr Ro dh mis{kk djrh gSA**05- ds-,- ikf.kdj&jktuhfr ds Hkk"kk esa tkfr&mitkfr ds izfr vfUk"Bk dk Hkko j[kuk gh tkfrokn

gSA06- Mh-vkj- xkM~fxy&{ks=kh; nckoksa] vkraokn] uDlyokn] ckgjh jk"Vªksa dh vis{kk tkfr O;oLFkk

T;knk [krjukd gSA07- MkW- vEcsMdj&ekuo ds rhu nq'eu% tkfr] /keZ vkSj HkxokuA08- egkRek xk¡/kh % tkfr dks dSalj ls Hkh T;knk [krjukd crk;k gSA9- bl jDr oxZ oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj ij lekt dks O;ofLFkr djus ls egku] le ) lejlrk]

leHkko ns'k dh ,drk&v[k.Mrk lexz fodkl gsrq vko';d gSA10- O;fDr gh jk"Vª dh bZdkbZ gksrh gS vkSj O;fDr dh mUufr&le f) ls gh ifjokj lekt jk"Vª dh

le f) mUufr fuHkZj gksrh gSA11- jk"Vª dk lokZsRRke y{; Hkh O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gh gSAizfof/k& euq"; dk oSKkfud uke gkseks lSfi;Ul ¼es/kkoh ekuo½ gSA ysUM LVhuj us 1900 esa lEiw.kZeuq"; ds jDr dks pkj oxkZs esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ftlds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr gS%&

Ø- jDr oxZ ,UVhtu ,UVhckWMh jDr ns ldrk gSA jDr ys ldrk gS fjekdZ

01- A A b A,AB A,O -02- B B a B,AB B,O &03- AB AB nill AB A,B,AB,O loZxzkgh04- O NILL ab A,B,AB,O O loZnkrk

'kks/k /kkjk 261

Hkkjr ds dqy tu la[;k esa yxHkx jDr oxZ dk izfr'kr bl izdkj gS&

Ø- jDr oxZ izfr'kr

01- A 23-502- B 35-503- AB 7-504- O 34-5

ikthfVo jDr oxZ dk izfr'kr 85fuxsfVo jDr oxZ dk izfr'kr 15

ifj.kke ,oa fo'ys"k.koSKkfud n f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj tkfr dh ifjHkk"kk%&01- Ýkalhlh 200 o"kZ iwoZ :lks ds dFku&euq"; izd fr esa Lora=kr iSnk gS vkSj Lora=k e R;q gksrk gS

euq"; dh dksbZ tkfr ugha gksrhA02- tkWu js 1700 bZ- us&loZizFke os lc tUrq ftudh mRifRr ,d gh fdLe ds iSjsUV ,d gh tkfr

ds gksrs gSA03- yhfu;l 1758 & vkdkfjdh lekurk okys izkf.k;ksa ds lewg dks tkfr dgrs gSaA04- Mkst gsUldh ,oa es;j 1942& ds vuqlkj tkfr ds y{k.k&

¼1½ vkdkfjdh leku y{k.k okysA¼2½ 'kkjhfjd fØ;kRed vkuqokaf'kdh ikfjfLFkfrdh; tkfr o fRRk; y{k.kA¼3½ ladj.k izkf.k;ksa dh lef"VA¼4½ vFkkZr~ tkfr okLrfod ;k lkekU; :Ik ls ladj.k djus okyh os izkd frd lef"V;kW gS tks

tuuh; :Ik ls ,d nwljs ls i Fkd gks x;h gSA¼5½ okLro esa tkfr;ksa esa fHkUUkrk mudh thuh lajpuk ds vk/kkj ij gksrh gSSA¼6½ ;g thu iwy ds dkj.k gksrh gSA¼7½ ijLij bUVjczhfMax tUrq dh vkcknh gksrh gSA¼8½ bl vkcknh dk ,d thuiwy gksrk gS ftlesa thUl dk Lora=k viC;wgu ¼Qh,lkVZesUV½ gksrs

jgrk gSA¼9½ bldh vkcknh esa okrkoj.kh; n'kkvksa ds vuqlkj vuqdwyu dh izfØ;k lnSo pyrh jgrh gSA¼10½ blesa mn~fodkl }kjk u;h tkfr;ksa dh mRifRr dh ewy {kerk gksrh gSA¼11½ izR;sd tkfr dk viuk ,d bdksykWth fudh gksrk gS vkSj vU; tkfr OkLrqr% mldk mi;ksx

ugha djrkAmnkgj.k %& ¼1½ ekuo ladj.k% ekuo ls mRiUUk larku ekuo gh gksxkA

¼2½ 'ksj ladj.k% 'ksj ls mRiUUk larku 'ksj gh gksxkA dksbZ vU; tUrq ;k tkfr ughaA

'kks/k /kkjk 262

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh %¼1½ foKku fl) dj pqdk gS fd dksbZ Hkh tkfr mPPk cqf) ;k dksbZ fo'ks"k d fr ugha gksrs gSaA¼2½ og dsoy muds mi;ksfxrk] okrkoj.k] jgu&lgu] ekgkSy] bPNk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA¼3½ ;fn fdlh dks Hkh ,d leku volj iznku fd;k tk;s rks leku dk;Z djus ds fy;s l{ke

fuiq.krk gkfly dh tk ldrh gSA¼4½ fdlh Hkh tkfr dk jDr 'kq} v'kq} ugha gksrk gSA¼5½ MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke& foKku ,d ojnku ,oa migkj gS tks ekuo esa Hksn&Hkko ugha djrk

foKku 'kadkvksa dk tckc gSA ekuo ,oa jk"Vª dks vf/kd lqO;ofLFkRk] lq[ke;~] le ) cukus dsfy;s foKku vko';d gSA

¼6½ jDr oxZ LFkk;h gksrk gSA¼7½ Ñf=ke :Ik ls jDr dk fuekZ.k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSa¼8½ O;fDr;ksa dks vk/kkj uEcj dh txg jDr oxZ ,d fof'k"V ek/;e gksxkAfu"d"kZ %& mDr oSKkfud lS)kafrd rkfdZd n f"Vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj jDr oxZ ds vk/kkj ijo.kZokn] tkfrokn] oxZokn] dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls Hkkjr dk okLrfod fodkl laHkogks ldsxkA1995 fnYYkh lsehukj esa lq>ko % jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ifj"kn%&¼1½ fdlh Hkh vfHkys[kksa esa tkfr ,oa /keZ 'kCn dk mYYks[k u fd;k tk;sA¼2½ uke ds vkxs tkfr lwpd ;k bl laca/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj dk izpkj izlkj ij jksd yxkbZ tk;A¼3½ vkj{k.k tkfrxr u gksdj vkfFkZd vk/kkj tSls vU; jk"Vªksa fczVsu vesfjdk dh Hkk¡fr gksuk pkfg;sA¼4½ O;kogkfjd dkuwu cukdj tkfrxr~ nyks] lewgksa] ikfVZ;ksa] laxBuksa ij izfrca/k yxk, tk,aA¼5½ vUrj tkrh; izse] fo/kok iqufoZokg dks izksRlkfgr ,oa lkekftd laj{k.k ,oa iqjLd r fd;k tkosA¼6½ lkekftd ca/k ij jksd yxkbZ tk;AykHk %&1- lekurk dk vf/kdkjA 2- /keZfujis{k dh LFkkiukA3- tkfrfoghu lekt dh LFkkiukA4- leku ekSfyd vf/kdkj ,oa drZO;ksa dk HksnHkko jfgr fuoZguA5- lejlrk leHkko mRiUUk djsxkA6- jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k] v[k.Mrk] uDlyokn] vkradokn] x g;q)] v'kkafr] tkfrghu Hkkouk ,oa

Lotkrh; Hkkouk ls futkr ik;h tk ldrh gSA7- ;g fl)kar OkSKkfud] rkfdZd] izklafxd] lqO;ofLFkr] jk"Vª ds ladVdkyhu vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr

tSls& fo'o;q)] x g ;q)] lSfud ;q) ds le; jDr vk/kku dh vkiwfrZ laHko gks ldsxhA8- vkink nq?kZVuk ds le; Hkh mi;ksxh gksxhA9- oSokfgd thou jDr oxZ iwoZ fu/kkZj.k esa Hkh lgk;d gksxhA10- larku ds jDr dh igpku ,oa ykokfjl larku dh igpku esa Hkh en~nxkj lkfcr gksxhA

'kks/k /kkjk 263

11- vkuqokaf'kd jksxksa ds iwoZ igpku fu/kkZj.k gks tkus ls LoLFk O;fDr ifjokj] lekt jk"Vª ds fodklesa lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSA

12- xka/kh th ds ^LokLF; gh /ku gS* bl n f"Vdks.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj 'kklu }kjk gsYFk lsDVj ijcTkV dk 1-5 Hkkx [kpZ djuk iM+rk gS] mldks Hkh de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

13- ftlls xka/kh ,oa orZeku iz/kkuea=kh ekuuh; Jh ujsUnz eksnh th ds liuksa dk Hkkjr LoLF; HkkjrLoPN Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k esa vge Hkwfedk gksxhA

lanHkZ1- lqUnje~] ts- ';ke( 'kekZ] MkW- lh-ih-( Hkkjrh; 'kklu o jktuhfr] izdk'kd&vkj-ih- ;qfuQkM ist ua0 2442- 'kekZ] ds-,y-( lekt'kkL+=k3- lDlsuk frokjh] vxzoky cSty( izk.kh 'kkL+=k4- fiz;n'kZuh;] ,l-( Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa tkfrokn] oSnHkZ izsl 10 flrEcj 20165- lat; dqekj( fcgkj dh tkrh; jktuhfr dk ;FkkFkZ] n if=kdk iszl 10 ebZ 20126- tkfr /keZ vkSj ;w-ih- dk egk;q}&if=kdk] iszl 22 ebZ 2016

'kks/k /kkjk 264


ukjh l'kfDrdj.kMkW0 larks"k flag Bkdqj

lgk;d izk/;kid] jlk;u 'kkL=k foHkkx] xq: ?kklhnkl fo'ofo|ky;] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<

MkW0 fdj.k Bkdqjlgk;d izk/;kid] jlk;u 'kkL=k foHkkx] 'kkldh; ikrkys'oj egkfo|ky;] eLrwjh] fcykliqj] NRrhlx<+

¼izkIr % 10 ebZ 2018½

Abstract

vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o ifjn '; esa dsoy ogh lekt ;k jk"Vª fodflr a;k izxfr'khygks ldrk gS tgk¡ ukjh ;k efgyk dh lgHkkfxrk thou ,oa fodkl ds lHkh {ks=kksa esa lqfuf'pr gksA ukjhl'kfDrdj.k og vo/kkj.kk] fl)kar ;k vko';drk gS] ftlls ukjh dks f'kf{kr ,oa tkx:d cukdj mUgsavius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr oS/kkfud tkudkjh iznku dj T;knk tckcnsg cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blls muesalerk] Lora=krk vkSj vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk rks vk,xh gh blds vykok ;g vius fo:) gksus okys vU;k;vkSj vR;kpkj tSls ?kjsyw fgalk] ;kSu 'kks"k.k vkfn dh yM+kbZ [kqn&c&[kqn yM+ ldsxh ,oa bldsifj.kkeLo:i ukjh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj v/;kfRed :i ls bruh lqn <+ gksxh fd thou dh gj ckèkkvksadks ikj dj fodkl dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksxhA


Key Words : ukjh l'kfDrdj.k] vf'k{kk ,oa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k

i "BHkwfe % vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkkjrh; ,oa fo'o ifjn '; esa dsoy ogh lekt ;k jk"Vª fodflr a;kizxfr'khy gks ldrk gS tgk¡ ukjh ;k efgyk dh lgHkkfxrk thou ,oa fodkl ds lHkh {ks=kksa esalqfuf'pr gksA ukjh l'kfDrdj.k og vo/kkj.kk] fl)kar ;k vko';drk gS] ftlls ukjh dks f'kf{kr,oa tkx:d cukdj mUgsa vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr oS/kkfud tkudkjh iznku dj T;knk tckcnsg cuk;ktk ldrk gSA blls muesa lerk] Lora=krk vkSj vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk rks vk,xh gh blds vykok ;gvius fo:) gksus okys vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj tSls ?kjsyw fgalk] ;kSu 'kks"k.k vkfn dh yM+kbZ [kqn&c&[kqn yM+ ldsxh ,oa blds ifj.kkeLo:i ukjh 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj v/;kfRed :i ls bruh lqn <+gksxh fd thou dh gj ck/kkvksa dks ikj dj fodkl dh fn'kk esa vxzlj gksxhA

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa fuEu ck/kkvksa ,oa mik;ksa ij /;ku nsuk vko';d gksxk&❆ xjhch ,oa vf'k{kk% Hkkjr tSls fo'kky jk"Vª esa xjhch ,oa vf'k{kk u dsoy ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dsfy, cfYd lHkh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, ,d *dkeu ,ueh* gSA vf'kf{kr gS blfy, xjhc gS vkSj xjhcgS blfy, vf'kf{kr gS tSls nksuksa vU;ksUkkfJr gksaA tc rd ukjh dks f'kf{kr u fd;k tk; ukjhl'kfDrdj.k flok; e x&ejhfpdk ds dqN ughaA❆ vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk% f'kf{kr ukjh ;fn vkRefuHkZj u gks rks ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dsoy vkèkh vèkwjhgh jg tk;sxhA vr% ;g t:jh gS fd mls jkstxkj] m|ferk ;k O;olk; ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k

