Island HoppingIsland Hoppinga. a. August 1942 – September 1945August 1942 – September 1945 U.S. forces gained Guadalcanal and some area in U.S. forces gained Guadalcanal and some area in

the Solomon Islands.the Solomon Islands.b. New strategy was adopted by the U.S. Navy, b. New strategy was adopted by the U.S. Navy,

Marine, and Army divisions – Marine, and Army divisions – Leapfrogging or Leapfrogging or Island Hopping the Japanese Islands U.S. forces Island Hopping the Japanese Islands U.S. forces bypassed the most heavily fortified Japanese bypassed the most heavily fortified Japanese posts, captured nearby islands and set up posts, captured nearby islands and set up airfields – then heavily bombed enemy bases.airfields – then heavily bombed enemy bases.

THE WAR IN THE THE WAR IN THE PACIFICPACIFIC

The Americans did not The Americans did not celebrate long, as Japan celebrate long, as Japan was busy conquering an was busy conquering an empire that dwarfed empire that dwarfed Hitler’s Third Reich.Hitler’s Third Reich.

Japan had conquered Japan had conquered much of southeast Asia much of southeast Asia including the Dutch East including the Dutch East Indies, Guam, and most Indies, Guam, and most of China.of China.

BATTLE OF THE CORAL SEABATTLE OF THE CORAL SEA

The main Allied forces in the Pacific were The main Allied forces in the Pacific were Americans and Australians.Americans and Australians.

In In May 1942 May 1942 they succeeded in stopping the they succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day Japanese drive toward Australia in the five-day Battle of the Coral Sea.Battle of the Coral Sea.

(30) THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY(30) THE BATTLE OF MIDWAY Japan’s next thrust was toward Japan’s next thrust was toward

Midway Island Midway Island – – a strategic U.S. a strategic U.S. Island northwest of Hawaii.Island northwest of Hawaii.

Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Admiral Chester Nimitz, the Commander of American Naval Commander of American Naval forces in the Pacific, moved to forces in the Pacific, moved to defend the Island.defend the Island.

The Americans won a decisive The Americans won a decisive victory “a turning point” victory “a turning point” as as their planes destroyed 4 their planes destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and Japanese aircraft carriers and 250 planes.250 planes.

June 4 - 7 1942, The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war – soon the Allies were island hopping toward Japan.

KAMIKAZE PILOTS KAMIKAZE PILOTS ATTACK ALLIESATTACK ALLIES

The Americans continued The Americans continued leapfrogging across the leapfrogging across the Pacific toward Japan.Pacific toward Japan.

Japanese countered by Japanese countered by employing a new tactic – employing a new tactic – Kamikaze (Kamikaze (divine winddivine wind) ) attacks. attacks.

Pilots in small bomb-laden Pilots in small bomb-laden planes would crash into planes would crash into Allied ships.Allied ships.

In the Battle for the Philippines, 424 Kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships and damaged 80 more.

Americans are celebrating V-E Day in New Americans are celebrating V-E Day in New York City May 8, 1945 while the US forces York City May 8, 1945 while the US forces

begin an attack on Japan.begin an attack on Japan.

#4 under Truman…#4 under Truman…The Potsdam Conference The Potsdam Conference

July 16-Aug 2, 1945 –July 16-Aug 2, 1945 ––The Beginning of the end for Japan–The Beginning of the end for Japan

At the conference - They planned for the end of the war- that Japan surrender OR face “complete and utter destruction” .

Truman (FDR died), Stalin and Attlee (Churchill had been voted out as Prime Minister).

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthurHeee’sss Baaack!Heee’sss Baaack!

Japan, Philippines, HawaiiJapan, Philippines, Hawaii

IWO JIMAIWO JIMA February 19 – March 26, 1945February 19 – March 26, 1945

General MacArthur General MacArthur and the Allies next and the Allies next turned to the Island of turned to the Island of Iwo Jima.Iwo Jima.

The island was critical The island was critical to the Allies as a base to the Allies as a base for an attack on Japan.for an attack on Japan.

It was called the most It was called the most heavily defended spot heavily defended spot on earth.on earth.

Allied and Japanese Allied and Japanese forces suffered heavy forces suffered heavy casualties.casualties.

American soldiers plant the flag on the Island of Iwo Jima after their victory.

