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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to

information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interestto the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit ofeducation and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote thetimely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

!"#$% '(%)

“ !"# $ %& #' (")* &" +#,-. ”Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“ /0 )"1 &2 324 #' 5 *)6 ” Jawaharlal Nehru

“Step Out From the Old to the New”

“ 7"#1 &" 8+9&") , 7:1 &" 8+9&") ”Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“ !"# %& ;

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IS : 1220 - 1978 Reaffirmed 2004

Edition 2.1 1996-11

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

irst evisionIncorporating Amendment No.1

UDe 665 .775 : 620 .1

e BIS 2007B U R E U O F I N D I N S T N D R D SMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Price Group 590

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Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

First RevisionBitumen and Tar Product Sectional Committee, BCDC 2

Chai rma nPROF C . G. SWAM INAT HAN

RepresentingCe nt ra l R oad Rese ar ch In stitute (CSIR), New Delhi

Public Works Department , PunjabRoads W ing (M inistry of Transport

SHRJ HIMMAT SINGHSIIR J . S . BAHL Alternate

BRIGH . K. KAPooR Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army HeadquartersSHR J . K. CHARAN Alternate

SIIRI D . R. KOHU Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd MarketingDivis ion), Bombay

.HembersS HRI Y. C. GOKHA LE ( Alt ernat e to

ProfC. G . S waminathanSlim N . A. DE. X. ALPHOSSO Hindu stan Petroleum Corporation Ltd (Refin ery

Div ision), BombaySIIRI S . N. MATII UR( Alt ernate )

PROF G . M. AJ iDAYA.. 11 Highways Ru r al Works Department (PWD) ,Tamil Nadu

Slim A. K. BHATIA CIIARYYA National Test House, CalcuttaDR K . S . BIIATIA CIIARYA M ini stry of De f ence (DOl

SHRI S . K. G A..I;GU U Alt emal e )CIIEMIST METALL URGIST Min istry of Railways (RDSO)

ASSISTANT CHEMIST METALLURGIST Alternate

CIIIEF EN GINEERCIIIEF ENGINEER (ROADS)

SHR R . P . SIIQ\A( Alternate )Slim G. C . GOSWA..\f) Assam Oil Co Ltd , Digboi

SHR SWAR CHAND RA ( Alternate

SIIRJ A. Y. GUPTE Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Lt d Market in gDivis ion), Bombay

Indian Institute of Petroleum (CSIR) , Dehra Dun

SHR R . R. BA.'lDRE Alternate( Continued on page 2 )

OBIS 2007

BUREAU OF INDlAN STANDARDSThis publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) andreproducti on i n wh ole o r in p ar t by an y mean s except w i th w ritten perm ission of thepublisher s hall be deem ed to be an infringement of copyri ght under the s aid Act .

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C o n t in u ed [rom p a I

(R efin erytdur p orati onharat Petr ol eumD ivisi on ) . Bombay

. l' lII oer sS IlRI T . S . K RISIl: Ao\t l 'RTlll

1l pn 's l ' lIl illIndian hI C or p or ati on Ltd ( Re fi ne ry DIV islI, ).

BombavSIIRI C. V . R A ~ tA ~ I l R T ( AI 1 1'r1Ia11'

SHRI S. B Kt'LKAR: 1 Indi an Oil Corp oration Ltd (M a r k e t in g Divisi on ).Bornbav

SIIRI MAHABIR PRASAD Indi an Roads ConKressPR UF C . G . SWA \II '1ATHA N ( A I I ~ r 1 I ( J l l )

SHRIM . R. MAL YA In p ers onal ca pa city t Ct» ( ;' JIIl l lw n lndut Lt d . ;omm on Hous e, \ ~ r Sa mrlmr Mar;;: . P.H. So .9129 . Pr obhaderi. Bom bav ·IlJ0025

SHRI T. S . N AYER M in i strv uf P et r ol eum .S HRI T . P . S l · nR A l~ I ~ ;Y A o ( Alt ernat e j

DR A V. R. RAO N ati onal Building s O rgan iza t ionDR R . S. RATRA ( Alt ern at e )

REPRE SE NTATIV E Mini stry of D efen ce ( R D)SHRI T. K. Roy Shalimar Tar Pr oducts ( l 9 . l ~ )Lt d . CalcuttaSIlRI DILIP KR. SEN Central Fuel Research Institute CSIR ), Dh anbad

SIlRI AR lJN KAo 'T1 CIl Ol 'DIl URY i Al t ernut e )SE NIOR S URVEYOR O F W ORKS Central Public W ork s Department

m A l )S l 'R \'EYOR OF W ORKS (DAZ ) ( Al ternat e )

S HRIS . S UBBIAH D irec torat e G en er al o f Supplie s D is p osal sS HRI S . P . G UPTA ( Al tern a te

S H R I NS T H Y G A o ~

SHRI C . H . SAlI EBA ( Alt ernate SHRI D . AJITHASIMHA, Director General . lSI ( Ex- offi cio Memb er)

Director (Ci v Engg )S ecret ary

SHRI J . R . MEHTADeputy Dire c tor (C iv E ngg ). lS I

Methods of Testing Tar and Bitumen Subcommittee . BCDC 2 : 2

Central Road Research Inst i tute (CSIR) , N ew D el hiConven er

PR OF C . G . SWAMINATHAN

MembersPR OF G . M . V ~ Highwa ys Rur al W orks Department PWD) .

T am il NaduSHRI J . S . BAllI. Indian Inst i tute of Petroleum (CSIR) , Dehra Dun

SHRI J . M . NAGPAL t Alt ernate SHRI A K BHATTA CHAJlYYA National Test Hou se, C alcut ta

SHRI K D . DAS ( AlternateSHRI G . C . G OSWAMI Assam O il Co Lt d . Digboi

SHRIlsWAR C H R AlternateSHRI B . B. L. KAPooR Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd Refinery

D ivi sion ). B ombaySHRI C . H . SAHEBA( Alternat e

( Continu ed on pag e a )

2

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IS 2 978to

IS 22 978

Continu ed from page 2 )

Members RepresentingBRIG H. K. K PooR Engineer-in -Chief s ranch , Army Headquarters

SHRI B. S . MAlIlTIAIJKA it emate S R S . B. U L K R ~ Indian Oil Corporation Ltd Marketing Division) ,

BombayS R M. R. M LY In personal capacity C/o Gammon India Ltd,

Gammon House, Veer Sa carkar Marg , P .B. No .9129, Prabhade oi, Bombay 400025

SHRJ K . P. N R Indian Oil Corporation Ltd R D Centre),Faridabad

SHRI G. RAGHAVENDRAN Madras Refineries Limited , MadrasSHRI T. V . VARGHESE itemate )

SHRI C. V. RAMASWAMY H in du st an Pe tr ol eu m Corporation Lt d RefineryDivision), Bombay

SHRI A. Y. G UPTE itemate )

SHRJ T. K. RoySUPERI:- TENDING ENGINEER

(R OADS)

Shalimar Tar Products 1935) Ltd , CalcuttaMinistry of Transport and Shipp ing Roads Wing)

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I S : 2 2 - 978

O N T E N T S

PAGE

FOREWORD 5

I S 1201-1978 SAMPLING 7I S 1202-1978 DETERMINATION OF SPE CIFIC GRAVITY 19I S 1203-1978 DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION 25IS : 1204-1978 DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE OF SPECIFIED N E

TRATION 29IS : 1205-1978 DETERMINATION OF SOFTENING POINT 33IS : 1206 PART 1 -1978 DETERMINATION OF VIS COSITY: PART

IND USTRIAL VIS COSITY 39I S 1206 PART II -1978 DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY: PART II

ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY 47I S 1206 PART III -1978 DETERMINATION OF VIS COSITY : PART I I I

KINEMATI C VIS COSITY 57IS

: 1207-1978 DETERMINATION OF EQUIVISCOUS TEMPEHATURE EVT 65I S 1208-1978 DETERMINATION OF DUCTILITY 7

I S 1209-1978 DETERMINATION OF FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT 75IS : 1210-1978 FLOAT TEST 87I S 1211-1978 DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT DEAN AND

STARK METHOD 91I S 1212-1978 DETERMINATION OF Loss ON HEATING 97

I S : 1213-1978 DISTILLATION TEST 103This s tandard deleted Vide Amendment No . 1 IS : 1215-1978 DETERMINATIONOF MAITER INSOLUBLE IN TOLUENE 121IS : 1216-1978 DETERMINATION OF SOLUBILITY IN CARBON DISUL-

PHIDE OR TRICHLOROETHYLENE 125I S 1217-1978 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL MATTER ASH 131I S 1218-1978 DETERMINATION OF PHENOLS 133I S 1219-1978 DETERMINATION OF NAPHTHALENE 37

I S : 1220-1978 DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE MATTER CONTENT 141

APPENDIX A APPARATUS SCHEDULES 145

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ndian Standard

METHODS FOR TESTINGTAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS

irst RevisionO. F O R W O R

0.1 These Indian Standards First Revision) were adopted by theIndian Standards Institution on 30 June 1978, after the draftsfinalized by th e Bitu me n and Tar Products Sectional Committee hadbeen approved by the Civil Engineering Division Coun cil.

0 .2 A series of published Indian Standards cover tar , bitumen andbituminous materials. The se standards require , amongst otherrequirements, detailed testing of each of these product s. At one stage ,the various methods of tests relat ing to each product were includ ed inthe same standard. Since these s pecificat ions were prepared over aperiod of time , the methods of tests , pr escribed for the determ inationof s imilar propert ies v a ri ed in procedure a nd e qu ipme nt from onestandard to another. It was, therefore , felt necessary to prepare as ta ndard compilat ion of methods of test for tar and bitumen to simplifythese test procedures and to prescribe, as far as possible, the sames tandard equipment for determining similar properties .

