Islam and the Islamic Islam and the Islamic EmpiresEmpires

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

Some DefinitionsSome Definitions

ISLAM: The “Yoke” or submission to the ISLAM: The “Yoke” or submission to the will of Godwill of God

MUHAMMAD: The prophet of IslamMUHAMMAD: The prophet of Islam MUSLIM: A follower if IslamMUSLIM: A follower if Islam ARAB: An ethnic/linguistic group centered ARAB: An ethnic/linguistic group centered

on the Arabian peninsula, with members on the Arabian peninsula, with members throughout the Middle East and North throughout the Middle East and North Africa. Majority are Muslim, minority are Africa. Majority are Muslim, minority are Christian.Christian.

ARABIC: The language of Arabs and of the ARABIC: The language of Arabs and of the Qur'anQur'an

Arabia in the Sixth CenturyArabia in the Sixth Century

Most Arabs were Most Arabs were Bedouins – nomadic Bedouins – nomadic people of the desertpeople of the desert

A tribal society – A tribal society – constant wars between constant wars between clansclans

Mecca was a major Mecca was a major caravan citycaravan city

The majority of Arabs The majority of Arabs were polytheistswere polytheists

Idols of gods contained Idols of gods contained in the Ka’abain the Ka’aba

The Prophet Muhammad 570-The Prophet Muhammad 570-632632

• Born in Mecca , orphaned at an early age

• Raised by his uncle

• Worked for a camel caravan company

• Married his boss—Khadija

• At age 39, in the year 609, he received a revelation from Allah (God) during the month of Ramadan

• His mission to reveal the Qur’an to the people created tension between Muhammad’s monotheism and the polytheism of the people of Mecca

The Birth of IslamThe Birth of Islam

Muhammad received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 609. The rest were revealed over the next 23 years, and compiled after his death as the Qur’an

622 Hegira (flight) Muhammad flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar

After a long and bloody war, Muhammad defeats the Meccans, purifies the Ka’aba and establishes Islam as the major religion of Arabia

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

Other Islamic Religious Practices

and Traditions

Other Islamic Religious Practices

and Traditions Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

The Hadith (traditions) account of the deeds and sayings of Muhammad

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Death Death of the of the PropheProphe

tt • Muhammad died in 632 and rose into heaven from a holy rock (where Jews believe Abraham prepared the sacrifice of his son) in Jerusalem. On the site Muslims built a mosque called the Dome of the Rock.DOME OF THE ROCK,

Jerusalem

The Dar al-Islam

The Dar al-Islam

11 22 33 44 55

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

The WorldThe Worldof Islamof Islam

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans and other non-believers (“infidels”).

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.

Spread of IslamSpread of Islam

The Islamic CaliphateThe Islamic Caliphate

• After the death of Muhammad, caliphs (leaders) controlled the Muslim world.

• Most famous caliphates: the Umayyad dynasty and the Abbasid dynasty.

• Umayyad capital city: Damascus (in Syria). Abbasid capital: Baghdad (in Iraq).

Battle of Tours, 732 ceBattle of Tours, 732 ce

Muslims expand across Muslims expand across North Africa, into North Africa, into SpainSpain Islam threatens to take Islam threatens to take

over Christian Europe!!!over Christian Europe!!! Battle of ToursBattle of Tours, 732 ce, 732 ce

Charles MartelCharles Martel, king of , king of the Franks, defeats the the Franks, defeats the Muslims, which stops Muslims, which stops their expansion into their expansion into EuropeEurope

Sunnis vs. Shi’itesSunnis vs. Shi’ites

SunnisSunnis The caliph may be elected from the Muslim community. The caliph may be elected from the Muslim community.

Shi’itesShi’ites (Shia) (Shia) The caliph must be a descendant of the family of The caliph must be a descendant of the family of

Muhammad Muhammad Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali is assassinated in 651Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali is assassinated in 651 The Shia Ali (partisans of Ali) have never accepted the The Shia Ali (partisans of Ali) have never accepted the

rule of the succeeding Sunni caliphsrule of the succeeding Sunni caliphs The Shia are a minority in the Muslim world(10-15% The Shia are a minority in the Muslim world(10-15%

worldwide, but 39% in Middle East); a majority only in worldwide, but 39% in Middle East); a majority only in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Azerbaijan Iran, Iraq, Bahrain and Azerbaijan

The Rise of Islamic Empires in The Rise of Islamic Empires in the Middle East, Europe, and the Middle East, Europe, and

IndiaIndia

The Rise of The Ottoman The Rise of The Ottoman EmpireEmpire

The Rise of the Ottoman The Rise of the Ottoman TurksTurks Under Osman Bey (1258-Under Osman Bey (1258-

1326) the Ottomans, a 1326) the Ottomans, a semi-nomadic Turkic semi-nomadic Turkic people created an empire people created an empire that would expand rapidly that would expand rapidly and survive until 1923.and survive until 1923.