'kks/k /kkjk 265

tk;s] ftlls mldh vkfFkZd vkenuh gksA tks iwath mlus dek;k gS] mlesa mldk Lo;a dk fu;a=k.kgks u fd fdlh vU; dkA❆ {kerk ,oa O;fDrRo fodkl% ukjhl'kfDrdj.k ls ukjh esa ,slh {kerk ,oa O;fDrRo dk lEiw.kZfodkl gks ftlls og vius dSfj;j] dk;Z{ks=k] thou laca/kh fu.kZ; Lo;a ys lds] u fd ijkfJr gksdjfdlh vU; dk lgkjk ysA tSls efgyk ljiap ifr] ea=kh ifr vkfnA❆ m|ferk ,oa is'ksoj dyk dk fodkl% Ukkjh esa f'k{kk dk Lrj pkgs tks Hkh gks muesa m|ferkO;olk; ,oa dk;Z dq'kyrk ds lkFk&lkFk izksQs'kuy fodkl Hkh t:jh gS] rkfd og viuk dk;Z c[kwchn{krk ls fuoZgu dj ldsA ftu efgykvksa dks jkstxkj izkIr ugha gS] muds fy, cSad LkLrs C;kt njksaesa _.k miyC/k djk;s rkfd og viuk O;olk; [kqn dj ldsA❆ lRrk ,oa fu.kZ; esa lgHkkfxrk% Lkjdkj dk pkgs dksbZ Hkh vax gks ukjh dk lRrk ,oa fu.kZ; esalgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg, rHkh ifjokj lekt ;k jk"Vª dk fodkl nzqr xfr ls gksxkA❆ Lora=krk ,oa lekurk% ,d ckj egkRek xka/kh us dgk Fkk fd *tc L=kh e/;jkf=k esa Hkh ?kj lsfudyus esa Hk;Hkhr u gks rHkh Hkkjr lgh ek;us esa Lora=k gksxk*A ukjh l'kfDrdj.k ;g vR;arvko';d gS fd L=kh tkfr ij vuko';d lekt vkSj laLÑfr dh vkM+ esa ca/ku u yknh tk;sA mlsjkstxkj ,oa vU; {ks=kksa esa leku volj feysA mUgsa *Lisl* ns rkfd viuk HkkX;fo/kkrk [kqn cu ldsaAifCyd lsDVj gks ;k izkbosV lsDVj jkstxkj ds leku volj izkIr gksuk pkfg,A❆ fir ‘lRrkRed lksp esa cnyko% ifjokj ,oa lekt esa ukjh dh ftEesnkjh T;knk gksus ds ckn Hkhfirk] ifr ;k iq:"k dks ifjokj dk eqf[k;k ekuk tkrk gSA vkt Hkh T;knkrj ekeyksa esa dsoy yM+dksadks firk dh lEifRr esa fgLlsnkjh nh tkrh gSA yM+fd;kW fyax Hksn vkSj dqiks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrh gSAukjh *lasd.Mjh lsDl* ekuh tkrh gS vkSj yM+dh iSnk gksus ij izrkfM+r Hkh gksrh gSA bl lksap esa cnykoykdj gh ukjh l'kfDrdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA❆ lkekftd lqj{kk% fookg ds mijkar lekt esa L=kh dh fLFkfr leku gks u fd mls *buQhfj;j*ekuk tk;sA vkfFkZd :i ls fuHkZj iRuh dks ifr dh vkdfLed fu/ku dh fLFkfr esa ljdkj dk ;gnkf;Ro gks fd mls lkekftd lqj{kk inku djs ,oa ukSdjh@ias'ku vkfn dh O;oLFkk djsA

mi;qZDr lq>koksa ds vykok le;≤ ij ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh laLFkkuksa] la;qDr jk"Vªfodkl dk;Zdze ¼;w-,u-Mh-ih-½ ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa vge dk;Z fd;k gSA blds lkFkfofHkUu ukjh vkUnksyuksa] ys[kdksa] ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksaa us Hkh dbZ lkFkZd iz;kl fd;k gSAnwljk igyw % dbZ yksx ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dks iq:"k opZLo dh pqukSrh le>] izR;{k ;k ijks{k :ils fojksèk djrs gSa tks fd lgh ugha gSA L=kh iq#"k dh vuqiwjd gS u fd fojks/khA vHkh gky gh esa ,djktuSfrd ikVhZ }kjk blh izdk'k esa efgyk vk;ksx ds rtZ esa iq#"k vk;ksx cukus dh izLrkouk blhlksp dk ifjpk;d gSA ukjh l'kfDrdj.k lerk ,oa Lora=krk ds fy, la?k"kZ ;k fe'ku gS u fd ukjhlRrk LFkkfir djus dh j.kuhfrAfu"d"kZ % lkjka'k esa ukjh l'kfDrdj.k vk/kqfud ;qx dh vko';drk] ekax ,oa lafo/kku lEer gS vkSj;g rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ge lc feydj ukjh dh f'k{kk] LokLF;] lqj{kk] izksQs'kuy ,oa rduhdh

'kks/k /kkjk 266

fodkl] m|ferk] lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds ckjs esa dsoy ;kstuk gh u cuk;sa cfYdmls dk;kZfUor djsaA tkfgj gS ;g dsoy ljdkj dh gh tckcnkjh ugha oju~ lH; lekt esa ge lcdhgSA

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1. Introduction The Scientific temper is a ¡y of life that includes an individualand social process of thinking and acting involving scientific method byquestioning, observing physical reality, testing, hypothesizing, analysing, andcommunicating [1]. It describes an attitude which involves the application of logicand essentially involves discussion, argument and analysis. As a matter of factIndia in its ancient past, has made notable contributions in the fields of philosophy,mathematics, astronomy, medicine and agriculture. Later on due to several factorsit has witnesses a long period of stagnation running over several centuries. Withgrowing globalization, traditions of scholarship, original thinking and participationin the march of science is the only means through which it can achieve back itsglorious past and conserve the rich cultural heritage.

India, in spite of being rich in human resource has not used it appropriatelyand efficiently. There may be several reasons for this but the main culprit behind

Current Status, Lacunas and Scope of ScientificTemperament in India

Dr. Ashish TiwariDeptt. of Chemistry, Naveen Govt. College, Pamgarh, Jangir-Champa,

Chattisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractIndian contributions in the fields of philosophy, mathematics, astronomy,

medicine and agriculture were well known since ancient times. Despite great stridesin some areas of research and development, the nation still has a long ¡y to go. Thebasic infrastructural facility, una¡reness amongst students, policy matters potentiallyhinders India to become a leading country in fields of R & D. Indian research ishampered by stifling bureaucracy, poor-quality education at most universities andinsufficient funding. Successive governments have pledged to increase support forresearch and development to 2% of India's gross domestic product (GDP), but ithas remained static at less than 0.9% of GDP since 2005. Despite its huge size,India has a relatively tiny number of researchers, and many of its budding scientistsleave for other countries, never to return. Only by tackling its systemic problemscan India compete with other emerging powerhouses such as Brazil and China.There is a rise in the number of students going for higher education in India, whichreflects the rising aspirations of its society. But this rise should be matched bybetter infrastructure and financial support


Key words : Scientific Temper; Ethics, Research and Development; Indian Contribution

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this scenario is una¡reness and underestimating the importance of education,scientific, rational and logical thinking [2]. In words of Pauli 'The aim of scienceteaching is not the acquisition of information and a few skills but to attain theunderstanding of die relationship which connects the answer to the problem”Beyond doubt, it has been established that scientific temperament can logicallytransform a common man to a philosopher. Education shapes and inculcates overalldevelopment of the individuality of the child, so that he can make an originalcontribution to the human life. Education combines both needs and aspirationsof the people and there by made powerful instrument of social, economic andcultural transformation [3]. This article describes current status of the countryabout scientific temperament, thoughts and developing scientific attitude amongstscholars and learners with special emphasis on Science. It also covers the goals ofscientific culture or public understanding of science, present scenario in contextto Indian contribution in global research. The suggestions and future perspectivehas also been enumerated2. Conserving the need of ethics in scientific research The genesisand development of the idea of the scientific temper is connected to ideas expressedearlier by Charles Darwin when he said, "Freedom of thought is best promoted bythe gradual illumination of men's minds, which follows from the advance of science".In context to this the area of scientific research is woven around four basic goalsviz. transmitting the values and skills on which our modernity has been built;Preserving the nation’s competitive edge, grasping the developments incontemporary science as a part of culture; and enabling everyone to play a fullpart in current debates [4].

The development of scientific attitude, aptitude, temperament and thoughtof any country lies on the individual involved in it, their ability to innovate,upgradation of the level of skills and constantly evolvement knowledge and itssubsequent applications to the techno-economic sphere. There are certain issuesthat are presently the concern of all the academicians who promotes these scientificactivities. Qualitative research is sometimes defined as interpretive research, andas interpretations can be incorrect or biased, the findings may be controversial[5]. However, qualitative research is not only useful as the first stage of quantitativeresearch, but can also play a key role in ‘validating’ it or in providing a differentviewpoint on the same social phenomena and therefore formulation of specificethical guidelines in this respect seems to be essential.

Research is of great importance–to individuals, to society and to globaldevelopment. Research also exercises considerable power at all these levels. Forboth these reasons, it is essential that research is undertaken in ¡ys that areethically sound. The concept of "research ethics" refers to a diverse set of values,standards, and institutional arrangements that contribute to constituting and

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regulating scientific activities. The field of research ethics contains many elements.The fundamental ethos of research is the search for truth. At the same time,research ethics underscores that research has a wider social responsibility.Research ethics also concerns relations among researchers and relations betweenresearchers and other people. In addition, research can have consequences foranimals and the environment. There are certain basic requirements of scientifictemperament that a researcher must bear in mind while presenting/analyzingthe scientific work carried out [6, 7].2.1 Individual responsibility The guidelines employ the concept "research".This is a reference to the responsibility of individual researchers and researchinstitutions alike to create conditions for, and to engage in, good research practice.The guidelines also apply to student work that involves research. They apply notonly to persons and institutions that conduct research, but also to other actorsthat influence research.2.2 Scientific integrity Researchers are responsible for respecting theresearch results of others and for exercising good scientific practice. Researchersmust not conceal, misrepresent or falsify anything, whether in the planning,execution or reporting of the research.2.3 Plagiarism It involves presenting the ideas or research of others as one'sown. The individual researcher has an independent responsibility not to acceptdepartures from good scientific practice, on his or her own account or that of others.Researchers, who discover or are made a¡re of errors in their research, must admitthe error, correct it, and ensure that the consequences of the error are minimal.2.4 Good citation practice

It is in the nature of research to build on research by others. Researcherswho take advantage of the ideas and research by others, both published andunpublished, must acknowledge this accurately, so that it is clear what theresearcher's own contribution is. Researchers must give a balanced and correctpresentation of the research of others. Citations make research traceable andverifiable.2.5 Verification Researchers and research institutions must make dataavailable to others for verification after a certain period. If the data are not usedwithin this period, they should be made available to other researchers. Withinthe framework of existing rules and regulations, institutions should have guidelinesand procedures for preserving research data, in such a ¡y that they can be retrieved- also after researchers have finished working at the institution.3. Scientific and research environment in India: Current scenario Theproject of ‘spreading scientific temper’, which is a constitutional duty of thecitizens in India, is a quite complex one. Spreading scientific a¡reness is only aprecondition for the creation of a scientific temper. It follows that science

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popularization cannot be an end in itself. The multidimensionality and non-linearity of processes involved in science communication forbid a direct causallinkage. India has been able to usher significant growth in its capacity and capabilityin basic, applied, and developmental research in science and technology. Its S&Tinfrastructure has grown large, comprising of more than 300 universities, 400research laboratories, 13 institutes of national importance, and 1300 in-houseindustrial R&D units, besides several other government departments, private,international and non-profitable institutions [9, 10].4. The SCImago Journal & Country Rank It is a publicly available portalthat includes the journals and country scientific indicators developed from theinformation contained in the Scopus® database (Elsevier B.V.). These indicatorscan be used to assess and analyze scientific domains [9]. Journals can be comparedor analysed separately. Country rankings may also be compared or analysedseparately. Journals can be grouped by subject area (27 major thematic areas),subject category (313 specific subject categories) or by country. Citation data isdrawn from over 21,500 titles from more than 5,000 international publishers andcountry performance metrics from 239 countries worldwide.