0.3 Thi s series of standards on methods of tests was f irst published in

1958 . However, during the course of this per iod a number ofimprovements have since been made in carrying out of these methodsof tests and accordingly , the compilation of methods of tests is nowbeing revised to bring i t up-to-date . Modifications have, in particular,been made the provisions of repeatabil i ty and reproducibility limitsspecified under each test. Also, under methods of tests for determiningthe viscosity requirements IS : 1206) additional methods of tests havebeen included for t he determina tion of ab solute and kinematic viscosity under separate parts . IS : 1214-1978 De te r min a ti on of

matter insoluble in benzene has been w ithdrawn due toxic nature ofbenzene. This test is not being conducted nationally/internationally.Instead of this . Determination of matter insoluble in toluene is beingconducted for which an Indian Standard IS : 1215-1978 ex ists.

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0.4 The Sect ional Committee responsible for t he p repa ra tion of thesestandards has taken into conside ra tion t he views of producers ,consumers and technologists and has related th e standards to themanufacturing and trade practices followed in the country in this field.Due weightage has also been given to the need for internationalco-ordination between standards prevailing in different countries ofthe world. These considerations have led the Sectional Committee toderive assistance from the s tandards and publications of the followingassociations and committees:

Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee , LondonInstitute of Petroleum , United KingdomAmerican Society for Testing Materials Philadelphia

0.5 While preparing this compilation of methods of tests , simplificationin the range and type of thermometers , condensers and receivers usedin various tests has been kept in view . Accordingly , the committeehopes that this simplification will help the laboratories to equipthemselves with a complete range of apparatus for testing ta r andbitumen. As a guide to the laboratories a l ist of apparatus required fortesting ta r and bitumen according to these standards has beenprovided in Appendix A at t he en d . The thermometers specified in thiscompilation are identified in terms of designations according to theInstitute of Petroleum or American Society for Testing Materials andhence their equivalent IP and ASTM designations are also given in theAppendix. Corresponding equivalent Indian Standard designationscovering t he se t he rm om et ers are also indicated . is, however,important to note tha t all thermometers used in these tests shouldbear a conformity certificate from the National Physical Laboratory of

India or any other insti tution authorized by the Government of Indiato issue such certificates .0.6 This edition incorporates Amendments issued to various parts oneamendment Amendment No. 1 November 1996 has been issuedthrough which IS : 1214-1978 has been deleted and changes made in theportions applicable to all standards . Details of these are indicated in eachpart as well as in th e l ast cover page . Side bar indicates modification ofthe text as t he r es ul t of incorporation of these amendments .

0.7 In reporting the result of a test or ana lysi s made in accordancewith these standards , the final value observed or calculated is to berounded off, i t shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960 .

Rules for rounding off numerical values rerised

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IS : 1201 - 1978

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:SAMPLING

irst evision

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard covers methods of sampling bitumen andb ituminous mater ia ls in their l iquid semi-solid or solid statessupplied in any of the following forms :

a Cans or small containers drums barrels and bags;

b Solid materials in loose form;c Rail tank wagon and road task trucksllorries ; and

d Bulk storage t an ks a nd other types of bulk storage .NOTE - The provi sion o f thi s s tandard s hall be a pplica ble t o b itum en e mulsions a lso s ubject to m odificat ions giv en in the rel ev ant s ta nda rds on e mulsions.

2. PURPOSE OF SAMPLING

2.1 From a lot representing a part or the whole of the material offeredfor inspection. samples are tak en for the purpose of securingrepresentative portions for visual and laboratory examination or for

preservation for record . The examination may be made to determine :a the a verage quality of the material in the lot

b the extent of variation in quality in the different portions of thematerial and

c conformity to the specified requirements

3. TERMINOLOGY

3.0 For the purpose of this standard the following definitions shall

apply.3.1 Lot - The quantity of material of the same composition offered forinspection at one time . A lot may consist of th e whole or a par t of thequantity ordered for.

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IS : 1201 - 1978

3 Formation Lots

a The lot shall be formed before sampling is undertaken ;b The basic principle in forming the lot is that t he mater ia l in the

lot should be as homogeneous as possible with regard to thequality characteristics specified ; and

c Care shall be taken to see that the material in a single lot comesfrom the same sourcelbatch of manufacture and as far as possiblefrom raw mater ia l of identical origin.

3.2 Top Sample - A top sample is one taken at a level of one sixth ofthe depth of the material below the top surface and in the centre of thecontainer .3.3 Middle Sample - A middle sample is one taken at a level of onehalf of t he d ep th of the material below the top surface in the centre ofthe conta iner.3.4 L ow er S am ple - A lower sample is one taken at a level offive-sixths of the depth of material below the top surface in the centreof the container .

OT 1 - In th e case of horizontal cylindrical tanks an d tanks of i rregular shape , top , middle and lower samples taken at levels c orresponding to one-aixth, o ne-half

and five sixths of th e depth of product in the tank ar e not representative . In s uchcircumstances, samples s ha ll be taken at levels correspondi ng to one -sixth , one-half,an d five -sixths of that volume .NOT 2 n th e case of cone-roofed tanks th e sa m ple may be drawn from as nea r thecentre a s possible .

3.5 Average Sample - A true average or representative sample is suchthat its composition would be the same as that of any part of the quantitysampled if the whole were mixed to ensure homogeneity. When thecontents of the vessel are substantially homogeneous as shown bypreliminary examination of top, lower and middle samples and the crosssection of the vessel is uniform, an average sample is usual ly made upby combining equal parts of samples drawn from levels at one-sixth,one half and five-sixths of the depth of the liquid below the top surface.3.6 Composite Sample - A composite sample is one taken bycombining representative samples of a product from a number ofcontainers , tha t is, from packages. in proportion to the contents of eachof the containers sampled.3.7 P i pe l ine Sample - A composite sample taken at the filling pointin the delivery end of the pipeline.3. 8 All Level Sample

-This

isobtained

bysubmerging

a closedsampler to a point as near as possible to the draw-off level. thenopening the sampler and raising it at a co ns ta nt ra te s uc h tha t i t isnearly but not quite, full as i t emerges from the liquid and has drawnin the sample liquid at all levels.

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IS : 1201 1978

4 S MPLIN PP R TUS

4.1 Bitumen Sampler - A strong metal vessel of about half litrecapacity the handle of which shall be attached by a means notadversely affected by hot bitumen Fig . 1 .

4.2 Sampling Thief or Tub e M eth od - The sampling thief or tubeshall be either of glass or metal to reach to within 3 mm of the bottomof the vessel and having a capacity of approximately half or one litre . Ametal tube suitable for sampling 250 litre drums is illustrated inFig. 2 . The rings shall be soldered to opposite sides of the tube at theupper end for convenience in holding it.

J l.EGSEQUALLY

spaCID

FIG. 1 BITUMEN SAMPLER All dimens ions i n millim etres .

FIG SAMPLING TUBE

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S 1201 - 1978

4.3 Ship Auger - of such diameter and length as to permit a core ofconvenient size to be taken throughout the depth of the package orcake as illustrated in Fig . 3.

FIG SHIP UGER

4.4 Sampl ing Scoop - of such dimensions as to enable a core ofconvenient size to be taken throughout the depth of the package s Fig. 4 ).

Hl D OROlllVlHG no I A R I U

WOOO_ .. . l l A N O L

» Ol

FIG S MPLING SCOOP

4.5 Knife or Spatu la - provided with a strong broad steel blade foruse with materials which are soft .4.6 Hammer and Chisel - of any convenient size for use withsamples which are hard enough to shatter.4.7 Bott le Sampler - made of metal with a handle and stopper sFig. 5 .

5. SAMPLE CONTAINERS5.1 Containers for the samples of liquid bituminous materials shal l besmall-mouth cans with cork-lined screw caps , except for emulsions. inwhich case they shall be wide-mouth glass jars or bottles. Containersfor the samples of semi-solid and solid materials shal l be friction-topcans

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2 9 8

9 5 _LE D S I N K E R

2 5

CORK

· THICK l

NOTE A tolerance of 10 percent is allowable on dimensions in millimetres

FIG BO ITLE SAMPLER FOR T NK RS

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12 to 15

16 5051 .. 150

151 500501 an d above

IS : 1201 - 1978

5 2 The size of t he sample container used shall be s uch that it is nearlyfilled by the s ample taken . just enough free space. such a s 5 to 10percent of the capacity of the container being left to allow forexpansion and to enable the contents to be mixed by shaking .

6. SIZE OF SAMPLES6.1 The sizes of samples to be taken for testing shall be as follows :

a Liquid Mat erials1 From small containers , cans drums and barrels - one litre for

each separate sample .