They expanded the They expanded the empire into the Balkans, empire into the Balkans, where young Christian where young Christian boys became slaves of boys became slaves of the Sultan and served as the Sultan and served as Janissaries.Janissaries.

In 1453 Under Sultan In 1453 Under Sultan Mehmet II,(1451-1481) Mehmet II,(1451-1481) they besieged and they besieged and conquered conquered Constantinople, (renamed Constantinople, (renamed Istanbul) which ended the Istanbul) which ended the Christian Byzantine Christian Byzantine Empire.Empire.

Constantinople becomes Constantinople becomes InstanbulInstanbul

Churches like Churches like Haghia Sophia Haghia Sophia were transformed were transformed into mosques, into mosques, though many though many Christian features Christian features remain.remain.

Ottoman ruleOttoman rule In the conquered territories, In the conquered territories,

the Turks faced hostile the Turks faced hostile populations of Jews, populations of Jews, Catholics, Orthodox Catholics, Orthodox Christians and even Christians and even Muslims.Muslims.

The Turks allowed everyone The Turks allowed everyone to practice whatever to practice whatever religion they wanted as long religion they wanted as long as they paid taxes.as they paid taxes.

They managed a vast, They managed a vast, culturally diverse empire culturally diverse empire through the Janissary Army through the Janissary Army and Civil Service.and Civil Service.

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)1566)

Empire at its peak, Empire at its peak, included the Balkans, included the Balkans, Greece, Syria, Egypt Greece, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. and Iraq.

In 1529 he attacked In 1529 he attacked Vienna, the capital of Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empirethe Habsburg Empire

He had many He had many challengeschallenges Mostly from the Safavid Mostly from the Safavid

Empire (the Shi’ite Empire (the Shi’ite Persians)Persians)

How Did Ottomans Exercise How Did Ottomans Exercise Power?Power?

Center of Power – in Istanbul—Center of Power – in Istanbul—the Topkapi Saraythe Topkapi Saray

A fortress, sanctuary, and A fortress, sanctuary, and shrineshrine

Laid out by Mehmed IILaid out by Mehmed II Outer walls and inner walls Outer walls and inner walls

with Inner palace in deep with Inner palace in deep interior—palace housed interior—palace housed treasury, a library, and the treasury, a library, and the sultan’s pavillionsultan’s pavillion

Inner court closed to all but Inner court closed to all but state officials – visitors state officials – visitors confined to outer courtconfined to outer court

Around the edges, secret Around the edges, secret hideaway spots for the Sultan’s hideaway spots for the Sultan’s haremharem

Ottoman PowerOttoman Power

Topkapi Palace housed 10 mosques, Topkapi Palace housed 10 mosques, 14 bathhouses, 2 hospitals, 2,000 14 bathhouses, 2 hospitals, 2,000 women and 4,000 horseswomen and 4,000 horses

Sultan housed in sacred spaces with Sultan housed in sacred spaces with relics of the prophet Muhammad – relics of the prophet Muhammad – controlled the institutions and sacred controlled the institutions and sacred places related to Sunni Islamplaces related to Sunni Islam

Externally—law code, tolerance, Externally—law code, tolerance, military power, still profited from military power, still profited from spice trade, tribute from Europeansspice trade, tribute from Europeans

Internally—palace often ruled by Internally—palace often ruled by eunuchs and concubines, as well as eunuchs and concubines, as well as sultan’s mother, but more rational sultan’s mother, but more rational than many Europeans believedthan many Europeans believed

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire

Created by the young Shah Created by the young Shah Ismail (1501-1524).Ismail (1501-1524).

Ismail established “Twelver Ismail established “Twelver Shiism” as the state Shiism” as the state religion (belief that twelfth religion (belief that twelfth imam would be the leader imam would be the leader of all Islam.of all Islam.

Defeated by the Ottomans Defeated by the Ottomans at the battle of Chaldiran at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514in 1514

Like Ottomans, benefitted Like Ottomans, benefitted from trade across Eurasiafrom trade across Eurasia

Ruled through a hereditary Ruled through a hereditary class of fighters – the class of fighters – the QizilbashQizilbash

Shah AbbasShah Abbas

Expanded the Safavid Expanded the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629Empire from 1588-1629

Created capital at IsfahanCreated capital at Isfahan Won gains in the caucuses Won gains in the caucuses

and central Asia, expelled and central Asia, expelled the Portuguese from the Portuguese from HormuzHormuz

Insisted that everyone Insisted that everyone practice Shi’ite version of practice Shi’ite version of Islam – left no room for Islam – left no room for religious pluralism – even religious pluralism – even though most people they though most people they governed were not governed were not originally Shi’itesoriginally Shi’ites

The Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire

Babur, claiming descent Babur, claiming descent from Chinggis Khan, from Chinggis Khan,

started to conquerstarted to conquer India India in 1523 and took Delhi in in 1523 and took Delhi in 1526.1526.