THE BATTLE FOR OKINAWATHE BATTLE FOR OKINAWA In April - June 1945In April - June 1945, U.S. , U.S.

marines invaded marines invaded Okinawa.Okinawa.

The Japanese unleashed The Japanese unleashed 1,900 Kamikaze attacks 1,900 Kamikaze attacks sinking 30 ships and sinking 30 ships and killing 5,000 seamen.killing 5,000 seamen.

Okinawa cost the Okinawa cost the Americans 7,600 Americans 7,600 marines and the marines and the Japanese 110,000 Japanese 110,000 soldiers.soldiers.

INVADE JAPAN???INVADE JAPAN??? After Okinawa, After Okinawa,

MacArthur predicted MacArthur predicted that a Normandy type that a Normandy type amphibious invasion of amphibious invasion of Japan would result in Japan would result in 1,500,000 Allied 1,500,000 Allied deaths.deaths.

President Truman saw President Truman saw only one way to avoid only one way to avoid an invasion of Japan.an invasion of Japan.

The loss of life at Iwo Jima and Okinawa convinced Allied leaders that an invasion of

Japan was not the best idea.

Okinawa

The The ATOMIC BOMBATOMIC BOMB

Japan had a huge Japan had a huge army that would army that would defend every inch defend every inch of the Japanese of the Japanese mainland.mainland.

So Truman decided So Truman decided to use a powerful to use a powerful new weapon new weapon developed by developed by scientists working scientists working on the Manhattan on the Manhattan Project – the Project – the Atomic Bomb.Atomic Bomb.

U.S. DROPS TWO ATOMIC U.S. DROPS TWO ATOMIC BOMBS ON JAPANBOMBS ON JAPAN

Remember: Remember: Truman warned Truman warned

“Surrender or face “Surrender or face complete and utter complete and utter destruction.”destruction.”

August 6, 1945 August 6, 1945 – the Enola Gay – the Enola Gay a B-a B-29 bomber 29 bomber dropped Atomic Bombs dropped Atomic Bombs on Japanon Japan. They dropped a 9,000-. They dropped a 9,000-pound bomb (called Little Boy) with pound bomb (called Little Boy) with a destructive power of 20,000 tons a destructive power of 20,000 tons on the on the Japanese city of HiroshimaJapanese city of Hiroshima – – the mushroom cloud reached the mushroom cloud reached 55,000 feet, 60% of Hiroshima 55,000 feet, 60% of Hiroshima disappeared, 100,000 people died disappeared, 100,000 people died instantly and many more perished instantly and many more perished in later days, weeks, and years from in later days, weeks, and years from radiation (140,000 total estimate radiation (140,000 total estimate killed). killed).

August 9 - Nagasaki August 9 - Nagasaki (“Fat Man”) (“Fat Man”) (80,000 estimated killed).(80,000 estimated killed).

A replication of “Little Boy.

The plane and crew that dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.

(#5 Truman) 220,000 killed- Forced the Japanese to surrender

August 6, 1945

Atomic bombing of HIROSHIMA

August 9, 1945 Atomic

bombing of NAGASAKI

(#6 Truman) (#6 Truman) JAPAN SURRENDERSJAPAN SURRENDERS •Japan surrendered days after the second atomic bomb was dropped - August 14, 1945.

General MacArthur said, “Today the guns are silent. The skies no longer rain death . . .the entire world is quietly at peace.”

Formal document signed on the U.S.S. Missouri with General MacArthur.

At the White House, President Harry Truman announces the Japanese surrender, August 14, 1945.

(35) September 2, 1945 – official day of surrender Victory in Japan – V-J Day.

Famous picture of an American soldier celebrating the end of the war.

V-J Day KissV-J Day KissNew York Times SquareNew York Times Square

THE OCCUPATION OF JAPANTHE OCCUPATION OF JAPAN

Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of Japan was occupied by U.S. forces under the command of General MacArthur.General MacArthur.

During the seven-year occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s During the seven-year occupation, MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a economy by introducing free-market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery.remarkable economic recovery.

Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this day Additionally, he introduced a liberal constitution that to this day is called the MacArthur Constitution.is called the MacArthur Constitution.

a. Total direct and indirect costs of war a. Total direct and indirect costs of war may have reached as high as $4 trillion may have reached as high as $4 trillion

b. U.S. deaths 400,000b. U.S. deaths 400,000

NUREMBERG WAR TRIALSNUREMBERG WAR TRIALS

The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes.for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes.