2 From bulk s to rage tanks and drums - 5 litres .b Semi solid or Solid Materials

1 From barrels drums , cakes and powdered materials in bags1 to 2 kg for each separate sample .

2 Fr om b ulk a minimum of 4.5 kg composite or average sample .

7. PROCEDURE AND SCALE OF SAMPLING7.1 From Cans o r Small Containers Barrels D ru ms a nd Bags

7.1.1 Liquid Materials - The number of packages to be selected forsampling from the lo t shall be in accordance with col 1 and 2 ofTable 1. The sample packages shall be selected at random

TABLE 1 SCALE OF SMo1PLING Clauses 7.1.1 n 7.12

No O F C ONTAINERS No OF C ONTAINERSIBAGS IN THE LoT BA GS TO BE SELECTED

FORSAMPUNG

12358

13

7.1.1.1 Composite sample - From each of the packages selected forsampling a smal l quant ity of material shall be withdrawn with the helpof a sampling tube in accordance with the procedure given in 7.1.1.2.The quantity so withdrawn from each of t he pa ck ag es shall be fullyrepresentative and proportional to its contents The materialwithdrawn from all the packages shall be thoroughly mixed togetherand then the requisite quantity for testing shall be withdrawn . Thisshall be the composite sample An identical composite sample required

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IS : 1201 1978

may also be made for keeping as reference sample under the joint sealsof the purchaser and the seller. the composite sample passes i ~ respectof all the requirements of the specification the ~ may be considered tobe in conformity to the requirements of the specification.7.1.1.2 A sampl ing tube of convenient size shall be lowered into thepackage so that it touches the ?ottom and a s m p ~ eo t i ~ e dbyclosing the top end of the tube with the thumb and withdrawing thetube. the tube contains free water its contents shall be rejected andthe tube again lowered into the package to such a depth as to avoid the

water. The tube shall then be withdrawn as before and its contentsused to rinse the tube and sample container and then discarded Thetube shall next be lowered slowly as far as possible into the contents ofthe drum or can without touching t he w at er layer if present The tubeshall then be closed and withdrawn and the sample allowed to flowgently and without splashing into a sample container7 2 Semisolid or Solid Materials The number of packages to beselected for sampling from the lot shall be in accordance with col I and2 of Table The sample packages shall be selected a t random

7.1.2.1 From each of the sample packages from the lo t appropriatequantity shall be taken For this purpose an appropriate samplingapparatus aid or device may be used which may involve use ofhammer chisel knife or spatula auger or a scoop. the material isheld in small containers with a bung hole too small to introduce thethief the contents of the container shall be mixed thoroughly byshaking and the requisite quantity of sample shall be poured out Careshall be taken to ensure that from each container the material taken isfully representative and proportional to its contents The material sotaken from each of the sample con ta iner s sha ll be thoroughly mixedtogether or melted together i necessary to form a combined mass ofmaterial from which a suitable sample for testing shall be taken Thisshall be called the composite sample required a similar compositesample may be taken for purpose of preservation for reference undert he jo in t seal s of purchaser and the seller. The composite sample shal lbe required to pass all the specified requirements in order to declare alot to be in conformity to the requirements of this specification.

7.2 From Rail Tank Wagon and Road Tank TrucksILorries7.2.1 A careful observation of the condition of the mater ia l in regard tothe presence of foam sediment or free water on top or at the bottom ofthe m ~ t e r i l the wagon/truck shall be made immedia te ly beforesampling and i such extraneous materials are present in measurablequantities their volume shall be estimated and samples of e ac h s ha ll

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IS : 1201 1978

be taken and properly labelled. If po ssible the foreign materials shal l

be r emoved and discard ed before sampling .7.2.2 Liquid bituminous materials s hall if practicable be sampl edbefore h eating but if heating is necessary at no t ime s hall thetemperature exceed that required for sati sfactory sampling . Semisolidor solid bituminous materials shal l be rendered fluid by heating .7.2.3 When pos sible thoroughly mix the material to be sampled bycirculating for sev eral h our s before s amples are taken . Co llect thesample from the draw off cock at the bottom of the tank in the bitumensampler. When i t is not possible to mix the contents of the tank or

when it is d esired to ascertain if the contents of the tank ar e uniform take samples by m eans of a bottle sampler by the method de scribedin 7.3.1. Close the sample container immediately.7 .2.4 From each tank wagon/truck the requi site quantity of materialshall be taken to constitute the composite sample for testing. thecomposite sample is found to pass all the tests the material in thetank wagon/truck s ha ll be considered to be in conformity to therequirement of the specification . If required an identical compositesample may be taken for reference.

7.3 From ul Storage7 3 L iquid Materials n Materials Made Liquid by Heat ing Thei nl et and out le t to the storage tank shall be closed and a 5 litre sampledrawn from the top middle and bottom contents . The sample may betaken from drain cocks on the side of the tank i such are available with the help of a sampler i llus trated in Fig. 1 and when so takenenough materia l sha ll be allowed to flow through t he d ra in cocks andd iscarded to ensure a representative sample from the contents of thetank . Otherwise samples may be taken by lowering into the material asuitable bottle sampler a satisfactory type of which is illustrated inFig . 5 . The bottle or can shall be fitted with a stopper which shall beremoved by a string or wire attached to i t after it has been lowered tot he p ro pe r depth. The three samples from b ulk sto rage m ay be testedseparately for consistency in order to detect stratification . They maythen be combined thoroughly mixed and a 5 litre sample takentherefrom for other tests that may be required for determining averagecharacteristics of the mater ia l.

7 3 2 Solid Materials in Loose Form Mix the piece representing theto ta l quant ity on a clean hard surface and proceed as follows :

Place the broken down samples on a clean impervious surface mixby shovelling and heap into a cone by depositing separate smallquantities one on top of the other the cone being formed symmetricallythroughout with its apex always in the same vertical line .

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IS : 1201 - 1978

Alternatively shovel the material into a funnel h8:ving a s ~ o r tcylindrical stem about 51 mm in diameter S u p ~ o r ~t h i ~funnel n avertical position above the top of ~ h econe and raise It w ~ t h o u tlateraldisplacement as th e cone grows higher to allow the m a t ~ r l a lto fl w outgently and not fall from a height. Form a new cone twice n a similarway flatten the third cone by pressing it with a metal sheet or any othersuitable appliance the flattening being carried out symmetrically ~ ugiving a mass of approximately uniform thickness and diameter Dividethe sample at this stage in quarters by pressing through i t a metal crossconstructed from four arms or blades which meet a t a common centre

held at right angles to each other by stays . Remove a pair of oppositequarters completely and reject them . Mix the two remaining quarterstogether thoroughly reduce in bulk by further quartering and repeatthe procedure until a final sample of suitable quantity is left.

The gross sample shall not be less than 25 kg from which shall beselected 1 to 1.5 kg of the composite sample for tests the compositesample satisfies all the specified tests t he mater ia l in the lo t shall bedeclared to be in conformity to the specified requirements

8. PRECAUTIONS

8.1 In addition to the general precautions given in 8.2 in sampling forcertain tests there are special precautions which shall be observedand t hese a re prescribed u nd er t he relevant method of tests . I t cannotbe over emphasized that the most careful work in the laboratory or inoil measurement may be rendered useless if care is not tak en whendrawing the samples upon which such work is based8.2 A sample shall no t include material other th an th at to be sampledand shall not become altered for example by evaporation of volatile

constituents or by oxidation in the process of sampling. The followingprecautions shall be observed in sampling:a Official samples shall be taken by or under the immediate super-

vision of a person of judgement skill and experience in sampling .b The sampling apparatus including cords or other ancillary gear

and sample containers shall be dry and free from any s u b s t a n c ~which will contaminate the product.

c The sampling apparatus shall be filled and allowed to drain a tleast t w i c ~before drawing the sample and the sample containershall le nnsed at least twice w ith th e material obtained duringt he thi rd or any subsequent filling of the sampling apparatus andshall be allowed to drain before being used to contain the actuals ~ m p l eThis shall not apply when such filling emptying andnnsmg are precluded by the sampling method being employed orby the nature of the material sampled.

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IS : 1201 - 1978d During sampling operations. t he mater ia l being sampled shal l be

protected as far as pos sible from the effects of wind and weather.and the sample containers s ha ll b e closed immediatel y after thesample has been taken.

e The operator engaged in sampling shall hav e clean hands freefrom any material unless it be the material being sampled .Clean gloves may be worn. but only when essential to protect theoperator from some health or other hazard .

f Liquid material s in tanks and other bulk containers shall besampled by t he appropr ia te method described in this s tandard .The sample shall be d ra wn thro ugh dip hatches . manho le s . orother opening giving direct and unconfined access to the bulk ofliquid . Samples shall not be drawn from dip-pipes or otherfittings , nor shall gauge glasses or drain fittings be used forsampling purposes except where so specified.

g The depth of any free water shall be determined before samplingoperations are commenced , to ensure tha t no free water isincluded in the sample .

h If there is any reason to su spect that a sample or a set of samplesmay not be fully representative, a further sample or set ofs am pl es s ha ll be taken . The necessity for taking a second or check sample, or set of samples , is fr eque ntly d ue either tofailure or to faulty labelling . The provision of clean apparatus isgreatly s implified separate sampling apparatus , samplecontainers , and other equipment are reserved and kept separatefor different classes of products , while the possibility of errors inlabelling may be largely eliminated if each sample is clearly

marked before the next sample is taken. All metal sampling gearshall be made of non-spark generating materials .j Glass stoppers shal l be ground to the neck of the body . Screw caps

of cans shall be fitted with washers of cork or other oil-resistingmaterials. Corks and stoppers shall be tied or wired on.

k Rubber stoppers and corks s ha ll n ot be used for closing any vesselcontaining samples of ta r and bitumen.

m Care shall be taken to see that nothing in the samplingprocedure leads to contamination of the stock , for example, bydirt or other extraneou s matter picked up by a wet bung , byfragments of stoppers or by other foreign matter and t he s am pl econtainers are perfectly clean and dry before filling.

n is advisable to take more than one se t of samples for checkpurposes in case of dispute , leakage or breakage in t ransi t or fora ny o th er reasons.E ibl i i fi h d h ll b k

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9. LABELLING, PACKING AND STORAGE OF S MPLES ANDSAMPLE CONTAINERS9.1 Labelling - Sample containers shall be labelled; gummed labelsmay be used on glass surfaces . but in general wired-on labels shall bepreferred. Labels shall be permanently marked. a pencil is u ~sufficient pre ssure shall be exerted to indent the paper. The followmginformation shall be recorded on the label:

a Sample reference number ;b Place at which sample was drawn ;c Date of sampling ;d Initials or other identification mark of sampling officer;e Grade of material ;f Quantity represented by sample ;g Tank No., package No. and type , name of the point of despatch ;

h Type of container from which sample was drawn and type ofsample top, middle average, etc ; andj The name of the manufacturer , i known .

9.1.1 The above details shall also be recorded in a book kept separatelyfor the purpose.9.2 Packing - Sample containers shall be sealed properly to preventtampering . The type of packing used for samples which are to betransported depends largely on the means of conveyance . Woodencases or strong cardboard cartons are recommended for canscontaining samples . The space round the sample container shall befilled with material , such as saw dus t when such materials are used ,the cork or stopper shall be covered with a paper or viscose cap in orderto prevent contamination of the sample on opening.9.S Storage - Samples of materials which may be affected by light orheat shall e stored in a cool, dark place, periodical examination shall e made for leakage .

