Islam: Shia-versus Islam: Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the Sunni/emergence of the

CaliphatesCaliphates

632-1500632-1500

Muslim Mosque in MeccaMuslim Mosque in Mecca

Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in MeccaMecca

D144KaabaD144Kaaba

HajjHajj

Muslims performing Muslims performing the the Hajj Hajj (a pilgrimage (a pilgrimage to Mecca). to Mecca).

The simple white The simple white garments symbolize garments symbolize the equality of the equality of believers.believers.

Muslim PilgrimageMuslim Pilgrimage

Muslims in MeccaMuslims in Mecca

Muslims at PrayerMuslims at Prayer

Muslim obligations: AlmsgivingMuslim obligations: Almsgiving

JihadJihad

““Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Jihad” among extremists refers to “Holy Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial Wars” against the infidels or of Territorial expansion. expansion.

Among moderates, Jihad refers to Among moderates, Jihad refers to

“Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner “Defense” of one’s faith; and or an “inner struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to struggle” to rid oneself of evil and submit to Allah.Allah.

Emergence of ShiaEmergence of Shia

Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true Claim that ‘Ali’s descendents were the true successors to Muhammadsuccessors to Muhammad

Shia community recognizes the Imans, the Shia community recognizes the Imans, the successors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authoritysuccessors to ‘Ali’s Spiritual Authority

Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna (traditional teachings) as Sunna (traditional teachings) as authoritative.authoritative.

CaliphCaliph

Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic Caliph or “Deputy” refers to the Islamic rulers after the death of Muhammad.rulers after the death of Muhammad.

Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624)Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624) The first four caliphs expanded the The first four caliphs expanded the

kingdom still further.kingdom still further. Caliphs have both religious & civil Caliphs have both religious & civil

authority.authority.

Eras of Islamic CivilizationEras of Islamic Civilization

570-632: Muhammad-Founder570-632: Muhammad-Founder

632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in 632-661: First four Caliphs: - Expansion in MideastMideast

661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in 661-750: Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in Damascus) Expansion in N.Africa & SpainDamascus) Expansion in N.Africa & Spain

Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.

750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at 750-1258: Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at BaghdadBaghdad

1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols1000s-1400s: Seljuks &Mongols

1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & 1453-WW I: Ottoman Empire; & FragmentationFragmentation

D162Muslim Exp.MapD162Muslim Exp.Map

Branches of IslamBranches of Islam

Most Muslims would agree on the Most Muslims would agree on the basic principles of Islam basic principles of Islam

Many varieties in beliefs and practices Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist. The main groups are:exist. The main groups are: SunnisSunnis Shi’aShi’a

SunnisSunnis

Comprises 85% of Comprises 85% of MuslimsMuslims

Considered to be Considered to be mainstream mainstream everywhere except in everywhere except in IranIran

Sources of religious Sources of religious and legal authority are and legal authority are the the Qur’anQur’an and the and the hadithhadith (traditions) (traditions)

Analogy and consensus are used to arrive at solutions

Sunnis often able to adapt to different cultures without losing their own values or beliefs

HadithHadith

Expand the basic teachingsExpand the basic teachings Answer legal questionsAnswer legal questions Clarify ritual dutiesClarify ritual duties

Shi’aShi’a

Started as a political dispute over the Started as a political dispute over the leadership of Islamleadership of Islam Muhammad died without naming an heir; some Muhammad died without naming an heir; some

believed his cousin Ali should be his successorbelieved his cousin Ali should be his successor 661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son, 661 CE, Ali was murdered; 680 CE, his son,

Husayn, was killed in IraqHusayn, was killed in Iraq Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the

Shi’ites (Shia Ali)Shi’ites (Shia Ali)

ImamsImams

Spiritual leaders of Islam are the Spiritual leaders of Islam are the imamsimams Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture

without errorwithout error Innovation possible only through an imam’s Innovation possible only through an imam’s

approvalapproval Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic figure

who will lead the world into a time of peacewho will lead the world into a time of peace Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power Sunni and Shi’a disagree over the scope and power

of Imams: for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer leader; of Imams: for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer leader; for the Shi’a, the Imam is temporal leader—the True for the Shi’a, the Imam is temporal leader—the True Caliph.Caliph.

The Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Caliphate

Flourish from 661 to 750Flourish from 661 to 750 Centered in DamascusCentered in Damascus Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but

were deterred by Greek Firewere deterred by Greek Fire Captured Spain but were defeated by Captured Spain but were defeated by

Charles Martel at Tours in 732.Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could Weakness of Umayyads—only Arabs could

be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who be Muslims—opposed by Abbasids who accepted Muslims of all ethnicitiesaccepted Muslims of all ethnicities

The Abbasid CaliphateThe Abbasid Caliphate Flourished from 750 to 1258Flourished from 750 to 1258 Centered in BaghdadCentered in Baghdad Great libraries, academies, and schools.Great libraries, academies, and schools. Translated classical Greek scholarship into ArabicTranslated classical Greek scholarship into Arabic

—preserving it for posterity—preserving it for posterity Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and

MathematicsMathematics Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid

control beginning in 756.control beginning in 756. Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer

Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to rulerule

Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 12581258

Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)

The Ottoman Empire would rival that The Ottoman Empire would rival that of China in size and economic power.of China in size and economic power.

