Is Personal Identity What Matters? - Parfit

8/3/2019 Is Personal Identity What Matters? - Parfit

1/87

M^ YJ_^CLAD MKJL[M[] UHA[ @A[[J_^3

o} Kjrjf Yarbm{ >1 Kjnjòjr ?995

Ml `} occf_ja~cl~ alk Yjr~cl~$ M kjbjlkjk clj mju aocz{ {hj`j{ayh}~mn~ cb yjr~cl~$ alk ad~c ndam`jk {ha{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{à{{jr~, Ml {hm~ yayjr M ~hadd emj ~c`j bzr{hjr arez`jl{~ bcr {hm~ ~jnclkndam`$ alk ad~c {r} {c rj~yclk {c ~c`j bcrnjbzd cogjn{mcl~ o} @arf

Gchl~{cl, M ~hadd lc{$ hcujjr$ {r} {c kjnmkj uha{ kcj~ à{{jr$ ~mlnj {ha{m~ a `znh darejr alk `crj kmbbmnzd{ qzj~{mcl, 1

YA_[ CLJ

1 [hj @j{ayh}~mn~ cb Yjr~cl~

Uj nal ~{ar{ um{h ~c`j ~nmjlnj bmn{mcl, Hjrj cl Jar{h$ M jl{jr {hj[jdj{ral~ycr{jr, Uhjl M yrj~~ ~c`j oz{{cl$ a ànhmlj kj~{rc}~ `} ock}$uhmdj rjncrkmle {hj jxan{ ~{a{j~ cb add `} njdd~, [hj mlbcrà{mcl m~ ~jl{ o}

rakmc {c @ar~$ uhjrj alc{hjr ànhmlj àfj~$ cz{ cb crealmn à{jrmad~$ ayjrbjn{ ncy} cb `} ock}, [hj yjr~cl uhc uafj~ zy cl @ar~ ~jj`~ {crj`jòjr dmmle `} dmbj zy {c {hj `c`jl{ uhjl M yrj~~jk {hj oz{{cl$ alkhj m~ ml jjr} c{hjr ua} gz~{ dmfj `j,

Cb {hc~j uhc haj {hczeh{ aocz{ ~znh na~j~$ ~c`j ojdmjj {ha{ m{ uczdk ojM uhc uczdk uafj zy cl @ar~, [hj} rjeark [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl a~ `jrjd}{hj ba~{j~{ ua} cb {rajddmle, C{hjr~ ojdmjj {ha{$ mb M nhc~j {c oj[jdj{ral~ycr{jk$ M uczdk oj àfmle a {jrrmodj `m~{afj, Cl {hjmr mju$ {hjyjr~cl uhc uafj~ zy uczdk oj a `jrj _jydmna cb `j,

[ha{ m~ a km~aerjj`jl{ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{}, [c zlkjr~{alk ~znh

km~aerjj`jl{~$ uj `z~{ km~{mlezm~h {uc fmlk~ cb ~a`jlj~~, [uc omddmarkoadd~ à} oj qzadm{a{mjd} mkjl{mnad$ cr jxan{d} ~m`mdar, Oz{ {hj} arj lc{lz`jrmnadd} mkjl{mnad$ cr clj alk {hj ~a`j oadd, Mb M yaml{ clj cb {hj~j oadd~a kmbbjrjl{ ncdczr$ m{ umdd nja~j {c oj qzadm{a{mjd} mkjl{mnad um{h m{~jdb a~ m{


2/87

?

ua~6 oz{ m{ umdd ~{mdd oj clj alk {hj ~a`j oadd, Ncl~mkjr ljx{ a ndam` dmfj$^mlnj hjr annmkjl{$ ~hj m~ lc dclejr {hj ~a`j yjr~cl, [ha{ mlcdj~ oc{h~jl~j~ cb mkjl{m{}, M{ `jal~ {ha{ ~hj$ clj alk {hj ~a`j yjr~cl$ m~ lc{ lcu

{hj ~a`j yjr~cl, [ha{ m~ lc{ a ncl{rakmn{mcl, [hj ndam` m~ cld} {ha{ {hm~yjr~cl~ nharan{jr ha~ nhalejk, [hm~ lz`jrmnadd} mkjl{mnad yjr~cl m~ lcuqzadm{a{mjd} kmbbjrjl{,

Uhjl y~}nhcdcem~{~ km~nz~~ mkjl{m{}$ {hj} arj {}ymnadd} nclnjrljk um{h {hjfmlk cb yjr~cl ~c`jclj m~$ cr ual{~ {c oj, [ha{ m~ {hj qzj~{mcl mlcdjk$bcr jxa`ydj$ ml al mkjl{m{} nrm~m~, Oz{$ uhjl yhmdc~cyhjr~ km~nz~~mkjl{m{}$ m{ m~ lz`jrmnad mkjl{m{} {hj} `jal, Alk$ ml czr nclnjrl aocz{czr cul bz{zrj~$ {ha{ m~ uha{ uj haj ml `mlk, M à} ojdmjj {ha{$ ab{jr`} àrrmaej$ M ~hadd oj a kmbbjrjl{ yjr~cl, Oz{ {ha{ kcj~ lc{ afjàrrmaej kja{h, Hcujjr `znh M nhalej$ M ~hadd ~{mdd oj admj mb {hjrj umddoj ~c`jclj dmmle uhc umdd oj `j, ^m`mdard}$ mb M ua~ [jdj{ral~ycr{jk$ `}

_jydmna cl @ar~ uczdk oj qzadm{a{mjd} mkjl{mnad {c `j6 oz{$ cl {hj~njy{mn~ mju$ hj uczdkl{ oj `j, M~hadd haj nja~jk {c jxm~{, Alk {ha{$uj la{zradd} a~~z`j$ m~ uha{ à{{jr~,

Qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ czr lz`jrmnad mkjl{m{} add {afj {hj bcddcumle bcr`, Ujhaj {uc ua}~ cb rjbjrrmle {c a yjr~cl$ alk uj a~f uhj{hjr {hj~j arj ua}~cb rjbjrrmle {c {hj ~a`j yjr~cl, Bcr jxa`ydj$ uj `meh{ a~f uhj{hjrOclayar{j ua~ {hj ~a`j a~ Laycdjcl, Ml {hj `c~{ m`ycr{al{ qzj~{mcl~ cb{hm~ fmlk$ czr {uc ua}~ cb rjbjrrmle {c a yjr~cl ymnf cz{ a yjr~cl a{kmbbjrjl{ {m`j~, [hz~ M `meh{ a~f uhj{hjr {hj uhm{jhamrjk àl uhc ha~gz~{ jl{jrjk {hj rcc` m~ {hj ~a`j a~ {hj oc} um{h uhc` M z~jk {c yda}àrodj~, [hj~j arj qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ mkjl{m{} cjr {m`j, [c al~ujr ~znhqzj~{mcl~$ uj `z~{ flcu {hj nrm{jrmcl cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{}7 {hj rjda{mcloj{ujjl a yjr~cl a{ clj {m`j$ alk a yjr~cl a{ alc{hjr {m`j$ uhmnh àfj~{hj~j clj alk {hj ~a`j yjr~cl,

Kmbbjrjl{ nrm{jrma haj ojjl akalnjk, Cl clj mju$ uha{ afj~ `j {hj~a`j$ {hrczehcz{ `} dmbj$ m~ } hamle {hj ~a`j ock}, [hm~ nrm{jrmclrjqzmrj~ zlml{jrrzy{jk ockmd} ncl{mlzm{}, [hjrj m~ lc ~znh ncl{mlzm{}oj{ujjl `} ock} cl Jar{h alk {hj ock} cb `} _jydmna cl @ar~6 ~c$ cl {hm~mju$ `} _jydmna uczdk lc{ oj j, C{hjr urm{jr~ ayyjad {c y~}nhcdcemnadncl{mlzm{}, [hz~ Dcnfj ndam`jk {ha{$ mb M ua~ ncl~nmcz~ cb a ya~{ dmbj ml~c`j c{hjr ock}$ M uczdk oj {hj yjr~cl uhc dmjk {ha{ dmbj, Cl ~c`j

jr~mcl~ cb {hm~ mju$ `} _jydmna uczdk oj `j,^zyycr{jr~ cb {hj~j kmbbjrjl{ mju~ cb{jl ayyjad {c na~j~ uhjrj {hj}nclbdmn{, @c~{ cb {hj~j na~j~ arj$ dmfj [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ yzrjd} màemlar},^c`j yhmdc~cyhjr~ cogjn{ {ha{$ ~mlnj czr nclnjy{ cb a yjr~cl rj~{~ cl a~nabbcdkmle cb ban{~$ uj ~hczdk lc{ jxyjn{ {hm~ nclnjy{ {c ayyd} ml màemljk


3/87

>

na~j~ uhjrj uj {hmlf {hc~j ban{~ aua}, M aerjj, Oz{ M ojdmjj {ha{$ bcr akmbbjrjl{ rja~cl$ m{ m~ ucr{h ncl~mkjrmle ~znh na~j~, Uj nal z~j {hj` {ckm~ncjr$ lc{ uha{ {hj {rz{h m~$ oz{ uha{ uj ojdmjj, Uj `meh{ haj

bczlk {ha{$ uhjl uj ncl~mkjr ~nmjlnj bmn{mcl na~j~$ uj ~m`yd} ~hrze czr~hczdkjr~, Oz{ {ha{ m~ lc{ ~c, @al} cb z~ bmlk {ha{ uj haj njr{amlojdmjb~ aocz{ uha{ fmlk cb ban{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} m~,

[hj~j ojdmjb~ arj oj~{ rjjadjk uhjl uj {hmlf aocz{ ~znh na~j~ brc` abmr~{yjr~cl ycml{ cb mju, ^c$ uhjl M màemlj ~c`j{hmle~ hayyjlmle {c`j$ }cz ~hczdk màemlj m{~ hayyjlmle {c }cz, ^zyyc~j {ha{ M dmj ml ~c`jbz{zrj njl{zr}$ ml uhmnh {jnhlcdce} m~ bar akalnjk$ alk M a` aocz{ {czlkjrec ~c`j cyjra{mcl, Yjrhay~ `} oraml alk ock} umdd oj rj`ckjddjk$cr yar{madd} rjydanjk, [hjrj umdd oj a rj~zd{mle yjr~cl$ uhc umdd uafj zy{c`crrcu, M a~f$ Umdd {ha{ yjr~cl oj `j3 Cr a` M aocz{ {c kmj3 M~ {hm~{hj jlk3 M à} lc{ flcu hcu {c al~ujr {hm~ qzj~{mcl, Oz{ m{ m~ la{zrad

{c a~~z`j {ha{ {hjrj `z~{ oj al al~ujr, [hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl$ m{ à}~jj`$ `z~{ oj jm{hjr `j$ cr ~c`jclj jd~j, Alk {hj al~ujr z~{ oj addcrlc{hmle, [ha{ yjr~cl nal{ oj yar{d} `j, Mb {ha{ yjr~cl umdd oj ml yaml{c`crrcu$ {hm~ yaml nal{ oj yar{d} mlj, ^c$ uj a} a~~z`j$ jm{hjr M~hadd bjjd {ha{ yaml$ cr M ~hal{,

