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Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 570 CE – Birth of Muhammed, founder of Islam570 CE – Birth of Muhammed, founder of Islam 610 CE – Muhammed’s vision that creates Islam 610 CE – Muhammed’s vision that creates Islam
(Archangel Gabriel comes to him)(Archangel Gabriel comes to him) 622 CE – Muhammed leaves Mecca for Medina and 622 CE – Muhammed leaves Mecca for Medina and
begins gaining converts – this event is known as the begins gaining converts – this event is known as the Hegira (Hajj)Hegira (Hajj)
630 CE – Muhammed and followers return to Mecca and 630 CE – Muhammed and followers return to Mecca and overtake the city – the overtake the city – the KabahKabah is set up as major Islamic is set up as major Islamic shrineshrine
632 CE – Death of Muhammed, his father-in-law Abu – 632 CE – Death of Muhammed, his father-in-law Abu – Bakhr takes over and creates the title Bakhr takes over and creates the title caliphcaliph; begins the ; begins the creation of an empire of Islam by conquering neighboring creation of an empire of Islam by conquering neighboring lands. At Abu-Bakhr’s death Umar takes over as caliph. lands. At Abu-Bakhr’s death Umar takes over as caliph. Muslims divide into many subgroups.Muslims divide into many subgroups.
Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 718 CE – Spain is under Muslim control718 CE – Spain is under Muslim control 734 CE – Battle of Poitiers – Muslim spread is stopped 734 CE – Battle of Poitiers – Muslim spread is stopped
by Charles Martel of Franceby Charles Martel of France 762 – 766 CE – The Abbasid Dynasty takes over from 762 – 766 CE – The Abbasid Dynasty takes over from
Umayyads (except in Spain) and move capital from Umayyads (except in Spain) and move capital from Damascus to BaghdadDamascus to Baghdad
788 – 879 CE – Several countries break free from 788 – 879 CE – Several countries break free from caliphate and set up individual kingdoms and dynastiescaliphate and set up individual kingdoms and dynasties
879 CE – Seljuk Turks begin conquest of Mesopotamia 879 CE – Seljuk Turks begin conquest of Mesopotamia and Persiaand Persia
900 CE – Fatimids take over in Egypt and conquer all of 900 CE – Fatimids take over in Egypt and conquer all of North AfricaNorth Africa
Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology
945 CE – Abbasid power falls to the Shiites945 CE – Abbasid power falls to the Shiites 969 – 1171 CE – Fatimid Dynasty recreates a 969 – 1171 CE – Fatimid Dynasty recreates a
smaller version of the Caliphate in Egyptsmaller version of the Caliphate in Egypt 1037 – 1194 CE – Seljuk Turk Dynasty1037 – 1194 CE – Seljuk Turk Dynasty 1077 CE – Seljuk Turks conquer most of Arabia, 1077 CE – Seljuk Turks conquer most of Arabia,
Palestine, Syria, LebanonPalestine, Syria, Lebanon 1099 CE – Crusades begun against Muslims in 1099 CE – Crusades begun against Muslims in
the Holy Land by Pope Urbanthe Holy Land by Pope Urban 1187 CE – Saladin ends Western control of Holy 1187 CE – Saladin ends Western control of Holy
Land (Outremer) after Battle of HattinLand (Outremer) after Battle of Hattin
Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 1248 CE – Muslims lose control of most of Spain except 1248 CE – Muslims lose control of most of Spain except
area around Granadaarea around Granada 1251 CE – Malmuk Dynasty takes over caliphate in 1251 CE – Malmuk Dynasty takes over caliphate in
EgyptEgypt 1258 CE – Abbasid Dynasty is completely wiped out by 1258 CE – Abbasid Dynasty is completely wiped out by
Mongol invasionMongol invasion 1327 CE – Seljuk Empire collapses; Arab world splits 1327 CE – Seljuk Empire collapses; Arab world splits
into several kingdomsinto several kingdoms 1453 CE – Ottoman Empire defeats the Byzantine 1453 CE – Ottoman Empire defeats the Byzantine
Empire; move capital to Istanbul (Constantinople)Empire; move capital to Istanbul (Constantinople) 1492 CE – Muslims completely expelled from Spain1492 CE – Muslims completely expelled from Spain
5 Pillars of Faith – (Sunni)5 Pillars of Faith – (Sunni) 1) Shahadah – profession of faith – “There is no God but Allah, and 1) Shahadah – profession of faith – “There is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is his messenger”Muhammad is his messenger” 2) Salah – ritual prayer done 5x a day at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, 2) Salah – ritual prayer done 5x a day at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon,
sunset and eveningsunset and evening 3) Zakat – giving to the poor – everyone must give something 3) Zakat – giving to the poor – everyone must give something
depending on what they earndepending on what they earn 4) Sawm – fasting during month of Ramadan – refraining from food, 4) Sawm – fasting during month of Ramadan – refraining from food,
drink and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk each day of the drink and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk each day of the month – also supposed to get along with others better and get month – also supposed to get along with others better and get closer to Allah during this time (there are exceptions for health, etc.)closer to Allah during this time (there are exceptions for health, etc.)
5) Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca – every able bodied Muslim must 5) Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca – every able bodied Muslim must make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime – must walk make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime – must walk around the Kaaba 7 times, touch the stone and symbolically throw around the Kaaba 7 times, touch the stone and symbolically throw rocks at the devilrocks at the devil
In Shiite Islam there are the additional pillars of Jihad (personal In Shiite Islam there are the additional pillars of Jihad (personal struggle against Islam’s enemies) and Khum (giving a tithe to the struggle against Islam’s enemies) and Khum (giving a tithe to the Imam)Imam)
Islamic TermsIslamic Terms Islam – submission to Allah (god)Islam – submission to Allah (god) Muslim – one who submits to the will of AllahMuslim – one who submits to the will of Allah Hajj/Hegira – pilgrimage to MeccaHajj/Hegira – pilgrimage to Mecca Imam – religious leaderImam – religious leader Quran (Koran) – Muslim Holy BookQuran (Koran) – Muslim Holy Book Sura – chapter in the QuranSura – chapter in the Quran Qiyama – Day of JudgmentQiyama – Day of Judgment Jannah - heavenJannah - heaven
Islamic Art CharacteristicsIslamic Art Characteristics
Geometric PatternsGeometric Patterns No icons, rare animalsNo icons, rare animals Heavy use of plasterworkHeavy use of plasterwork Quotations from Koran used as art – Quotations from Koran used as art –
calligraphycalligraphy Plain interiorsPlain interiors Water is used as a way to show off wealthWater is used as a way to show off wealth
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Dome of the RockDome of the Rock 680 - 692 CE680 - 692 CE Jerusalem, Jerusalem,
Israel/PalestineIsrael/Palestine ArchitectureArchitecture Earliest major Islamic Earliest major Islamic
buildingbuilding Jerusalem is 3Jerusalem is 3rdrd
holiest city to Muslimsholiest city to Muslims
Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior of Dome of the RockInterior of Dome of the Rock 690 CE690 CE Jerusalem, Israel/PalestineJerusalem, Israel/Palestine ArchitectureArchitecture Interior is heavily decorated for Interior is heavily decorated for
an Islamic buildingan Islamic building The rock in the center marks The rock in the center marks
the alleged place where the alleged place where Abraham was going to Abraham was going to sacrifice his first born son; it is sacrifice his first born son; it is also the alleged place where also the alleged place where Muhammed was taken by Muhammed was taken by Gabriel on a Gabriel on a mi’raj mi’raj (spiritual (spiritual journey) to visit heaven and journey) to visit heaven and hell hell
Grand Mosque of Damascus (Ummayad Mosque)
706-715 CE
Damascus, Syria
Architecture
Includes a shrine inside which claims the head of John
The Baptist
Also has the tomb of Saladin
And the head of Husayn, the grandson of Mohammed
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Cordoba MosqueCordoba Mosque 786786 Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Begun by Abd-al Artist: Begun by Abd-al
RahmanRahman Umayyad Dynasty in Umayyad Dynasty in
Spain’s influence is seen Spain’s influence is seen here here
Interior is considered a Interior is considered a masterpiece of Islamic masterpiece of Islamic architecturearchitecture
Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior of La Mezquita Interior of La Mezquita
(Great Mosque of (Great Mosque of Cordoba)Cordoba)
88thth – 10 – 10thth C. CE C. CE ArchtectureArchtecture Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain Typical Arab style Typical Arab style
hypostyle hallhypostyle hall Horseshoe arcades Horseshoe arcades
decorate interior making decorate interior making this one of the most this one of the most beautiful mosques in the beautiful mosques in the worldworld
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Mosque of Sulayman IIMosque of Sulayman II 1550 – 1557 CE1550 – 1557 CE Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: SinanArtist: Sinan This is an enormous This is an enormous