Figure 1. SCI journal ranking in the world5. Current Stastistics Indian institutions register itself among the top 100highest performers across the globe, including Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch (CSIR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER),Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc)

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and Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)While India made its mark, Chinese institutions are leading the world in

rapidly increasing high-quality research outputs, according to the Nature Index2016 Rising Stars report. As many as 40 of the top 100 performers are from Chinawith 24 of those showing growth above 50 per cent since 2012. The US remainsthe largest contributor to high-quality scientific papers overall having 11 entrantsinto the top 100 despite many starting from a high base. Nine institutions featurefrom the UK, eight from Germany and five from India. The Rising Stars reportused the Nature Index which tracks the author affiliations of published researcharticles by more than 8,000 global institutions in a group of 68 journals. Chemistrymade up for more than half (51 per cent) of India's scientific contributions to theindex in 2015. About 36 per cent ¡s from physical sciences, nine per cent from lifesciences and four per cent from earth and environmental sciences. India’s R&Dinvestments increased to US$ 71.48 billion in 2016 from US$ 66.49 billion in2015. India’s share of global R&D spending rose to 3.67 per cent in 2016 from tobe at 3.53 per cent in 2015. It is further expected to rise to 3.75% in 2017. As ofMarch 2017, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) stated that Indiais emerging as a leader in frugal and demand driven innovation among variouscountries across the globe. In May 2017, the central government has introducedvarious startup intellectual property protection schemes with an aim to ease patentfiling for startups and promote a¡reness and adoption of IP rights. To facilitateprotection and commercialising of IPRs, these schemes will be providing access tohigh-quality Intellectual Property services and resources. Moreover, under theseschemes, the central government bears the fees of the facilitators for patents,trademarks or designs that a startup may file. Startups only have to bear the costof the statutory fees payable.

Fig. 2 Expected expenditure of world’s leading R&D investors in 2017.

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Fig. 3 R&D spending in India (US $ Billion)6. Conclusion and Future Perspective

India needs to grow an attractive environment for research, so that studentsand academics that leave the country for higher studies and research opportunitieshave an incentive to return if basic infrastructure is available to work. Contrast toIndia, China spends enormous amounts on basic research. India currently spendsaround one per cent of its GDP on research and development. On contrast, Chinaspent about $209 billion on research and development in 2015, or 2.1 per cent ofits GDP, according to the report. However, rather than comparing progress withother countries, it is important to be moving in the right direction. Studentsdrifting to other job-oriented courses after graduation in science are prevalent inIndia owing to the widespread impression among them that unlike professionalcourses, a career in basic science is not lucrative. The academic ambience in manyuniversities does not encourage the research pursuits of faculties. Researchmanagement is another very serious problem faced by many Indian universities.An earlier report, published by National Council of Applied Economic Research(NCAER), shows that less than three per cent of school-going children wint topursue career in science in India. Although India is still a relatively small playeron the global scientific stage, its wide-ranging collaboration network and increasingshare of the world’s main?research performance indicators reflect its overallgrowth in output, impact and knowledge transfer,” said the report. In terms ofknowledge transfer, India shows a higher emphasis in areas of computer science,

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material science, chemistry and pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceuticals.Knowledge transfer includes analyses of patent citation patterns and collaborationsbetween academic and corporate research institutions.

REFERENCES1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_temper2. Nagpaul PS. Contribution of Indian universities to the mainstream scientific

literature: A bibliometric assessment. Scientometrics. 1995 Jan 1;32(1):11-36.3. Mohan S, Gupta BM, Dha¡n SM. Materials science research and development in

India: A scientometric analysis of international collaborative output. DESIDOCJournal of Library & Information Technology. 2003 Mar 1;23(2).

4. Schiele B, Marec JL. Rethinking Science Culture and Governance Today. Journalof Scientific Temper (JST). 2015 Mar 6;3(1 & 2).

5. Stake RE. Qualitative Research: Studying How Things Work. First ed. New York:Guilford Press; 2010.

6. ¡lford*, G., 2005. Research ethical guidelines and anonymity. International Journalof Research & Method in Education, 28(1), pp.83-93.

7. Price DJ. Ethics of scientific publication. Science. 1964 May 8:655-7.8. Gupta BM, Dha¡n SM. Status of India in science and technology as reflected in its

publication output in the Scopus international database, 1996–2006. Scientometrics.2009 Aug 1;80(2):473-90.

9. (SCImago. (2007). SJR Ñ SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved July 21,2015, from http://www.scimagojr.com)

10.Garg KC, Dutt B, Kumar S. Scientometric profile of Indian science as seen throughScience Citation Index.

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"Each time a woman stands up for herself,without knowing itpossibly,without claiming it, she stands up for all women"- Maya Angelo To prove this statement ,I would like to quote one incident from Kerala in19th century, which depicts the story of Nangeli and her husband Chirukandan.They belonged to Ezhavas tribe. They lived in Cherthala. Their social status ¡squite low if not lowest. They were unprivileged. They had to toil for fulfilment oftheir needs.

Kerala ¡s not so much developed as we see it today. Cherthal ¡s a scape onthe map of Travancore. It has a ruler of its own.He used to levy taxes on weirdedthings like- moustache of a man, fishnet of a fisherman and over and above abreast tax on a woman. Once when the revenue collectors came to collect breasttax from Nangeli, she cut her two breasts and kept them on a plantain leaf andoffered it to the man. In this ¡y she sacrificed her life to stop this evil practice. Inthis ¡y she stood up to the one abhorrent tax that touched upon her honour. Shefought for her rights to be a respectable subject of the state.

This true life story emphasises the importance of women being her ownmuse, her own strength , lighting an enlightened path for many and setting an

Government Efforts for Women Empowerment andDevelopment of India with Digitalisation

Prof. Dr. Chandana MitraProf. and Head Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. Lahiri College, Chirimiri, Koria, Chattisgarh

¼Received : 10 May 2018½

Abstract


Key words : Women Empowerment, Digitalisation

All over the world, for the progress of women and safeguard theirrights,UNO passed a resolution on 18th Dec 1979 to remove all inequalitiesagainst women which became effective since 3rd September 1981. However, thereality existing even today presents a grim picture of women subjugation andfeudalism. About 70% of adult illiterate and poor in the world are women. Foroverall development of a civilised world, upliftment of women and children cannever be undermined. Our Indian constitution as well as our Indian governmenthas worked to¡rds women empowerment relentlessly through several policymaking and programmes. Women and child Development Department ofGovernment of India has basically focussed on three things (a) Health (b)Education (c) Welfare .

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example.Women empowerment is not only to make the women economicallyindependent but it is to give them equal opportunities and rights in every sphereof life.

All over the world, for the progress of women and safeguard theirrights,UNO passed a resolution on 18th Dec 1979 to remove all inequalities againstwomen which became effective since 3rd September 1981. However, the realityexisting even today presents a grim picture of women subjugation and feudalism.About 70% of adult illiterate and poor in the world are women.

For overall development of a civilised world, upliftment of women andchildren can never be undermined. Our Indian constitution as well as our Indiangovernment has worked to¡rds women empowerment relentlessly through severalpolicy making and programmes. Women and child Development Department ofGovernment of India has basically focussed on three things (a) Health (b)Education (c) Welfare .

Sound health and education of women and children can bring in welfareand contribute to the social as well as economic development.This in turn willdevelop a solid platform for empowerment of women.The various governmentschemes for woman empowerment are as follows:

Beti Bachao Beti PadhaoOne Stop CentreWomen HelplineUjja¡la : For prevention of trafficking and rescue,rehabilitation and Re-

integration.Working Women HostelRajiv Gandhi National Crèche schemeNew projects under Ujja¡la SchemeS¡dharGrih for women to support them in difficult situation.Revision of food Security Act2013STEP- Support to training and Employment of women.Nari Shakti puraskar and many other a¡rds for motivation of womenMahila banifit ProgrammeMahila police volunteerMahila E- Haat.

Among all the above schemes I would like to brief on Mahila E-Haat whichis an unique scheme of the government (women and child developmentdepartment)to help women to sell products online.Participation in E-Haat is opento all women above 18 years of age and who are Indian citizen. Mahila E-Haat isan excellent platform for online marketing has been launched on 7th March2016.Here women above 18 years and Women SHGs can register themselves and candisplay their products online.The entire business of E-haat can be handled through

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mobile phones.All the details of the product including photographs,cost, mobile number

and address of the participants are displayed on the website. So business becomeseasy throughout India without any cost of accessing market.It deals in about 2000products under 18 categories of materials like bags, clothing, fashion accessories,jewellery, decorative and gift items and many more necessary items. Till now about17 lakh visitors have visited E - Mahila haat . This has put impact on 3.50 lakhbeneficiaries directly and over 26000 SHGs.Mahila E-Haat got a¡rd SKOCH GOLDon 9 th Sept.2016. Some major PSUs like- IRCTC, SBI have given a link to theirwebsites. This gives a broad access to this online marketing.

Schemes such as these are an empowering tool for women andstrengthening them economically as well as socially. Changing the feudalisticoutlook of society to¡rds women , giving them their due recognition and in efficientimplementation of policies lies the key to establish an equalitarian Indian society.

REFERENCES:1. The Hindu- news paper ,10.07.20172. Website: Wikipedia

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1. INTRODUCTION: India has emerged as the fastest growing majoreconomy in the world as per the Central Statistics Organization (CSO) andInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and it is expected to be one of the top threeeconomic powers of the world in coming 10-15 years. India’s GDP increased 7.1per cent in 2016-17 and is expected to reach a growth rate of 7 per cent by September2018. Indian economy is classified into 3 sectors. These are1. Agriculture - This sector includes includes Agriculture (Agriculture proper

& Livestock), Forestry & Logging, Fishing and related activities.2. Industry - It includes mining & quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas,

water supply and construction.3. Services - It includes trade, hotels, transport, communication and services

related to broadcasting, real estate, public administration, defense and otherservices.

Contribution of Industrial Sector inDeveloping India Economically

Harsha SahuAsstt. Prof., Deptt. of Management Studies, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya,

Bilaspur , Chattisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractIndustries are the core sector of Indian economy. Their contribution

particularly to a developing nation like India is worth full. They not only contributein generating employment for the youths but also persuade skilled, energetic andmeticulous talents to start as entrepreneur. They employ close to 40% of India'sworkforce. GDP from manufacturing in India averaged 4269.80 INR Billion from2011 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 5355.42 INR Billion in the third quarterof 2017. Industries in India are highly heterogeneous in terms of the size of theenterprises, variety of products and services, and levels of technology. Besidesproviding employment opportunities, they assist in industrialization of rural andback¡rd areas, reducing regional imbalances and assuring more equitabledistribution of national income and wealth. In this ¡y, they are contributing a lot tothe socio-economic development of the motherland. Hence, the focus of my paper isto analyze the role of industries in making India economically powerful. This paperattempted at highlighting the significance of industries in economic developmentof India.


Key words : Economy, Economic Development, GDP, Industries

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But, the contribution of industries to¡rds making India an economic poweris immense. Industries not only provide employment to millions of individuals inthe country but are also, the platforms for entrepreneurship and innovation. Theyare widely dispersed across the country and produce diverse varieties of productsand services to meet the needs of the local markets, the global market and thenational and international markets. Entrepreneurship has played a vital role inaccelerating the industrial growth. Industrial provide an effective means for thedevelopment of entrepreneurship. This sector is providing a best solution to dealwith the problems of poverty, insecurity, unemployment, over population of thecountry. Competitiveness of industries can be enhanced through skilled,knowledgeable and hardworking human resource (HR). Indian industries needto reduce overall cost of products to remain competitive with Chinesemanufacturers and exporters. Apart from other functional areas such asproduction, finance, marketing, inventory and logistics, industrial sector also needto focus on implementing best HR practices.2. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY : The objectives of the present study are❆ To study the industrial overview in India.❆ To learn about the contributions of Industries in making India economicallystrong.3. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY : The scope of thepresent study has been confined to the contributions made by the Industrial sectorto the Indian economy. A secondary study has been done to recognize thecontribution of Industries in India. Information from Secondary sources especiallyfrom the economic survey, articles and websites ¡s taken to accomplish this task soas to get a clear understanding of the topic. All the data included is the secondarybase & proper references have been given wherever necessary.4. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN INDIA : Industry accountsfor 26 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provides employment to 22percent of the total workforce. As per World Bank, India's industrial manufacturingGDP output in 2015 ¡s 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ($559billion), and 9th largest on inflation-adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ($197.1billion). The industrial sector underwent noteworthy changes due to the 1991economic reforms. These reforms minimized import restrictions, introducedforeign competition, called for the privatization of certain government-ownedpublic-sector industries, liberalized the foreign direct investment (FDI) regime,enhanced infrastructure and expanded the production of FMCG goods i.e. fast-moving consumer goods. But, liberalization policy brought certain challenges forthe Indian private sector in the form of increasing domestic and foreign competitionas well as threat of cheaper Chinese imports. However, this sector handled thecompetition by minimizing its production costs, redesigning management, and

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employing cheap labor and by application of new technology.4.1 Classification of Industries in India. Industries can be classified intoseveral groups. The following table gives a brief understanding about them.