Mb {hm~ m~ hcu uj {hmlf aocz{ ~znh na~j~$ uj a~~z`j {ha{ czr mkjl{m{} `z~{oj kj{jr`mla{j, Uj a~~z`j {ha{$ ml jjr} màemlaodj na~j$ qzj~{mcl~ aocz{czr mkjl{m{} `z~{ haj al~ujr~$ uhmnh `z~{ oj jm{hjr$ alk qzm{j ~m`yd}$]j~ cr Lc,

Uj nal lcu a~f7 Nal {hm~ oj {rzj3 [hjrj m~ clj mju cl uhmnh m{ `meh{ oj,Cl {hm~ mju$ {hjrj arj m`à{jrmad ~zo~{alnj~7 ~czd~$ cr Nar{j~mal Jec~,[hj~j jl{m{mj~ haj {hj ~yjnmad yrcyjr{mj~ clnj a~nrmojk {c a{c`~7 {hj} arjmlkmm~modj$ alk {hjmr ncl{mlzjk jxm~{jlnj m~$ ml m{~ la{zrj$ add cr lc{hmle,Alk ~znh al Jec m~ uha{ janh cb z~ rjadd} m~,

Zldmfj ~jjrad urm{jr~$ M ojdmjj {ha{ ~znh a mju `meh{ haj ojjl {rzj,Oz{ uj haj lc ecck jmkjlnj bcr {hmlfmle {ha{ m{ m~$ alk ~c`j jmkjlnjbcr {hmlfmle {ha{ m{ m~l{6 ~c M ~hadd a~~z`j hjrj {ha{ lc ~znh mju m~ {rzj,

Mb uj kc lc{ ojdmjj {ha{ {hjrj arj Nar{j~mal jec~$ cr c{hjr ~znh jl{m{mj~$ uj~hczdk annjy{ {hj fmlk cb mju uhmnh M haj jd~juhjrj naddjk _jkzn{mclm~{,Cl {hm~ mju

(1- A yjr~cl~ jxm~{jlnj gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj jxm~{jlnj cb a ock}$ alk{hj cnnzrrjlnj cb a ~jrmj~ cb {hczeh{~$ jxyjrmjlnj~$ alk c{hjr `jl{ad


4/87

;

alk yh}~mnad jjl{~,

^c`j _jkzn{mclm~{~ ndam`

(?- Yjr~cl~ gz~{ arj ockmj~,

[hm~ mju à} ~jj` lc{ {c oj _jkzn{mclm~{$ ~mlnj m{ kcj~ lc{ rjkznjyjr~cl~ {c ~c`j{hmle jd~j, Oz{ {ha{ m~ cld} ojnaz~j m{ m~ h}yjr_jkzn{mclm~{7 m{ rjkznj~ yjr~cl~ {c ockmj~ ml ~c ~{rcle a ua} {ha{ m{ kcj~l{jjl km~{mlezm~h oj{ujjl {hj`, Uj nal nadd m{ Mkjl{mb}mle _jkzn{mclm~`,

^znh a mju ~jj`~ {c `j {cc ~m`ydj, M ojdmjj {ha{ uj ~hczdk ncòmlj (1-um{h

(>- A yjr~cl m~ al jl{m{} {ha{ ha~ a ock}$ alk ha~ {hczeh{~ alk c{hjr

jxyjrmjlnj~,

Cl {hm~ mju$ {hczeh a yjr~cl m~ km~{mln{ brc` {ha{ yjr~cl~ ock}$ alkbrc` al} ~jrmj~ cb {hczeh{~ alk jxyjrmjlnj~$ {hj yjr~cl~ jxm~{jlnj gz~{ncl~m~{~ ml {hj`, ^c uj nal nadd {hm~ mju Ncl~{m{z{mj _jkzn{mclm~`,

M{ à} hjdy {c haj c{hjr jxa`ydj~ cb {hm~ fmlk cb mju, Mb uj jd{ kcula orclwj ~{a{zj$ uj kj~{rc} {hm~ ~{a{zj$ oz{ uj kc lc{ kj~{rc} {hm~ dz`y cborclwj, ^c$ {hczeh {hj ~{a{zj gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj dz`y cb orclwj$ {hj~jnallc{ oj clj alk {hj ~a`j {hmle, ^m`mdard}$ {hj jxm~{jlnj cb a la{mcl gz~{ncl~m~{~ ml {hj jxm~{jlnj cb a erczy cb yjcydj$ cl ~c`j {jrrm{cr}$ dmmle{cej{hjr ml njr{aml ua}~, Oz{ {hj la{mcl m~ lc{ {hj ~a`j a~ {ha{ erczy cb

yjcydj$ cr {ha{ {jrrm{cr},

Ncl~mkjr ljx{ Jdm`mla{mj _jkzn{mclm~`, ^znh a mju m~ ~c`j{m`j~ arj~ycl~j {c arez`jl{~ aeaml~{ {hj Mkjl{mb}mle mju, ^zyyc~j uj ~{ar{ o}ndam`mle {ha{ a la{mcl gz~{ m~ a erczy cb yjcydj cl ~c`j {jrrm{cr}, Uj arj{hjl yjr~zakjk {ha{ {hm~ nallc{ oj ~c7 {ha{ {hj nclnjy{ cb a la{mcl m~ {hjnclnjy{ cb al jl{m{} {ha{ m~ km~{mln{ brc` m{~ yjcydj alk m{~ {jrrm{cr}, Ujà} nclndzkj {ha{$ ml {ha{ na~j$ {hjrj arj rjadd} lc ~znh {hmle~ a~ la{mcl~,[hjrj arj cld} erczy~ cb yjcydj$ dmmle {cej{hjr ml njr{aml ua}~,

Ml {hj na~j cb yjr~cl~$ ~c`j Ozkkhm~{ {jx{~ {afj al Jdm`mla{mj mju,Anncrkmle {c {hj~j {jx{~

(;- [hjrj rjadd} arjl{ ~znh {hmle~ a~ yjr~cl~7 {hjrj arj cld} oraml~alk ockmj~$ alk {hczeh{~ alk c{hjr jxyjrmjlnj~,

Bcr jxa`ydj7


5/87

:

Ozkkha ha~ ~ycfjl {hz~7 C orj{hrjl$ {hjrj arj an{mcl~ $ alk ad~c{hjmr ncl~jqzjlnj~$ oz{ {hjrj m~ lc yjr~cl uhc an{~, , , , [hjrj jxm~{~lc Mlkmmkzad$ m{ m~ cld} a ncljl{mclad la`j emjl {c a ~j{ cb

jdj`jl{~,?

Cr7

[hj `jl{ad alk {hj à{jrmad arj rjadd} hjrj$Oz{ hjrj {hjrj m~ lc yjr~cl {c oj bczlk,Bcr m{ m~ cmk alk ba~hmcljk dmfj a kcdd$Gz~{ ~zbbjrmle ymdjk zy dmfj era~~ alk ~{mnf~, >

Jdm`mla{mj _jkzn{mclm~` m~ ~c`j{m`j~ gz~{mbmjk, [hz~ uj arj rmeh{ {cndam` {ha{ {hjrj {hjrj ujrjl{ rjadd} al} um{nhj~$ cld} yjr~jnz{jk uc`jl,Oz{ _jkzn{mclm~` aocz{ ~c`j fmlk cb jl{m{} m~ lc{ cb{jl ujdd jxyrj~~jk

um{h {hj ndam` {ha{ {hjrj arj lc ~znh jl{m{mj~, Uj ~hczdk ak`m{ {ha{ {hjrjarj la{mcl~$ alk {ha{ uj$ uhc arj yjr~cl~$ jxm~{,

_a{hjr {hal ndam`mle {ha{ {hjrj arj lc jl{m{mj~ cb ~c`j fmlk$ _jkzn{mclm~{~~hczdk km~{mlezm~h fmlk~ cb jl{m{}$ cr ua}~ cb jxm~{mle, Uhjl {hjjxm~{jlnj cb al X gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj jxm~{jlnj cb a ]$ cr ]~$ {hczeh {hj X m~km~{mln{ brc` {hj ] cr ]~$ m{ m~ lc{ al mlkjyjlkjl{ cr ~jyara{jd} jxm~{mle jl{m{},^{a{zj~ kc lc{ jxm~{ ~jyara{jd} brc` {hj à{{jr cb uhmnh {hj} arj àkj,Lcr kc la{mcl~ jxm~{ ~jyara{jd} brc` {hjmr nm{mwjl~ alk {hjmr {jrrm{cr},^m`mdard}$ M ojdmjj$

(:- [hczeh yjr~cl~ arj km~{mln{ brc` {hjmr ockmj~$ alk brc` al}

~jrmj~ cb `jl{ad jjl{~$ {hj} arj lc{ mlkjyjlkjl{ cr ~jyara{jd}jxm~{mle jl{m{mj~,

Jl{m{mj~ arj mlkjyjlkjl{$ cr ~jyara{jd} jxm~{mle$ lc{ ao~cdz{jd}$ oz{ ml {hjmrrjda{mcl {c c{hjr jl{m{mj~, Ml rjda{mcl {c {hj ydml{h cl uhmnh m{ ~{alk~$ a~{a{zj m~ a ~jyara{jd} jxm~{mle jl{m{}, Nar{j~mal Jec~$ mb {hj} jxm~{jk$uczdk oj lc{ cld} km~{mln{ brc` hzàl ockmj~$ oz{ ad~c$ ml rjda{mcl {c{hj~j ockmj~$ mlkjyjlkjl{ jl{m{mj~, ^znh Jec~ arj ndam`jk {c oj dmfjyh}~mnad cogjn{~$ jxnjy{ {ha{ {hj} arj uhcdd} `jl{ad, Mb {hjrj ujrj ~znhjl{m{mj~$ m{ uczdk àfj ~jl~j {c ~zyyc~j {ha{ {hj} `meh{ nja~j {c ojnaz~add} rjda{jk {c ~c`j oraml$ }j{ ncl{mlzj {c jxm~{, Oz{ a ~{a{zj nczdklc{ jxm~{ ~jyara{jd} brc` {hj à{{jr cb uhmnh m{ m~ akj, Lcr nczdk ala{mcl jxm~{ ~jyara{jd} brc` {hj yjcydj ml uhc~j jxm~{jlnj$ alk an{mm{mj~${hj jxm~{jlnj cb {hj la{mcl ncl~m~{~, Ml {hj ~a`j ua}$ cl Ncl~{m{z{mj_jkzn{mclm~`$ yjr~cl~ arj km~{mln{ brc` {hjmr ockmj~$ alk brc` {hj `jl{ad~{a{j~ alk jjl{~$ ml uhc~j jxm~{jlnj alk cnnzrrjlnj {hjmr jxm~{jlnjncl~m~{~, Oz{ yjr~cl~ nczdk lc{ jxm~{ ~jyara{jd} brc` {hj~j,