Ottoman imperial mosque Ottoman imperial mosque – to compete with Christian – to compete with Christian churches in the areachurches in the area
Has courtyard with central Has courtyard with central fountainfountain
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Interior Mosque of Interior Mosque of SulaymanSulayman
1550- 15571550- 1557 ArchitectureArchitecture Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey Artist: SinanArtist: Sinan Vast open space Vast open space
created by domescreated by domes Limited decoration as Limited decoration as
Islamic law prohibits Islamic law prohibits idols and idolatryidols and idolatry
Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior Mosque of Interior Mosque of
Sulayman IISulayman II 1550 – 1557 CE1550 – 1557 CE Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture SinanSinan The dome is supported The dome is supported
by 8 piersby 8 piers It is over 197 ft highIt is over 197 ft high The structural The structural
components are the focus components are the focus rather than being hiddenrather than being hidden
Malwiya minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra
ca. 848-852
Samarra, Iraq
When rediscovered by Western archaeologists they believed it to be the Tower of Babel in error
This is only the minaret - prayer tower next to mosque
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Court of the LionsCourt of the Lions 1414thth century CE century CE Granada, SpainGranada, Spain Architecture/SculptureArchitecture/Sculpture Located on the Located on the
grounds of the grounds of the AlhambraAlhambra
The Nasrid Dynasty The Nasrid Dynasty built this to show built this to show wealth with the use of wealth with the use of excessive waterexcessive water
Muqarnas Dome
1354-1391
Granada, Spain
Inside the Hall of the Two Sisters in the Alahambra Palace
Made of plaster – another use of excess water to show wealth
Mausoleum of the Samanids
early 10th century
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Architecture
Despite Islamic prohibitions about extravagant burials – the Samanid rulers built great monuments to death
Madrasa/Mosque/Mausoleum complex of
Sultan Hasan
1356-1363 CE
Cairo, Egypt
Madrasa – Islamic school
Considered the best multiple complex in Islam
Qibla wall, main iwan
1356-1363
Cairo, Egypt
Architecture
Inside the Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan
Qibla wall helps point faithful in right direction for prayer in any mosque
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Shah-namah book pageShah-namah book page 1562 – 15831562 – 1583 Persia (Iran)Persia (Iran) Illuminated ManuscriptIlluminated Manuscript Book was written by Book was written by
FirdawsiFirdawsi It is a work of 60,000 It is a work of 60,000
couplets couplets
Courtyard of the Great Mosque (The Friday Mosque)
11th century CE
Isfahan, Iran
Architecture
From early Seljuk period in Persia
4 gate style mosque opens in all directions
Dome of the Friday Mosque
1611-1638
Isfahan, Iran
Architecture
Artist: Nizam Al-Mulk
Glazed tile roof adds bright colors to mosque
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
KaabaKaaba Traditional dating c. 2000 Traditional dating c. 2000
BCE, rebuilt 620-630 CEBCE, rebuilt 620-630 CE Mecca, Saudi ArabiaMecca, Saudi Arabia ArchitectureArchitecture Holiest spot in the world Holiest spot in the world
to Muslimsto Muslims Black stone inside is said Black stone inside is said
to have fallen from to have fallen from heavenheaven
Islamic ArtIslamic Art
Al Masjid Al NabawiAl Masjid Al Nabawi 77thth-13-13thth centuries CE centuries CE Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia ArchitectureArchitecture Tomb of Mohammed Tomb of Mohammed
can be found under the can be found under the green domegreen dome
AKA – Dome of the AKA – Dome of the ProphetProphet
Originally his houseOriginally his house
Eastern façade of Friday Mosque
Djenne, Mali
Architecture
13th century, rebuilt 1906-07 – mud brick
Also found in our Africa power point