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IslamIslam
Origin and SpreadOrigin and Spread
The Prophet Prophet MuhammadMuhammad
• Born in the city of Mecca (in Arabia)
• Raised by merchants
• Received God’s revelation during the month of Ramadan
• Muhammad’s monotheism VS Mecca’s polytheism
The Holy Quran
• Muslims believe the Quran is the direct word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.
• Written and read in Arabic
Mecca and Medina
• 622 CE: The Prophet goes to Medina (the ancient city of Yathrib) and sets up the first Muslim community
• Muhammad’s journey to Medina is called the hijrah
• 622 CE is the start of the Muslim calendar
DEATH OF THE PROPHET
• Muhammad died in 632 and rose into heaven from a rock in Jerusalem.
• Muslims built a mosque on the site called the Dome of the Rock.
• The rock was holy before Muhammad’s ascension into heaven.
• Jews believe the rock is the “Foundation Stone” of Judaism. They believe Abraham prepared the sacrifice of his son Isaac from this site.
The Islamic Caliphate
• After the Prophet’s death caliphs (leaders) controlled the Muslim world.
• Most famous caliphates: the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty.
• Umayyad capital city: Damascus (Syria). Abbasid capital: Baghdad (Iraq).
Spread of Islam
Battle of Tours, 732 ce
• Muslims expand across North Africa, into Spain– Islam threatens to take
over Christian Europe!!!
• Battle of Tours, 732 ce– Charles Martel, king of
the Franks, defeats the Muslims, which stops their expansion into Europe
The Muslim World
• Major groups of Muslims: Sunnis and Shi’ites
• Most Muslims are Sunnis
• Shi’ites are the majority in Iraq and Iran
Sunnis vs. Shi’ites
• Sunnis– The caliph may be elected from
the Muslim community.
• Shi’ites (Shia)– The caliph must be a descendant
of the family of the Prophet.
The Five Pillars of Islam
• Declare the faith: There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger.
• Pray daily: Pray 5x each day in the direction of the holy city of Mecca.
• Give charity: Give alms to the poor.• Fast: No food or drink from dawn until
dusk during the holy month of Ramadan.
• Complete the Hajj: Pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.
Hajj
• Muslims make a pilgrimage (journey) called a hajj to visit the Kaaba in Mecca.
• The Kaaba:- Stone from
Heaven- Adam and Eve- Abraham- Ishmael
Sharia law
• Moral, legal code– Governs all aspects of Muslim life– Influences:
• Principles set forth in the Quran• Examples given through the life of
the Prophet
Muslim Architect
ure
Raphael’s School of Athens
Islamic Scholars
hip(Muslim
philosopher, Averroes)