6/87

2

Uj nal lcu rj{zrl {c yjr~clad mkjl{m{} cjr {m`j$ cr uha{ ncl~{m{z{j~ {hjncl{mlzjk jxm~{jlnj cb {hj ~a`j yjr~cl, Clj qzj~{mcl hjrj m~ {hm~, Uha{jxydaml~ {hj zlm{} cb a yjr~cl~ jl{ad dmbj3 Uha{ àfj~ {hczeh{~ alk

jxyjrmjlnj~$ hak a{ kmbbjrjl{ {m`j~$ {hj {hczeh{~ alk jxyjrmjlnj~ cb a~mledj yjr~cl3

Anncrkmle {c ~c`j Lcl_jkzn{mclm~{~$ {hm~ qzj~{mcl nallc{ oj al~ujrjk mlc{hjr {jr`~, Uj `z~{ ~m`yd} ndam` {ha{ {hj~j kmbbjrjl{ {hczeh{~ alkjxyjrmjlnj~ arj add hak o} {hj ~a`j yjr~cl, [hm~ ban{ kcj~ lc{ ncl~m~{ mlal} c{hjr ban{~$ oz{ m~ a oarj cr zd{mà{j {rz{h,

Mb janh cb z~ ua~ a Nar{j~mal Jec$ {ha{ meh{ oj ~c, ^mlnj ~znh al jecuczdk oj al mlkjyjlkjl{ ~zo~{alnj$ m{ nczdk oj al mrrjkznmodj ban{ {ha{kmbbjrjl{ jxyjrmjlnj~ arj add nhalej~ ml {hj ~{a{j~ cb {hj ~a`j yjr~m~{mleJec, Oz{ {ha{ nczdk lc{ oj {rzj cb yjr~cl~$ M ojdmjj$ mb$ uhmdj km~{mln{ brc`

{hjmr ockmj~$ {hj} arj lc{ ~jyara{jd} jxm~{mle jl{m{mj~, A yjr~cl$ ~cnclnjmjk$ m~ lc{ {hj fmlk cb jl{m{} aocz{ uhmnh {hjrj nczdk oj ~znhmrrjkznmodj {rz{h~, Uhjl jxyjrmjlnj~ a{ kmbbjrjl{ {m j~ arj add hak o} {hj~a`j yjr~cl$ {hm~ ban{ `z~{ ncl~m~{ ml njr{aml c{hjr ban{~,

Mb uj kc lc{ ojdmjj ml Nar{j~mal Jec~$ uj ~hczdk ndam`

(2- Yjr~clad mkjl{m{} cjr {m`j gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml yh}~mnad alk#cry~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{},

[ha{ ndam` nczdk oj bmddjk cz{ ml kmbbjrjl{ ua}~, Cl clj jr~mcl cb {hm~mju$ uha{ àfj~ kmbbjrjl{ jxyjrmjlnj~ {hj jxyjrmjlnj~ cb a ~mledj yjr~cl

m~ {hjmr ojmle jm{hjr nhalej~ ml {hj ~{a{j~ cb$ cr a{ dja~{ kmrjn{d} naz~add}rjda{jk {c$ {hj ~a`j jòckmjk oraml, [ha{ `z~{ oj {hj mju cb {hc~j uhcojdmjj {ha{ yjr~cl~ gz~{ arj ockmj~, Alk uj meh{ hcdk {ha{ mju jjl mb$a~ M {hmlf uj ~hczdk$ uj km~{mlezm~h yjr~cl~ brc` {hjmr ockmj~, Oz{ uj`meh{ ayyjad$ jm{hjr ml akkm{mcl cr ml~{jak$ {c armcz~ y~}nhcdcemnadrjda{mcl~ oj{ujjl kmbbjrjl{ `jl{ad ~{a{j~ alk jjl{~$ ~znh a~ {hj rjda{mcl~mlcdjk ml `j`cr}$ cr ml {hj yjr~m~{jlnj cb ml{jl{mcl~$ kj~mrj~$ alk c{hjry~}nhcdcemnad bja{zrj~, [hj~j rjda{mcl~ {cej{hjr ncl~{m{z{j uha{ M naddy~}nhcdcemnad nclljn{jklj~~ $ uhmnh m~ a à{{jr cb kjerjj, Y~}nhcdcemnadncl{mlzm{} ncl~m~{~ cb cjrdayymle nhaml~ cb ~znh nclljn{mcl~,

Anncrkmle {c Ncl~{m{z{mj _jkzn{mclm~`$ {hj ban{ cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{} m~km~{mln{ brc` {hj~j ban{~ aocz{ yh}~mnad alk y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{},Oz{$ ~mlnj m{ gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj`$ m{ m~ lc{ al mlkjyjlkjl{ cr ~jyara{jd}co{amlmle ban{, M{ m~ lc{ a bzr{hjr kmbbjrjlnj ml uha{ hayyjl~,

[c mddz~{ra{j {ha{ km~{mln{mcl$ ncl~mkjr a ~m`ydjr na~j, ^zyyc~j {ha{ M


7/87

5

adrjak} flcu {ha{ ~jjrad {rjj~ arj ercumle {cej{hjr cl ~c`j hmdd, M {hjldjarl {ha{$ ojnaz~j {ha{ m~ {rzj$ {hjrj m~ a ncy~j cl {hm~ hmdd, [ha{ uczdk lc{oj lju ban{zad mlbcrà{mcl, M uczdk haj `jrjd} djarl{ {ha{ ~znh a erczy

cb {rjj~ nal oj naddjk a ncy~j, @} cld} lju mlbcrà{mcl m~ aocz{ czrdalezaej, [ha{ {hc~j {rjj~ nal oj naddjk a ncy~j m~ lc{$ jxnjy{ {rmmadd}$ aban{ aocz{ {hj {rjj~,

[hj~j rjàrf~ nczdk oj `m~zlkjr~{cck, Bmr~{$ {hj ndam` {ha{ {hm~ ncy~jjxm~{~ m~ lc{ a ndam` aocz{ czr dalezaej, M{ m~ a ndam` aocz{ rjadm{}, @}ycml{ m~ cld} {ha{$ mb uj adrjak} flcu {ha{ {hj {rjj~ jxm~{$ djarlmle {ha{ {hjncy~j jxm~{~ m~l{ djarlmle `crj aocz{ rjadm{}, Czr cld} lju mlbcrà{mcl m~aocz{ czr dalezaej, ^jnclk$ ~mlnj czr dalezaej m~ a yar{ cb rjadm{}$ uj kc$ml a ua}$ djarl crj aocz{ rjadm{}, Oz{ uj arj lc{ djarlmle `crj aocz{uha{ m~ cl {hj hmdd, [ha{ {hc~j {rjj~ nal oj naddjk a ncy~j m~ lc{$ jxnjy{{rmmadd}$ a ban{ aocz{ {hj {rjj~,

^c`j{hmle ~m`mdar m~ {rzj ml {hj `crj nc`ydmna{jk na~j cb la{mcl~, Mlcrkjr {c flcu {hj ban{~ aocz{ {hj hm~{cr} cb a la{mcl$ m{ m~ jlczeh {c flcuuha{ darej lzòjr~ cb yjcydj kmk alk ~amk, Ban{~ aocz{ la{mcl~ nallc{oj oarjd} {rzj7 {hj} z~{ ncl~m~{ ml ban{~ aocz{ yjcydj, Alk$ clnj ujflcu {hj~j c{hjr ban{~$ al} rjàmlmle qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ la{mcl~ arj lc{bzr{hjr qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ uha{ rjadd} hayyjljk,

M ojdmjj {ha{$ ml {hj ~a`j ua}$ ban{~ aocz{ yjcydj nallc{ oj oarjd} {rzj,[hjmr {rz{h `z~{ ncl~m~{ ml {hj {rz{h cb ban{~ aocz{ ockmj~$ alk aocz{armcz~ ml{jrrjda{jk `jl{ad alk yh}~mnad jjl{~, Mb uj flju {hj~j c{hjrban{~$ uj uczdk haj add {hj j`ymrmnad mlyz{ {ha{ uj ljjk, Mb ujzlkjr~{cck {hj nclnjy{ cb a yjr~cl$ alk hak lc bad~j ojdmjb~ aocz{ uha{yjr~cl~ arj$ uj uczdk {hjl flcu$ cr uczdk oj aodj {c ucrf cz{$ {hj {rz{hcb al} bzr{hjr ndam`~ aocz{ {hj jxm~{jlnj cr mkjl{m{} cb yjr~cl~, [ha{ m~ojnaz~j ~znh ndam`~ uczdk lc{ {jdd z~ `crj aocz{ rjadm{},

[ha{ m~ {hj oarj~{ ~fj{nh cb a _jkzn{mclm~{ Rmju, [hj~j rjàrf~ à}ojnc`j ndjarjr mb uj rj{zrl {c {hj ~c naddjk yrcodj` na~j~ cb yjr~cladmkjl{m{}, Ml ~znh a na~j$ uj màemlj flcumle {ha{$ oj{ujjl `j lcu alk~c`j yjr~cl ml {hj bz{zrj$ {hjrj umdd oj njr{aml fmlk~ cr kjerjj~ cb yh}~mnadalk#cr y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{} cr nclljn{jklj~~, Oz{$ {hczeh uj flcu{hj~j ban{~$ uj nallc{ al~ujr {hj qzj~{mcl uhj{hjr {ha{ bz{zrj yjr~cluczdk oj `j,

^mlnj uj à} km~aerjj cl uhmnh {hj yrcodj` na~j~ arj$ uj ljjk `crj {halclj jxa`ydj, Ncl~mkjr bmr~{ {hj ralej cb na~j~ {ha{ M haj naddjk {hj


8/87

8

Yh}~mnad ^yjn{rz`, Ml janh cb {hj~j na~j~$ ~c`j yrcycr{mcl cb `} ock}uczdk oj rjydanjk$ ml a ~mledj cyjra{mcl$ um{h jxan{ kzydmna{j~ cb {hjjxm~{mle njdd~, Ml {hj na~j a{ {hj ljar jlk cb {hm~ ralej$ lc njdd~ uczdk oj

rjydanjk, Ml {hj na~j a{ {hj bar jlk$ `} uhcdj ock} uczdk oj kj~{rc}jkalk _jydmna{jk, [ha{ m~ {hj na~j um{h uhmnh M ojeal7 [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl,

^zyyc~j uj ojdmjj {ha{ ml [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ ml uhmnh `} uhcdj ock}uczdk oj rjydanjk$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk lc{ oj `j$ oz{ a `jrj_jydmna, Mb lc njdd~ ujrj rjydanjk$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj j,Oz{ uha{ cb {hj na~j~ ml oj{ujjl$ uhjrj {hj yjrnjl{aej cb {hj njdd~rjydanjk uczdk oj$ ~a}$ >9*$ cr :9*$ cr 59*3 Uczdk {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~clhjrj oj `j3 Uhjl uj ncl~mkjr ~c`j cb {hj~j na~j~$ uj ucl{ flcuuhj{hjr {c al~ujr ]j~ cr Lc,

