Islamic SpainIslamic SpainA Society of ToleranceA Society of Tolerance

711-1492711-1492

MigrationMigration Toledo derived from Toledo derived from

Hebrew term for exiles Hebrew term for exiles from 1st Century Diasporafrom 1st Century Diaspora

5th Century- Visigoths 5th Century- Visigoths conquer Iberian Peninsulaconquer Iberian Peninsula

Jewish populations in Jewish populations in Granada, Seville, Toledo, Granada, Seville, Toledo, CordobaCordoba

Visigoths convert to Visigoths convert to Christianity (force Christianity (force conversion on Jews)conversion on Jews)

7th Century-Founding of 7th Century-Founding of Islam, migration and Islam, migration and conquests-North Africaconquests-North Africa

711-Berbers invade Iberia711-Berbers invade Iberia

FoundationFoundation 732: Muslims and Jews 732: Muslims and Jews

support Al Andalus and support Al Andalus and leave Jewish garrisons to leave Jewish garrisons to hold conquestshold conquests

Christians and Jews are Christians and Jews are protected people protected people (dhimmis), submit to (dhimmis), submit to Islamic authority, not Islamic authority, not threatenedthreatened

Christians and Jews are Christians and Jews are taxedtaxed

Fighting between Arabs Fighting between Arabs and Berbersand Berbers

Abd al-Rahman, Umayyad Abd al-Rahman, Umayyad prince, escaped Syria and prince, escaped Syria and unites populous against unites populous against government government

Foundation (continued)Foundation (continued) Rakhman declares himself Rakhman declares himself

emir and Cordoba is the emir and Cordoba is the capitalcapital

Builds Mosque-Byzantine Builds Mosque-Byzantine Archaic-Archaic-

Founding of a new dynastyFounding of a new dynasty 1000-Flourishes-Largest 1000-Flourishes-Largest

City-Tolerance and City-Tolerance and accommodation-Trades accommodation-Trades with Vikings and Baghdadwith Vikings and Baghdad

East meets West850: East meets West850: Zaragoza converts to Zaragoza converts to Christianity-civil wars Christianity-civil wars throughout 800sthroughout 800s

UnityUnity 900:Cordoba-peace and 900:Cordoba-peace and

prosperity-Caliphates and prosperity-Caliphates and conflictsconflicts

912: Abd al-Rahman III declared 912: Abd al-Rahman III declared caliph-unity-economic expansion-caliph-unity-economic expansion-uses Christian and Jewish uses Christian and Jewish ambassadorsambassadors

929: Monumental structures and 929: Monumental structures and infrastructure-Madinat al-Zahra –infrastructure-Madinat al-Zahra –Sherbet with ice from PyreneesSherbet with ice from Pyrenees

Otto I- meets Christian Otto I- meets Christian Andalusian Ambassadors-Gas Andalusian Ambassadors-Gas Street Hghting-String of PearlsStreet Hghting-String of Pearls

Byzantine empire sends texts for Byzantine empire sends texts for translationstranslations

Poetry-public relations of the timePoetry-public relations of the time Largest Libraries- in BaghdadLargest Libraries- in Baghdad Green Revolution-Water Wheel-Green Revolution-Water Wheel-

Flourishing agriculture-gardensFlourishing agriculture-gardens Cordoba conquered and burned Cordoba conquered and burned

following death of AR IIIfollowing death of AR III

DivisionDivision Fitna (time of strife)Fitna (time of strife) Division and fracture of Division and fracture of

al-Andalusal-Andalus 1014: Ibn Nagrela, 1014: Ibn Nagrela,

Jewish Scholar-Petty Jewish Scholar-Petty King wants splendor King wants splendor for Granada-works for for Granada-works for viziervizier

Neck Ring of the Dove: Neck Ring of the Dove: Ibn Hazm, Ibn Hazm, Comparative Book of Comparative Book of Religions-Ibn Hazm Religions-Ibn Hazm

N. Taifa Kingdoms- N. Taifa Kingdoms- seek Christian support seek Christian support for defensefor defense

PurificationPurification 1060: -Pope Alexander 1060: -Pope Alexander

II-concerned by II-concerned by “sleeping with the “sleeping with the enemy”enemy”

1066: Granada-Civil 1066: Granada-Civil War-Anti Semitism-3000 War-Anti Semitism-3000 to 4000 Jews Killedto 4000 Jews Killed

1085: Reconquista 1085: Reconquista Begins-Toledo Begins-Toledo recaptured by Alphonso recaptured by Alphonso III-Capital of Christian III-Capital of Christian VisigothsVisigoths

Accepts Toledo Accepts Toledo knowledge-became knowledge-became “Emperor of 2 religions”“Emperor of 2 religions”

Time of Strife (continued)Time of Strife (continued) 1091: Seville-seeks N. African 1091: Seville-seeks N. African

Berbers' helpBerbers' help N. Africans steal power-burn N. Africans steal power-burn

books and persecute books and persecute Christians-disgusted by Christians-disgusted by Tolerance-lost hundreds of Tolerance-lost hundreds of booksbooks