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IS : 1202 - 1978Edit ion 2.2

2004-10

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY irst evisionIncorporating Amendment Nos . 1 2

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard covers the methods for the determination of specificgravity of asphalt, bitumen , bituminous products, road tar , coal ta r ,coal tar pitch, creosote and anthracene 11

2. TERMINOLOGY2.0 For the purpose of this standard , the following definition and thosegiven in IS : 334-1965* shall apply .2.1 Specific Gravity - The rat io of the mass of a given volume of thesubstance to the mass of an equal volume of water , the temperature ofboth being specified .2.1.11£ the temperature of the substance is and that of water is t2 thespecific gravity S is denoted by t2 ; and t2 shall be specified clearly.2.1.2 The specific gravity of bitumens , fluxed native asphalt , road tars ,coal tar pitch and blown bitumen shall be determined a t 25°C and that Iof creosote oil and anthracene oil at 38°C and shall be expressed asspecific gravity 25°C/25°C or 38°C/38°C. I3. METHOD A PYKNOMETER METHOD)3.1 This method covers the determination of specific gravity for semisolid bitumen road tars and creosote and anthracene oil.3.2 Apparatus - Specific gravity bottles of 50 ml capacity shall be used.One of the two types of specific gravity bottles, namely a) the ordinary

capillary type specific gravity bottle with a neck of 6 mm diameter seeFig . lA and b) the wide-mouthed capillary type specific gravity bottle see Fig . IB with a neck of 25 mm diameter shall be used.The stopper shall be provided with a bore 1.0 to 2 .0 mm in diametercentrally located in reference to the vertical axis. The top surface of ~stopper shall be smoth and substantially plain and the lower surfaceh ll b i d t ll ll i t th h th b

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IS : 12 2 - 1978

FIG IA ORDIN RY FIG. IB WIDE MoUTHEDC PILL RY TYPE C PILL RY TYPE

SPE CIFIC GR VITY SPECIFIC GR VITYBOTTLE BOTTLE

3.2.1 The ordinary specific gravity bottle shall be used for materialswhich remain absolutely fluid at 25°C while the wide mouth capillarytype shall be used for materials which remain semisolid or high

viscous a t 25°C.3 Constant Temperature th - A water bath having a depthgreater than that of Pyknometer capable of being maintained within0.2°C of the desired temperature

3 3 th Thermometer - It shall conform to the followingrequirements:

CharacteristicRange

GraduationsImmersionOverall lengthStem diameterBulb lengthBulb diameter

Requiremento to 44°CO.I°C65mm34 ± 10 mm5.5 to 8 .0 mm10 to 16 mmNot larger than stem

diameterLength of graduated portion 150 to 190 mmLonger lines at each 1°C and 5°C

Figured a t each 5°CScale ± O.I°C

3.3 Procedure - Clean , dry and weigh the specific gravi ty bottle together with the stopper a . F ill it with freshly boiled and cooled distilledwater and insert the stopper firmly . Keep the bottle up to its neck for notless than half an hour a beaker of distilled water maintained a t a

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b-a - d-c

c

b

temperature of27 0 ± O.loC or any other temperature at which specificgravity is to be determined; wipe all surplus moisture from the surfacewith a clean, dry cloth and weigh again b . After weighing the bottleand water together b the bottle shall be dried again3.3.1 In the case of solids and semisolids, bring a small amount of thematerial to a fluid condition by gentle application of heat care beingtaken to prevent loss by evaporation When the material is sufficiently

fluid, pour a q uan tity into the clean dry specific gravity b ottlementioned at 3.3 to fill at least half Slightly warm the bottle beforefilling. Keep the material away from touching the sides above the finallevel of the bottle and avoid the inclusion of air bubbles. The use of asmall funnel will prevent contaminat ion of the neck of the bottle Topermit escape of entangled air bubbles allow the partly filled bottle tostand for half an hour at a temperature between 60 - 70°C, then cool to the specified temperature and weigh with the stopper c .

3.3.2 Fill the specific gravity bottle containing the asphalt with freshlyboiled distilled water placing the stopper loosely in the specific gravitybottle. Do not allow any air bubble to remain in the specific gravitybottle. Place the specific gravity bottle in t he w at er bath and press thestopper firmly in place. Allow the specific gravity bottle to remain in thewater bath for a per iod of not less than 30 minutes Remove the specificgravity bottle from the water bath w ipe all surplus moisture from thesurface with a clean dry cloth and weigh i t along with the stopper

3.3.3 In the case of liquids such as creosote and anthracene oil, fill thebottle up to the brim and insert the stopper firmly. Keep the filled bottlefor not less than half an hour in a beaker of distilled water maintained a ta temperature of 27.0 ± 0.1°C, remove the bottle from the beaker wipe allsurplus water from the surface with a clean, dry cloth and weigh again

S.4 Calculation - Calculate the specific gravity of t he m at er ia l asfollows:

a Specific gravity solids andsemisolids

b Specific gravity liquids

where

= mass of the specific gravity bottle, mass of the specific gravity bottle filled with distilled water

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mass of the spec ific gravity bottle about half filled withthe mater ia l and the rest with distilled water , and

e mass of the specific gravity bottle completely filled withthe material

3.5 Repor t - Results of the t es t shall be expressed as the ratio of massof a given volume of t he mater ia l a t a temperature specified under 2 1 2to the mass of the sa me volume of water at t he same tempera tu re .

3 6 Precis ion - With samples which are neither very volat ile norvery viscous and using a pyknometer of a t least 25 ml capacity theresults of duplicate tests should not differ by the following :

Repeatability Reproducibility0.002 0.005

3.7 Precaut ions - When making the specific gravity determinationit is important that:

a only freshly boiled and cooled distilled water shall be used;

b at no time of weighing s ha ll t he temperature of the apparatus beallowed to exceed the specified temperature;c precautions shal l be taken to prevent expansion and over-flow of

the contents resul t ing from the heat of the hand when wiping thesurface of the apparatus ;

d al l air bubbles shall be eliminated in filling the apparatus andinserting the stopper;

e weighing shall be done quickly after filling the apparatus and

shall be accurate to 0.1 mg; andf to prevent breakage of the apparatus when cleaning after a deter-mination has been made upon a very viscous of semisolidmaterial , i t is advisable to warm it in an oven at a temperaturenot above 100°C, until most of the material is poured out andthen to swab i t with a piece of soft cloth or cotton waste Whencool, it may be finally rinsed with carbon disulphide benzol orother solvent and wiped clean .

4. METHOD B BALANCE METHOD4.1 This balance method of test is intended for the determination ofthe specific gravity of all bituminous materials sufficiently solid to behandled in fragments

4.2 Appara tus4 2 Balance n lytic l

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4 3 Balance Straddle - A pan straddle of o ~ v n i n tsize to u p p o a beaker and permi t determination of the weight of the specimen

water see Fig. 2 .

FIG . 2 ANALYTICALBALANCE EQUIPPED WITH P STRADDLE

4 4 Thread - A length of fine, waxed, silk thread4 5 Brass Moulds - cubical, measuring approximately 20 mm oneach edge.4.3 Test Specimen - The test specimen shall be a cube of thematerial measuring approximately 20 mm on each edge . Prepare thespecimen by melting a small sample of the material by gentleapplication of heat taking care to prevent loss by evaporation andpouring the ma te ria l w he n sufficiently fluid into a 20 mm brasscubical mould that has been treated with a 1 : 1 mixture of glycerineand dextrin and placed on a brass plate previously so t reated . Takeprecautions to prevent the inclusion of air bubbles . The h ot m at er ia lshould slightly more than that required to l l the mould, and whencool, the excess may be cut off with a hot spatula Remove thespecimen from the mould when cooled to room temperature

4.4 Procedure - Tare t he balance first with a piece of fine waxed silkthread sufficiently long to reach from the hook on one of the pan

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supports to the r est . Attach the te st specimen to the thread so as to besuspended about 25 mm above the straddle from the hook on the pansupport and weigh to the nearest 0 .1 mg. Weigh the specimen. stillsuspended by thread and completely immersed in freshly b oiled andcooled distilled water at 27 .0 ± 0 .1 °C to the nearest 0.1 mg adheringair bubbles being first removed with a fine wire.4.5 Calculation Calculate the specific gravity of the material asfollows:

Specific gravity = E -a

eproducibility

0.007

epeatability

0.005

where

a = mass of the dry specimen andb = mass of the specimen when immersed in distilled water

4 6 Repor t Report the specific gravity to t he nea rest 0.001 a t 25°C/ I25°C. The buoyancy/correction in this case is negligible .

4.7 Precis ion The duplica te results shall no t differ by more thanthe following:

ize of mple

5 g or larger

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Edi t ion 2.2 1989-03)

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS :DETERMINATION OF PENETRATION

irst evision(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 2)

1. SCOPE

1.1 This s ta ndard covers the method for the determination of penetrationof asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt and blown type bitumen.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition and thosegiven in IS : 334-1965* shall apply .

2.1 Penetra t ion - The penetration of a bituminous material is thedistance in tenths of a millimetre that a standard needle will penetratevertically into a sample of the material under standard conditions oftemperature , load and time.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Container - A metal or glass cylindrical , flat bottom container ofessentially the following dimensions shall be used:

For penetrations below 225:Diameter , mm 55Internal depth , mm 35

For penetrations between 225 and 350:Diameter , mm 70Internal depth, mm 45

3.2 Needle - A straight , highly polished, cylindrical , stainless steel I(SS 316) rod ~ i t hconical a nd p ar all el portions co-axial , having thes h p ~d l l ~ e n S l n sand tolerances given in Fig. 1. The needle isprovided WIth a shank approximately 3 mm in diameter into which i tis immovably fixed. The taper shall be symmetrical a nd th e point shallbe blunted by grinding to a truncated cone.