^zyyc~j ljx{ {ha{ uj ojdmjj {ha{$ jjl ml [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ `} _jydmna

uczdk oj `j, Uj ~hczdk {hjl ncl~mkjr a kmbbjrjl{ jr~mcl cb {ha{ na~j$ mluhmnh {hj ^nalljr uczdk ej{ m{~ mlbcrà{mcl um{hcz{ kj~{rc}mle `} ock}$alk `} _jydmna uczdk oj akj uhmdj M ua~ ~{mdd admj, Ml {hm~ Oralnh-DmljNa~j$ uj à} aerjj {ha{ `} _jydmna uczdk lc{ oj j, [ha{ à} ~hafj czrmju {ha{$ ml {hj crmemlad jr~mcl cb na~j$ hj uczdk oj `j,

Mb uj ~{mdd fjjy {ha{ mju$ uj ~hczdk {zrl {c uha{ M naddjk {hj Ncòmljk^yjn{rz`, Ml {hm~ ~jnclk ralej cb na~j~$ {hjrj uczdk oj add {hj kmbbjrjl{kjerjj~ cb oc{h yh}~mnad alk y~}nhcdcemnad nclljn{jklj~~, [hj lju njdd~uczdk lc{ oj jxan{d} ~m`mdar, [hj erja{jr {hj yrcycr{mcl cb `} ock} {ha{uczdk oj rjydanjk$ {hj dj~~ dmfj `j uczdk {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl oj, Ml {hjna~j a{ {hj bar jlk cb {hm~ ralej$ `} uhcdj ock} uczdk oj kj~{rc}jk$ alk{hj} uczdk àfj a _jydmna cb ~c`j qzm{j kmbbjrjl{ yjr~cl$ ~znh a~ Erj{aEaroc, Earoc~ _jydmna uczdk ndjard} lc{ oj `j, Ml {hj na~j a{ {hj ljarjlk$ um{h lc rjydanj`jl{$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj `j, Cl al}mju$ {hjrj `z~{ oj na~j~ ml oj{ujjl ml uhmnh uj nczdk lc{ al~ujr czrqzj~{mcl,

Bcr ~m`ydmnm{}$ M ~hadd ncl~mkjr cld} {hj Yh}~mnad ^yjn{rz $ alk M ~hadda~~z`j {ha{$ ml ~c`j cb {hj na~j~ ml {hm~ ralej$ uj nal{ al~ujr {hjqzj~{mcl uhj{hjr {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj `j, @} rjàrf~ nczdk oj{ral~bjrrjk$ um{h ~c`j akgz~{`jl{$ {c {hj Ncòmljk ^yjn{rz`,

A~ M haj ~amk$ m{ m~ la{zrad {c a~~z`j {ha{$ jjl mbuj nal{ al~ujr {hm~qzj~{mcl$ {hjrj `z~{ adua}~ oj al al~ujr$ uhmnh `z~{ oj jm{hjr ]j~ cr Lc,M{ m~ la{zrad {c ojdmjj {ha{$ mb {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl umdd oj ml yaml$ jm{hjr M~hadd bjjd {ha{ yaml$ cr M ~hal{, Oz{ {hm~ ralej cb na~j~ nhaddjlej~ {ha{ojdmjb, Ml {hj na~j a{ {hj ljar jlk$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj `j, Ml{hj na~j a{ {hj bar jlk$ hj uczdk oj ~c`jclj jd~j, Hcu nczdk m{ oj {rzj


9/87

=

{ha{$ ml add {hj na~j~ ml oj{ujjl$ hj `z~{ oj jm{hjr `j$ cr ~c`jclj jd~j3Bcr {ha{ {c oj {rzj$ {hjrj `z~{ oj$ ~c`juhjrj ml {hm~ ralej$ a ~haryocrkjrdmlj, [hjrj `z~{ oj ~c`j nrm{mnad ~j{ cb njdd~ ~znh {ha{$ mb cld} {hc~j

njdd~ ujrj rjydanjk$ m{ uczdk oj `j uhc uczdk uafj zy$ oz{ {ha{ ml {hjjr} ljx{ na~j$ um{h cld} gz~{ a bju `crj njdd~ rjydanjk$ m{ uczdk oj$ lc{`j$ oz{ a lju yjr~cl, [ha{ m~ hark {c ojdmjj,

Hjrj m~ alc{hjr ban{$ uhmnh àfj~ m{ jjl harkjr {c ojdmjj, Jjl mb {hjrjujrj ~znh a ocrkjrdmlj$ lc clj nczdk jjr km~ncjr uhjrj m{ m~, M `meh{~a}$ [r} rjydanmle hadb cb `} oraml alk ock}$ alk M ~hadd {jdd }cz uha{hayyjl~, Oz{ uj flcu ml akalnj {ha{$ ml jjr} na~j$ ~mlnj {hj rj~zd{mleyjr~cl uczdk oj jxan{d} dmfj `j$ hj uczdk oj mlndmljk {c ojdmjj {ha{ hjua~ `j, Alk {hm~ nczdk lc{ ~hcu {ha{ hj ua~ `j$ ~mlnj al} `jrj _jydmnacb `j uczdk {hmlf {ha{ {cc,

Jjl mb ~znh na~j~ an{zadd} cnnzrrjk$ uj uczdk djarl lc{hmle `crj aocz{{hj`, ^c m{ kcj~l{ à{{jr {ha{ {hj~j na~j~ arj màemlar}, Uj ~hczdk {r}{c kjnmkj lcu uhj{hjr$ ml {hm~ ralej cb na~j~$ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} nczdk ojkj{jr`mla{j, Nczdk m{ oj {rzj {ha{$ ml jjr} na~j$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cljm{hjr uczdk cr uczdk lc{ oj `j3

Mb uj kc lc{ ojdmjj {ha{ {hjrj arj Nar{j~mal Jec~$ cr c{hjr ~znh jl{m{mj~$ uj~jj` bcrnjk {c al~ujr Lc, M{ m~ lc{ {rzj {ha{ czr mkjl{m{} `z~{ ojkj{jr`mla{j, Uj nal adua}~ a~f$ Uczdk {ha{ bz{zrj yjr~cl oj `j3 Oz{$ml ~c`j cb {hj~j na~j~$

(5- [hm~ qzj~{mcl uczdk haj lc al~ujr, M{ uczdk oj ljm{hjr {rzjlcr bad~j {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl uczdk oj `j,

Alk

(8- [hm~ qzj~{mcl uczdk oj j`y{}, Jjl um{hcz{ al al~ujr$ ujnczdk flcu {hj bzdd {rz{h aocz{ uha{ hayyjljk,

Mb czr qzj~{mcl~ ujrj aocz{ ~znh jl{m{mj~ a~ la{mcl~ cr ànhmlj~$ `c~{ cb z~uczdk annjy{ ~znh ndam`~, ; Oz{$ uhjl ayydmjk {c czr~jdj~$ {hj} nal ojhark {c ojdmjj, Hcu nczdk m{ oj ljm{hjr {rzj lcr bad~j {ha{ M ~hadd ~{mddjxm~{ {c`crrcu3 Alk$ um{hcz{ al al~ujr {c czr qzj~{mcl$ hcu nczdk Mflcu {hj bzdd {rz{h aocz{ `} bz{zrj3

_jkzn{mclm~` emj~ {hj jxydala{mcl, Uj la{zradd} a~~z`j {ha{$ ml {hj~jna~j~$ {hjrj arj kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~, [hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl$ uj a~~z`j$`meh{ oj `j$ cr hj `meh{ oj ~c`jclj jd~j$ uhc m~ `jrjd} dmfj `j, Mb {hjrj~zd{mle yjr~cl umdd oj ml yaml$ jm{hjr M ~hadd bjjd {ha{ yaml$ cr M ~hal{, Mb


10/87

19

{hj~j rjadd} ujrj kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~$ m{ uczdk oj nc`yjddmle {ha{ clj cb{hj` `z~{ oj {hj yc~~momdm{} {ha{ uczdk ml ban{ co{aml, Hcu nczdk rjadm{}bamd {c nhcc~j oj{ujjl {hj`3 Oz{$ cl a _jkzn{mclm~{ mju$

(=- Czr qzj~{mcl m~ lc{ aocz{ kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~, [hjrj m~cld} a ~mledj yc~~momdm{}$ cr nczr~j cb jjl{~, Czr qzj~{mcl m~`jrjd} aocz{ kmbbjrjl{ yc~~modj kj~nrmy{mcl~ cb {hm~ nczr~j cbjjl{~,

[ha{ m~ hcu czr qzj~{mcl ha~ lc al~ujr, Uj haj lc{ }j{ kjnmkjk uhmnhkj~nrmy{mcl {c ayyd}, Alk$ {ha{ m~ uh}$ jjl um{hcz{ al~ujrmle {hm~qzj~{mcl$ uj nczdk flcu {hj bzdd {rz{h aocz{ uha{ uczdk hayyjl,

^zyyc~j {ha{$ ab{jr ncl~mkjrmle ~znh jxa`ydj~$ uj nja~j {c ojdmjj {ha{ czrmkjl{m{} `z~{ oj kj{jr`mla{j, [ha{ à} ~jj` {c àfj dm{{dj kmbbjrjlnj, M{

à} ~jj` {c oj a nhalej cb mju cld} aocz{ ~c`j màemlar} na~j~$ {ha{umdd ljjr an{zadd} cnnzr, Oz{ {ha{ à} lc{ oj ~c, Uj à} oj djk {crjm~j czr ojdmjb~ aocz{ {hj la{zrj cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{}6 alk {ha{ uczdk oj anhalej cb mju aocz{ czr~jdj~$ alk czr cul dmj~,

Ml ljard} add an{zad na~j~$ qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} haj al~ujr~$~c ndam` (5- kcj~ lc{ ayyd}, Mb uj kcl{ flcu {hj~j al~ujr~$ {hjrj m~~c`j{hmle {ha{ uj kcl{ flcu, Oz{ ndam` (8- ~{mdd ayydmj~, Jjl um{hcz{al~ujrmle {hj~j qzj~{mcl~$ uj nczdk flcu {hj bzdd {rz{h aocz{ uha{hayyjl~, Uj uczdk flcu {ha{ {rz{h mb uj flju {hj ban{~ aocz{ oc{hyh}~mnad alk y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, Mb$ m`ydaz~mod}$ uj ~{mdd kmkl{flcu {hj al~ujr {c a qzj~{mcl aocz{ mkjl{m{}$ czr melcralnj uczdk cld}oj aocz{ czr dalezaej, Alk {ha{ m~ ojnaz~j ndam` (=- ~{mdd ayydmj~, Uhjluj flcu {hj c{hjr ban{~$ {hjrj arj ljjr kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~ a{ {hj djjdcb uha{ hayyjl~, Ml add na~j~$ {hj cld} rjàmlmle yc~~momdm{mj~ arj a{ {hjdmlezm~{mn djjd, Yjrhay~ m{ uczdk oj ncrrjn{ {c ~a} {ha{ ~c`j bz{zrjyjr~cl uczdk oj `j, Yjrhay~ m{ uczdk oj ncrrjn{ {c ~a} {ha{ hj uczdk lc{oj `j, Cr yjrhay~ ljm{hjr uczdk oj ncrrjn{, M nclndzkj {ha{ ml add na~j~$ mbuj flcu {hj c{hjr ban{~$ uj ~hczdk rjeark qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ czr mkjl{m{} a~`jrjd} qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ dalezaej,