Almoravids migrate in from Almoravids migrate in from North Africa-then AlmohadsNorth Africa-then Almohads

1145: Jews and Christians flee 1145: Jews and Christians flee Al Andalus because outlawedAl Andalus because outlawed

Andalusians prefer Christian Andalusians prefer Christian controlcontrol

1148: Jews bring Islamic 1148: Jews bring Islamic knowledge to Christian Northknowledge to Christian North

1150-1250: Christian lands of 1150-1250: Christian lands of opportunity for Jews-Christian opportunity for Jews-Christian Europe starts Crusades-Europe starts Crusades-impacts life in Spain-Purifying impacts life in Spain-Purifying religionsreligions

CrossroadsCrossroads Violent purificationViolent purification 1149: Refugees flee 1149: Refugees flee

Almohads-Moses Maimonides-Almohads-Moses Maimonides-Sephardic Jew- Spain to Egypt-Sephardic Jew- Spain to Egypt-Saladin’s Egypt-Scholarship Saladin’s Egypt-Scholarship on Aristotle-Harmonizes with on Aristotle-Harmonizes with religionreligion

Ibn Rushd (Averroes)-in Ibn Rushd (Averroes)-in Cordoba-Qadi-works on Cordoba-Qadi-works on Aristotle for IslamAristotle for Islam

Similar to translated into Latin Similar to translated into Latin by Thomas Aquinasby Thomas Aquinas

12th century: Bishop in Toledo 12th century: Bishop in Toledo wants Translation-interfaith wants Translation-interfaith transition needed-plants transition needed-plants seeds of Renaissance –seeds of Renaissance –Astrolabes used from SpainAstrolabes used from Spain

Columbus used Muslim Columbus used Muslim NavigatorsNavigators

Crossroads (continued)Crossroads (continued) 1195: Alphonso III Fights 1195: Alphonso III Fights

Almohads @ Seville-Almohads @ Seville-Muslims winMuslims win

1207: Pope proclaims 1207: Pope proclaims Spain as crusader zone- Spain as crusader zone- due to east failure- due to east failure- Crusade in Spain insteadCrusade in Spain instead

1212: Christians win 1212: Christians win against Muslims-Las Navas against Muslims-Las Navas de Tolosade Tolosa

Beginning of end of Al Beginning of end of Al AndalusAndalus

1236: Capture Cordoba 1236: Capture Cordoba from Muslims-Mosque from Muslims-Mosque consecrated as Cathedralconsecrated as Cathedral

SurvivalSurvival Only Seville and Granada Only Seville and Granada

remain-Mohammad Ibn Nasir remain-Mohammad Ibn Nasir founds Nasridfounds Nasrid

1245: Nasrid Granada- Last 1245: Nasrid Granada- Last dynasty-silk and textile dynasty-silk and textile production-remains production-remains independent independent

Muslim craftsmen kept in Muslim craftsmen kept in Christian Kingdoms Christian Kingdoms

Jews accepted in Christian Jews accepted in Christian centers for business acumen centers for business acumen and administratorsand administrators

1252: Alphonso X-Diminution 1252: Alphonso X-Diminution of minorities-Establishes Law of minorities-Establishes Law Code-Converts Death Castille Code-Converts Death Castille and Leon-Allows Jewish and and Leon-Allows Jewish and Muslim holy days-loves Arabic Muslim holy days-loves Arabic poetrypoetry

Survival (continued)Survival (continued) 1348: Black Death 1348: Black Death

sweeps Europe-violence sweeps Europe-violence against Jews-Bonfires-against Jews-Bonfires-1/2 populations dies1/2 populations dies

1354: Granada 1354: Granada Alhambra Built-Alhambra Built-Flourishes post plagueFlourishes post plague

1360: Christian kings 1360: Christian kings hire granadi workerss-hire granadi workerss-lavish lifestyleslavish lifestyles

Granada thriving-Granada thriving-multicultural-tributary multicultural-tributary state to Christian kings-state to Christian kings-15th century flourishes15th century flourishes

LossLoss 1453: Constantinople falls in 1453: Constantinople falls in

EastEast 1469: European Christians-1469: European Christians-

Castille, Aragon and Leon united Castille, Aragon and Leon united Ferdinand and IsabelleFerdinand and Isabelle

Pope Authorizes Spanish Pope Authorizes Spanish Inquisitions-originally for lapsed Inquisitions-originally for lapsed ChristiansChristians

Torquemada- Hammer of Spain-Torquemada- Hammer of Spain-Grand InquisitorGrand Inquisitor

Last Chapter of Al AndalusLast Chapter of Al Andalus 1492: Granada split with son of 1492: Granada split with son of

emir-uses Christian allies to emir-uses Christian allies to fight fatherfight father

Ferdinand and Isabelle tour Ferdinand and Isabelle tour AlhambraAlhambra

Jews convert or expelled-end of Jews convert or expelled-end of ReconquistaReconquista

1609: Muslim convert expelled 1609: Muslim convert expelled from Spainfrom Spain