But over time the Ottoman Empire But over time the Ottoman Empire would be weakened until the would be weakened until the twentieth century.twentieth century.

Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire (1520-1566) the Ottoman Empire expanded into North Africa and expanded into North Africa and Syria.Syria.

Growth of the Ottoman Growth of the Ottoman EmpireEmpire

For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into the Balkans and to Persia.into the Balkans and to Persia.

By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf.Europe to the Persian Gulf.

Initial Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was Ottoman conquest and expansion was under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).

Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was determined to spread the faith.determined to spread the faith.

Why Did The Ottomans Why Did The Ottomans Succeed?Succeed?

Ottomans tolerated other faiths—Ottomans tolerated other faiths—didn’t fight wars of religious didn’t fight wars of religious exclusivismexclusivism

Many in Old Byzantine Empire were Many in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of corruption in Byzantine stateweary of corruption in Byzantine state

Key Events of the Ottoman Key Events of the Ottoman StateState

1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle 1389 – Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.of Kosovo.

1396 – Crushed the Hungarians 1396 – Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights at Nicopolis.and foreign knights at Nicopolis.

1402 – Tamerlane defeats the 1402 – Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near Ankara.Ottomans near Ankara.

1453 – Turks capture 1453 – Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed II.Constantinople by Mohammed II.

1517 – Turks captured Cairo.1517 – Turks captured Cairo. 1529 – First siege of Vienna.1529 – First siege of Vienna. 1683 – Second siege of Vienna.1683 – Second siege of Vienna.

162MMap162MMap

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

Rhazes (d. 925)Rhazes (d. 925): Medical expert of : Medical expert of the Abbasid Dynasty who studied the Abbasid Dynasty who studied optics; Caesarian operations and optics; Caesarian operations and more.more.

Most famous treatise Most famous treatise On Small Pox On Small Pox and Measlesand Measles

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

• Avicenna (d. 1037)Avicenna (d. 1037): A Muslim scholar : A Muslim scholar of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled of the Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and Philosophyin both Medicine and Philosophy

• His His Canon of MedicineCanon of Medicine was translated was translated into Latin in the 12into Latin in the 12thth century and by century and by the 16the 16thth century was in its 35 century was in its 35thth edition. edition.

Historic Contributions of the Historic Contributions of the Islamic CivilizationsIslamic Civilizations

Aveorres (d. 1198)Aveorres (d. 1198): Philosopher of the : Philosopher of the Abbasid Dynasty who tried to Abbasid Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with harmonize Islamc faith with Aristotelian logic.Aristotelian logic.

Distillation of AlcoholDistillation of Alcohol

• Developed about 800Developed about 800• Al-kuhl means “the essense”Al-kuhl means “the essense”

AstrolabeAstrolabe

Used for astronomy & for Used for astronomy & for navigation. navigation.

It is believed that the It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari Muslim al-Fazari (d.777A.D.) was the first (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the MidEast to scientist in the MidEast to make an astrolabe, make an astrolabe, following the arrival of an following the arrival of an Indian mission to Indian mission to Baghdad.Baghdad.

Muslim MedicineMuslim Medicine

Muslim physicians Muslim physicians were active in the were active in the advancement of advancement of surgical techniques, surgical techniques, and were among the and were among the first to use narcotic first to use narcotic and sedative drugs in and sedative drugs in operations.operations.

Omar KhyyamOmar Khyyam

Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the author of the RubaiyatRubaiyat and the and the Book Book of 1001 Nightsof 1001 Nights..

““A Book of Verses underneath the A Book of Verses underneath the Bough; A jug of wine, a loaf of breadBough; A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—and thou beside me in the —and thou beside me in the wilderness—Oh Wilderness were wilderness—Oh Wilderness were paradise enow!”paradise enow!”

Harun Al Rashid (800s)Harun Al Rashid (800s)

An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and Dynasty who exchanged gifts, and established friendly relations with established friendly relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest Christian Kingdom in Europe at that Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).time).

Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain

From 756 - 1031, From 756 - 1031, Cordoba was a Cordoba was a political and political and cultural center for cultural center for the Muslims. the Muslims.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

The Muslim religion The Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of prohibited the picturing of human and natural forms.human and natural forms.

Muslim art was thus Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic channeled into artistic displays of great displays of great geometric complexity and geometric complexity and abstract ornamentation. abstract ornamentation.

Muslim Art & ArchitectureMuslim Art & Architecture

This Muslim This Muslim mosque in Seville, mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.was built in 1172.

It was converted to It was converted to a Chrisitan a Chrisitan Cathedral in 1248.Cathedral in 1248.

Muslim architectureMuslim architecture

F320Ottoman MapF320Ottoman Map

So If Islam was so cool, what So If Islam was so cool, what happened?happened?

Present Mindedness—who knows if we Present Mindedness—who knows if we won’t all be dead or Muslim?won’t all be dead or Muslim?

Problem of Closed RevelationProblem of Closed Revelation Failure to form effective statesFailure to form effective states Weak/decadent rulersWeak/decadent rulers Focus on moral reform and supernatural Focus on moral reform and supernatural

deliverance rather than structural/material deliverance rather than structural/material reform—Wahabbism.reform—Wahabbism.