India’s manufacturing sector is vital for its economic progress. Thegovernment has realized the importance of this sector to the country’s industrialdevelopment, and has taken a number of steps to further enhance the industry.As per a study by Assocham, prediction India's manufacturing sector ¡s all set tocreate 3.2 million manufacturing jobs during the period of 2012-17.5. ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN BOOSTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTOF INDIA : Industrial sector has come out as a highly vibrant and dynamic sectorof the Indian economy over the last few decades. According to Jagat Shah, Head(Economic Development Agency), Cluster Pulse, the manufacturing sector’sgrowth, which stood at 9 per cent of India’s GDP in 1950-51 and stagnated at 15per cent level for over two decades, has improved during the last two years. It hasmoved to 17.1 per cent due to the ‘Make in India’ drive. Industries contributionto¡rds India’s GDP is nearly 8%. It contributes 45% of the manufacturing outputand 40% of the exports. They are one of the largest employer providing sectorsafter agriculture. They not only play crucial role in providing large employmentopportunities but also facilitate industrialization of rural & back¡rd area. Thus,indirectly aid in reducing regional imbalances and assures more equitabledistribution of national income and wealth. This sector contributes enormouslyto the socio-economic development of the country.

The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies of the world.This growth is due to the excellent performance of different Indian industrieswhich have grown tremendously after independence and with the coming of newindustrial policy of the government. All these have increased national income,

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created employment and generated foreign earnings. India had an agrarianeconomy based on agriculture but, after liberalization policy of 1991, the industrialsector showed tremendous growth, contributing the most to the GDP. The mostimportant industries supporting Indian economy are as follows:• Clothing & Textiles • Petroleum, Chemicals and Plastics• Electronics, Computers and Transportation • Food Processing Industry• Engineering Industry • Metal Manufacturing• Wood, Leather and Paper5.1 India GDP from Manufacturing at present : GDP fromManufacturing in India increased to 5355.42 INR Billion in the third quarter of2017 from 5131.39 INR Billion in the second quarter of 2017. GDP frommanufacturing in India averaged 4269.80 INR Billion from 2011 until 2017,reaching an all time high of 5355.42 INR Billion in the third quarter of 2017 anda record low of 3305.81 INR Billion in the fourth quarter of 2011.

Source: Central Statistical Organization (CSO), IndiaThe above graph depicts the growth of manufacturing sector in terms of GDP forthe year 2015, 2016 and 2017. The figure shows the regular increase in the size ofGDP, since from January 2015. Though, a fall ¡s noticed during January 2017 but,it again recovered an increase in July 2017.5.2 Road Ahead : India's gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to reachUS$ 6 trillion by FY27 and achieve upper-middle income status on the back ofdigitization, globalization, favorable demographics, and reforms. Many foreign

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corporations are setting up their plants in India because of different governmentinitiatives like Make in India and Digital India. Modi, government at the centrehas launched the Make in India initiative with an aim to improve and enhancethe manufacturing sector of Indian economy, to increase the purchasing power ofIndian consumer, in order to boost demand, and consequently, accelerate the overallgrowth and development of the economy as well as the country. The Indiangovernment, under its Make in India, drive is trying to advance the input madeby the manufacturing sector and aims to take it up to 25 per cent of the GDP fromthe current 17 per cent. Besides, they have launched Digital India initiative, whosemain center of attention is on three core components i.e., establishment of digitalinfrastructure, distribution of services digitally and amplification the digitalliteracy. According to a study, conducted by McKinsey and Company, a globalmanagement consulting firm, the Indian manufacturing industry is expected totouch US$ 1 trillion by 2025. Industry experts recognize two facts for this possibledevelopment. Firstly, the increasing demand of manufacturing units and secondly,the penchant for setting up low-cost plants in India by multinational firms. Around90 million domestic jobs are ¡iting to be created by that timeframe with themanufacturing segment contributing about 25-30% of India’s GDP. India’s rapidlyescalating economy is giving diverse opportunities to both international andnational entrepreneurs to develop and grow.6. CONCLUSION Industries in India are contributing a commendable portionto¡rds the balanced growth of Indian economy. Although, India’s GDP in themanufacturing sector has improved over the last two years due to the ‘Make inIndia’ drive, of the present government but, yet, it is still low if we compare itwith our neighboring countries for instance, Thailand (where 35 per cent of GDPis from manufacturing), China (32 per cent), Phillippines (30 per cent) Indonesia(29 per cent). We have a long ¡y to go. The cause for the same is ‘Make in India’ isnot getting enough foreign companies or big corporations to set up business inIndia. There are only a few companies and they too are unable to createemployment in manufacturing sector. Moreover, it is also not so simple or easy todo business in India. However, the government is taking all the fruitful measuresto address this challenge by making the system transparent and quick. Digitization,Invest India, Start Up India and e-biz Mission Mode Project are some of the stepstaken in this direction and many more new initiatives are about to come underthe national e-governance plan. All these actions are facilitating investment aswell as ease of doing business in the country. On the other side, every industry inIndia on their part should carry out an operational performance improvementprogram periodically to improve and enhance its current performance. To sumup, India’s industrial sector is escalating. It is an indication of an economy to¡rdsgrowing path. Industries have emerged as the most dynamic sector of the Indian

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economy. The analysis of the paper concludes with the fact that this sector is oneof the best solutions to the problems of poverty, insecurity, unemployment, overpopulation in the modern world.

REFERENCES1. Contribution made by MSMEs at heart of Indian economy. (2013, August 24). New

Indian Express.2. India's MSME sector growing faster than overall GDP: Michel Botzung. (2013,

December 30). Business Standard.3. Katyal,A and Xaviour, B. ( 2015). A Study on MSMEs’-Role in Propelling Economic

Development of India A Discussion on current HR issues in MSMEs’ in India.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(2).

4. Madhan, P. M. (2012, February 11). SME's as Growth Driver of Indian Economy:Strategic HR Issues and Perspectives. Business Strategies and India’s EconomicGrowth Conference (RBCON - 2012).

5. http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php6. https://tradingeconomics.com/india/gdp-from-manufacturing7. http://www.thehindu.com/business/budget/economic-survey-2017-18/article

22584229.ece8. https://en.wikipedia.org • https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/tags/core-industries9. https://www.ibef.org10. http://www.preservearticles.com/2011101215227/industries-classified-on-the-basis-

of-raw-materials-and-finished-goods-are.html11. http://www.makeinindia.com/article/-/v/make-in-india-sectors-in-focus-part-112. https://accountlearning.com/advantages-or-merits-of-small-scale-industries/13. http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-launches-make-in-india-global-

initiative/

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'I HAVE A MESSAGE FOR THE WORLD, WHICH I WILL DELIVERWITHOUT FEAR AND CARE FOR THE FUTURE. TO THE REFORMERS IWILL POINT THAT I AM A GREATER REFORMER THAN ANY ONE OF THEM.THEY ¡NT TO REFORM ONLY LITTLE BITS. I ¡NT ROOT – AND –BRANCHREFORM.” –SWAMI VIVEKANAND

My paper deals with a main issue of Nationality. It is a biggest problem inIndia, ‘Untouchability’ lies in thefloor and this raises into and this castes areapparently linked with our religion , but this are not so right concept. I think thatin religion there is no caste. A man who belongs from the highest caste and anotherside a man from the lowest caste may become a monk in India and the two castesbecome equal. The caste system is opposed to the religion of Vedanta. We alsoknow that caste is a social custom or value that is why all the great preachers have

Casteism and Exploitation in India: Represented in'Untouchable' by Mulk Raj Anand and 'The White

Tiger' By Arvinda AdigaDr. Avinash Lal

Asstt. Prof. Political Science, Govt. College Pandatarai, Kabridham, ChattisgarhPriyanka Kumari Patle

Guest Lecturer, English, Govt. College Pandatarai, Kabirdham, Chattisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractThe caste system and we also say an exploitation for the lower class strata is

a biggest problem in India. In modern era also there are the concept of casteism. Inthis the powerful man doesn’t suffer but middle and lower class people sufferedutmost. Csteism and exploitation have also been run over in other regions andreligions in our Indian Subcontinent like Nepalese, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam,Judaism and Sikhism. My paper revolves aroud the casteism, exploitation andMarxism in the novel of Mulk Raj Anand’s ‘UNTOUCHABLE’, ArvindAdiga’s ‘THEWHITE TIGER’. The novel ‘Untouchable’ established Anand as one of the India’sleading author. The plot of this novel shows that the argument for eradicating thecaste system. The character ‘Bakha’ shows the condition of Untouchable in thenovel. We also seen an exploitation in the novel ‘The White Tiger’, how balramhal¡ibelongs to a low caste and he depicted that he live a life of slavery. My paper willfocus on and reveal the life of middle, upper and lower class people and also thecaste system prevailing in a In a State level but also in a national level.


Key words : Casteism, Marxism, Exploitation, Literary Thoughts.

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tried to break it down. Caste is like a simply outgrowth of the political Institutionsof India. According to the RIG VEDA which is an ancient Hindu text, the world ¡sformed from PURUSA (the originator of all life) as follows:

'THE BRAHMINS IS HIS MOUTH, HIS TWO ARMS BECAME THERAJANYA (KSHATRIYAS), HIS THIGHS ARE WHAT THE VAISYA AND FROMHIS FEET THE SHUDRA IS MADE”.

When we are child , we cannot developed our mind so in the casteism butwhen we are younger than we all came to know that what is a differenced in this,who is so worthful and who is wortless. Then we can done a friendship, becausewe can now seem as an understandable person. When we came forth with a castesystem which ¡s followed by some major factors i.e., Heredity, Caste Rules, Marriageetc. First is heredity, children, inherit their caste from their parents and it passesfrom generation to generation. In this case, hereditary system, individuals arenot allowed to change their caste. We also seen that there are performed theirduties respectfully like, Brahmins were expected to touch with Holy Texts andothers are also have their duties and also all had different rules and regulations. The exploitation of the lower castes by the upper castes is the root of the manysocial injustices and inter caste violence anguishing India today.

‘UNTOUCHABLE’ is a famous novel by Mulk Raj Anand which deals withthe casteism and exploitation. He is also one of the India’s leading English authors.The main plot of this novel also revolves around the argument for abolishing thecaste system. Mulk Raj Anand reveals a blend of Idealism, Socialism and a keenperception of the contemporary social issues through the novel 'UNTOUCHABLE”that culminates in a tragic clash of immerse and fortune. There are many worstconditions which is suffered by the people who belongs to the poor class oruntouchable and are really very shocking though one can only share their achesand agonies. The novel is a true record and a transcription of the miserablesituation of the tyrannized who were subjected to immitigable social indignitiesonly because of their lowly birth.

Problem of UNTOUCHABILITY is still prevalent in the society and MulkRaj Anand through his novel ‘UNTOUCHABLE’ brings to light the sorrows andsufferings that high caste Hindus inflicted on the untouchables. In the novel‘UNTOUCHABLE’, ‘BAKHA’ is a main protagonist who belongs to a lower classstrata and also a young Indian sweeper, he is also very intelligent, humble andprideful. In his life, the minor tragedies occurred which turned him into a mature.There are many situations which held in this novel like in one place BAKHA’Ssister SOHINI, had gone to the community well to fetch ¡ter for her tired andthirsty brother. She stand near the well and ¡ited for a long time and there one ofthe lustful man, PANDIT KALINATH who belongs to a hindu caste, drew ¡ter forher and called her to his house for cleaning the courtyard and tried to molest her.

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In this case we can say that girls of untouchable family ¡s not safety and alsosuppressed and exploited by the high caste hindus, so we can we all say that Indiais a development country, how can it is possible. Because Women of our countryisa dignity or pride for all of us. So first all have to respect.

Not only novels ‘UNTOUCHABLE’ but also there are many movies whichshow the difference between the UPPER and LOWER caste like ‘P.K’. In thismovie Amir Khan shows the sensitive issue regarding religion and caste system.It depicts how people can be ignorant to¡rds major problems in the name of caste.The first and strongest type of exploitation is economic. The rich and powerfulhad full liberty to exploit the many poor and to grind them mercilessly under thewheel of economic monopolies.

The narrator AravindAdiga’s debut novel ‘THE WHITE TIGER’, comesfrom a poor rural village. He’s despondent to break out of the 'Darkness”, as India’soutback is called, and move to the big city. In this ‘BALRAM HAL¡I’ is the mainprotagonist and it means the sweet maker caste, and his destiny is to work in thetea shop. Then he learnt how to drive and got hired as the driver and he got adriving license. He escapes his village and makes his ¡y to Delhi, where he lands ajob working for a rich landlord. Here also his landlord shows him as a inferior. Itmeant here also the caste depiction came because ‘HAL¡I’ and ‘RICH LANDLORD’is a gap of caste difference. That is why he soon kills his boss and, driven by anentrepreneurial spirit, departs for Bangalore’s flourishing economy.

After playing the vital role in novel the Hal¡i tries to educate the foremostabout life in the rest of India. His letters, written once a day, expose the humourand the breakdown and exquisite in India’s caste system, and its economic divide.

There were a major cause of exploitation and abuse of women,with a greatdeal of sexual violence being committed by men in positions of power. These rangefrom higher caste men violating lower caste women, specially Dalits and alsopolicemen mistreating women from poor households and military men abusingDalit and Adivasi women in uprising states such as Kashmir, Chhattisgarh,Jharkand, Orissa and Manipur.

But we also know that state shall promoted with many special care like ineducational field and economic interests of the weaker section of the people.Government made many policy for the schedule castes and the schedule tribes,and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Thenalso there are many discrimination in society in a daily life. Society kept them outfrom any occasional things and it is not only in a state level but also in a nationallevel.