He founded a ruling He founded a ruling dynasty known as the dynasty known as the Mughal, the Persian word Mughal, the Persian word for Mongolsfor Mongols

Early Mughal Rulers – Babur (1483-Early Mughal Rulers – Babur (1483-1530)1530)

Early Mughal Rulers – Humayun – Babur’s Early Mughal Rulers – Humayun – Babur’s SonSon

Legacy of Humayun Legacy of Humayun (1508-(1508-1556)1556)

Faced many Faced many obstacles-mostly from obstacles-mostly from brothersbrothers

Consolidated RuleConsolidated Rule Interested in Science Interested in Science

and Astrologyand Astrology Died falling down Died falling down

stairs from library stairs from library carrying bookscarrying books

Picture—Humayun Picture—Humayun with Baburwith Babur

Akbar – Humayun’s Son Akbar – Humayun’s Son (1556-1605)(1556-1605)

Created a centralized Created a centralized statestate

He encouraged art He encouraged art and architecture.and architecture.

Continued to expand Continued to expand the Empire into the Empire into Gujarat and BengalGujarat and Bengal

encouraged toleration encouraged toleration of Hindusof Hindus

Akbar’s Palace – Fatehpur Akbar’s Palace – Fatehpur SikriSikri

Jahangir (1569-1627Jahangir (1569-1627

Ruled from 1605-1627 Ruled from 1605-1627 after father-Akbar-diedafter father-Akbar-died

Very well educated, Very well educated, spoke 4 languagesspoke 4 languages

He had little interest in He had little interest in IndiaIndia

Emphasized Sunni IslamEmphasized Sunni Islam He married a Persian – He married a Persian –

Nur Jahan and let her run Nur Jahan and let her run the country – she had the country – she had been a widow in his courtbeen a widow in his court

More interested in More interested in drinking and smoking drinking and smoking opium than rulingopium than ruling

Nur Jahan – Power Behind the Nur Jahan – Power Behind the ThroneThrone

Persian – gave positions Persian – gave positions in government to all her in government to all her male relativesmale relatives

Tough rulerTough ruler Good businesswoman–Good businesswoman–

encouraged trade and encouraged trade and industry-manufactured industry-manufactured perfume, cosmeticsperfume, cosmetics

Owned ships she used Owned ships she used for commercial for commercial endeavorsendeavors

Wrote poetry under the Wrote poetry under the name Makhifiname Makhifi

Shah JahanShah Jahan Jahangir’s sonJahangir’s son Basically imprisoned Basically imprisoned

Nur Jahan until she died Nur Jahan until she died (she had backed his (she had backed his brother) brother)

He ruled from 1628-He ruled from 1628-1657.1657.

Built the Peacock throne Built the Peacock throne and the Taj Majal.and the Taj Majal.

Built the Taj Majal as a Built the Taj Majal as a monument to his wife monument to his wife when she died in when she died in childbirth in 1631.childbirth in 1631.

Peacock ThronePeacock Throne

Taj MajalTaj Majal

Rebellion of AurangzebRebellion of Aurangzeb

Defeats Father - Defeats Father - Shah Jahan in 1658 Shah Jahan in 1658 and becomes and becomes emperor.emperor.

Ruled until 1707.Ruled until 1707. He actively tries to He actively tries to

conquer all of India conquer all of India and got most of it and got most of it except the South.except the South.

Rule of AurangzibRule of Aurangzib

Aurangzib (1659-1707) was Aurangzib (1659-1707) was an ardent Muslim and he an ardent Muslim and he prohibited the Hindu religion prohibited the Hindu religion and destroyed the Hindu and destroyed the Hindu temples.temples.

In 1679 he imposed a special In 1679 he imposed a special tax on non-Muslims and tax on non-Muslims and created an Islamic moral created an Islamic moral police that tried to enforce police that tried to enforce orthodoxy.orthodoxy.

He also required all women to He also required all women to marrymarry

By his death there was much By his death there was much turmoil.turmoil.

The Islamic empiresThe Islamic empires

Though these were powerful empires why did Though these were powerful empires why did they decline?they decline? One reason was they spent a lot of money fighting One reason was they spent a lot of money fighting

warswars Spent enormous sums on monumental architecture Spent enormous sums on monumental architecture

to display powerto display power Power – Superficially external visible – Real power Power – Superficially external visible – Real power

Hidden in inner quartersHidden in inner quarters Worked well when tolerant – mostly notWorked well when tolerant – mostly not Resisted new developments in western technology Resisted new developments in western technology

and scienceand science Saw trade very differently from Europeans.Saw trade very differently from Europeans.