Islam Under Attack Crusaders and Mongols

1.Background to Conflict2.Presentation3.Making Sense of the Crusades4.Impact on Islam and Christianity

How did we get to this point?

Jerusalem

JerusalemJewish Claims• First occupied

around 2600 BC• According to Jewish

scholars, the Word of God was first spoken here and all the earth grew from this spot

• The dust to make Adam was found here as well

JerusalemJewish Claims• Jewish kingdoms,

ruled by King Solomon and King David based out of Jerusalem from 1000 BC

• 1000 years of conflict between Egyptians, Babylonians, Sumerians, and Jewish peoples

JerusalemChristian Claims• Romans take over

in 63 BC

• Life and Death of Christ

• Tomb of Christ nearby

JerusalemChristian–Jewish Conflict• Came under

Christian control when Romans converted

• Jews banned from city for 200 years

Roman Rule

Fall of Rome

Byzantines

Byzantines• Remnants of

the Roman Empire

• Largest Christian Empire

• Control much of the Mediterranean

JerusalemChristian–Jewish Conflict• In 614 AD, Jews

retake the city in a siege

• Helped by Persians • Reportedly kill all of

the Christians inside• Christian

Byzantines retake the city after 15 years, again killing and driving off Jewish forces

Enter Islam……………………..

Current Views of Islam

Arab History• Arabs NOT the same

as Muslim

• Distinct ethnic group from Arabia

• Ancient people with a deep history

Arab History• Split between

nomadic Bedouins and Semites who live in cities

• Two groups worked together to build long trade routes, develop writing, and advance agriculture, math, astronomy, and medicine

Islamic History• In 610 AD,

Muhammad is visited by archangel Gabriel

• Brought by Gabriel to Jerusalem where he sees God and Prophets

• Receives the Word which becomes the Qu’ran

Islamic History• Starts as a rebellious

belief in monotheism, human equality, and freedom for the poor and slaves

• Series of prophets, including Moses, Christ, and ending with Muhammad

Islamic History• Muhammad

forced to leave Mecca

• Travels to Medina and establishes a new government

• Repels three separate attacks from Mecca

• Returns and conquers Mecca, sets sights on the rest of Arabia

Medina

Mecca

Jerusalem

Islamic History• From the

beginning Islam is connected to warfare

• But is also a cause of social justice for the oppressed

• Emphasizes learning, scholarship, ethics, and the creation of law

Mecca

MedinaJerusalem

622-632 AD

Jerusalem• Muslim

forces defeat Christian Byzantines in 634 AD with help of Jewish forces

• Jews and Christians allowed to live in city

• Distinct holy areas for each group

632-661 AD

Expansion• Islamic faith

moves beyond Arabia

• Mix of conversion and military expansion

• Brings sustained conflict with Byzantines

632-661 AD

661-750 AD

War with Christians• 100 years of

conflict in North Africa

• Islamic leaders dream of a new world order

• Conquer Spain and get a foothold in Europe

• Byzantines largely defeated and left controlling Turkey

661-750 AD

War with Christians• Took

possession of major libraries and research centers of the Ancient World

• Technological, scientific, philosophic, and ethical teachings of Greece, Rome, and Egypt

661-750 AD

Consolidation• Expansion

largely stops• Develop new

sciences, medicine, and inventions

• Islamic leaders consolidate power at home

• End of conflict?

750-1000 AD

Crusades Begin

Crusades Begin

Conflict Focused in Turkey

Border Between Christian Europe and Islamic World

Last Hold of Byzantines

Crusades Through Muslim EyesCheat Sheet

Franj = Frankish = Occidentals = EuropeansTartars= MongolsOrient = Turkish = Seljuk = MuslimByzantine = Rum = Roman = Greek

Why did the Franj attack?

Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban IICrusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II• Received call

for help from Byzantine Emperor

• Preached and demanded for an attack against Muslims

• Called for a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem

Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II• Popes and

Kings in conflict

• Division between Eastern and Western Church

• Europe filled with minor lords fighting one another

Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II• How did he

convince Europe to go to war?

• What were the reasons he gave?

• What other reasons might he have?

Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Pope Urban II• Concern for other

Christians• Control over

militaries• Reuniting Church• European

warriors fighting each other

• Idealism and millennial beliefs

Crusades Through Christian Eyes

Peter the Hermit

The People’s Crusade• 40,000 unskilled men,

women, the elderly, and even children march to reclaim the Holy Land

• Unruly horde with little leadership

The People’s Crusade• Anti-Muslim preaching also led to

Anti-Jewish attacks in Europe • In one town, Mainze, 1,100 Jews

were killed by the Crusaders

The People’s Crusade• When the crusade reaches

Constantinople they are largely leaderless and interested in pillaging and killing

• Byzantine Emperor sends them out to be killed by the Turks

The Prince’s Crusade

• Princes from Germany and France gathered an army and marched toward Jerusalem

• Defeat of Nicaea and Antioch

The Prince’s Crusade

• Make it to Jerusalem with little problem

• Jerusalem falls after a short siege

• Establish Christian states in Middle East

200 Years of Crusades

• Christians eventually pushed out of Holy Lands• Two centuries of attacks on

Muslims• Never regain Jerusalem

again

Lasting Effects – Muslim World

• Leadership goes from Arab to Turkish hands

• Very little learned from Europeans

• Islamic world becomes “inward-facing”

• Jihad becomes rallying cry for holy wars

• Continuing animosity with Christians

Lasting Effects – Christian World• Europeans learn great deal

from Muslims• Reconnect with Silk Road• Church solidified power• Legitimate using force to take over lands of pagans

Lasting Effects – Middle East

• Continued religious conflict• Remains prize for

Christians,Jews, and Muslims

• Presence of oil complicates

everything