My paper fully dealt with a casteism in a national level how they suffersnot only in a state or a village level. This is a biggest problem and it seems to adegradation in other things. Because rich man thinks about their own livelihood

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not for the poor people how they were surviving their life. Poor or Poverty linepeople suffers most in India. That is why India is not rich in the condition, it isrich in heritage. So we all cannot put hands in hands but we have to move andalso we have to bring an equality in a caste and gender discrimination.

REFRENCES1. Wikipedia.org/wiki/caste system2. www. Speaking trees.in /blog/caste3. www. Gradesaver.com /untouchable/study-guide4. https: // en.wikipedia.org/wiki/untouchability

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Introduction:-Water is the principal need of life on earth, and is an essential component

for all forms of lives, from microorganism to man [1,2]. Ponds are an integralcomponent of the hydrological system; and perform diverse roles in the biosphere.Studies on pond ecosystems are, however, often neglected, probably, due to theirlittle size. There is no doubt that little things perform many important activitiesin our lives. It is misleading to label small ¡ter bodies as unimportant andinsignificant, because it is our common experience that little things carry moreimportance in our lives.[3,4] However, it is not undeniable that small aquaticsystems are taken as irrelevant to global problems and are ignored in nearly allglobally important views and processes such as carbon processing and transport.Small ¡ter bodies are inherent part of the biosphere and the interconnectednetwork of global metabolically active sites. Ponds have been used since timeimmemorial as a traditional source of ¡ter supply in India. However, the ¡ter of theponds, lakes and river are polluted mainly due to discharged ¡ste ¡ter fromresidential areas, se¡ge outlets, solid ¡stes, detergents, automobile oil ¡stes, fishingfacilities and agricultural pesticides from farmlands [5,6].Pollution of surface andground water is largely a problem due to rapid urbanization and industrialization.

Industrial Pollution : Impact on Pond WaterDr. Prasanna Kumar Sharma

Associate Professor, Amity University, Chattisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractIndustrialization is one of main backbone for the economical development of

any nation but also deteriorate the natural environmental quality. ¡ter is the principalneed of life on earth, and is an essential component for all forms of lives, frommicroorganism to man. Ponds are an integral component of the hydrological system;and perform diverse roles in the biosphere. Indian village people are still dependingon Pond ¡ter for their routine activity. The present study is aimed to analyse Pond¡ter near Industries located near to village of Chhattisgarh. The ¡ter samples from10 different sampling points of a Pond were taken and analyzed for theirphysicochemical characteristics. Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, TDS,Alkalinity, Free CO2, Chloride, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Ca hardness wereanalyzed for a periods of six month. .The ¡ter quality of small community pond areabove the permissible limit., it is found that the ¡ter samples are non-potable forhuman being due to high concentration of one or the other parameter.


Key words : Pond Water, Water Quality, Industrial Effluents, Industrial Air Pollution.

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Study area and collection of water samples:-Chhattisgarh is a state in Central India. It is the 10th largest state in India

with an geographical area of 137, 90 thousand ha. Chhattisgarh stretches acrossthe latitudinal expanse of 17°46' to 23°15' North on one hand to the longitudinalmeridian of 80°30' to 84°23' East on the other. Chhattisgarh is the 16th most-populated state of the nation.[7]. 76% of total population of Chhattisgarh is ruralstructured living style with total working population belongs to cultivators(49.45%) followed by others (26.30%), agriculture labour (22.00%). Chhattisgarhknown for rice production. There are found 1312 rice mills. The maximum ricemills are found in Raipur (336) followed by Durg (167), Bilashpur (140),Mahasamund (124), Dhamtari (122), Raigarh (98), Rajnandgaon (66), Sarguja(61), Bastar (56), Kanker (45), Korba (37), Janjgir champa (21), Kabardha (19)Koriya (12) and Dante¡ra (08). [8].

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Village Paragaon, 18 KM a¡y from Abhanpur to¡rds Champaran , ¡s chosenas study area because of surrounded by huge number of Rice Mills (Agro Industries)with a big Paper production unit very near to Pond AMBHA. The Pond AMBHA isan old one pond using by village people regularly for routine activity and irrigationalso. Location of pond is well definided to expose by surrounding rice mill andPaper production unit. Also the pollutants are continue affecting the quality ofPond ¡ter easily through air and effluents. The samples were collected in pre-cleaned and sterilized polyethylene bottles and collected with a column ¡tersamples from at least five spots in each experimental pond between 8.00 to 9.00am at a depth of 30 cm below the ¡ter surface. ¡ter samples were collected from preto post monsoon seasons, three each during June 2016 to May 2017 by usingstandard methods. [7].

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Analytical Methods:-Samples from the Pond were collected in two different seasons for analysis

in accordance with standard method of American Public Health Association APHAand National Environment Engineering and Research Institute. (NEERI) Nagpur.Analytical regents, chemicals were employed for the preparation of all solution.Freshly prepared double distilled ¡ter ¡s used in all experiments. The pH of samples¡s measured with the help of digital pH meter. Turbidity ¡s measured by DigitalTurbidity meter model 33I EI, Electrical conductivity ¡s measured b conductivitymeter, TDS ¡s measured with the help of Digital TDS meter. Nitrate, Sulphate,Fluoride is measured by spectrophotometer. [Double Beam Spectrophotometer].The total hardness, Ca ion, Mg ion has measured titrimetricly by using EDTAsolution and Eriocrome black T as indicator. Chlorine by Mohr's Argentrometrictitration and K2CrO4 as indicator. Dissolved oxygen by Winkler’s method. Totalalkalinity ¡s determined by titrimetric method using phenolphthalein and methylorange indicator. [9,10]

Table 1.Methods followed for analysis of ¡ter samples.

SN Water Quality Parameters Method of Analysis

1 pH Digital pH meter2 Electrical conductivity Conductivity meter3 Total dissolved solid Digital TDS meter.4 Turbidity Digital Turbidity meter5 Temperature Thermometer6 Nitrate UV spectrophotometer7 Sulphate UV spectrophotometer8 Fluoride UV spectrophotometer9 Chloride Argentometric Method10 DO Winkler’s Method11 BOD Standard BOD Method12 Total Hardness Complexometric Method13 Alkalinity Neutralization Method

Result and Discussion:- The results obtained from all physical and chemicalanalysis parameters of Pond AMBHA (Village Paragaon) in two different sessionsare listed in

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Table-2.

1 pH 7.9 8.2 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.52 Temperature(°C) 28 18 --- --3 Colour Hazen Unit Colourless Light Brown --- Clear

(5-15 Haz)4 Electrical conductivity 1.22 0.89 0-3 --

(mic moh/cm)5 Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 1980 2520 450-2000 500-20006 Turbidity (NTU) 1020 860 ---- 1-57 Nitrate (mg/l) 3.5-37 1.6-26 5.30-45 458 Sulphate (mg/l) 15-115 20-180 200-400 200-4009 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.2-1 0.2-2.5 1-510 Chloride (mg/l) 48-170 37-130 500 60011 DO (mg/l) 4.5 5.512 BOD (mg/l) 45 60 10013 Total Hardness (mg/l) 1270 1150 60014 Alkalinity (mg/l) 465 270 140 600

Discussion:- As per the results obtained in Table-2, TDS, Total Hardness BODand Turbidity were found acceptable high. This indicates the clear effect ofindustrial pollutants contamination in surface water through air and effluents.Objectionable pH range is also a matter of thinking. Nitrate which is ofcourse animportant nutrient for growth of vegetation and crafts is slightly non acceptablefor human health. Total dissolve solid may cause notable helth effect for dailyuser.BOD and DO both are clear indication of pollution parameter in any sample,which were found notably high in pond water.

Table-3. Health effect of different ¡ter parameters:-Parameters BIS Guideline Health Effect

ValueTemperature ------- -------pH 6.5-8.5 Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste; corrosionTotal Alkalinity 600 mg/L Boiled rice turns yellowishTotal Hardness 300-600 Poor lathering with soap; deterioration

mg/L of the quality of clothes; scale formingCOD 2-4 mg/L High COD level is toxic for aquatic living organismsTDS 200 mg/L Undesirable taste; gastro-intestinal irritation;

corrosion or incrustationChloride 250-100 mg/L Taste affected; corrosion

SN

AnalysisParameters’

ResultSeason-1

ResultSeason-2

IrrigationstandardsBIS-FAO

DrinkingstandardsIS:10500

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Conclusion: - The goal of environmental sustainability is to conserve naturalresources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution.The disappearance and deterioration in quality of natural ponds thus impacts theregional agriculture environment in our state and County. Understanding thequality of water is as important as that of its quantity, since, it is the main factordetermining the suitability of water for drinking, domestic, agricultural andindustrial purposes[8]. All present investigation results shows that the AMBHAPond water is not fit for drinking purpose. Notable high values of pH, TDS, TotalHardness also indicate that this ¡ter cannot refer to use for bathing, Fishing andirrigation without proper treatments. So, there is a need of awareness among thelocal people to maintain the ¡ter quality of pond AMBHA. Intermittant cleaningof this pond by local authorities may helpful to retain ¡ter purity.

REFERENCES1. Trivedi P, Bajpai A ,Thareja S. Comparative Study of Seasonal Variation in Physico–

Chemical Characteristics in Drinking water Quality of Kanpur, India WithReference To 200 MLD Filteration Plant and Ground water. Nature and science2010; 8(4): 11-17.

2. Downing, J.A., Emerging Global Role of Small Lakes and Ponds: Little ThingsMean a Lot. Limnetica,29(1): 9-23 (2010)

3. Bhuiyan JR, Gupta S. A comparative hydrobiological study of a few ponds of BarakValley, Assam and their role as sustainable ¡ter resources. J Environ Biol. 2007;28(4):799-802.

4. Akpofure rim-rukeh 'Physicochemical and biological characteristics of stagnantwater bodies (pond and lakes) used for drinking and domestic purpose in NigerDelte, Nigeria”,Journal of environmental protection., 2013; 4: 920-928.

5. Priyanka Chugh, Amarjit kaur,Harpreet kaur,satish Kumar and H.S.Sahota effectof each parameter on the quality of ¡ter individually”, International Journal ofenvironmental Sciences., 2014; 5(3): 2014.

6. Sachin Mishra, Asha Lata Singh,Dhanesh Ti¡ry 'Studies of Physicochemical status ofthe ponds at Varanasi Holy City under Anthrapogenic influences”, InternationalJournal of environmental research and Development, ISSN2249-3131., 2014; 4(3): 261-268.

7. Chhattisgarh Population Census Data 2011, http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/chhattisgarh.html,

8. Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited (A Govt. ofChhattisgarh Undertaking) http://www.csidc.in/fpp.htm

9. APHA, AWWA, WPCF (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and ¡stewater, 21st edition. American Public Health Association, washington

10.S. Venkates¡ran, M. Elangomannan, M. Suresh, Prabhu MV. Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Ground¡ter Using GIS–A case Study of ChinnarSubbasin, Cauvery River, Tamil Nadu, India. CLEAR IJRAGS. 2011;1(1).

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ISSN : 0975-3664, RNI : U.P.BIL/2012/43696, UGC NO. : 41386SHODH-DHARA ; JUN 2018; Vol. 2; P. 293 -297

I.INTRODUCTIONIndia’s economy is the fourth largest in the world. More than 70 per cent of

Indian population lives in villages and 80 per cent of our poor also live in ruralareas [1]. India will become a developed nation only after the development ofrural India. Information technology which consists of digital processing, storageand communication of information of all kinds is [2] a powerful and productivetool which can accelerate economic and social development in rural areas. Therural population is primarily based on agriculture and farming. ICT services canbe utilized for providing accurate, timely, relevant information and services to thefarmers, thereby creating an environment for more remunerative agriculture.Through internet, farmers can get information about improving and increasingtheir production by adopting latest techniques, crop production technologies,weather update, agro finance and market a¡reness. They can connect to local,national as well as international markets and get better price for their product

Information Technology as a Tool for Developingand Empowering Rural India

Kiran SahuAsstt. Prof., Deptt. of CSIT, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh


AbstractToday the whole world is witnessing revolutionary changes brought about by

information technology. Be it business, defense, agriculture, education, or any othersector of economy. Information and communication technology services havecompletely transformed human activities. Information technology has been verypivotal in socio economic development and advancement of nations. India is not anexception. The technological revolution brought about by ICT services has alsocontributed a lot in rejuvenating the Indian economy. Major portions of India’spopulation resides in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture and farming.So for the development and progress of our country, there is need to focus on ruraldevelopment. Information technology has huge potential to change the face of ourrural India. The government of India has adopted various schemes to promote ITadoption in rural areas for their benefits and progress which in turn will beinstrumental in accelerating the growth of our economy. This paper attempts tohighlight various aspects of IT/ICT services for the development and enhancementof rural India and various schemes that have been launched to provide IT servicesin rural areas.