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ro I : EEDLE FllH PE: ETIL\TJON TEST

3.3 Water Bath - :\ water bath preferab ly w ith a thermostatmaintained at ± 0 .1 0( containing not less than 10 litres of water.t he s am pl e being immersed to a depth of not less than 100 mm fromthe top and supported on a perforated shelf no t less than 50 mm fromthe bottom of the bath.

3.4 Transfer Dish - A sma ll d ish or tray . provided with some meanswhich ensure a firm bearing and prev ent the rocking of the container .and of such capacity as will ensure complete immersion of thecon ta iner dur ing the test.

3.5 Penet ra t ion Appara tu s - Any apparatus which will allow theneedle penetrate without appreciable friction and which isaccurately calibrated to yield results in tenths of millimetre hall beadopted .

3.6 Thermomete r - It shall conform to the following requirements: haracteristic equirement

Range 0 44°CGraduations 0.2°CImmersion 65 mmOverall length 340 ± 10 mmStem diameter 5 .5 to 8.0 mmBulb length 10 to 16 mmBulb diameter Not larger than stem diameterLength of graduated portion 150 to 190 mm

Longer lines at each 1°C and 5°CFigured at each 5°CScale ±O.2°C

3.7 Time Device - For hand-operated penetrometers, any convenienttiming device such as electric t imer stop watch or any o ther spr ing

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accurate to within ±O s for a 60-s interval. An audible s e o n d ~counteradjusted to provide 1 beat each 0 .5 s may also be u s e ~T.he. time ~ a l-count interval shall be 5 0.1 s. Any automatic t iming deviceattached to a penetrometer shall be accurately calibrated to provide thedesired test interval within ± 0.1 s.

4. PROCEDURE

4.1 P re p ar a ti on o f Test Sample

4.1.1 Soften the material to a pouring consistency a t a temperature notmore than 60°C for tars and pitches and no t more than 90°C forbitumens above the respective approximate softening point and stir itthoroughly until it is homogeneous and is free from air bubbles andwater . Pour the melt into the container to a depth at least 10 mm inexcess of the expected penetration . Protect the sample from dust andallow it to cool in an atmosphere at a temperature between 15 to 30°Cfor lY2 to 2 h for 45 mm deep container and 1 to lY2 h when thecontainer of 35 mm depth is used. Then place i t along with the transfer

dish in t he water bath at 25.0 ± 0.1°C and allow it to remain for 1 z to2 hand 1 to 1 h for 45 mm and 35 mm deep container respectively.4.1 .2 In the case of cutback bitumen and Digboi type cutback bitumen,residue left after distillation shall be used for the test. The procedurefor handling th e residue shall be in accordance with the methoddescribed under 3.2.4 of the distillation test s IS : 1213-1978* .4.2 Test ing

4.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, testing shall be carried out a t25.0 ± O.I°C.4.2.2 Fill the transfer dish with water from th e w ate r bath to a depthsufficient to cover the container completely; place the sample in it andput it upon th e s ta nd of the penetration apparatus. Adjust the needle previously washed clean with benzene, carefully dried, and loaded withthe specified weight to make contact with the surface of the sample.

4.2.2.1 ~ s ~ ~ be accomplished by placing the needle point incontact With Its Image reflected by the surface of the material from a

suitably placed source of light.4.2.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, load the needle holder with theweight required to make a tota l moving weight that is, the sum of theweights of the needle, carrier and superimposed weigh ts of100± 0.25 g.

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IS : 12 4 - 1978

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:DETERMINATION OF RESIDUE OF

SPECIFIED PENETRATION

irst evision

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard covers the method for the determination of residueof specified penetration of cutback bitumens.

2. TERMINOLOGY2.0 For the purpose of this standard , the following definition and thosegiven in IS : 334 -1965* shall apply .

2.1 Residue oCSpecified Penetrat ion - It is the percentage by massof a residue obtained by heating a bituminous material to the requiredtemperature and having a specified standard penetration value .

Alternatively, the determination of residue of specified penetration

is made at two stages, one giving a penetrat ion higher than 100 andthe other lower than 100 , a nd th e result is obtained by interpolation .

S. APPARATUS

3.1 Container - A flat-bottomed, cylindrical seamless tin dish70 mm n diameter and 45 mm in depth.

3.2 Heating Bath - A cast iron bath with the shape and dimensionsas shown n Fig. 1 permitting the immersion of the con ta iner to adepth of 32 mm through an opening 1.6 mm larger in diameter thanthe container. t shall be provided wit h t hre e rivets or bolts so as tosupport the container 6 mm above the hot plate The free air spacebetween the sides of the container and of the air bath below theopening shall be not less than 6 mm.

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IS : 1204 - 1978

x

S T I Q N

All d imen sions i n millimetres .FI G. 1 HEATING B ATH

3.3 H ot Plate - Suitably mounted and heated either electrically or bymeans of a gas flame, capable of maint aining the sample continuouslyat the required temperature provided with an apparatus such as arheostat or gas pressure regulator.

3.4 Thermomete r - An open f la sh thermometer having the rangefrom minus 6°C to plus 400°C shall conform to the following :

Immersion 25 mmTemperature range - 6°C to + 400°CSubdivision 2°CLonger graduation lines at each l o

Graduation numbered a t each 20°Cmultiple of

Scale error a t any point up to 372°C 1°Cwhen s tandardized sha ll not exceed

3.5 Needle - as specified under 3.2 of IS : 1203-1978 .

Methods for testing tar and bitum inous materi als : Determinat ion of penetrati on

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3.6 Wa te r B a th - as specified under 3.3 ofIS : 1203-1978 .3.7 Penetra tion A pparatus as specified under 3.5 ofIS : 1203-1978 .

4. PROCEDURE4.1 Preparat ion of Sample4.1.1 Thoroughly s ti r a nd agitate t he mater ia l as received to ensure acomplete mixture before the portion for testing is removed. t ~ esamplecontains extraneous matter , it should be sieved through IS Sieve 30 .4.2 Weigh a 100.00 ± 0.10 g s ample o ~the a t e r i a ~to be t ~ s t e di n ~ othetared container, and place the conta iner in the air bath in position tobe heated . Support the thermometer in the sample equidistant fromthe sides of the container, with the bottom of the bulb neither morethan 6 mm above nor touching the bottom of the container Immersethe bulb completely in the sample and keep it immersed throughoutthe heating . He at the sample as rapidly as possible , without foamingto a temperature of 249°C and d ur in g th e evaporation m ain ta in thetemperature between 249°C and 260°C. S tir the sample from time totime to prevent local overheating and , to maintain a homogeneoussample, flux in the sample all cakes of hardened bitumen which format the sides of the container.4.2.1 An experienced operator would be able to judge approximatelythe consistency of the residue he should obtain to secure the desiredpenetration when it is judged that the residue might show the requiredpenetration , return to the container t he b itumen on the thermometerwhich may be readily scraped off. Remove the container from theairbath cool and weigh.4.3 Determine the penetration of the residue in accordance with 4 2 ofIS : 1203-1978 with the exception that the container as specifiedin 3.1 in which the evaporation has been conducted, shall be used4.4 Frequently, it is necessary to make several trials before a residueof the required p.enetration is obtained If it is found to be of greatervalue than required, remove all water from the container and thesurface ~ the sample , and repeat the heating and determina tion ofpenetration as before . Ordinarily , a residue is considered assatisfactorily obtained when i ts penetration is 100 .4.4: 1 When i.tis necessary to determine more precisely the percentage ofresidue h a V l n ~a p e n e t ~ a t i o nof 100, such as a percentage shall becalculated by interpolation between percentages of two residues onehavmg a penetration greater and one having a penetration lower than 100 .

M eth

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5. REPORT

5.1 Calculate t percentage by weight of t he origmnl samples andreport it as the percentage residue of 100 penetration . s t t rn whetherthe penetration was actually determined for the sample testvd orcalculated by interpolation .

6. PRECISION

6.1 Duplicate determinations by this method shall not differ from each

other by more than1

percent with the same operator and not mortthan 2 .5 percent between different lab or atorie s .

7. PRECAUTION

7.1 Certain types of cut back bitumens readily form ring s of hardbitumen at the side of the container . Care shall be taken that thismaterial is completely fluxed mto the sample before the penetration ofresidue is determined .

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Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:DETERMINATION OF SOFTENING POINT

First Revision

1. SCOPE

1.1 This s tanda rd covers the method for the determination of softeningpoint of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed native asphalt , road tar coal ta rpitch and blown type bitumen.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard , the following definition and thosegiven in IS : 334-1965* shall apply.

2.1 Softening Point - The temperature a t which the substanceattains a particular degree of softening under specified condition oftest.

3. APPARATUS

3.1 Ring and Ball Appara tus - A convenient form of apparatus is

illustrated in Fig.

3 1 1 Ste el Balls - two ; each 9 .5 mm in diam eter and weigh ing3.50 ± 0.05 g.

3 1 2 Brass Rings - two ; the r ings sha ll be tapered see Fig. 2 andshall conform to the following dimensions:

Depth 6.4 ± 0.1 mm

Inside diameter at bottom 15.9 ± 0 .1 mm

Inside diameter at top 17.5 ± 0.1 mm

Outside diameter 20.6 ± 0.1 mm

*Glossary of terms relat ing to bitumen and tar revised .

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IS : 1205 - 1978

' OIANUla 0 Sue;HTU ( U .... Oll 0 - 0 5 _ )LAIIGll l THAN 5 TOA. . LOW . . . . CING AMOC I t f U . N - S , LL ~ W W I I . l c a S S 0 MQ -O fIG

All dimen sions in millimetr es .

FI G. 2 TAPERED RING

All dimen sions in millimetres .

FIG . 3 BALL CENT ERING G UIDE

All dim ensions i n millim etre s .

FIG . 4 RING HOLDER

c) The thermometer shall be suspended so that the bot tom of thebulb is level with the bottom of the rings, and within 10 mm ofthe rings , but not touching them .