A~ ojbcrj$ {ha{ nclndz~mcl nal oj m~zlkjr~{cck, Bmr~{$ uhjl uj a~f ~znhqzj~{mcl~$ {ha{ m~ z~zadd} ojnaz~j uj kcl{ flcu {hj c{hjr ban{~, [hz~$uhjl uj a~f mb uj arj aocz{ {c kmj$ {ha{ m~ ~jdkc` a nclnjy{zad qzj~{mcl,Uj a~f {ha{ qzj~{mcl ojnaz~j uj kcl{ flcu uha{ umdd hayyjl {c czrockmj~$ alk uhj{hjr$ ml yar{mnzdar$ czr oraml~ umdd ncl{mlzj {c ~zyycr{ncl~nmcz~lj~~, Czr qzj~{mcl ojnc`j~ nclnjy{zad cld} uhjl uj adrjak}flcu aocz{ ~znh c{hjr ban{~,


11/87

11

Lc{j ljx{ {ha{$ ml njr{aml na~j~$ {hj rjdjal{ ban{~ ec oj}clk {hj kj{amd~ cb{hj na~j uj arj ncl~mkjrmle, Uhj{hjr ~c`j nclnjy{ ayydmj~ à} kjyjlkcl ban{~ aocz{ c{hjr na~j~$ cr cl a nhcmnj oj{ujjl ~nmjl{mbmn {hjcrmj~,

^zyyc~j uj ~jj ~c`j{hmle ~{ralej hayyjlmle {c al zlflcul almàd, Uj`meh{ a~f uhj{hjr {hm~ yrcnj~~ yrj~jrj~ {hj almàd~ mkjl{m{}$ cr uhj{hjr{hj rj~zd{ m~ a lju almàd$ ojnaz~j uha{ uj arj ~jjmle m~ ~c`j fmlk cbrjyrckzn{mcl, Jjl mb uj flju {hj kj{amd~ cb {hm~ yrcnj~~$ {ha{ qzj~{mcluczdk lc{ oj jrjd} nclnjy{zad, [hj al~ujr uczdk kjyjlk cl uhj{hjr{hm~ yrcnj~~ m~ yar{ cb {hj la{zrad kjjdcy`jl{ cb {hm~ fmlk cb almàd, Alk{ha{ à} oj ~c`j{hmle uj haj }j{ {c km~ncjr,

Mb uj mkjl{mb} yjr~cl~ um{h hzàl ojmle~$ uhc` uj rjeark a~ a la{zradfmlk$ {hj ~a`j uczdk oj {rzj ml ~c`j màemlaodj na~j~ mlcdmle yjr~cl~,Oz{ {hj~j arj lc{ {hj fmlk cb na~j {ha{ M haj ojjl km~nz~~mle, @} na~j~ addmlcdj ar{mbmnmad ml{jrjl{mcl, Lc ban{~ aocz{ la{zrad kjjdcy`jl{ nczdk

oj rjdjal{ hjrj, [hz~$ ml `}Yh}~mnad ^yjn{rz $ mb uj flcu uhmnh cb `}njdd~ uczdk oj rjydanjk o} kzydmna{j~$ add cb {hj rjdjal{ j`ymrmnad ban{~uczdk oj ml, Ml ~znh na~j~ al} rjàmlmle qzj~{mcl~ uczdk oj nclnjy{zad,

^mlnj {ha{ m~ ~c$ m{ uczdk oj ndjarjr {c a~f {hj~j qzj~{mcl~ ml a kmbbjrjl{ua}, Ncl~mkjr {hj na~j ml uhmnh M rjydanj ~c`j cb {hj nc`ycljl{~ cb `}azkmc~}~{j`$ oz{ fjjy {hj c{hjr~, M a~f$ Kc M ~{mdd haj clj alk {hj ~a`j~}~{j`3 [ha{ à} ~jj` a ban{zad qzj~{mcl, Oz{$ ~mlnj M adrjak} flcuuha{ hayyjljk$ {ha{ m~ lc{ rjadd} ~c, M{ uczdk oj ndjarjr {c a~f$ Emjl{ha{ M haj rjydanjk {hc~j nc`ycljl{~$ uczdk m{ oj ncrrjn{ {c nadd {hm~ {hj~a`j ~}~{j`3

[hj ~a`j ayydmj~ {c yjr~clad mkjl{m{}, ^zyyc~j {ha{ M flcu {hj ban{~aocz{ uha{ umdd hayyjl {c `} ock}$ alk aocz{ al} y~}nhcdcemnadnclljn{mcl~ {ha{ {hjrj umdd oj oj{ujjl `j lcu alk ~c`j yjr~cl{c`crrcu, M à} a~f$ Umdd {ha{ yjr~cl oj `j3 Oz{ {ha{ m~ a `m~djakmleua} {c yz{ } qzj~{mcl, M{ ~zeej~{~ {ha{ M kcl{ flcu uha{~ ecmle {chayyjl, Uhjl M flcu {hj~j c{hjr ban{~$ M ~hczdk a~f$ Uczdk m{ oj ncrrjn{{c nadd {ha{ yjr~cl `j3 [ha{ uczdk rj`mlk `j {ha{$ mb {hjrj~ al}{hmle{ha{ M kcl{ flcu$ {ha{ m~ `jrjd} a ban{ aocz{ czr dalezaej,

M ojdmjj {ha{ uj nal ec bzr{hjr, ^znh qzj~{mcl~ arj$ ml {hj ojdm{{dmle ~jl~j$`jrjd} jroad, ^c`j nclnjy{zad qzj~{mcl~ arj ujdd ucr{h km~nz~~mle, Oz{

qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ ml `} fmlk cb na~j$ arj dmfj qzj~{mcl~{ha{ uj uczdk add {hmlf {rmmad, M{ m~ qzm{j zlml{jrj~{mle uhj{hjr$ um{h hadbm{~ nc`ycljl{~ rjydanjk$ M ~{mdd haj {hj ~a`j azkmc~}~{j`, Ml {hj ~a`jua}$ uj ~hczdk rjeark m{ a~ qzm{j zlml{jrj~{mle uhj{hjr$ mb hadb cb `} oramlalk ock} ujrj ~m`zd{aljcz~d} rjydanjk$ M uczdk ~{mdd jxm~{, A~ qzj~{mcl~aocz{ rjadm{}$ {hj~j arj jl{mrjd} j`y{}, Lcr$ a~ nclnjy{zad qzj~{mcl~$ kc


12/87

1?

{hj} ljjk al~ujr~,

Uj `meh{ ljjk$ bcr djead yzryc~j~$ {cemj ~znh qzj~{mcl~ al~ujr~, [hz~

uj `meh{ kjnmkj {ha{ al azkmc~}~{j` ~hczdk oj naddjk {hj ~a`j mb m{~ ljunc`ycljl{~ nc~{ dj~~ {hal hadb m{~ crmemlad yrmnj, Alk uj meh{ kjnmkj {c~a} {ha{ M uczdk ncl{mlzj {c jxm~{ a~ dcle a~ dj~~ {hal hadb cb `} oraml alkock} ujrj rjydanjk, Oz{ {hj~j arj lc{ al~ujr~ {c nclnjy{zad qzj~{mcl~6{hj} arj `jrj kjnm~mcl~,

M{ à} hjdy {c ncl{ra~{ {hj~j qzj~{mcl~ um{h clj {ha{ m~ lc{ `jrjd} jroad,^zyyc~j uj arj ~{zk}mle ~c`j nrja{zrj uhmnh m~ jr} zldmfj czr~jdj~$~znh a~ al ml~jn{$ cr ~c`j jx{ra{jrrj~{rmad ojmle, Uj flcu add {hj ban{~aocz{ {hm~ nrja{zrj~ ojhamczr$ alk m{~ ljzrcyh}~mcdce}, [hj nrja{zrjurmeedj~ mecrcz~d}$ ml uha{ ~jj`~ {c oj a rj~ycl~j {c ~c`j mlgzr}, Uja~f$ M~ m{ ncl~nmcz~$ alk ml erja{ yaml3 Cr m~ m{ `jrjd} dmfj al ml~jl{mjl{

ànhmlj3 ^c`j Ojhamczrm~{ `meh{ ~a}$ [ha{ m~ a `jrjd} jroadqzj~{mcl, [hj~j arjl{ kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~$ jm{hjr cb uhmnh meh{ oj{rzj, [hj} arj `jrjd} kmbbjrjl{ kj~nrmy{mcl~ cb {hj jr} ~a`j ~{a{j cbabbamr~, [ha{ M bmlk mlnrjkmodj, [hj~j kj~nrmy{mcl~ emj z~$ M ojdmjj$ {ucqzm{j kmbbjrjl{ yc~~momdm{mj~, M{ nczdk lc{ oj al j`y{} cr a `jrjd} jroadqzj~{mcl uhj{hjr ~c`j nrja{zrj ua~ zlncl~nmcz~ cr ml erja{ yaml,

M{ m~ la{zrad {c {hmlf {hj ~a`j aocz{ czr cul mkjl{m{}, Mb M flcu {ha{ ~c`jyrcycr{mcl cb `} njdd~ umdd oj rjydanjk$ hcu nal m{ oj a `jrjd} jroadqzj~{mcl uhj{hjr M a` aocz{ {c kmj$ cr ~hadd uafj zy aeaml {c`crrcu3 M{m~ ojnaz~j {ha{ m~ hark {c ojdmjj {ha{ _jkzn{mclm~` m~ ucr{h km~nz~~mle, Mbuj ojnc`j _jkzn{mclm~{~$ {ha{ à} nhalej ~c`j cb czr kjjyj~{a~~z`y{mcl~ aocz{ czr~jdj~,

[hj~j a~~z`y{mcl~$ a~ M haj ~amk$ ncjr an{zad na~j~$ alk czr cul dmj~,Oz{ {hj} arj oj~{ rjjadjk uhjl uj ncl~mkjr {hj màemlar} yrcodj` na~j~,M{ m~ ucr{h jxydamlmle bzr{hjr uh} {ha{ m~ ~c,

Ml crkmlar} na~j~$ qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ czr mkjl{m{} haj al~ujr~, Ml ~znhna~j~$ {hjrj m~ a ban{ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ alk _jkzn{mclm~` m~ clj mjuaocz{ uha{ fmlk cb ban{ {hm~ m~, Cl {hm~ mju$ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} gz~{ncl~m~{~ ml yh}~mnad alk#cr y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, Uj à} bmlk m{ hark{c kjnmkj uhj{hjr uj annjy{ {hm~ mju$ ~mlnj m{ à} oj bar brc` ndjar uhjlclj ban{ gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml alc{hjr, Uj à} jjl kczo{ uhj{hjr_jkzn{mclm~{~ alk {hjmr nrm{mn~ rjadd} km~aerjj,