Key words : Information Technology, Economy, Rural Development

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.Access to basic amenities like education, health services, availing benefits ofvarious government schemes will become easier through the usage of ICT tools.Through the usage of ICT services we can connect rural population to whole nationas well as the world. They can have easy access to financial and banking servicesas and when required, various government schemes launched for their benefitswhich ¡s otherwise very difficult due to hierarchy of channels involved can beaccessed with transparency. Their standard of living and quality of life will alsoimprove. We can bring the rural population to the mainstream of India’s economyand make them actively participate in the development of our nation.But in India there is huge digital divide i.e. gap between implementation of ITservices in urban and rural areas due to a number of factors like lack of digitalliteracy and a¡reness, connectivity problems in remote areas ,unavailability ofproper bandwidth ,high cost incurred in setting up proper infrastructure, languagebarrier etc. Due to which major section of rural population is devoid of basicservices and opportunities and get isolated from the mainstream of Indian economy.There is a need to abridge this digital gap among rural and urban population. Thegovernment of India also recognizes huge potential of IT adoption for thedevelopment of rural India and has launched a number of schemes. In next sectionwe discuss some of the remarkable and concrete measures undertaken by theGOI for promotion of ICT services in rural India.II. Schemes for providing IT/ICT services in rural areas

Government as well as private organizations has taken a number ofinitiatives for providing IT/ICT services in rural areas. Some of the importantmeasures are listed below:2.1. Financial Inclusion- [3] The majority of people in rural areas do not haveaccess to the banking and financial services and as a result they remain isolatedfrom the economic development of the country. In rural India only 33% ofpopulation is included in the formal financial system and situation becomestougher in case of lower income group where only 26% of people form a part offinancial development in the country. Technology is significantly leveraged by theBusiness correspondents (BCs), which are engaged by the banks for providingbanking services to the excluded section of the society especially to the rural areas.BCs are widely using rural internet kiosks and mobile banking network foracquiring customer and back end support. ICT can play an important role incontrolling bad debt by combining it with citizen unique ID and credit ratinginformation. The Rangarajan committees on financial inclusion recommends thenationwide electronic financial inclusion system (NEFIS) that links bank accountsand allow govt. funds to be transferred into them electronically. The funds of Govt.subsidy, scholarships and schemes such as MGNREGS which is focused to¡rdsrural areas, can be directly transferred into bank accounts which is linked with

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national unique ID of the people under govt. direct benefit transfer scheme (DBT).NEFIS, will be very instrumental in extending the access of formal financial systemto the under privileged and financially excluded sections of the society.2.2. CSC (Common Services Centers): [4] The CSC is a strategic cornerstoneof the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP), approved by the Government in May2006, as part of its commitment in the National Common Minimum Programmeto introduce e-governance on a massive scale. CSCs offer web-enabled e-governanceservices in rural areas, including application forms, certificates, and utilitypayments such as electricity, telephone and water bills.2.3. ITC's e-choupal : e-choupal, an initiative of ITC's Agri Business Division,one of India's largest exporters of agricultural commodities, [5] a conglomerate inIndia, that directly links with rural farmers through the Internet for procurementof agricultural and aquaculture products like soybeans, wheat, coffee, and prawns.e-Choupal tackles the challenges posed by Indian agriculture, characterized byfragmented farms, weak infrastructure and the involvement of intermediaries.The program installs computers with Internet access in rural areas of India tooffer farmers up-to-date marketing and agricultural information. Online accessenables farmers to obtain information on mandi prices, and good farming practices,and to place orders for agricultural inputs like seeds and fertilizers. This helpsfarmers improve the quality of their products, and helps in obtaining a betterprice. Since the introduction of e-Choupal services, farmers have seen a rise intheir income levels because of a rise in yields, improvement in quality of output,and a fall in transaction costs. Even small farmers have gained from the initiative.Farmers can get real-time information despite their physical distance from themandis. The system saves procurement costs for ITC Limited. The farmers do notpay for the information and knowledge they get from e-Choupals; the principle isto inform, empower and compete. E-market place for spot transactions and supportservices to futures exchange. At present the e-Choupal concept reaches 4 millionfarmers.2.4. Info Kiosks: [7] Set up by the government as a rural version of cyber caféInfokiosks provide basic communication facilities like Internet connection andtelecommunication services in Rural India. The projects of Info- Kiosksare very popular in Andra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujrat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra,Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and have contributedremarkablyin the development of the rural area.2.5. Kissan Kerala- [8] Karshaka Information Systems Services And Networking(KISSAN) is an integrated, multi-modal delivery of agricultural informationsystem, which provides several dynamic and useful information and advisoryservices for the farming community across Kerala. The Project is officially launchedon 1st November 2003 (Kerala day). It is one of the leading citizen centric e-

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governance projects of the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Kerala. The project¡s conceived, developed and managed by the Indian Institute of InformationTechnology and Management- Kerala for the Department of Agriculture, Govt. ofKerala. The basic objective of this project is to provide "Right Information to theRight Person(s) at the Right Time in the Right Place(s) and in the Right Context"dynamically using a combination of advanced technology like Web Technology,Television based mass media programs, Telephone based advisory, Mobile SMSbased advisory and broadcast service, dedicated online Agri video channel providesvideo on demand service etc, which, involves effective collaboration of expertsfrom key organizations for effective information delivery and knowledgeempowerment on demand seamlessly to all farmers across Kerala.

The key feature of KISSAN is the integrated service delivery model thatmakes available to the experts from any agriculture related organization any mixor all of the above modes of communications to reach timely and effective assistanceto farmers anywhere in the state.2.6. Community Information Centers: [9] Department of Electronics andInformation Technology (DEIT) had taken up an initiative in February 2002 forsetting up of Community Information Centers (CICs) in the hilly, far-flung ruralareas of the country to bring the benefits of ICT (Information and CommunicationTechnologies) to the people for socio-economic development of these regions andto alleviate the digital divide between urban and non-urban areas. The initiativewhich ¡s as a follow up to the special package announced by PM (Prime Minister)to the North Eastern States has been extended to Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) inFebruary 2004, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Islands inFebruary 2005. These CICs are a citizen interface for IT enabled e-Governmentservices and training.Conclusion

Today India has become the leading IT giant in the world. Informationtechnology has brought historic revolutions in our country by accelerating thegrowth and development of Indian economy. It has made remarkable contributionsto GDP, revenues, exports, foreign direct investment and employment. IT/ ICTtools have also proved to be an important tool for the development of rural areaswhich were otherwise considered as backward plagued by poverty, illiteracy,unemployment, poor sanitation etc. But the deployment of modern age IT /ICTtools in rural areas has completely changed the scenario. Now people in ruralareas feel more empowered and independent.[6]ICT measure taken by the centre,state and private organizations for agriculture like ITC’s e-choupal, kissan kerala,Aaqua, Rice knowledge management portal, e-krishi, Mahindra Kisan Mitra,IFFCO Agri-portal, Village knowledge centers (VKCs), have proved to be blessingsfor our farmers who are completely dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.

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ICT is facilitating the socio-economic development in rural India by providingfacilities by ¡y of health, education, financial services and employmentopportunities etc. Slowly the digital gap between rural and urban areas will vanishwith ‘e’ and ‘m’ services in rural sectors. IT tools are playing a very crucial role inthe sustainable development of our rural India and has brought them to themainstream of our economy.

REFERENCES[1] http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/The-developmental-challenge-

in-rural-India/article14744156.ece[2] Gulati, A. G. (2011). Role of ICTs in Rural Development. kurukshetra a journal

on rural development,60(3), 2-7.[3] Bansal, S. (2014). Perspective of Technology in Achieving Financial Inclusion in

Rural India (Vol. 11, pp. 472-480). Elsevier B.V.[4] http://meity.gov.in/content/csc-scheme[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Choupal[6] http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-05-22/Transforming-

agriculture-with-e-technology/301765[7] Sharma, P. (2011). Impact of information technology on the development of rural

economy of India. International Journal of Information Technology andKnowledge Management,4(1), 187-190.

[8] http://www.kissankerala.net[9] https://archive.india.gov.in/sectors/communication/index.php?id=6

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Development of a nation is generally viewed as economic development of acountry. This is partly true. In real sense, a nation is called developed whendevelopment takes place in the entire field of Economic, Politics, Social, Culture,Education, Sports, Science and Technology. The spiritual development is uniquefor our country. Now-a-days without the development of women, nationaldevelopment is partial. Men and women are equal in all walks of life. Now GenderDiscrimination is to be fully eliminated in the development process. Seven toeight decades ago, queen Elizabeth, a women, ruler of Great Britain, About 100yearsago, Rani Ahilya Bai ¡s ruling central india. During her time, multidirectionaldevelopmental projects were taken place for the benefit of common people.

A family is a primary unit of a country. Country is built by family members.Male & female both united & make a family. For its smooth running contributionof male & female are equally important just like two wheels of a cart. Slowly andslowly women are getting much importance in national wealth building activities.Women are now no more a mere house wife. Besides managing the daily familychores we may find women working as entrepreneurs, professors, engineersscientists, politician, economists, lawyers and other professionals. They are earningbig name in respective fields.

In ancient age, ladies like sati Anusuiya, Pingla, Ahilya, Kaikeyee, Tara etchave immensely contributed in social development of their country. In Past RaniLaxmi Bai, Rani Durgawati, Queen Ahilya etc. had played vital role in political

Role of Women In Nation's DevelopmentMrs. Alka Shukla

Asst. Prof., English, Navin Govt. College, Pamgarh, Champa, Chattisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractDevelopment of a nation is generally viewed as economic development of a

country. This is partly true. In real sense, a nation is called developed whendevelopment takes place in the entire field of Economic, Politics, Social, Culture,Education, Sports, Science and Technology. The spiritual development is uniquefor our country. Now-a-days without the development of women, nationaldevelopment is partial. Men and women are equal in all walks of life. Now GenderDiscrimination is to be fully eliminated in the development process. Seven to eightdecades ago, queen Elizabeth, a women, ruler of Great Britain, About 100 yearsago,Rani Ahilya Bai ¡s ruling central india. During her time, multidirectionaldevelopmental projects were taken place for the benefit of common people.


Key words : Role of Women, Nation Development and Role of Women

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advancement. Now-a-days Ministry of Defence and ministry of external Affairs ofIndia are being headed successfully by women. Some of our state chief ministersare women namely Mamta Banerjee, Vasundhara Raje & Mehbooba Mufti. Someof our Business Houses are also headed by women.

Swami Vivekanand addressed Dharm Sansad at Chicago of America on 11Sept. 1893 by beginning with the words "sisters and brothers of America ". Itattracted the attention of all the world leaders present in that conference. Thesetwo words introduced India to the world map Woman is not less important inIndia. They are respected in all spheres of human life that too is nationalDevelopment.ECONOMIC – Strong financial management of a country is our importantindicator of country's development. Growth of foreign exchange reserve, sensitivityindex, country's currency convertibility to dollar, manufacturing sector,productivity in farm sector etc. are viewed is measure of economic growth. Ourcountry is scaling new heights of growth year-on-year continuously. In economicdevelopment our women folk are contributing continually. Our rural women havemade women self Help Group (WHSP) to boost their family economy. Some of ourbanks and business houses are headed by women like Indira Nui, Shikha Sharma,Arundhati Bhattacharya, a few more to name. Lot many women are working inmanufacture of Tile and clock in Kutch Gujarat, Some of banks are managed byeducated women. Women are the backbone of labor work force in farm sector andbuilding construction industries. Present Government is active in involving femalecandidates in the business. Women entrepreneurship is being developed in districtand state level. As a result women will also contribute in managing small businesshouses and economic development of the country.POLITICS – During the Pre-independence period, Politics ¡s dominated by maleaspirants. Very few women like sucheta kripalani, Smt. Indira Gandhi, Vijaya RajeSindhia, Vijay Laxmi Pandit were active in Indian politics, Reservation for womenin electoral process has given a boost to political field. In present political scenario,women cabinet ministers like Sushma S¡raj, Nirmala Sitaraman, Menka Gandhiand Smriti Irani, are successfully managing their respective Ministry. Ratherthey are viewed as forerunner in national leadership. Similarly Smt. Vasundhararaje, Didi Mamta BanerJee and Mehbooba Mufti are heading three stateGovernments as Chief Ministers.CULTURE-One of the British scholar told, if you ¡nt to let down the countrythen you first deprive the countrymen by their culture and language British peopleand Mughals did the same. If you ¡nt to hold your head high you tell "We areIndian first". One should have belongingness to their country. Amongst theeducated people in our urban areas our culture is diminishing but in the ruralarea our primitive cultures are alive. The folk dances, songs based nature sung

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by women, Nritya-Natika, rural drama all are mostly dominated by women actors."Tijan Bai Singing and dancing on Mahabharat play tune have widely praisedworld wide. Routnacha, Haldikum-kum, celebration, lighting earthem pot (Diya)during Deepa¡li are all celebrated by active participation of woman members.SOCIAL- ^ôlq/kSo dqVqEcde** is slogan of our Indian society. Mother, father, wife,husband, son and daughter only all considered in our family at present. But it isnot entirely true. Entire world is considered our family. According to our Indiansociety, Mother Teresa, Maa Anandmayee, Medha Patkar etc. considered entireworld as their own family. Maa, Sita and Maa Parvati considered themselves as amother of human being.