3 5 Thermometer - It shall be of the mercury-in -glass type , nitrogenfilled , with the stem made of lead glass or other suitable glass . It shallbe engraved and enamelled at the back and provided with anexpansion chamber and glass ring at th e top. The bulb shall becylindrical, made of suitable thermometric glass. The dim ensio ns ,

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I S 1205 - 1978

9 to 14 mmNot larger than

s tem diameter6.0 to 7 .0 mm75 to 90 mm

9 to 14Not larger than

s tem diameter

6 .0 to 7 .0 mm75 to 90 mm

Range

Graduation at each

Longer lines a t eachFigured at each

Immersion , mmOverall length

Length of graduatedportion

Length of bulb, Max

Stem diameter

Distance from bottom ofbulb to O°C

Scale error x

tolerances and graduations of the thermometer shall be as follows :Low High

Temperature Temperature

- 2°C to 80°C 30 to 200°C0 .2°C 0 .5°C1 c 1 c2°C 5 a

Total Total

3 i8 to 384 mm 3i8 to 384 mm243 to 279 mm 243 to 279 mm

3 6 Bath - a heat re sistance glass vessel not less than 85 mm indiameter and 120 mm in depth . The bath liquid shall be freshly boiledw i th distilled water when testing mater ia ls hav ing softening pointsbelow 80 a C and pure glycerine for mater ia ls hav ing softening pointsabove 80°C.

3 7 Stirrer - manual or mechanical , which operates smoothly to

ensure uniform heat distribution a t all t imes throughout the bath Thestirrers shall be so placed that the moulds are not dis turbed when thestirrer is in operation

4. PROCEDURE

4.1 P rep a ra t io n o f Test Sam ple - Heat the material to atemperature between 75°C and 100°C above i ts sof tening point . stiruntil it is completely fluid and free from air bubbles and water , andfilter, necessary , through IS Sieve 30 see IS : 460-1962* . Place therings previously heated

to atemperature approximating to that

ofthe

molten material , on a metal plate which has been coated with amixture of equal parts of glycerine and dextrine , and fill with sufficient

·Specification for test sieves re vised .

36

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melt to give an excess above the level oft ~ e

r ngw ~ n

cooled.~ t r

cooling for 30 minutes in air level the material in th e r in g by removingthe excess with a warmed sharp knife .4.2 Materials of Softening Poin t Below 80 a C Assemble theapparatus with the rings. thermometer and ball guides in position andfill the bath to a height of 50 mm above the upper surface of the ringswith freshly boiled distilled water a t a temperature of 5°C. Maintainthe bath at a temperature of 5°C for 15 minutes a ft er which place aball. previously cooled to a temperature of 5°C by means of forceps ineach ball guide. Apply heat to the bath and stir the liquid so that thetemperature rises at a uniform rate of 5 .0 ± 0.5°C per m in ut e u nt il thematerial softens and allows the ball to pass t hrough the ring . The rateof temperature rise shall n ot be averaged over the period of the testand any test in which the rate of temperature rise does not fall withinthe specified limits after the first three minutes shall be rejected.Make the determination in duplicate.

4.3 Materials o f Softening Poin t Above 80 a C The procedure formaterials of softening point above 80°C is similar to that describedunder 4.2 with the difference that glycerine is used in place of water inthe bath and the start ing temperature of the test is 35°C. Make thedetermination in duplicate.

5. REPORT

eproducibility°C5.55.55.55 .55 5

1.01.52.02.53.0

epeatability°C

5.1 Record for each ring and ball the t em pe ra tu re s ho wn by thethermometer at the instant t he sa mple s ur ro un di ng t he b al l t ou ch esthe bottom plate of the support any or the bottom of the bath.~

Rep.ort

the nearest 0.5°C th e m ean of the temperature recordedm duplicate determinations without correction for the emergent stemof the thermometer as the softening point.

6. PRECISION

6.1 Test re su lt s shall not differ from the mean by more than thefollowing :

Softening oint°C

40 to 6061 to 8081 to 100

101 to 120121 to 140

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IS : 12 5 1978

7PRECAUTIONS

7 1 Only fr eshly boiled distilled water shall be used in the test asotherwise air bubbles may form on the specimen and affect theaccuracy of the results

7 2 The prescribed rate of heating shall be rigidly adhered to forensuring accuracy of results

7 3 A sheet of filter paper or thin amalgamated sheet placed on thebottom of the glass vessel and conveniently weighed would prevent the

material from sticking to the glass vessel and considerable time andtrouble in cleaning would thereby be saved

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Edi t ion 2.1 2004-10

ndian Standard

METHODS FOR TESTINGTAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:

DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITYPART I INDUSTRIAL VISCOSITY

First RevisionIncorporating Amendment No.1

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard Part I cover s t he method s for t he determination of Iviscosity of bitumen , ro ad tar and cutback bi tumens.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpo se of this st an da rd, th e following d efinition and tho segiven in IS : 334-1965* shall apply .2.1 Industr ia l Viscosity - The prop erty of a fluid b y which it re si stsflow due to internal friction , and one of th e method s by which it ismeasured , is by determining the time t aken by 50 cc of the material toflow from a cup through a specified orifice under standard conditionsof t est and at specified temperature.

3. METHOD A VISCOMETER FITTED WITH 10-mm CUP F ORROAD TAR

3.1 Apparatus

3 1 1 Tar Vi scometer - consist s essent ia lly of a cup having a specifiedorifi ce and va lve; a water bath mounted on three legs having a sui ta blesleeve for the cup , a stirrer , a shield and a receiver see Fig . 1 . Thefollowing i s the detailed de scription of the different part s andaccessories of tar vis cometer:

a u known as the Ifl-mm cup , is constructed of hard bra sstube of the dimen sions s hown in Fig. and fitted with a n exte rna lbra ss collar at t he upper open en d of th e cylinder to s upport the

*Glossary o f te r ms r ela ti n g to b itu m en a nd t a r rev ised .

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VAL YE UI' 'Op;m)IN UP POSITION

INSULATED HANDLE

EE

2

PlATESUPPO T1NCi LEGS HEATING

TUIE

FIG. 1 T VI S COMETER

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IS : 12 6 art I - 1978

bVal ve

- shall be of dimensions shown in Fig . 2. It serves to closethe orifice of the lO-mm cup and is a phosphor -bronze sphereattached to a monel metal rod . The rod is provided with alevelling peg and at the upper end a hemisphere by which thevalve is held in the valve support

c Water bath - made of copper sheet , is cylindrical in shape , about160 mm in d iam et er a nd 105 mm in depth may be heatedelectrically , care being taken that local h eating is avoid ed .

The water bath is mounted on three equidistant legs which areriveted to the cylindrical wall of the bath and are of sufficientlength to permit a 100-ml cylinder to be placed below the orifice ofthe cup .

d Slee ve - to receive the cup and to hold it in position with an ea sysliding fit. It is a s tout bras s tube , 105 mm in height a nd 42 mminterna l d iameter , which is bronzed or soldered into a centralhole cut in the bottom of the bath .

e t rr er - consists of four vertical vanes, with the upper and lower

portions turned in opposite directions, mounted on a cylinderwhich slips on the sleeve with an easy sliding fit . The cyl inder iscut away between the vane s to facilitate h eat tran sfer from th ewater in the bath to the ta r cup ; vertical grooves ar e provided onthe inner surface of the cylinder to prevent the water in the bathfrom being carried into the ta r cup , if the stirring system be raised .

ur ved shield - fixed to the upper edge of the cylinder andextends to within about 5 mm of the walls of t he w at er bath . Thisshield carries an i nsulat ed handle for rotating th e stirrer , a

s uppor t for a thermometer , and a swivelled support for the valve.The two positions of thi s val ve s uppo r t are respectively a wellclear of the ta r cup , and b extending over the ta r cup so that thevalve, when resting on the support , hangs vertically over and16 ± 1 mm above the orifice of the ta r cup .

g eceiver - a 100-ml graduated measuring cylinder withgraduations at 20 ml, 25 ml and 75 ml capacities, having aninternal diameter of not more than 29 mm .

h Thermometer s - two standard thermometers , one for the bath andanother for the cup. Both the thermometers shall be of the samerange , depending on the tempera ture at which the determinat ionis being made. The thermometers shall be of mercury in glass tubewith cylindrical bulbs and made of suitable thermometer glass andshall conform to the following requirements :

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Low Medium i h

o to 44°e 37 .8 to 82°e 76 to 122°e0.20e 0.2 0e 0 2° e65 mm 65 mm 65 mm340± 10 mm 340 ± 10 mm 340 ± 10 mm5.5 to 8 .0 mm 5.5 to 8.0 mm 5.5 to 8 .0 mm10 to 16 mm 10 to 16 mm 10 to 16 mm Not larger than the s tem diameter 150 to 190 mm 150 to 190 mm 150 to 190 mm

haracteristic

RangeGraduationsImmersionOverall lengthStem diameterBulb lengthBulb diameterLength of

graduatedportionLonger lines

at eachFigured at each s-c s-c s-cScale ± 0 2°e ± 0 2°e ± 0 5°e

j stop watch or a stop clock or any other timin device - capableofbeing read up to half a second.

3.2 Procedure3.2.1 Adjust the tar viscometer so that the top of the tar cup is level .Heat the water in the water bath to the temperature specified for thetest and maintain it within ± O l°e of the specified temperaturethroughout its bulk for the duration of the test, the st ir rer being gentlyrotated at frequent intervals or , preferably , continuously .3.2.2 Clean the tar cup orifice of the viscometer with a suitable solventand y thoroughly.

3.2.3 Warm and stir the material under examination to 20 0 e above thetemperature specified for the test, and cool, while continuing thest irring. When th e temperatur e has fallen to slightly above thespecified temperature, pour the t into the ta r cup until the levellingpeg on the valve rod is just immersed when the latter is vertical.3.2.4 Pour into the graduated receiver 20 ml of mineral oil , or a onepercent by weight solution of soft soap, and place it under the orifice ofthe tar cup.

