International Summer School "Natural Disasters"

Ljubljana, 21th May – 10th June 2017

ISO 22327: Guidelines for implementation

of a community-based Landslide EWS

Teuku Faisal Fathani

(tfathani@ugm.ac.id)

Universitas Gadjah Mada, IndonesiaIndonesian Standardization Agency (BSN)Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority

Background (Sendai Framework of Action), objectives, users

Existing Guideline/Standard on Landslide EWS

Basic concept: Socio-technical integration

4 key-element by UN-ISDR (2006) and ISO 22327: 7 Sub-systems of Landslide EWS

Implementation of Landslide EWS

Outline

3

Landslide susceptibility map

American Geophysical Union (AGU) (2009)

Background It is difficult to relocate community (peoples) living in landslide

vulnerable area. The most effective DRR effort is to improve

the community’s preparedness by implementing EWS.

Warning system which mainly emphasize on technical

approach mostly does not work properly due to lack of

community awareness with result in poor maintainance and

operation.

Improve community preparedness and willingness to protect

themselves from landslide disasters.

Integration of technical and social system is required to support

the community empowerment program for DRR in landslide

vulnerable area.

Background (cont.)

EWS implementation in the world is in line with the 2015-2030

Sendai Framework for Action with four (4) priorities in DRR :

“The improvement of preparedness

in order to respond effectively to a

disaster, by implementing a simple,

low-cost EWS and improving the

dissemination of information about

EWS of natural disasters at local and

national levels.”

Referring to the four key elements of community-based EWS (UN-

ISDR, 2006), therefore it is necessary to develop a standardization

for landslide EWS

1. Understand disaster risk

2. Strengthen disaster risk

governance to manage

disaster risk

3. Invest in DRR for resilience

4. Invest in disaster

preparedness to enhance

response

Objectives Establishing an International Standard for the implementation of

landslide EWS, by Integrating technical and social networks

Reducing risk from landslide disasters by increasing the

community awareness – preparedness - resilience

Community empowerment with respect to community-based

disaster risk reduction in landslide vulnerable area

Users International organization/institution

Central and local government authority

Private sectors, NGOs

Local community

Existing Guideline/Standard on EWS

Source: Rex L. Baum and Jonathan W. Godt “Early warning of rainfall-induced shallow landslides and debris

flows in the USA” Landlslides © Springer Verlag 2009

Existing Guideline/Standard on EWS (cont.)

Network of Capacity Development

Existing Guideline/Standard on EWS (cont.)

ISO 22327: Landslide Early Warning System

SECTION CONTENT

Scope Specifies the requirement for a landslide

early warning system

Abbreviations, definitions

and terms

For the purpose of the document,

definition of terms/abbrevation are needed

Seven sub-systems of

landslide early warning

system

Specifies all parts of the landslide sub-

systems in detail

Appendices (Informative) Appendices as explanation for the

guidelines

7 Sub-systems of Landslide EWS

Landslide EWS

Risk Assessment

Dissemination and

communication

Establishment of disaster

preparedness organization

Development of evacuation

map and route

Development of Standard Operating

Procedures

Monitoring & warning devices

Evacuation drill

Commitment in operation

and maintenance

4 key element for community-

based EWS (UN-ISDR, 2006)

Concept of Hybrid Socio-Technical System

Risk Assessment• Technical survey on geological

conditions to determine landslide

susceptibility and stable zones.

• Institutional survey to understand

whether an established institution

exist to monitor and mitigate

landslide hazards in the disaster-

prone areas.

• Social survey to understand the

community’s understanding of

landslide hazards.

15

Landslide hazard mapping by the community

Dissemination• Methods and materials of the

dissemination are tailored based

on the preliminary data of the risk

assessments

• The community could understand

the landslide mechanisms,

symptoms, and how to minimize

risks

• Identifying the key people who

have a strong commitment as

forerunners in the establishment of

disaster preparedness team.

17

Establishment of disaster preparedness and

response team In charge of determining landslide risk zones and evacuation routes

and mobilizing people to evacuate before the landslide occur.

Responsible for operating and maintaining monitoring tools

Development of evacuation routes and maps

The evacuation map should provide the information on: • High-risk and low-risk (safe) zones;

• Residences, including the estimation of the number of residence

in each;

• Community facilities: school, place of worship, community health

centre, offices, market and landmarks;

• Streets and alleys;

• Locations of early warning system installation point;

• Alert post;

• Assembly Point(s);

• Evacuation route(s);

• Location of shelters.

Maps need to be made simply so that it is easier to

understand by the local community.