Ml {hj yrcodj` na~j~$ {hmle~ arj kmbbjrjl{, Uhjl uj nallc{ al~ujrqzj~{mcl~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ m{ m~ ja~mjr {c kjnmkj uhj{hjr uj annjy{ a_jkzn{mclm~{ Rmju, Uj ~hczdk a~f7 Kc uj bmlk ~znh na~j~ yzwwdmle3 Cr


13/87

1>

kc uj annjy{ {hj _jkzn{mclm~{ ndam` {ha{$ jjl um{hcz{ al~ujrmle {hj~jqzj~{mcl~$ mb uj flju {hj ban{~ aocz{ {hj ncl{mlzm{mj~$ uj uczdk flcuuha{ hayyjljk3

@c~{ cb z~ kc bmlk ~znh na~j~ yzwwdmle, Uj ojdmjj {ha{$ jjl mb uj flju{hc~j c{hjr ban{~$ mb uj nczdkl{ al~ujr qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ czr mkjl{m{}$ {hjrjuczdk oj ~c`j{hmle {ha{ uj kmkl{ flcu, [ha{ ~zeej~{~ {ha{$ cl czrmju$ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} kcj~ lc{ gz~{ ncl~m~{ ml clj cr oc{h cb {hjncl{mlzm{mj~$ oz{ m~ a ~jyara{jd} co{amlmle ban{$ cr a bzr{hjr kmbbjrjlnj mluha{ hayyjl~, [hj _jkzn{mclm~{ annczl{ z~{ {hjl djaj ~c`j{hmle cz{,^c {hjrj m~ a rjad km~aerjj`jl{$ alk clj {ha{ ayydmj~ {c add na~j~,

@al} cb z~ kc lc{ `jrjd} bmlk ~znh na~j~ yzwwdmle, Uj arj mlndmljk {cojdmjj {ha{ $ ml add ~znh na~j~$ qzj~{mcl~ aocz{ czr mkjl{m{} `z~{ hajal~ujr~$ uhmnh z~{ oj jm{hjr ]j~ cr Lc, Bcr {ha{ {c oj {rzj$ yjr~clad

mkjl{m{} `z~{ oj a ~jyara{jd} co{amlmle ban{ cb a yjnzdmard} ~m ydj fmlk, M{`z~{ mlcdj ~c`j ~yjnmad jl{m{}$ ~znh a~ a Nar{j~mal Jec$ uhc~j jxm~{jlnj`z~{ oj addcrlc{hmle,

Uhjl M ~a} {ha{ uj haj {hj~j a~~z`y{mcl~$ M a` lc{ ndam`mle {ha{ ujojdmjj ml Nar{j~mal Jec~, ^c`j cb z~ kc, Oz{ àl} cb z~$ M ~z~yjn{$ hajmlncl~m~{jl{ ojdmjb~, Mb uj arj a~fjk uhj{hjr uj ojdmjj {ha{ {hjrj arjNar{j~mal Jec~$ uj à} al~ujr Lc, Alk uj a} annjy{ {ha{$ a~_jkzn{mclm~{~ ndam`$ {hj jxm~{jlnj cb a yjr~cl gz~{ mlcdj~ {hj jxm~{jlnj cba ock}$ alk {hj cnnzrrjlnj cb a ~jrmj~ cb ml{jrrjda{jk `jl{ad alk yh}~mnadjjl{~, Oz{$ a~ czr rjan{mcl~ {c {hj yrcodj` na~j~ ~hcu$ uj kcl{ bzdd}annjy{ {ha{ mju, Uj kc lc{ ojdmjj {ha{ czr ncl{mlzjk jxm~{jlnj jrjd}mlcdj~ ~znh ncl{mlzm{mj~, M{ ~jj`~ {c z~ {c oj a bzr{hjr ban{$ cb a kjjyalk ~m`ydj fmlk7 a ban{ uhmnh$ ml jjr} na~j$ `z~{ oj jm{hjr uhcdd} yrj~jl{cr uhcdd} ao~jl{, [hjrj m~ lc ~znh ban{, [ha{ m~ `} `c~{ m`ycr{al{`j{ayh}~mnad ndam`,

^znh a nclbdmn{ cb ojdmjb~ m~ qzm{j nc``cl, A{ a rjbdjn{mj cr ml{jddjn{zaddjjd$ uj à} oj nclmlnjk {ha{ ~c`j mju m~ {rzj6 oz{ a{ alc{hjr djjd$clj {ha{ jleaej~ `crj kmrjn{d} um{h czr j`c{mcl~$ uj à} ncl{mlzj {c{hmlf alk bjjd a~ mb ~c`j kmbbjrjl{ mju ujrj {rzj, Clj jxa`ydj cb {hm~fmlk uczdk oj a hcyj$ cr bjar$ {ha{ uj flcu {c oj erczlkdj~~, @al} cbz~$ M ~z~yjn{$ haj ~znh mlncl~m~{jl{ ojdmjb~ uhjl uj {hmlf aocz{ {hj ~c`j

cb njl{rad ~zogjn{~ cb `j{ayh}~mn~$ ~znh a~ {hj ^jdb$ ncl~nmcz~lj~~$ {m`j~ya~~aej$ alk brjj umdd,


14/87

1;

? [hj _jdjal{ Qzj~{mcl~

Ab{jr km~nz~~mle {hj la{zrj cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ M {zrljk {c m{~ m`ycr{alnj,

M ojeal o} a~fmle Uha{ à{{jr~ ml ~zrmad3 :

M z~jk {ha{ yhra~j$ nclbz~mled}$ {c a~f {uc kmbbjrjl{ qzj~{mcl~, Clj ua~

[hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl7 Uh} ~hczdk uj oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{czr cul bz{zrj3 Uha{ m~ m{$ ml czr ~zrmad$ {ha{ emj~ z~ rja~cl bcr~znh nclnjrl3

^c`j yjcydj ojdmjj {ha{ uj haj lc rja~cl bcr ~znh nclnjrl, Cl {hm~mju$ yran{mnad rja~cl~ arj emjl o} ban{~ aocz{ czr kj~mrj~$ alk uj haj lcrja~cl~ {c haj {hj~j kj~mrj~, @crj jxan{d}$ uj nal haj rja~cl~ {c ual{uha{ m~ a `jal~ {c {hj bzdbmd`jl{ cb ~c`j c{hjr kj~mrj$ oz{ uj haj lc

rja~cl {c narj aocz{ al}{hmle a~ al jlk$ cr bcr m{~ cul ~afj, M arezjaeaml~{ {hm~ mju jd~juhjrj, 2

Cb {hc~j uhc ojdmjj {ha{ uj kc haj rja~cl~ {c narj aocz{ czr bz{zrj$ `c~{a~~z`j {ha{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} yrcmkj~ {ha{ rja~cl, Cl {hm~ mju$ uj~hczdk oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{ czr bz{zrj ojnaz~j m{ umdd oj czr bz{zrj,Mb add uj flcu m~ {ha{ ~c`jclj umdd da{jr oj ml yaml$ uj à} haj ~c`jrja~cl bcr nclnjrl6 oz{$ mb uj djarl {ha{ uj ~hadd oj ml yaml$ uj haj akm~{mln{mj$ bzr{hjr rja~cl, Alk$ mb cld} clj cb z~ umdd oj hayy}$ uj haj arja~cl {c ual{ {ha{ yjr~cl {c oj z~, Cl {hm~ mju$ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} m~uha{$ ml {hj yrzkjl{mad ~jl~j$ à{{jr~,

[hm~ mju$ M arezjk$ m~ m~{afjl, Uha{ à{{jr~ ml ~zrmad m~ lc{$ M ndam`jk$~zrmad m{~jdb$ oz{ njr{aml c{hjr rjda{mcl~, [hczeh {hj~j rjda{mcl~ z~zadd}ncmlnmkj um{h ~zrmad$ cr {hj ncl{mlzjk jxm~{jlnj cb {hj ~a`j yjr~cl$ {ha{ m~lc{ adua}~ ~c, [hjrj nczdk oj ~zrmad um{hcz{ uha{ à{{jr~$ alk uha{à{{jr~ um{hcz{ ~zrmad,

M ad~c a~fjk

[hj kj~mraomdm{} qzj~{mcl7 Uha{ àfj~ ~zrmad ecck3 Ml ual{mle {c~zrmj$ uha{ kc uj haj rja~cl {c ual{3

[hm~ qzj~{mcl nal oj ~zokmmkjk, Uha{ uj haj rja~cl {c ual{ m~ a ecck

bz{zrj$ uhmnh ha~ {hj rmeh{ rjda{mcl {c z~, ^c uj ~hczdk a~f7

(1- Uha{ uczdk àfj czr bz{zrj ecck3

(?- Mb czr bz{zrj umdd oj ecck$ hcu ~hczdk uj ual{ {ha{ bz{zrj {c ojrjda{jk {c z~3


15/87

1:

Ml a km~nz~~mcl cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ uj ljjk lc{ {r} {c al~ujr qzj~{mcl (1-,Yjr~clad mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ yar{ cb uha{ afj~ czr bz{zrj ecck, Uj kc ljjk{c al~ujr (?-, Oz{ (?- m~ lc{ a lju qzj~{mcl6 m{ m~ jrjd} al cy{m`m~{mn

jr~mcl cb {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl, Mb czr bz{zrj umdd oj ecck$ uj ~hczdkual{ m{~ rjda{mcl {c z~ {c oj {hj clj {ha{ emj~ z~ rja~cl bcr ~yjnmad nclnjrl,A~ ojbcrj$ uj `z~{ a~f uha{ {ha{ rjda{mcl m~,

@c~{ yjcydj ojdmjj$ a~ M haj ~amk$ {ha{ mkjl{m{} yrcmkj~ {hj al~ujr, Cl{hm~ mju$ m{ m~ jlczeh {ha{ {hm~ bz{zrj umdd oj czr~, Uha{ à{{jr~$ ml {hjkj~mraomdm{} ~jl~j$ m~ {ha{ uj ~zrmj$ alk haj a ecck bz{zrj,

A~ ojbcrj$ M km~aerjj, Cl `} mju$ uj nczdk haj uha{ à{{jr~$ ml {hjkj~mraomdm{} ~jl~j$ jjl mb uj ~hadd lc{ ~zrmj, Alk uj meh{ haj~zrmad$ alk a ecck bz{zrj$ um{hcz{ uha{ à{{jr~,

[hczeh {hj kj~mraomdm{} qzj~{mcl mlndzkj~ {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl$ {hj~jqzj~{mcl~ arj qzm{j kmbbjrjl{, [ha{ kmbbjrjlnj m~ ndjarj~{ uhjl czr bz{zrjumdd oj odjaf, [hz~$ mb uj flju {ha{ uj uczdk ~ccl oj yarad}wjk$ uj`meh{ lc{ ual{ {c ~zrmj, Yarad}~m~ `meh{ kj~{rc} uha{$ ml {hj kj~mraomdm{}~jl~j$ à{{jr~, Oz{ m{ uczdk lc{ kj~{rc} uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~, Ujuczdk haj a~ `znh rja~cl {c narj aocz{ czr yarad}wjk bz{zrj,

