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Muhammad “The Prophet”• born @ 570 CE in Mecca• raised by an Uncle
– Quraish clan
• Hermit: spent time in solitude– prayed in mtn caves– Angel Gabriel appeared to him
• “RECITE”• became QURAN• Ramadan was t/month that Quran was recited to
Mu.
• Khadija – 1st convert to Islam– Muhammad’s 1st wife– merchant
HEJIRA • 622 CE• first year of Muslim Calendar• migration of Mu. & Muslims
fm Mecca to Medina – Medina (City o/t Prophet)
• 2nd holiest site in Islam
• 630 CE: war w/ Meccan’s– captures Mecca
• dedicates KA’ABA to Allah
• smashes all idols
• holiest site in Islam
Muhammad’s Miracles
• Heart cleansed with snow by two angels
• ascension to heaven:– Dome o/t Rock
• 1500 Muslims drank water from one vessel from Mu’s hand
FIVE PILLARS of ISLAM• Proclamation of Faith• Prayer five times a day
– facing Mecca
• Alms (charity) to the poor & aged• Fasting during Ramadan
– Gabriel spoke to Mu– Hejira– no food/water btwn sunrise &
sunset
• Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca ONCE in a lifetime
KA’ABA in MECCA
The QURAN• Muslim holy book– sits at the right hand of Allah
• exact word of Allah as revealed to Mu. by Angel Gabriel– God becomes the Word
• SHARIA LAW– authority on religion, politics, law,
economics & social life– forbidden to translate from Arabic
• link btwn all Muslims
Quranic teachings• “people of the book”
– Jews & Christians
– treat w/ tolerance
• be merciful & compassionate
• repeat 1st Pillar three times in front of male Muslim to become a Muslim
• “I divorce you” x3
• Paradise or Hell (Judgment Day)
• Hadith: traditional sayings o/t prophet
• Inshallah (the will of God)– Belief in predestination– God controls all that happens
EXPANSION OF ISLAM• ARAB-MUSLIM CONQUESTARAB-MUSLIM CONQUEST • Arab armies united by their belief in Islam• Muslim warriors who died in combat won
a place in Paradise– Jihad
• lure of riches (loot)• tolerant conquerors
– special non-believers tax
• Commerce spread• The WAQF is born:
Islamic Sects (divisions)• Sunni Muslims
– any devout male Muslim can be Caliph
– high moral character– majority
• Shi’ites (Shiah or Shia)– only descendents of Muhammad can
be Caliph– 12th Imam will return on Judgement
Day– only Imams can guide Muslims to
salvation– minority (except Iran & Iraq)
• Sufism: mystical Islam
Mosques
What is a minaret?
____________________________
What is a muezzin? ____________________________
Islamic Customs and Laws• Follow strict dietary laws-
– HALAL - name of Allah must be mentioned while animal is slaughtered –
– Can’t eat pork• Can’t drink alcohol• No gambling• Can’t kill animals for sport• Strict punishments for crimes- In some strongly
Muslim countries there’s little difference between religious laws and country laws. (i.e. Shari’ah)
• 99 names for God/Allah: http://www.islamicity.com/Mosque/99names.htm
• How to pray: http://muslim-canada.org/salaat.html
Women in Islam• Men & women are spiritual
equals• Hijab shows Muslim identity
– recognize intelligence, not sexuality
– seen as feminine
• Surah 4:3: If you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry women of your choice, two or three or four; but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly, then marry only one.
• Hadith: “seeking knowledge is mandatory for all Muslims”
The Islamic (Arab) Empires
• Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)– Damascus is capital– emphasized Arab culture
• Arabic main language• gov’t jobs went to Arabs
• Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)– Baghdad (God given) is capital– more than 1 million ppl– Muslim more important than being
Arab– built libraries, hospitals, irrigation,
mosques, schools
Golden Age of Islam (1st four Caliphs: successors to the
Prophet)• Abu-Bakr (632-634 CE)• Mu’s father-in-law
– Ayesha• united all Arab tribes
• Umar (634-644)– Ridda Wars– captured Baghdad & Jerusalem– most of Persia conquered– murdered by Persian slave
• Uthman (644-656)– captured Egypt & N. Africa– assassinated by fellow Muslims
• Ali (656-661)– Mu’s son-in-law (Fatima)– assassinated by own people
The Arab-Islamic Conquest