IS Theories & Practices

SystemsArchitecture & InfrastructureIS 655:

Supplementary Note 1

CSUN Information Systems

Modified Zachman FrameworkThe Product

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Modified Zachman FrameworkThe Stakeholders

Modified Zachman FrameworkThe Product Components

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Modified Zachman FrameworkThe Building Process

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Modified Zachman Framework

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Systems Development Process

Scope Definition Phase: What Business ProblemProblem Analysis Phase: What System Issues

(Info/Data, Processes, Communications/Interfaces)Requirement Analysis Phase: What User NeedsLogical Design: Conceptual Model – What to DoDecision Analysis Phase: What SolutionDesign Phase: Physical Model: How to DoConstruction Phase: Do ItImplementation Phase: Use It

1. Scope Definition

• Purpose: define perceived problems, opportunities, and directives (POD); assess the risk of project; establish scope, preliminary requirements and constraints, participants, budget and schedule (preliminary study)

• Issues: Is the project worthwhile? (using PIECES framework) Define the scope of project

• Deliverable: Project charter/plan

•Feasibility check: Cancel project / Approve to continue / Reduce or expanse the scope with budget and schedule modification

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PIECES Framework for Systems Improvement

P the need to improve performance

I the need to improve information (and data)

E the need to improve economics, control costs, or

increase profits

C the need to improve control or security

E the need to improve efficiency of people and processes

S the need to improve service to customers, suppliers, partners, employees, etc.

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2. Problem Analysis

• Purpose: to study and analyze the existing system from the users’ perspectives as they see Data, Processes, and Interfaces

• Issue: Cost/benefits of building new system to solve these problems

• Deliverable: system improvement objectives (business criteria to evaluate the new system)

• Feasibility check: Cancel project / Approve to continue / Reduce or expanse the scope with budget and schedule modification

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Problem Statement

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3. Requirement Analysis

• Purpose: discover users’ needs or expectations out of the new system in terms of Data, Processes, and Interfaces

• Issue: Specify requirements for the new system (WHAT TO BE DONE) without prematurely expressing technical details (HOW)

• Errors and omissions in requirement analysis result in user dissatisfaction of final system and costly modifications

• Deliverable: business requirements statement

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System Improvement Objectives

4. Logical Design• Purpose: translating business user requirements into a system model that depicts only WHAT TO DO without specifying any possible technical design or implementation of those requirements (conceptual design). • Issue: using graphical model of a system to represent user requirements in terms of Data, Processes and Interfaces, and to facilitate improved communication between system stakeholders.•Caution: Analysis paralysis – excessive system modeling dramatically slows progress toward implementation of the intended system solution.•Deliverable: Logical Systems Models (DFD, ERD etc)

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SoundStage System Context

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Soundstage Process Model

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SoundStage Data Model

5. Decision Analysis

• Purpose: identify all candidate solutions, analyze the feasibility of each candidate, recommend a candidate system as the target solution

• Issue: Feasibility analysis in terms of technical, operational, economic, schedule (TOES), and risk

•Deliverable: approved system proposal

•Feasibility check: Cancel project / Approve system proposal with budget and schedule modification / Reduce the scope of proposed solution with budget and schedule modification

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Candidate Systems Matrix

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Candidate Systems Matrix…

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Feasibility Matrix

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Costs for Proposed Systems Solution

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Net Present Value Analysis

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Payback Analysis

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Project Scheduling

Decision Analysis

Candidate solutions evaluated in terms of TOES and Risks:– Technical feasibility – Is the solution technically practical? Does

our staff have the technical expertise to design and build this solution?

– Operational feasibility – Will the solution fulfill the users’ requirements? To what degree? How will the solution change the users’ work environment? How do users feel about such a solution?

– Economic feasibility – Is the solution cost-effective?

– Schedule feasibility – Can the solution be designed and implemented within an acceptable time?

– Risk feasibility – What is the probability of a successful implementation using the technology and approach? (Risk Management)

6. Physical Design• Purpose: to transform business requirements into technical design specifications for construction

• Issue: HOW technology will be used to build the system in terms of Data, Processes, and Interfaces

• Design by Specifications vs. Design by Prototyping

• Deliverable: System design specifications (blueprints)

•Feasibility check: Continue/ Reduce or expanse the scope with budget and schedule modification

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7. Construction Phase

• Purpose: to build and test a system that fulfill business requirements and design specs; implement interfaces between new and existing systems

• Issue: Construct database, application programs, user/system interfaces, implement purchased or leased software

• Deliverable: proposed system within budget and schedule

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8. Implementation Phase

• Purpose: deliver the production system into operation

• Issue: Train users, write manuals, load files, populate database, final test

• Conversion plan: parallel systems, switch point

• Deliverable: system up and running

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