Ojnaz~j M bamdjk {c km~{mlezm~h {hj~j qzj~{mcl~ ml `} _ja~cl~ alk Yjr~cl~$ Màkj armcz~ `m~{afj~, [hz~$ uhjl km~nz~~mle uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~$ M ndam`jk {ha{ yh}~mnad ncl{mlzm{} ha~ dm{{dj adzj, [ha{$ jjl mb{rzj$ m~ mrrjdjal{, Alk$ uhjl M ndam`jk {ha{ yh}~mnad ~m mdarm{} `meh{haj ~c`j m`ycr{alnj$ M ua~ aeaml ~hmb{mle$ ml a nclbz~jk ua}$ {c {hjkj~mraomdm{} qzj~{mcl, Yh}~mnad ~m mdarm{} m~ lc{ yar{ cb uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~, Mb czr ayyjaralnj ua~ aocz{ {c nhalej$ {ha{ uczdk lc{ rjkznjczr rja~cl {c narj aocz{ czr bz{zrj,

Uhjl M km~nz~~jk {hj màemljk na~j uhmnh M naddjk@} Kmm~mcl alk ~haddkm~nz~~ bzr{hjr ojdcu$ M àkj a ~m`mdar `m~{afj, M ndam`jk {ha{$ mb {hj {ucrj~zd{mle yjcydj uczdk haj dmj~ {ha{ ujrj ucr~j {hal `mlj$ `} rjda{mcl{c {hj~j yjcydj uczdk oj lc{ qzm{j {hj rjda{mcl {ha{ à{{jr~ ml crkmlar}~zrmad, [ha{ aeaml nclbda{j~ czr {uc qzj~{mcl~, A~ {hj na~j cbyarad}~m~ ~hcu~$ jjl mb {hj~j yjcydj uczdk haj urj{nhjk dmj~$ {ha{ m~ lcerczlk bcr {hmlfmle {ha{ @} Kmm~mcl uczdk kj~{rc} uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~, M `meh{ haj gz~{ a~ znh rja~cl {c oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{{hj~j yjcydj,

[hj~j `m~{afj~ nal oj ncrrjn{jk, Oz{ `} arez`jl{ à} ~jj` {c ec `crj~jrmcz~d} a~{ra}, Uhjl M km~nz~~jk uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~$ M ~c`j{m`j~ayyjadjk {c màemljk na~j~ ml uhmnh$ mb M hak ~c`j cyjra{mcl$ m{ uczdk oj


16/87

12

kczo{bzd uhj{hjr {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj `j, M a~fjk uhj{hjr$ ml~znh a na~j$ `} yrc~yjn{ uczdk oj a~ ecck a~ crkmlar} ~zrmad, M{ à}~jj` {ha{$ ml a~fmle {ha{ qzj~{mcl$ M aeaml nclbz~jk {hj kj~mraomdm{} alk

yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl~,

[ha{ m~ lc{ ~c, Ml {hj~j màemljk na~j~$ M nczdk jm{hjr (A- haj ~c`jmkjl{m{}{hrja{jlmle cyjra{mcl$ cr (O- ncl{mlzj {c jxm~{ ml al crkmlar} ua},M a~fjk uhj{hjr$ brc` `} yrj~jl{ ycml{ cb mju$ cz{nc`j (A- uczdk oj a~ecck a~ (O-, [hjrj m~ a ~yjnmad rja~cl uh}$ ml {hj~j na~j~$ {ha{ m~ a z~jbzdqzj~{mcl, Mb M hak {hm~ cyjra{mcl$ jjl mb {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk lc{ oj`j$ hj uczdk oj jxan{d} dmfj j, Alk {hm~ yjr~cl~ bz{zrj uczdk$ M~zyyc~jk$ oj jr} dmfj {hj bz{zrj {ha{ M uczdk haj ml cz{nc`j (O-, Ml~znh na~j~$ {hj kj~mraomdm{} alk yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl~ ncmlnmkj, Bcr `}yrc~yjn{ {c ncl{aml uha{ à{{jr~$ ml {hj kj~mraomdm{} ~jl~j$ {hjrj `z~{ oj aecck dmbj ahjak$ alk `} rjda{mcl {c {ha{ dmbj `z~{ ncl{aml uha{ yrzkjl{madd}

à{{jr~, Ml {hj~j màemljk na~j~$ ml janh yc~~modj cz{nc`j$ {hj dmbj ahjakuczdk oj jr} ~m`mdar, Mb M nczdk ra{mcladd} oj mlkmbbjrjl{ oj{ujjl {hj~jcz{nc`j~$ `} rjda{mcl {c oc{h {hj~j dmj~ `z~{ jqzadd} ncl{aml uha{à{{jr~, Ml ~znh na~j~$ {hm~ Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{ m~ a ua} cb a~fmle {hjyrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl,

M{ m~ ad~c a ua} cb a~fmle uhj{hjr mkjl{m{} m~ uha{ à{{jr~, Cb {hj yc~~modjdmj~ ahjak$ cld} clj uczdk njr{amld} oj mlj, Mb M nczdk ra{mcladd} ojmlkmbbjrjl{ oj{ujjl {hj~j cz{nc`j~$ {hm~ ban{ aocz{ `} mkjl{m{} `z~{ ojmrrjdjal{, @} rjda{mcl {c {ha{ bz{zrj dmbj$ jjl mb m{ uczdk lc{ oj `} dmbj$`z~{ ncl{aml uha{ à{{jr~,

Clj jxa`ydj cb {hm~ fmlk m~ [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ ml uhmnh `} ock} uczdk ojkj~{rc}jk alk rjydmna{jk, M ndam`jk {ha{$ jjl mb `} _jydmna uczdk lc{ oj`j$ `} yrc~yjn{ uczdk oj a~ ecck a~ crkmlar} ~zrmad, @} rjda{mcl {c `}_jydmna uczdk ncl{aml uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~$ alk$ ~mlnj `} _jydmna~dmbj uczdk ncl{mlzj `mlj$ `} yrc~yjn{ uczdk ad~c ncl{aml uha{$ ml {hjkj~mraomdm{} ~jl~j$ a{{jr~, [jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ jjl mb m{ fmddjk `j$ uczdkoj a~ ecck a~ ncljl{mclad ~yanj~hmy {rajd, @c~{ cb z~ bmlk {ha{ hark {cojdmjj, Ml{zm{mjd}$ {hm~ jxa`ydj yrcmkj~ a ~{rcle cogjn{mcl {c `} mju,

_j{zrl$ ljx{$ {c@} Kmm~mcl, [c ayyd} {hj Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{$ uj `z~{a~~z`j {ha{$ mb M kmmkjk$ {hj {uc rj~zd{mle yjcydj~ dmj~ uczdk oj jr} dmfj

`mlj, M ndam`jk {ha{$ jjl mb M uczdk oj ljm{hjr cb {hj~j yjcydj$ `}rjda{mcl {c janh cb {hj` uczdk oj aocz{ a~ ecck a~ crkmlar} ~zrmad,Alk$ ml {hm~ jxa`ydj$ M eaj al arez`jl{ bcr {ha{ nclndz~mcl, Zldmfj {hjmàemljk na~j cb[jdj{ral~ycr{a{mcl$ {hm~ jxa`ydj ~zyycr{~ {hj mju {ha{mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{ à{{jr~,


17/87

15

Ml ~c`j na~j~$ {hj Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{ orjaf~ kcul, Ml Ojrlark Umddma`~~màemljk na~j$ uhmnh uj nal nadd {hj Oraml Way$ `} oraml uczdk ojrj`ckjddjk ml a ua} {ha{ uczdk kj~{rc} add y~}nhcdcemnad nclljn{mcl~, 5

[hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl$ {hczeh hj uczdk haj `} oraml alk ock}$ uczdk ojy~}nhcdcemnadd} qzm{j zldmfj `j, ^zyyc~j uj ojdmjj {ha{$ a~ Umddma`~arezj~$ {hj rj~zd{mle yjr~cl uczdk oj `j,

Jjl mb uj ojdmjjk {ha{ uj uczdk ~zrmj ~znh al cyjra{mcl$ `c~{ cb z~uczdk rjgjn{ {hm~ yrc~yjn{, Uj uczdk ~{rcled} yrjbjr {c rjàmly~}nhcdcemnadd} ncl{mlzcz~ um{h czr~jdj~ a~ uj arj lcu$ alk uj uczdkojdmjj {ha{ yrjbjrjlnj {c oj ra{mclad, Czeh{ uj {c nclndzkj {ha{ ~znhy~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{} m~ yar{$ cr add$ cb uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~3 [ha{kcj~ lc{ bcddcu, Y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{} à} ml~{jak oj yar{ cb uha{àfj~ ~zrmad ecck, Km~ncl{mlzm{}$ uj à} ojdmjj$ uczdk àfj czrdmj~ ec ucr~j, [ha{ nczdk oj jlczeh {c jxydaml uh} uj ~hczdk rjgjn{

~znh cyjra{mcl~,

A~ {hm~ ~hcu~$ uhjl uj ncl~mkjr ~znh na~j~$ uj nallc{ z~j `} Mlkmbbjrjlnj[j~{ a~ a ua} cb a~fmle {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl, Bcr {hm~ {j~{ {c ucrf$ uj`z~{ nc`yarj cz{nc`j~ ml uhmnh {hj yc~~modj dmj~ ahjak uczdk oj jr}~m`mdar, [ha{ m~ hcu$ ml a~fmle uha{ uj haj rja~cl {c yrjbjr$ uj arj ad~ca~fmle uhj{hjr czr rjda{mcl {c {hj~j yc~~modj dmj~ emj~ z~ rja~cl bcr~yjnmad nclnjrl, Uj `meh{ flcu {ha{$ ml oc{h cb {uc yc~~modj cz{nc`j~${hjrj uczdk da{jr oj ~c`jclj uhc uczdk oj gz~{ dmfj z~$ alk uhc uczdknc`ydj{j czr occf alk narj bcr czr nhmdkrjl$ alk uj `meh{ a~f uhj{hjr m{à{{jrjk uhj{hjr {ha{ yjr~cl uczdk oj z~, Mb {hj yc~~modj dmj~ ahjakuczdk lc{ oj jr} ~m`mdar$ uha{ uj nal ra{mcladd} yrjbjr kcj~ lc{ kjyjlkcld} cl czr rjda{mcl {c {hj~j dmj~, [hj kj~mraomdm{} alk yrzkjl{madqzj~{mcl~ uczdk lc{ hjrj ncmlnmkj,