Description:

1. Title indicating the location of theLEWS implementation;

2. Logo of the local authorities or otherrelevant stakeholders

3. Evacuation map and routes;

4. Legend and important information(landmarks) including common signseasily recognizable;

5. Name of the heads of the families.

NOTE: The evacuation map does notneed to include the scale, but only thenorth direction that can be placed in thelegend. The north direction may not faceup, depending on the local customs.

5

1 2

3 4

Development of Standard Operating Procedure

The SOP contains the procedures for responses by the

disaster preparedness team and the community to the alert

issued by the landslide early warning instrument.

The SOP was prepared based on the discussions and

agreements of each division under the direction of relevant

stakeholders to follow the flow of warning information delivery

mechanism and evacuation commands.

LEVEL 1: CAUTIONTriggered by rain gauge sensor. The disaster experts should determine

the critical limit for rainfall intensity that may trigger landslide in mm/hour

or mm/day. If the critical limit is exceeded, then the device will give

CAUTION warning.

LEVEL 2: WARNING Triggered by tiltmeter. Disaster experts should determine the critical limit

of soil movement in degree (°)/minute or per hour, in the X-Y direction (N-

S and W-E). If the instrument indicates slope inclination change that

exceeds the critical limit, it will trigger the WARNING warning mechanism.

Vulnerable groups should be evacuated first.

LEVEL 3: EVACUATE Triggered by extensometer. This device has critical limit in mm/minutes or

mm/hour, depending on the field condition determined by the disaster

experts. If the movement exceeds the critical limit, the device will trigger

the EVACUATE warning mechanism.

Level of warning

Status/alert

level

Criteria/ sign Action/response by the

community

Action by the

local authority

Caution

(Level 1)

Criteria:

determined by

rainfall

measurement

Sign: “Yellow”

lamps and/or siren

that sounds

"caution, high

rainfall" or other

sound signs that

show the lowest

threat level or alert

level or depending

on the local

conditions

The team leader

coordinates with the

Disaster Preparedness

Team.

The data and information

division checks the

condition of the monitoring

equipment and collects

data of the community, and

informs the alert level and

encourages preparing

essential items to bring.

The Disaster Response

Team provides periodic

reports to the team leader.

Receives

report from

the disaster

preparedness

team leader

Checks the

condition in

the field and

maintains

coordination

with the

disaster

preparedness

team

Level 1: Caution

Status/al

ert level

Criteria/ sign Action/response by the community Action by the

local authority

Warning

(Level 2)

Criteria: determined

by increased rainfall

or slope hydrology,

and landslide

indications

Sign: "orange" lamps

and siren that sounds

"warning, evacuation"

or other sound signs

that show the

increase of threat

level to siaga/warning

or depending on the

local conditions

The team leader coordinates with the

Disaster Preparedness Team.

The data and information division re-

checks the condition of landslide and

the monitoring equipment, and

collects data of the community

The team leader gives the vulnerable

group an order to evacuate to the

assembly point, with the help of the

refugee mobilization division and the

security division.

The data section collects data of the

vulnerable group in order to ensure

that they have been evacuated.

The security division is in charge of

ensuring the security of the residents’

homes and the environment.

Receives

report from

the disaster

preparedness

team leader

Checks the

condition in

the field and

maintains

coordination

with the

disaster

preparedness

team

Provides

support to the

evacuated

vulnerable

group

Level 2: Warning

Status/alert

level

Criteria/ sign Action/response by the

community

Action by the local

authority

Evacuate

(Level 3)

Criteria: determined

by increased rainfall

or slope hydrology,

and rate of landslide

Sign: "red" lamps

and siren that sounds

"evacuate" or other

sound signs that

show the highest

threat level or

depending on the

local conditions

The team leader

coordinates with the

Disaster Preparedness

Team.

The team leader gives

all residents an order to

evacuate to the

assembly point, with

the help of the refugee

mobilization division

and the security

division.

The data and

information section

checks the early

detection equipment

and collects data of the

residents in the refugee

camp.

Receives report

from the disaster

preparedness

team leader

Checks the

condition in the

field and maintains

coordination with

the disaster

preparedness

team

Provides

emergency

support to the

evacuated

residents

Level 3: Evacuate

Monitoring, Early Warning, and Evacuation Drill

• Determination of the locations is based on the identification of

landslide risk zones. Installation of the equipment is done with

the community, aiming to increase the sense of ownership and

responsibility for the equipment’s condition to guarantee safety.