The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany.The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany. ““I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24 were I was only following orders” was not an acceptable defense as 12 of the 24 were

sentenced to death and the others to life in prison.sentenced to death and the others to life in prison.

Herman Goering, Hitler's right-hand

man and chief architect of the

German war effort, testifies at his trial. He was found guilty

of war crimes but avoided execution by

swallowing potassium cyanide.

(38) GI BILL HELPS (38) GI BILL HELPS RETURNING VETSRETURNING VETS

To help returning To help returning servicemen ease back into servicemen ease back into civilian lifecivilian life, , Congress passed Congress passed the Servicemen’s the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights).Rights).

The act provided education The act provided education for 7.8 million vets.for 7.8 million vets.

Considered the last piece of Considered the last piece of New Deal legislation.New Deal legislation.

What was the biggest post-WWI problem facing returning war veterans?

…Needing jobs… right?

How does the GI Bill of Rights help this?

Registration Day at Harvard after Registration Day at Harvard after the G.I. Bill of Rights.the G.I. Bill of Rights.

INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANSAMERICANS

When the war began, When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the U.S. – mostly on lived in the U.S. – mostly on the West Coast.the West Coast.

After Pearl Harbor, many After Pearl Harbor, many people were suspicious of people were suspicious of possible spy activity by possible spy activity by Japanese Americans.Japanese Americans.

In 1942, FDR ordered In 1942, FDR ordered Japanese Americans into 10 Japanese Americans into 10 relocation centers.relocation centers.

Japanese Americans felt the sting of discrimination during WWII.

Location of the 10 Internment camps

WRA Relocation Centers

Name State Opened Max. Pop'n

Manzanar California March 1942 10,046

Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789

Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814

Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348

Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318

Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767

Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397

Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130

Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475

Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497

WRA Relocation Centers

Jerome camp in Arkansas

Children at the Weill public school in San Francisco pledge allegiance to the American flag in April 1942, prior to the internment of Japanese Americans.

(40) Korematsu vs The U.S.(40) Korematsu vs The U.S.The Supreme Court Case thatconcerned the constitutionality of Japanese Internment, which required Japanese-Americans in the western United States to be excluded from a described West Coast military area.In a 6-3 decision, the Court sided with the government, ruling that the exclusion order was constitutional. The opinion, written by Supreme Court justice Hugo Black, held that the need to protect against espionage outweighed Fred Korematsu's individual rights, and the rights of Americans of Japanese descent. – Remember… Scheneck vs. the US??? Clear and Present Danger??

U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO U.S. PAYS REPARATIONS TO JAPANESEJAPANESE

In the late 1980s, President Reagan In the late 1980s, President Reagan signed into law a bill that provided signed into law a bill that provided $20,000 to every Japanese American $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation campsent to a relocation camp

Checks were mailed in 1990 under Checks were mailed in 1990 under George Bush Sr.George Bush Sr.

Today the U.S. is home to more than 1,000,000 Japanese-Americans.

“We can never fully right the wrongs of the past . . . we now recognize that serious wrongs were done to Japanese Americans during WWII.”

George “Daddy” Bush

Nearly 59 years after the end of World War II, the National World War II Memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, May 29, 2004 to

honor the 408,680 Americans who died in the conflict.

The Doolittle Raid, 18 April 1942, was the first air raid by the United States to strike the Japanese home island of Honshū during World War II. It demonstrated that the Japanese home islands were vulnerable to Allied air attack, and provided an expedient means for U.S. retaliation for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The Doolittle Raid was the only time that United States Army Air Forces bombers were launched from a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier on a combat mission.The raid was planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle, with the North American B-25B Mitchell the airplane selected to carry out the mission. The plan was to launch them from a carrier, hit military targets in Japan, and fly on to land in China.All 16 aircraft were lost on the mission, and 11 crewmen were either killed or captured. The crews of 14 aircraft, including one interned in the Soviet Union for more than a year, were recovered and returned to the United States.Doolittle would later recount in his autobiography that the raid was intended to cause the Japanese to doubt their leadership and to raise American morale:The Japanese had been told they were invulnerable. An attack on the Japanese homeland would cause confusion in the minds of the Japanese people and sow doubt about the reliability of their leaders.

There was a second, equally important, psychological reason for this attack...Americans badly needed a morale boost.