In the earlier time, the Muslim women were getting raw deal. They werekept oppressed & suppressed by the process of Triple Talaq & dowry system, OnAugust 22, 2017 the supreme Court judgment held triple talaq to be violative ofthe fundamental right fcontained under Article 14 of the constitution and agreedwith the ruling given by the supreme court in Shamim Ara case in 2002 whichhad laid down the correct law of divorce as ordained in Quran as (I) that Talaqmust be for a reason able cause and that it must be preceded by an attempt ofreconciliation between the husband and wife by two arbitrators. If their attemptsfail, talaq may be effected, Abolition of such prevailing evil tradition like talaq,dowry system will be a step further to¡rds the development of women as life.EDUCATION & SPORTS – Even after Independence, education system of ourcountry ¡s prevailing as prescribed by lord Macaulay. The same system is continuedat present, with some modification taken place time to time. Focus is being givento¡rds science and technology based education Pattern. It is getting changed to¡rdsskill development and self employment based education. Information Technologybased education along with the higher education, people are being imparted joboriented training coupled with necessary skills useful in practical life. In Meritlist of final examination results women students are topping the list. It shows thedevelopment of educated women aspiring for jobs in various field. Working womenmany find places in Information technology, defence, aviation, manufacturing andgeneral office work.

In sports, our country women are participating in Cricket, football,badminton, wresting, kabaddi etc which were considered to be male dominatedgames. Some of our women are signing in international sports. Women likeSaina Mirza, Saina Neh¡l, P.V. Sindhu are rising stars in international games.Bachendri Paul had scaled mount Everest in mountaineering. Late Kalpanachowla of Indian origin ¡s space craft woman. In the field of entertainment womenactresses are signing in almost all the films. Some of the leading actresses areHemamalini, Rekha, Vaijayanti Mal, Asha Pareek, Dipika Padukone etc.SPIRITUALITY –Spirituality is our national heritage in global scenario. It is a

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soul of our country, India. India is perhaps the only country in the world wherespiritual life is prevalent in childhood, youth, youngsters, and old age people. Ourmorning begins with words like Matri Devo Bhav, Pitri devo bhav, Sury devoBhav etc. Religious discourses were delivered by men earlier. Now-a-days, manyfemale saints have started delivering spiritual discourses on the religious bookslike shri mad Bhag¡t Gita, Shrimad Bhaga¡t, Shivpuran, Mahabharat, Upanishadsetc. Some of our woman saint have acquired advance knowledge in spirituality.Hundreds and thousands of people sit to listen patiently. They are successfullyimparting eternal knowledge like yoga, chintan on Atma and parmatma to attainmoksh which is ultimate aim of human life. Some of the learned women impartingreligious discourses are Prachi Devi, Jaya Kishori, Sadhvi chitralekha Deviji,Sadhvi Aditi Bharati etc. These religious female saints occupying important placein the life of Indian folk.

Government of India have launched some women friendly schemes for thedevelopment of female population.

Some of these are:-(i) Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao Scheme. (ii) "Sukanya Samridhi" Scheme.(iii) "Women entrepreneur Development Scheme."(iv) "Women empowerment" scheme.

Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao is social campaign of the Government of Indiathat aims to generate a¡reness and improve the efficiency of welfare servicesintended for girls. The scheme ¡s launched with an initial fund of Rs. 100/- crores.The scheme also encompasses save girl child in mother's womb without aborting.Help girl child in getting higher education without gender discrimination.

Women entrepreneurship development is the process of improving theskills and knowledge of entrepreneurs through various training and classroomprograms. They learn entrepreneurs enterprise and society. It is a practice meantto improve entrepreneurial skills among people. In other word, it is the inculcation,advancement and grooming of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed toestablish and successfully run an enterprise.

Thus, we find that our country's women face is signing in the field ofeducation, science & technology, sports and entertainment.

REFERENCES1. Chhattopadhyay, S.K., industrial sickness in india, New Delhi: Sage Publications,

1995.2. Agrawal, A.N., Indian Economy, Problems of Development and Planning, Wiley

Eastern Ltd.Delhi, 1995.3. Agra¡l, A.K., North Eastern Economy-Problems and Prospectus: Mittal Publication

New Delhi, 1988.

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Introduction: National development is the ability of a country to improve thesocial welfare of the people e.g. by providing social amenities like quality education,portable water facility, transportation, infrastructure, medical care etc. IndustrialSector is of great importance for economic development of country. It is historicalfact that countries with strong industrial sector have showed more economicgrowth and development industrial sector have shows improvement in nationalincome and promoted living standard of population. Industrial development playsa pivotal role in economic uplift. It raises the productive capacity of the peopleand creates ever-increasing employment opportunities. The people thus can havemore goods and service: leisure and better health denied the previous generations.Industrial development reduces dependence on agricultural exports to earn badly-needed foreign exchange. An industrialized nation is al¡ys economically strongerand thus capable of defending itself against any aggression.

Industry refers to the economic activities which are connected withconversion of resources into useful goods. The term industry is used for activitiesin which mechanical and technical skills are involved. Industry is divided intothree categories primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.Primary industry includes industry that deals in obtaining natural materials likeagriculture, forestry, mining etc. Secondary industry means that converts the rawmaterials provided by primary industry into commodities and products for theconsumer, manufacturing industry. Tertiary industry is the segment of economy

Role of Economic and Industrial Sector in National DevelopmentMira Tandon

Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Naveen Government College, Pamgarh,Champa, Chasttisgarh,¼Received :10 May 2018½

AbstractThis paper reviews the role of economic and industrial sector in the nation

growth. The paper shows the importance of industrial sector. National developmentcompromises integrated development of all other sector related to agriculture, power,transport and other services. Industrialization refers to the process of change inthe technology used to produce goods and services. Industrialization has a majorrole to play in the economic development of the developing countries. It helps ingenerating more employment opportunities and increases standard of living. It istherefore conclude on the basis of the reviewed that industrial sector play asignificant role in the national development of a country.


Key words : National Sector, Development, Economic, Industries.

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that provides services to its consumer, this includes a wide range of businessessuch as financial institutions, restaurants etc. Main industries of our countryare: textiles industry, chemical industry, food processing industry, steel industry,textile industry. Cement industry, petroleum industry, machinery, soft¡re,pharmaceuticals, transportation equipments.

The information technology industry continues to be the largest privatesector employer in India. India is the third largest startup hub in the world withover 3100 technology startups in 2014-15. The industry sector has held a steadyshare of its economic contribution 26% of GDP in 2013-14. Growth rate ofindustrial sector is estimated to moderate to 5.2% in 2016-17 from 7.4% last fiscalyear. During april- november 2016, a modest growth in electricity generation offsetby moderation in mining and manufacturing.Importance of Economic and Industrial Sector in National DevelopmentHigher standard of Living: Industrialization helps in increasing the value ofoutput per worker. The income of the labour, due to higher productivity increases.The rise in income raises the living standard of the people.Economic Stability : Industrial sector also helps government to stabilize pricein country when goods are available in sufficient quantity, there is no change ofincreasing prices of these items. Industrialization is the best ¡y of providingeconomic stability to the country. A nation which depends upon the productionand export of raw material alone cannot achieve a rapid rate.Improvement in Balance of Payments : Industrial sector earns a good amountof foreign exchange for the country which is used for repairing national debt andfor important of machinery etc. Industrialization brings structural changes inthe pattern of foreign trade of the country. It helps in increasing the export ofmanufactured goods and thus earns foreign exchange. On the other hand theprocessing of raw material at home curtails the import of goods and thereby helpsin conserving foreign exchange.Agricultural Development : Industrial Sector is also important and helpful inagricultural development. Because it provides fertilizers pesticides, seeds,machinery etc, agricultural sector these things promotes agricultural development.Industrialization provides machinery like tractors, thrashers, harvesters,bulldozers, aerial spray etc. to be used in the farm sector. The increased use ofmodem inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in theincome of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country.Increase in Employment : Industrial Sector provides employment to majorityof population. This sector provides employment to both skilled and unskilledlabour. According to one estimate more that 50% of total labor force is employedin industry. Developed industrial sector can absorb millions of unemployed whichwill increase not only the income level but also the standard of living.

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Modern Defense : Modern defense cannot be put on a sound footing unless itsbasic needs are met from within the country itself and these basic needs are mainlysupplied by modem industry, in the present times it have become more importantas we surrounded by enemies.Stimulates Progress of Other Industries : Development of one industryleads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance: theconstruction of a transistor radio plant develops the small battery industry (back¡rdlinkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of productionice cream. Cone cream plants, etc.Promotes Specialization : Industrialization promotes specialization of labor.The division of work increases the marginal value product of labor. The income ofworker in the industrial sector is therefore, higher than that of a worker inagricultural sector.Increased Saving and Investment : Industrialization increases the incomeof the workers. It enhances their capacity to save. The voluntary savings stimulateindustrial growth and by cumulative effect lead to further expansion of industry.Large Scope for Technological Progress : Industrialization provides largerscope for on the job-training and technological progress. The use of advancetechnology increases the scale of production, reduces cost of production. Improvesquality of the product and helps in widening of the market.Increase in the Government Revenue : Industrial sector increases revenueof Government because industrial sector pays different type of taxes to governmentlike Excise Duty, Custom Duty, Corporate Tax, Sales Tax. Industrializationincreases the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The exportof goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxeslevied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the state.Easy to Control Industrial Activity : The industrial activity compared toagricultural is easy to control. The industrial production can be expanded or cutdown according to the price, cost and demand of the product.Reduction in the Rate of Population Growth : Industrialization leads tomigration of surplus labor from farm sector to the industries mostly situated inurban centers. In cities, improved facilities of sanitation and health care areavailable. People through the adoption of family planning measures, reduce therate of population growth.Diversification of Economy : Industrialization eliminates dependence onagriculture only. By exporting finished and industrial goods we can earn a lot ofmoney as compared to exporting raw materials.Import Substitutes : With developed industrial sector we cannot only producesubstitute of imported goods but we can export them to other countries. Thereforedependence on other countries and deficit in balance of trade and balance of

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payments can be decreased and we may be able to save foreign exchange.Extension of Market : Extension of market depends on the quantity of demand.There is a demand of finished products within and outside the country. Withincrease in industrial production we can supply goods to far-off places and to othercountries and extend market which may help in economic development.Increase in Rate of Economic Development : Agriculture, minerals, transportand communication trade and other sector of the economy mainly depend onindustrial sector. Developed industrial sector means development and economicwelfare of the individuals.Political Stability : In international market, those countries are enjoying higherliving standards which we industrially developed. They not only receive higherprices for their exports and earn foreign exchange but their financial and politicalcondition also become more stable.Increase in Social Welfare : Industrial sector is also plays great role in socialwelfare this sector meets different needs of society like food and fiber requirementof population. Industrial development increases the revenue of the governmentwhich is spent on the welfare of people. New roads, dams, buildings and parks areconstructed.Reduces Imports : Imports of country can be reduced by establishing industriesof those goods that are being imported from other countries in this ¡y nationalforeign exchange service can be saved.Scale of Production : Increased Production will expand the scale of productionwith the result cost of production will be decreased and the profit will be increasedfor the business people.Efficiency of Labour : Industries will make the people hardworking and willgo a long ¡y to increase their efficiency. Industrial units helps in improvingefficiency of labour.National Defense Requirement : Industrial Sector also meets national defenserequirement. Defense is very important requirement of every country industrialsector provide modern arms and other equipment’s for defense.

About Chhattisgarh: Information OnIndustries, Geography, Economy & GSDPLatest update: November, 2017

The major obstacles to acceleratedindustrial growth are:a) high incidence of domestic taxes;b) outdated labour laws;c) difficulties involved in dealing with

industrial sickness;d) continued existence of inefficient public

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sector enterprises; ande) relatively rigid factor markets operating in India.Measures: The major policy initiatives to accomplish our vision for the industrialsector would include the following measures:- Comprehensive reform of the existing indirect tax structure including excise, customs,

sales tax and local taxes to ensure that the domestic firms in India carry the sameoverall tax burden as their global counterparts in the respective industries.

- Adoption of new comprehensive labour legislation that would reflect the maincharacteristic features of best labour legislations observed globally.

- Enactment of the bankruptcy law to facilitate closure of inefficient and non-viable units.

Conclusion : From the above discussion it is clear that no doubt Industrial sectorhas much importance for economic development without industrial sector nocountry can make progress in this modern world. Economic and industrial sectorplays a pivotal role in national development. The study concludes that Rapidindustrial growth helps in increasing government revenue, employmentopportunities, increasing savings and investment, large scope for technologicalimprovement. Agriculture is the backbone of industry as well as for the economy.Agriculture and industry are like two hands of the India economy, without whichthe economy neither can be functioned nor can be survived. So it is necessary fora developing country to give importance to both agriculture as well as industryparticularly in the initial stages of economic development. To attend a higherlevel of growth with desire level of development in India, industry as well asagriculture should develop simultaneously. An industry without compromisingagriculture and vice-versa should be the main agenda of the Indian policy to attenda balanced economic growth with sustainable development in the economy. Boththe sectors should be considered as they are complementary to each other rathersubstitute. There is a big role of economic and industrial sector in nationaldevelopment.

