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ISNE 101. Dr. Ken Cosh. Welcome to ISNE 101. Dr. Ken Cosh [email protected] Facebook – “Ken Cosh ” 0869176770 Don’t be Grengjai !. Homework #1. Send me an email! [email protected]. Information Systems. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ISNE 101Dr. Ken Cosh
Welcome to ISNE 101
Dr. Ken Cosh [email protected] Facebook – “Ken Cosh” 0869176770
Don’t be Grengjai!
Information Systems
“Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis and visualisation in an organisation.” (Laudon)
Key: Collecting (Input), Processing, Disseminating (Output) ‘Information’. But what is Information?
From Data to Wisdom
Data: symbols Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides
answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions Knowledge: application of data and information; answers
"how" questions Understanding: appreciation of "why" Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
(Ackoff)
What is an Information System?
“An information system can be any organised combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organisation.” (O’Brien).
What is Information Technology?
Technologies are ‘devices’ which can assist with the working of the information system; Paper and Pencil (Hardware) Word of Mouth (Communication Networks) Filing Cabinet (Data Resource)
Mostly we will be interested in computer based technology.
What is a System?
“Group of interrelated or interacting elements forming a unified whole.” (O’Brien) Physical Systems (Weather Systems, Solar Systems) Biological Systems (Human body) Educational Systems (Schools, Universities) Information Systems…
Systems Systems have 3 basic
elements; Input: the ‘things’ which
enter the system, (food, orbits, high / low pressure systems, data)
Processing: transformation process to convert input into output, (breathing, mathematical calculations)
Output: Transferring the transformed elements to their ultimate destination, (Physical movements, information)
Input
Output
Processing
Feedback and Control The System becomes
more useful when there is Feedback and Control; Feedback: data about
system performance Control: monitoring
and evaluating feedback to determine whether the system is moving towards achieving it’s goal and then adjusting where necessary.
Input
Output
Processing Feedback& Control
System Example
A Thermostat self-regulating Air Conditioning. Input: Current room temperature. Processing: Comparison with desired temperature Output: Either On or Off Feedback & Control: Ability of human user to adjust temperature.
Further System Concepts Sub-systems
Systems rarely exist within a vacuum, they are normally part of some environment (or greater system).
Interfacing Systems Often multiple systems share the same
environment, in which case they often interact / have shared interfaces
The output of one system could be the input of the next (stock control figures are passed as input to sales department).
Adaptive Systems Some systems have the ability to change itself or
it’s environment in order to survive.
Information Systems
Collects data inputs, transforms them into information outputs and disseminates the information around an organisation.
Remember O’Brien’s quote? “An information system can be any organised
combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that collects, transforms and disseminates information in an organisation.”
Information Systems are comprised of 5 major types of resource; People, Hardware, Software, Communication, Data
A Computer…for Dummies!
Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone,
Scanner… Output Devices
Monitor, Printer, Speaker… Processor
CPU Storage Capabilities
Main memory (RAM), Secondary memory (Hard Disk, CD’s etc.)
Information System Resources
People Hardware Software Data Network (Communication)
People Resources
End Users - the people who use the information systems. E.g. Customers, salespeople, engineers, clerks, accountants, all of us!
IS Specialists - the people who develop, implement and maintain the information systems. E.g. software developers, analysts, support staff.
Hardware Resources
Physical, Tangible devices & materials used in information processing. Machines - PC’s, monitors, printers etc. Media - disks, printouts, paper etc.
Software Resources
Information Processing Instructions Programs (system, application software)
OS, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, payroll etc. Procedures (Operating Instructions)
Data Entry procedures, paycheck distribution procedures
Data Resources
Databases Knowledge Bases
Data vs Information? Data - Raw material resources Information - Processed data into meaningful product.
Network Resources
Communication Media Cables, fibre optics, cellular, wireless
Network Support Technologies to support the network, modems, internet browsers etc.
Vital Roles of IS within Business
Support of Business Processes and Operations Help with automating processes
Support of Decision Making by its employees and managers Ensure necessary information is available to make
decisions Support of its strategies for competitive
advantage Drive an organisation’s strategy
Changing Role of IS
IS is performing an increasingly important role within organisations, that role is changing. Technology Push effects Business Pull effects
Technology - ‘Push’
Increased Capability Improved Processing & Storage Improved Connection
Networks Internet
Comparative Cost reductions
Source: Source: McFarlanMcFarlan, Warren F., , Warren F., Tale of Two Airlines in the Information Age: Or Why the Spirit of King George III is AliveTale of Two Airlines in the Information Age: Or Why the Spirit of King George III is Aliveand Well !and Well ! Teaching Note, Copyright © 1995 President and Fellows Harvard College Teaching Note, Copyright © 1995 President and Fellows Harvard College
THE ECONOMICS OF COMPUTERSTHE ECONOMICS OF COMPUTERS
Year Cost Power ‘66
1966 $10,000,000 1
2001 $7 1,508,002
2006 $0.87 11,508,821
2016 $0.01 670,329,823
Gresham’s Law even faster
Tale of Two Airlines TN, Slide 3 of 6Tale of Two Airlines TN, Slide 3 of 6
Source: Applegate, Lynda M., Robert D. Austin, and F. Warren McFarlan., Corporate Information Strategy and Management. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hi ll /Irwin, 2002.
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100.000
1,000,000
1980 1990 1996
PCs and wo rks tations
Main frame
Ada pte d from: McKenn ey, J., Wa ves o f C ha nge : Bu sine ss Evo lutio n th rou gh Info rmatio n Tech no log y , Bosto n: Ha rvard Bu sin ess Sch oo l Pre ss , 1 99 5.
Pric e Pe rformanc e Tre nds o f Mainframes and PCs $/MIP s
*Rat io of MIPs per Dollars (Mainframes:PCs)
8:1*
286:1*
900:1*
Evolution of Computing Performance
Introduction Figure I-1
Business - ‘Pull’
Factors encouraging organisations to increase their use of I.T. Political Factors Economic Factors Social Factors Technological Factors
Changing Role of IT in Organisations
4 Era’s of Technology DP Era (Data Processing) MIS Era (Management Information Systems) SIS Era (Strategic Information Systems) Internet Era
DP Era (50’s-60’s)
Purpose : AUTOMATE Form : Mainframe Limitations : Hardware Focus : Programming Ownership : Computer Dept., Remote from
users Objectives : lower costs, make use of
technology
MIS Era (70’s-80’s)
Purpose : INFORMATE Form : Distributed Processing - PC’s Limitations : Software Focus : Identifying User’s needs Ownership : Regulated by management,
available as service Objectives :Supporting management, meeting
users’ needs
SIS Era (80’s-90’s)
Purpose : TRANSFORMATE Form : Networking Limitations : Management Vision Focus : Identifying Business Opportunities Ownership : Executives, Linked to business
functions Objectives : Supporting Business, meeting
business needs.
Internet Era (Now!)
Purpose : ???...MATE Form : Internet Limitations : ??? Viability of Business Models Focus : ??? Reach and Range Ownership : Everyone - central to whole
business Objectives : it IS the business.