8.2.5 Place a second standard thermometer in the tar and stir the latteruntil the temperature is within ± O.loe of the specified temperatureWhen this temperature has been reached, suspend the thermometerco-axially with th e cup and with its bulb approximately at the geometriccentreof the tar .Allow th e assembled apparatus to stand for five minutesduring which period the thermometer reading shall remain within

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instead of the O -mm cup . The dimensions of orifice and jet shall be asfollows:

Diameter of the orifice 4 .000 0.025 mmLength of jet 5.000 0.025 mm

4.2 Procedure - The procedure shall be the sa me as specified inMethod A s 3.2 except that the 4-mm cup shall be fitted in ta rviscometer inste ad of the O m m cup.4.3 Precautions

4.3.1 The working range for the instrument with the 4-mm orifice issuch that the time of efflux shall be between 20 and 200 seconds.4.3.2 The temperature of test shall be appropriate to en sure thecondition specified under 4.3.1 and sha ll be a suitable multiple of 5°C not lower than 20°C.

5. REPORT

5.1 Report the viscosity of the sample at the specified temperature forthe test the time in seconds nearest to whole number taken by 50 mlof the tar to flow out.

tests should not differ by more than the

6. PRECISION

6.1 Results of duplicatefollowing amount:

iscosity

Below 20 s20 to 40 s

>4 s

epeatability

2 s2 s

5 percentof themean

eproducibility

2 s10 percent of the

mean10 percent of the

mean

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IS : 1206 Pa r t II - 1978Edit ion 2.2

2004-12

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY

PART II ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY

First RevisionIncorporating Amendment Nos. 1 2

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard part II covers the method for the determinat ion ofabsolute viscosity of b itumens and cut-backs by vacuum cap il la ryviscometers at any specified temperature. It is applicable to mater ialshaving a viscosity range of 42 to 200 000 Poises .

N Yr - The standard c overs three typ es o f viscometers an d anyone of them can beused for determinati on of ab solute vis cosity .

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of t hi s s tandard, the following definitions andthose given IS : 334-1965* shall apply.2.1 Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity of a Newtonian Liquid - I tis an internal friction , such that a tangential force of one dyne 0.00001 N acting on planes of uni t a rea separated by unit distance ofthe liquid produces unit tangential velocity, the cgs unit for theviscosity of the liquid is 1 Poise .

2.2 Newtonian Liquid - A liquid in which the shear stress is directlyproportional t the rate of shear strain . The constant ratio of shear stressto the rate of shear strain is called the coefficient ofviscosity of the liquid .If this ratio is not constant t hen the liquid is non-Newtonian .

8. APPARATUS8.1 Viscometers - Capillary type made of borosilicate glas s ,annealed suitable for this test are given 8.1.1 to 3.1.3 .

*Glossary of terms relating to bitumen and tar re vise .

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3.1.1 Cannon Manning Vacuums Viscometer Fig. 1 - The sizenumbers/approximate bulb factors K and viscosity ranges for the seriesof Cannon-Manning Vacuum Capillary Viscometer are as follows:

Viscometer Approximate Calibration Factor Viscosity RangeSize No . 30 cm Hg Vacuum Poises per s Poises

Bulb B Bulb C10 2.0 0.6 36 to 80011 6.0 2 .0 120 to 2 40012 20.0 6 .0 360 to 8 000

13 60 .0 20.0 1 200 to 24 00014 200.0 60.0 3 600 to 80000For all viscometer sizes the volume of measuring bulb C is approxi

mately three times that of bulb The viscosity ranges correspond to afilling time of 60 and 400 s for both measuring bulbs.3.1.2 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer Fig. The size numbers.approximate radii. approximate bulb factors K and viscosity ranges for theseries of Asphalt Institute Vacuum Capillary Viscometer are as follows:Viscometer Capillary Approximate Calibration Factor Viscosity

Size No. adius K 30 cmHg. Vacuum: Poisesper s Range PoisescmBulb B Bulb C Bulb 0

25 0 .0125 2 1 0.7 42 to 80050 0.025 8 4 3 180 to 3 200

100 0 .050 32 16 10 600 to 12800200 0.100 128 64 40 2400 to 52000400 0 .200 500 250 160 9600 to 200 000

This viscometer has measuring bulbs B. C and D located on theviscometer arm M which is a precision bore glass capillary . Themeasuring bulbs are cm long capillary segments separated by timingmarks F . G. and L

3.1.3 Modified Koppers Vacuum Viscometer Fig. 3 The size numbersapproximate radii . approximate bulb factorsK and viscosity ranges for theseries of Modified Koppers Vacuum Capillary Viscometer are as follows:Viscometer Capillary Approximate Calibration Factor Viscosity

Size No . adius K 30cm Hg. Vacuum: Poisesper s Range Poisescm

Bulb B Bulb C Bulb 0

25 0.0125 2 1 0.7 42 to 80050 0.025 8 4 3 180 to 3200

100 0 .050 32 16 10 600 to 12800200 0.100 128 64 40 2 400 to 52 000400 0.200 500 250 160 9 600 to 200 000

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TO V UUM

2S

VACUUI T U B E M

IS : 1206 P a r t I I) 1978

fLLlNG

TUBE

22

OVERFLOW BULB 0

THIRD T MING MARK H

BULB C

SECOND TlNiNG M RK G

FIRST TIMING

ARK F

CAPILLARY K

FILL L INE E

oU ) of

I

o

I f

oI n•

o

All dimensions in millimetres .

FIG. 1 CANNON MANNING VACUUM CAPILLARY VIS COMETER

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IS : 12 6 Part II 1978

TO VACUU

25FILLING

TUllE AI /

VACUUM TUBE M; 22

FOURTH TlNING ARK - l 0

BU L S

I

0 0N

T ING ARK HN

TH IRD BULB - C 0

N

SEC OND TI ING IoC RK G UL B 0

FIRST TlIoCIM IoC RK - F

0

u E lAll di mension s i n milli metres

I G 2 s PHALT I NSTITUTE VA CUU M CAPILLAR Y VI SCOMETER

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TO VACUUM

tt\ TO ATMOSPHERE

r\C VACUUM TUBE - M

•ROUND GLASS J OINT- N •.F i l l iNG lUBe

-28

0eN

a N

ro-

FOURTH TIMING M liK - lRULe -

HIRD TIMING MARK -

BULB -

SECONO TIW ING M liK - G

BU LB 0T WING MARIl - F NFIRS T

r FILL U N f - E sz 0

All dimensions in milli me tres .

FIG. 3 M ODIFIED KOPPE RS VAC UUM C APILLARY VI SCOMETER

This vis cometer consists of a s ep ar a te filling tube A and a pr ecis ionbore glass capill ary vacuum tube M Th ese tw o parts a re jo in ed byborosilicate ground glass joint N h aving a 24/40 s tandard taper . Themeasuring bulbs B C and D on the gla ss capillary are 2 cm capillarysegments separated by tim ing marks F G Hand L

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igh76 to 122°C

0.2°C65mm340 ± 10 mm5.5 to 8 .0 mm10 to 16 mmNot larger than

the stem dia-meter

IS : 1206 Pa r t II 1978

A viscometer holder can be made by drilling a 28-mm hole throughthe centre of a No. 11 rubber stopper and set ti ng t he s topper betweenthe hole and the edge . When placed in a 5 cm diameter hole in th e b athcover it holds the viscometer in place.

3.2 The rmome te r The thermometer shall be of mercury in glasstube with cylindrical bulbs and made of suitable thermometer glassand shall conform to the following requirements:

haracteristic Low MediumRange 0 to 44°C 37.8 to 82°C

Graduations 0 .2°C 0.2°CImmersion 65 mm 65 mmOverall length 340 ± 10 mm 340 ± 10 mmStem diame te r 5 .5 to 8.0 mm 5 .5 to 8 .0 mmBulb length 10 to 16 mm 10 to 16 mmBulb diameter Not larger than Not larger than

the stem dia- the stem dia-meter meter

Length of gradu- 150 to 190 mm 150 to 190 mm 150 to 190 mmated portion

Longer lines a t 1°C and 5°C 1°C and 5°C 1°C and 5°Ceach

Figured at each 5°C 5°C 5°CScale ± 0 .2°C ± 0.2°C ± 0.2°C

Bath A suitable bath for immersion of the viscometer so thatthe l iquid reservoir or top of the capillary, whichever is uppermost is a tleast 20 mm below the upper bath level and with a provision for thevisibility of the viscometer and t he the rmometer. F irm support for theviscometer shall be provided . The accuracy of the viscometer bathshould be ± 0.1 °C over the entire length of the viscometer or fromviscometer to viscometer in the various bath positions. 4 Vac uu m S yst em A vacuum sys tem capable of maintaining avacuum to within ± 0.05 em of the desired level up to and including30 cm of mercury. One such system is shown in Fig . 4. The glasstubing of 6.35 mm diameter and all glass jo int s s ho uld be completelyairtight and no loss of vacuum should be permitted till the experimentis on. A vacuum or aspirator pump is suitable for the vacuum source .3.5 Timing Device A stop watch or stop clock capable of being readup to half a second.

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BLEEDV LVE

1 0VISCO 04ElER

GUlSS OPEN ENO

MER URY Il4ANOMElER

10V UUM ~

l l I T R E SURGETANK

1 LITRE SURGETANK

NOTE - All tubing is of gla ss with 6 .35 mm .