REFERENCES1. Chhattopadhyay, S.K., industrial sickness in india, New Delhi, Sage Publications, 1995.2. Ahmad, J.U., Industrialization in North-Eastern Region, Mittal Publications, New

Delhi, 2007.3. Agrawal, A.N., Indian Economy, Problems of Development and Planning, Wiley

Eastern Ltd.Delhi, 1995.4. Ahmed, S.F., Problems Prospects of Cottage Industry in India, Anmol Publications,

New Delhi, 1989.5. Agrawal, A.K., North Eastern Economy-Problems and Prospectus: Mittal

Publication New Delhi, 1988.6. Agra¡l, A.K., 'Industry of Mizoram’ in A. Banerjee and B. Kar(ed.) Economic Planning

and Development of Northeastern States, Kaniska Publishers , New Delhi, 1999.

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Literature and society both are intertwined with each other. Literature isreflection of society. Literature draws its inspiration from society’s political,sociological aspirations. Indian writings in English and the idea of nationalismare deeply related to each other. The idea of nationalism has been in the literatureof English right from its inception.

In India, English made its ¡y through the advent of East India Company.This British Company came India with trading and commercial purposes but laterdominated the whole of Indian subcontinent by usurping power. It ¡s after 1830sthat British government decided to introduce English to the Indian masses, albeitwith a devious purpose. Thomas Babington Macaulay, the architect of Englisheducation in India envisaged Minutes on Indian Education written in 1835.Macaulay mentioned is ulterior motive to introduce English in the country, 'Wemust do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and themillions whom we govern, a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but Englishin taste, in opinions, words and intellect” (141).

The clandestine motive of the British to introduce English in the country¡s to delay the process of self a¡reness in Indians. Ironically, gradually English

Indian Writing in English and The Idea of NationalismDr. Nidhi Mishra

Asst. Prof. English, Govt Naveen Law College, Bhatapara, Chhatisgarh¼Received : 10 May 2018½

AbstractLiterature and society both are intertwined with each other. Literature is

reflection of society. Literature draws its inspiration from society’s political,sociological aspirations In India, English made its ¡y through the advent of EastIndia Company. After the independence, with ushering of new found freedom, thenew generation of writers entered the literary arena. Partition of India has beenone of the oft repeated themes in Indian writer’s works. The year 1980 ¡s one of themost crucial years in the history of literature. This ¡s the year when SalmanRushdie’s book Midnight Children ¡s published and won several accolade. Thisevent drew world’s attention to Indian literature in English. Today scores of talentedwriters are writing in English are fathoming cultural diversity of India. They areexploring every possible theme and genre available. In their works we see a richblend of modernism and mysticism, rural and urban, foreign and national.Altogether, it can be said that the idea of nationalism has been growing strong inIndian writing in English since its inception.


Key words : Society in Indian Writing, Nationalism in Indian Writing

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started to become vehicle of resistance. Early writers like Toru Datta, Sri.Aurobindo, Sarojini Naidu, Ravindranath Tagore manifested strain of resistancein their writings. Tagore in his seminal work Geetanjali (Song Offerings) translatedin 1912 exhorted people of the nation to give up worn out customs and traditionsand embrace new life full of knowledge and wisdom. To quote Tagore: Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high.......... Into that heavens of freedom, My father, let my country a¡ke (162).

Then came the writings of Mulk Raj Anand, R. K. Narayana and Raja Rao.This trio dominated the literary scene in the decades of 1930s to 1950s. Thesethree in their own inimitable style wrote about frustrations of British rule andyearning for freedom. Mulk Raj Anand often wrote about socio economic andpolitical upheavals in the country. His most famous works are Untouchable ( 1935)and Coolie (1936). Untouchable depicts the stigma of lower caste people and therigid caste system of India. Coolie is also a story of a rural poor boy Munoo, whostarts working as a Coolie or porter in town. Anand made his mark in writing‘problem novels’. Just opposite of Mulk Raj Anand ¡s R.K. Narayana. Narayana ¡sa local colourist. Right from S¡mi and his Friends (1935) to The Painter of Signs(1977), Narayana ¡s more keen to show colourful rustic life of southern India.He contrasted serene life of Indians to that of shallow foggy .life of English people.Raja Rao’s most seminal has been the novel Kanthapura (1938). Rao draws heavilyfrom freedom struggle of India and the teachings of Gandhi ji. Rao tells howMoorthy, a young Brahmin becomes disciple of Gandhi ji and protests againstBritish laws and injustice and existing social stigmas like untouchability and thecaste system. In the end of the novel, he changes the hearts and minds of histownspeople.

After the independence, with ushering of new found freedom, the newgeneration of writers entered the literary arena. After the decade of 1950s, writerssuch as Kamla Markandeya, Attia Hossain, Khush¡nt Simngh, Ruth Pra¡r Jhab¡la,Santha Ram, Ruskin Bond, Mohan Malgaonkar, Arun Joshi Anita Desai, andShashi Pandey dominated the scene. These writers were in search of their identityand dreamt of a future in new changing India. Kamla Markandeya, Shashi Pandey,Anita Desai ushered feminism in Indian writings. They fathomed the concept ofmodern women in patriarchal India. These writers were writing post modernisticnovels.

Partition of India has been one of the oft repeated themes in Indian writer’sworks. Partition of the country has been traumatic experience for the nation andits citizens. Writers have manifested the thematic issue of partition in their worksin their own varied ¡ys. One of the most famous works on partition has been

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Khush¡nt Singh’s Train to Pakistan (1956). Sigh depicts the aftermath of bloodypartition and the traumatic experiences of the people. Similarly, Vikram Sethalso fathoms the theme of partition in his iconic novel, A Suitable Boy (1993).The year 1980 ¡s one of the most crucial years in the history of literature. This ¡sthe year when Salman Rushdie’s book Midnight Children ¡s published and wonseveral accolade. This event drew world’s attention to Indian literature in English.After the mid decade of 1980s, there ¡s new surge of talented writers such asAmitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth, Shashi Tharoor, Rohinton Mistry, Arundhati Roy,Chitra Bannerjee, Kiran Desai Jhumpa Lahiri and many more emerged. IndianDiaspora literature made its s¡y, these writers who were immigrants, expatriatesor Indians living abroad as citizens of other counties. They never forgot their‘indianness.’ They have explored varied themes like post modernism, culturalalienation, quest of identity, culture conflict etc. They often lament the loss oftheir homeland. To quote Salman Rushdie, '.....one physical alienation from Indiaat almost inevitably means that we will not be capable of redeeming precisely thething that ¡s lost, that will, in short, create fictions not actual cities or villages, butinvisible ones, imaginary homelands, Indians of mind” (10).

Today scores of talented writers are writing in English are fathomingcultural diversity of India. They are exploring every possible theme and genreavailable. In their works we see a rich blend of modernism and mysticism, ruraland urban, foreign and national. Altogether, it can be said that the idea ofnationalism has been growing strong in Indian writing in English since itsinception.

Work Cited:1. Macualy, Thomas Babington. Begining Postcolonialism by John McLeod.

Manchester: Manchester U. P. 2000. Print.2. Rushdie, Salman. Imaginary Homelands. London: Granta Books, 1991. Print.3. Tagore, Ravindranath. The Complete Poems of Rabindranath Tagor’s Gitanjali:

Texts and Critical Evaluation by S.K. Paul .New Delhi: Sarup and Sons. Print.

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Introduction:The effectiveness of herbal products has been known since ages. The plant

derived medicines have made a major impact on human health and well being.India has a rich flora of medicinal plant species that are widely distributedthroughout the country.The importance of plants as medicine is known since oldentimes, as they have the ability to produce a wide range of chemicals compoundsthat are used to perform important biological functions and provide a shield againstinsects, fungi,herbivores,mammals(Taylor et al.,2001).Different parts of plantslike root , bark ,seed,and leaves have been used as an important source of medicines, since thousands of years( Kunjal et al.,2014). Traditionally, plants have provideda foundation as well as inspiration for the formation of novel drug compoundssince the use of herbs is more safe and cost effective , without any side effects(Uwimbabazi et al., 2015).In recent times a predominant interest has been observedin evaluating different plant extracts for their antimicrobial properties againstvarious types of bacteria responsible for different types of human infection.Onesuch tree with great healing power is Neem tree(Mamman et al.,2013; Gajendraet al., 2012). It is very common , its importance has been recognised by U.S.National Academy of Science which published a report in 1992 entitled “ Neem atree solving global problems”.More than 135 compounds have been isolated fromdifferent parts of the tree. They have been divided into isoprenoid and non-ispprenoid compounds(Kumar and Parmar 1996, Dastagir and Hag 1997, Biswas

The Medicinal Properties of Neem Tree on SoilBacteria: An Ecofriendly Approach

Archana PandeyDeptt. of Microbiology, DLS (PG), College, Sarkanda, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh


AbstractThe present study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity of bark

and leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica commonly called as neem.Ethanol extractswere tested against the bacteria which were isolated from pesticide contaminatedsoils of Baima Nagoi region, Bilaspur (C.G.). The neem material which was usedin the experiment was obtained from a local garden .The effectiveness of the neemextracts was studied by bore well method by applying different concentrations ofthe extracts on the isolated strain and comparing its zone of inhibition with theinhibition zones of different antibiotics.


Key words : Neem Extract, Pesticide, Bacteria, Antibiotics, Antimicrobial Activity,

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et al. 2002).The present study was thus conducted to evaluate the antimicrobialproperties of neem against a bacteria which was isolated from pesticidecontaminated soil.The efficacy of the neem extracts(bark and leaf) was determinedby comparing it with different antibiotics.Materials and Method:

Isolation of Bacteria: To isolate a bacteria from pesticide contaminatedsoil, soil samples were collected from Baima Nagoi region of Bilaspur ,C.G.. Soilsamples were brought in sterile polythene bags and maintained at 40C.Thepesticide degrading strains were isolated by enrichment technique.The selectedstrain was identified by different biochemical tests in the laboratory.Collection of neem samples:

The bark and leaves of Neem tree were collected from a nearby garden.Thematerial was washed with Distilled Water and dried under shade for 6-7 days.Allthe materials were ground in an electric grinder to produce a powder. The materialswere exposed to UV light for 10 minutes for complete sterility. 10 grams of thebark and leaf powder were weighed and dissolved in 1000ml of sterile distilledwater to get 1% concentration .Similarly the concentration of 3%, 6% and 9% wasprepared.Experimental procedure:

A series of Muller Hinton(MH) agar plates were prepared since this mediais commonly used for antibiotic sensitivity tests. The selected strain was spreadonto the MH plates by spread plate method. After few minutes , wells were boredonto the MH plates with the help of cork borer.Different concentrations of neemextracts( bark and leaf) were added into the wells along with antibiotics. Theplates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hrs. After incubation the plates were observedfor the zone of inhibition.Result and Discussion:

A total six strains were identified from pesticide contaminated field viz. C1,C3,C4,C6,C7 and C10. out of these strains only one strain(C1) was found to be mostpotent strain as visible by its capacity, to degrade maximum concentration of thepesticide methyl parathion.The strain was identified in the laboratory by detailedbiochemical tests as Achromobacter sp C1. Since ancient times the healing andmedicinal properties of neem has been known.The neem tree is a store house ofdifferent chemicals which are used to prepare different herbal medicines. Itsimportance has been recognised by U.S. National Academy of Science whichpublished a report in 1992 entitled “ Neem a tree solving global problems”. Morethan 135 compounds have been isolated from different parts of the tree. Thus thepresent study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of neem (barkand leaf extract).As clearly seen from the Table 1-3 that, both the extracts hadsignificant effect on the inhibition of the test strain C1 as visible from the zone of

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inhibition when compared with the different antibiotics. However as comparedto the bark extract, the leaf extract was more effective at all concentrations moresignificantly at concentration of 9%. Several researches in past have studied theantibiotic ability of plant derived products. Murray et al. evaluated the possibleuse of Morinda citrifolia juice as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite as anirrigants. Mimusops elengi commonly called as bakul has found an importantplace in indigenous system of medicine.The bark of it is acrid, astringent and isused as a gargle for odontopathy). , inflammation and bleeding gums. Its tendergums are used as tooth brushes( Purnima etal.,2010; Kritikar et al.,1991 andSatyavati et al.,1987). Okemo et al. stated that crude extract of neem was very effective againstStaphylocococus aureus and E.coli they found that an extract concentration of 0.5mg/ml had significantly reduced the bacterial infection.Awasthy et al. reportedethanol extract of neem was very useful to treat many diseases caused bybacteria.Aslam et al. reported that neem extract was very effective against threebacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium sp. and E.coli Althoughmany drugs that come from tress generally have been replaced by more potentsynthetic ones.

Table1: Shows the zone of inhibition of the different antibioticsused against the test strain(C1)

S.No. Antibiotics used Zone of inhibition(cm)1. Ciprofloxacin 1.92. Erythromycin 1.73. Norflaxacin 1.24. Gentamycin 1.8

Table2: Shows the zone of inhibition of different concentrations ofbark extract of neem used against the test strain(C1)

S.No. Concentration of bark extract Zone of inhibition (cm)1. 1% 1.32. 3% 1.23. 6% 1.64. 9% 1.7

Table3: Shows the zone of inhibition of different concentrations ofleaf extract of neem used against the test strain(C1)

S.No. Concentration of leaf extract Zone of inhibition(cm)1. 1% 1.42. 3% 1.93. 6% 1.94. 9% 2.3

'kks/k /kkjk 313

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