Installation of Landslide

Monitoring and Early Warning

System

Evacuation Drill Process

Desa Kalitlaga, Kec. Pagentan Kab. Banjarnegara

Example of the scheme of

a community-based LEWS

Commitment of the local government and

community on the O&M of the systems

The commitment of the local government and the community

is crucial in the operation and maintenance of the early

warning system, so that all activity stages included in the

SOP run well.

The duty and responsibility in terms of ownership,

installation, operation, maintenance, and security of an early

warning system are adjusted to the condition in each location

and are agreed upon by the government, the community, and

the private sector.

Legend:

UGM in cooperation with BNPB, BPBD and KPDT BNPB & UGM 2015

UGM in cooperation with Private Mining Company BNPB & UGM 2016

UGM in cooperation with Pertamina Geothermal Energy (2013) BNPB & UGM 2017

UGM in cooperation with International Consortium on Landslides (ICL-UNESCO)

Myanmar

(2012)

Landslide EWS installation (2007-2017) in Indonesia

34

How the technical system works?

First version landslide early warning technology

(2007-2008)

Patent: IDP000038351Patent: IDP000038434

Extensometer and Tiltmeter with data logger (2009)

Patent: IDP000038787

Installation of Monitoring Devices

Extensometer

Patent: IDP000039806

Installation of Monitoring Devices

Patent: IDP000038968

Installation of Monitoring Devices

Repeater

Interface for real-time landslide monitoring data

on PC/web

Local server for data acquisition and data logger

and ReceiverWireless Tiltmeterand its controller

Automatic Rainfall Recorder (ARR) PC-based

monitoring

FIE

LD

SE

NS

OR

S Sirene and Rotary Light as warning devices

Control Room

Landslide EWS

Wireless Extensometer

Wireless Extensometer

Online Landslide Monitoring – National Oil and Gas Company of Indonesia

Landslide

Venerability Map

Extensometer Graph (10 minutes record)

Extensometer Graph (daily record)

Tiltmeter Graph (daily record)

X - direction

Y - directionWater-level

Rain Graph

Warning Criteria

Warning I (First Warning, Yellow)

R24>100 && R24 > 250-R72

Warning II (Prepare for evacuation, Orange)

( R24 > 150 && R24> 350-R72 ) ||

( Warning I && ( e1 > 2mm/hour or e2 > 2mm/hour ) )

Warning III (Evacuation, Red)

If ( Warning I || Warning II ) && ( e1 > 5mm/hour || e2

>5mm/hour )

72 hours anticedent rainfall R72mm

24 hours anticedent rainfall R24mm

Extensometer 1 displacement e1 mm/hour

Extensometer 2 displacement e2 mm/hour

Design of Preventive Measures

References

1. ISO 22315, Societal security – Mass evacuation – Guidelines for planning

2. ISO 22320, Societal security − Emergency management − Guidelines for incident response

3. ISO 22322, Societal security – Emergency management − Guidelines for public warning

4. ISO 7001, 2007, Graphical symbols –public information symbols

5. ISO 31000, 2009, Risk management-principles and guidelines

6. ISO/TR 22351, Emergency management − Message structure for exchange of information

7. Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. (1996) Landslide types and processes, in: Landslide: Investigation and

mitigation, Transportation Research Board, USA, p. 36 -75.

8. Fathani, T. F., Karnawati, D., Wilopo, W. (2016) An integrated methodology to develop a standard for

landslide early warning system, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, p.2123-2135.

9. Fathani, T. F., Karnawati, D., and Wilopo, W. (2014) An adaptive and sustained landslide monitoring and

early warning system. In: Sassa K, Canuti P, Yin Y (eds) Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment

Vol 2, Springer International Publishing, p.563-567.

10. Karnawati, D., Maarif, S., Fathani, T.F., Wilopo, W., (2013) Development of Socio-Technical Approach for

Landslide Mitigation and Risk Reduction Program in Indonesia, ASEAN Engineering Journal Part C Vol.2

No.1, p.22-49.

11. Karnawati, D., Fathani, T.F., Wilopo, W., Setianto, A., Andayani, B. (2013) Hybrid Socio-Technical

Approach for Landslide risk reduction in Indonesia, in Progress of Geo-disaster Mitigation Technology in

Asia, Environmental Science and Engineering, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, p.157-169.

12. Karnawati, D., Wilopo, W., Andayani, B. (2010) Development of Community Hazard Map for Landslide

Risk Reduction, Proc. of the 11th International Association of Engineering Geologist Congress,

Auckland, New Zealand, 5-10 September 2010.

13. UN-ISDR: Developing an early warning system: a checklist, The Third International Conference on Early

Warning III. Bonn, German