FIG .4 SUGGESTED VA UUM SYSTEM FORV A UUM PILL RY VISCOMETERS

4. CALIBRATION OF VISCOMETERS4.1 Reference Mater ia l -Any liquid of known viscosity may be usedfor calibration purposes .4.2 Calibration - Charge a clean -dry viscometer by pouring thereference material to w ithin ± 2 mm of fill line Fig. 1, 2 and 3 . Place

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the charged viscometer in the viscometer bath maintained within±O.I°C at the calibration temperature . Establish a 30 ± 0 .05 emvacuum in the va cuu m system and connect it to t he v iscomete r withvalve closed in the line leading to the viscometer. After the vis com eterhas been in the bath for 30 ± 5 minutes start the flow of liquid in t heviscometer by opening the stop cock in the line leading to the vacuumsystem. Measure to within 0.5 s the time required for the leading e d geof the meniscus to pass between t iming marks and G. Also m ea sureto within 0.5 s the time required for the leading edge of the meniscusto pass between timing marks G and H Calculate the calibration

factor K for each bulb as follows : Y

where

K = viscometer bulb calibration factor poises/s at 30.0 cm V = absolute viscosity of reference material a t calibration

temperature in poises, andt = flow time in seconds .

Repeat the calibration procedure using the same viscosity stand ard oranother reference material. Record the average calibration constant K

4.2.1 The duplica te determination of calibration constant K for eachbulb s ha ll b e within 2 perc ent of the mean value . The value ofviscometer constants shall be expressed to the nearest 0 .1 percent .

5 . PROCEDURE

5 .1 Prepara t ion o f the Sample Heat the s ample to a temperaturenot more than 60°C for the tars and pitches and not more than 90°Cfor bitumen s above their respective approximate softening pointtemp erature re spe ct ively until i t has become sufficiently fluid to pour.Tran sfer about 20 ml into a suitable container a nd m ainta in i t to atemperature of 135 ± 5.5°C stirring occasional ly to prevent localoverheating and allow the ent rapped a ir to e scape .

5.1.1 Charg e the viscomet er by pouring the prepared sample to within± 2 mm of flll line Place the charged viscometer in an oven or bathmaintained at 135 ± 5.5°C for a period of 10 ± 2 min to allow larg e airbubbles to escape.5.2 Test ing Mainta in the bath at the te s t t em pe ra tu re w it hi n± O.I°C . Place the charged viscometer vertically in the waterbath withthe help of a holder so that the uppermost timing mark is at least 2 em

5

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below the surface of the bath liquid. Establish a vacuum of30 ± 0.05 em of mercury in the vacuum system and connect i t to theviscometer with the valve closed. After the viscometer has remained inthe bath for 30 5 min open the valve and allow the asphalt to flowinto th e viscometer. Measure to within 0 .5 s the time required for theleading edge of the meniscus to pass between successive pairs oftiming marks. Upon completion of the test remove the viscometerfrom the bath and place it in an inverted position in an ovenmaintained at 135 5°C until asphalt is drained off thoroughly fromth e viscometer. Clean the viscometer thoroughly by rinsing severaltimes wi th an appropriate solvent completely. Dry th e tube by passinga slow stream of filtered dry air through the capillary for 2 minutes .Periodically clean the instrument with chromic acid to remove organicdeposits . Rinse thoroughly with distilled water and acetone and drywith clean air.

6. CALCULATION

6.1 Calculate and report the absolute viscosi ty to three significantfigures by the following equation:

Viscosity Poises twhere

selected calibration factor in poise per second; andt flow time in seconds.

6.2 Always report the test temperature and vacuum with the viscosity ~ results . For example viscosity a t O°C 30 cmHg Vacuum inpoises.

7. PRECISION7.1 The duplicate test results should no t differ by more than thefollowing:

epeatability7 percent of their mean

eproducibility10 percent of th ei r m e an

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IS : 1206 Par t III) - 1978Edi t ion 2.1

2005-05)

Indian StandardMETHODS FOR TESTING

TAR AND BITUMINOUS MATERIALS :DETERMINATION OF VISCOSITY

PART III KINEMATIC VISCOSITY

First RevisionIncorporating Amendment No .1 )

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard part III covers the method for the determinat ion ofkinematic viscosity of paving grade and cut-back bitumens ~ n

distillation residues of cut-backs. t

is applicable to the materialshaving a viscosity range of 30-100 000 cSt .

2. TERMINOLOGY2.0 For the purpose of this standard . the following definitions andthose given IS : 334-1965* shall apply.2.1 Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity o f a Newtonian Liquid - I tis an internal friction such that, i a tangential force of one dyne 0.000 01 N acting on planes of unit area separated by unit distance ofthe liquid produces unit tangential velocity. the cgs unit of theviscosity for the liquid is 1 Po ise .2.2 Density - I t is the mass per unit volume . the cgs unit of density isg m 3 and the SI unit of density is 1 kg/m 3 .2.3 Kinematic Viscosity of a Newtonian Liquid - I t may be definedas the quotient of the absolute or dynamic viscosity dividedby the densityof the liquid under test ; both at the sam e temperature. The cgs unit ofkinematic viscosity is the stoke which has the dimensions squa recentimetre per second . For petroleum products the kinematic viscosityis generally expressed centistokes cSt which is 1I100th of a stoke .2.4 Ne Ytonian Liquid liquid in which the shear s t ress is directlyproportionalto the rate of shearstrain . The constant ratio of shear s t ressto t ~rat o ~shear strain is called the coefficient viscosity of the liquid. this ratio IS not constant then the liquid is non-Newtonian.

*Glossary oft errns relating bitumen and tar r ev ised

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3. APPARATUS3.1 Viscometers - The ca p illa ry t ype of viscom eter of borosil icateglass annealed suitable for th e test are as given in 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 .3.1.1 Cannon F enshe Vi scometer or Opaque L iquids - Detaileddrawings of the reverse-flow Cannon- Fen ske viscometer are given inFig. 1 The size , dimensions , approximate con stant. kinematic visco sityrange , capillary diameter and bulb . volumes shall be as gi ven in Table 1.

VO LI'MEB Il LBJ) ml(:5 )

Ap PROXI·MATE

CONS TANT .csr zs

TABLE I DIMENSIONS OF CANNON -FENSKE OPAQUE VISCOMETER FOROPAQUE AND TRANSPARENT LIQUIDSKI NEMATI C I:-:SIDE D IA I r : SIOE D IA V OLUME

V IS COMETER OF T UBE. OF T UBE. B ULBS A.RANGE R. v AND G. C AND . /

CS T mm T l BE S ml : 2 ) E. F AND K : 5 )

SIZ ENo.

mm :5 )

150 0 .035 2 .1 to 35 0 .78 3 .2 2.1 200 0 .1 6 to 100 1.02 3 .2 2.1 :300 0 .25 15 to 200 1.26 :3.4 2 .1 113 50 0. 5 :30 to 500 1A8 .34 2 .1

400 1.2 72 to 1 200 1.88 3.4 2.1 1141>0 2.5 150 to 2 500 2.20 3 .7 2 .1 11.')00 8 480 to 8 000 3 10 4.0 2 .1 11600 20 I 200 to 20 000 4.00 ·1.7 2.1 1:1

3.1.2 S UiTube Modifi ed Re verse Flow Viscometer - The viscom eters ha ll b e made of clear borosilicate or other heat resistant gla ss freefr om vis ib le defects. All glass tubing u sed in the con struction of asingle viscometer shall be of the same composition and the fini shedinst rument sh a ll be thoroughly annealed . The design and dimensions

of the viscometer ar e gi ven in Fig. 2 and Table 2 .TABLE 2 DIMENSIONS AND VISCOSITY RANGES OF BS U-TUBE, MODIFIED

REVERSE FLOW VISCOMETER FO R OPAQUE LIQUIDS IZE Ap PROXIMATE VIS COSITY INSIDE Dr A LE NGTH I NSIDE DIA VO LO IENo . CONSTA :-IT. RAN GE. OF T UBE R OF TH E TE B ULB e

csr /s CST mm T u BE R AND G ml(: 2 ) mm mm ± 5 )

4 0.1 6 ·100 1.26 185 3 .0- 3.3 4.05 0 .3 18·300 1.64 185 3 .0- 3 .3 4.06 1.0 60 -1000 2.2 4 185 3 .0-3.3 4 .0

7 3.0 180-3000 2 .93 185 3.3-3 .6 4.08 10 600·10 000 4.00 185 4.4 -4.8 4.09 30 1 800· 30000 5 .5 185 6.0 -6 .7 4 .0

10 100 6 000-100 000 7.70 210 7.7 4.011 300 18000- 300000 10.00 210 10.00 4 .0

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IS : 1206 (Pa r t III) - 1978

R o ,.,

o

t i to

SO

m l

( He 0I

E

U. A(,TY 1 o..

25

L-lS

-2

i h

i6 to 122°CO.2°e65 mm

: 8 to 82°CO.2°e65mm

o to H oe0.2°e65 mm

RangeGraduationsImmersion

1 1(; SlIPfRF l n HE R n H < ;E FLOW Vrsl oM T H FOf{OP \CJL:r: L I J l~ l f S

3.2 B a t h - : \ suitahl e hath for immersion of the viscometer 0 thatthe liquid re servoi r or top of t.he capillary whichever it; uppermost I lit

lr-ast : O mm helow the upper hath level . Provision shall be there forvisibihty of the viscometer and the thermometer, The efficiency of thestirring and the balance between heat O Re and heat input shall hesuch that the temperature of the hath medium i maintained at± 0 .1 °C over the e ntrre length of the viscometer .3.3 The rmome te r s - The thermometer hall he of mercury in glasstube with cylindri cal bulb s and made of suitable thermometer glaHtiand shall conform to the following requirements:

h r cteri stic Ol l Medium

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High340± 10 mm5.5 to 8 .0 mm10 to 16 mm

Not largerth an the

s tem diam eter150 to 190 mm

Medium340± 10 mm5.5 to 8 .0 mm10 to 16 mm

Not larger th ant he s temdiameter

150 to 190 mm

Low340± 10 mm5.5 to 8.0 mm10 to 16 mm

Not largerthan the

stem diameter150 to 190 mm

CharacteristicOverall lengthStem diameterBulb lengthBulb d iameter

Length of gra-

duated portionLonger lines at 1°C and 5°Ceach figuredat each

Scale ±O .l°C ±O .l°C ±O .l°C3.4 Timing Device Any timing device such as stop-watch or stop-c