M{ à} oj cogjn{jk {ha{$ mb uj akk clj a~~z`y{mcl$ uj nczdk ~{mdd z~j {hjMlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{, Mb uj nhc~j {c haj czr oraml~ rj`ckjddjk$ ml a ua} {ha{eaj z~ a uhcdd} lju y~}nhcdce}$ czr bz{zrj uczdk oj jr} kmbbjrjl{, Oz{uj nczdk ~zyyc~j {ha{$ uhj{hjr cr lc{ uj hak {hm~ cyjra{mcl$ czr bz{zrjuczdk oj aocz{ a~ ecck, M{ à} {hjl ~jj` {ha{$ mb mkjl{m{} ujrj uha{yrzkjl{madd} à{{jrjk$ uj czeh{ {c oj mlkmbbjrjl{ uhmnh cb {hj~j bz{zrj~ ujuczdk haj, Oc{h uczdk oj a~ ecck$ alk$ ml ojmle czr~$ oc{h uczdk haj{hj rmeh{ rjda{mcl {c z~, Mb ml~{jak uj uczdk haj ecck rja~cl lc{ {c oj

mlkmbbjrjl{$ {hj~j bz{zrj~ nallc{ oc{h haj {hj rmeh{ rjda{mcl {c z~,[hm~ rja~clmle m~$ M {hmlf$ zl~czlk, Clj cogjn{mcl m~ {ha{ jjl mb$ um{h czrlju y~}nhcdce}$ czr bz{zrj uczdk oj a~ ecck$ {hj y~}nhcdcemnadkm~ncl{mlzm{} `meh{ àfj czr dmbj a~ a uhcdj ucr~j, [hm~ cogjn{mcl `meh{oj `j{ mb czr lju y~}nhcdce} uczdk àfj czr bz{zrj oj{{jr, Jjl um{h


18/87

18

{hj km~ncl{mlzm{}$ czr dmbj a~ a uhcdj `meh{ {hjl oj a~ ecck,

[c àfj {hj m~~zj~ ndjarjr$ dj{ z~ ~zyyc~j {ha{$ um{h czr lju y~}nhcdce}$

czr dmbj uczdk a~ a uhcdj ec oj{{jr, [hj dc~~ cb zlm{}$ uj nal ~zyyc~j$uczdk oj cz{ujmehjk o} c{hjr eaml~, M{ `meh{ lcu oj ndam`jk {ha{$ {c ojra{mclad$ uj ~hczdk ujdnc`j {hm~ cyjra{mcl, 8 Oz{ uj `meh{ ~{mdd km~aerjj,Jjl mb uj ojdmjjk {ha{$ um{h a lju y~}nhcdce}$ czr dmbj uczdk ec oj{{jr$uj `meh{ ~{rcled} yrjbjr {c fjjy czr yrj~jl{ nharan{jr$ kj~mrj~$ alk c{hjrbja{zrj~, Alk uj meh{ ojdmjj {ha{$ ml hamle {ha{ yrjbjrjlnj$ uj uczdklc{ oj dj~~ {hal bzdd} ra{mclad,

Cl {hj rja~clmle ~zeej~{jk aocj$ mb uj haj {ha{ ojdmjb$ uj czeh{ {cnclndzkj {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{ à{{jr~, Mb uj nal ra{mcladd} rjgjn{ {hm~cyjra{mcl$ jjl {hczeh m{ uczdk àfj czr dmj~ ec oj{{jr$ {ha{ `z~{ ojojnaz~j uj uczdk lc{ haj {hj rmeh{ rjda{mcl {c czr m`yrcjk bz{zrj, M{

nallc{ oj jlczeh {ha{ {hm~ bz{zrj uczdk oj czr~, Uha{ à{{jr~ `z~{ ojuha{ m~ `m~~mle7 {hj y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{} {ha{$ ml crkmlar} dmj~$ ecj~um{h mkjl{m{}, [ha{ `z~{ oj$ cr a{ dja~{ oj yar{ cb$ uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~,

M ojdmjj$ hcujjr$ {ha{ uj nczdk ~{mdd rjgjn{ {hm~ rja~clmle, [hm~ arez`jl{a~~z`j~ {ha{$ ml ~znh na~j~$ uj nczdk lc{ ra{mcladd} yrjbjr uha{ uczdkàfj czr dmj~ ec ucr~j, Alk {ha{ a~~z`y{mcl nal oj nhaddjlejk, Mb~c`j jjl{ uczdk àfj czr dmj~ ec ucr~j$ {ha{ à} adua}~ oj a ecckrja~cl {c ual{ {hm~ jjl{ lc{ {c cnnzr, Oz{ ~znh rja~cl~ à} ojcz{ujmehjk, Alk uha{ m~ rjdjal{ hjrj m~ {hm~, Uhjl uj arj nc`yarmlekmbbjrjl{ ua}~ ml uhmnh czr dmj~ `meh{ ec$ uj nal ra{mcladd}$ M ojdmjj$ emj~yjnmad ujmeh{ {c {c ~c`j cb {hj bja{zrj~ cb czr an{zad dmj~$ alk nal{hjrjbcrj ra{mcladd} yrjbjr a bz{zrj {ha{ uczdk oj ~c`juha{ ucr~j bcr z~,

_cojr{ Aka`~ emj~ a rjdjal{ jxa`ydj cb a kmbbjrjl{ fmlk, ^zyyc~j {ha{ Ma` hayymd} arrmjk$ alk dcj `} nhmdkrjl, M `z~{ aerjj {ha{ mb M hak `j{ akmbbjrjl{ yar{ljr$ alk hak kmbbjrjl{ nhmdkrjl$ `} dmbj `meh{ haj eclj jjloj{{jr, Oz{ M a} oj edak {ha{ } dmbj kmk lc{ ec$ ml {hc~j ua}~$ oj{{jr, Mà} yrjbjr {c haj `} an{zad yar{ljr$ alk } an{zad nhmdkrjl, Aka`~ndam`~$ M ojdmjj ncrrjn{d}$ {ha{ ~znh a yrjbjrjlnj uczdk lc{ oj mrra{mclad,Gzkejk brc` czr yrj~jl{ ycml{ cb mju$ uj nal ra{mcladd} yrjbjr {ha{ czr dmbjoj$ cl {hj uhcdj$ ucr~j, =

^m`mdar rjàrf~ ayyd} {c Umddma`~~ màemljk cyjra{mcl, Uj arj lcu~zyyc~mle {ha{$ mb oramlrj`ckjddmle eaj z~ a lju y~}nhcdce}$ czr dmj~uczdk a~ a uhcdj ec oj{{jr, Mb uj ojdmjj {ha{ m{ uczdk oj ra{mclad {c rjgjn{{hm~ cyjra{mcl$ uj ljjk lc{ nclndzkj {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~, Ml ~znh a na~j$ uha{ uj nal ra{mcladd} yrjbjr a} kmjrej brc`


19/87

1=

uha{ uczdk oj oj~{ bcr z~, Mb {ha{ m~ {rzj$ {hj Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{ uczdk lc{hjrj oj al mlkmrjn{ ua} cb a~fmle {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl, Uj uczdk haj{c a~f kmrjn{d} uhj{hjr$ mb uj ujrj aocz{ {c haj czr oraml~ rj`ckjddjk$ uj

uczdk haj a~ `znh rja~cl {c oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{ {hj rj~{ cb czrbz{zrj,

[c àfj {ha{ qzj~{mcl mmk$ uj nczdk ~zyyc~j {ha{$ ab{jr {hm~ cyjra{mcl$ ujuczdk oj ml yaml, Uczdk uj haj rja~cl$ Umddma`~ a~f~$ {c oj ~yjnmadd}nclnjrljk aocz{ {ha{ yaml3 Yj{jr Zlejr cb{jl a~f~ a ~m`mdar qzj~{mcl,Ab{jr kj~nrmomle czr rjda{mcl {c ~c`j màemljk bz{zrj yjr~cl$ Zlejr a~f~uhj{hjr$ {c ~aj {ha{ yjr~cl brc` ~c`j crkjad$ m{ uczdk oj ra{mclad bcr z~$ml a ~jdbml{jrj~{jk ua}$ {c nhcc~j {c jlkzrj ~c`j dj~~jr yaml lcu, 19

Zlejr~ Yaml Acmkalnj [j~{ ha~ clj akal{aej, A~ Umddma`~ lc{j~$ czrnclnjrl {c acmk yaml m~ ad`c~{ zlnclljn{jk {c {hj km~{mln{mj bja{zrj~ cbczr y~}nhcdce}, ^c uj nal ayyd} {hm~ {j~{ jjl uhjl czr màemljk na~j

mlcdj~ add fmlk~ cb y~}nhcdcemnad nhalej,

@} Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{ ha~$ uj haj ~jjl$ a crj rj~{rmn{jk z~j, Mb uj z~{~c`j{m`j~ kmrjn{d} a~f {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl$ uh} lc{ kc {hm~ add {hj{m`j3 Uh} lc{ {rja{ {hj Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{$ alk {hj kj~mraomdm{} qzj~{mcl$ a~`jrj km~{ran{mcl~3

Yar{ cb } al~ujr uczdk oj {hm~, Zlejr~ Yaml Acmkalnj [j~{$ {hczehz~jbzd$ ~jj`~ {c `j {cc larrcu, Czr kj~mrj {c acmk yaml m~ cld} clj cb {hjfmlk~ cb nclnjrl {ha{ uj haj aocz{ czr bz{zrj, [hm~ kj~mrj m~ oc{hljea{mj$ alk uha{ Umddma`~ nadd~ nclkm{mclad7 m{ m~ a kj~mrj {ha{$ mbuj~zrmj$ uj kc lc{ ~zbbjr, Uj haj c{hjr kj~mrj~ {ha{ arj yc~m{mj alkna{jecrmnad$ ~mlnj {hj~j kj~mrj~ nczdk lc{ oj bzdbmddjk zldj~~ uj ~zrmj,^mlnj ~znh kj~mrj~ arj lc{ ncjrjk o} Zlejr~ [j~{$ m{ m~ ucr{h a~fmle c{hjrqzj~{mcl~,

Uj `meh{ ~um{nh {c a yc~m{mj jr~mcl cb {hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl, _j{zrl {c{hj na~j cb oramlrj`ckjddmle, Uj arj lcu a~~z`mle {ha{$ mb uj nhc~j {chaj {hm~ cyjra{mcl$ czr jr} kmbbjrjl{ bz{zrj uczdk oj ucr{h dmmle,Uczdk uj haj rja~cl bcr ~yjnmad nclnjrl aocz{ {hm~ bz{zrj3 ^hczdk ujdccf bcruark$ edakd}$ {c uha{ dmj~ ahjak3 ^hczdk uj oj yrjyarjk {c afj~anrmbmnj~ lcu$ {c àfj {hm~ bz{zrj jjl oj{{jr3

Ml {r}mle {c al~ujr {hj~j qzj~{mcl~$ uj à} djarl ~c`j{hmle, Oz{ ml {hm~jxa`ydj$ ~mlnj czr y~}nhcdce} uczdk oj {ral~bcr`jk$ m{ m~ hark {c bcnz~ cl{hj yrzkjl{mad qzj~{mcl, Uhmdj czr kj~mrj {c acmk yaml m~ ad`c~{zlnclljn{jk {c {hj rj~{ cb czr y~}nhcdce}$ {ha{ m~ lc{ {rzj cb czr kj~mrj~ bcr`znh cb uha{ afj~ czr dmj~ ec ujdd, Zldj~~ uj arj Larrcu Hjkclm~{~$uhj{hjr uj dccf bcruark {c czr bz{zrj umdd ml yar{ kjyjlk cl uhj{hjr {ha{


20/87

?9

bz{zrj uczdk bzdbmd ~c`j cb czr km~{mln{mj am`~$ yrcgjn{~$ alk aòm{mcl~,Mb uj ujrj aocz{ {c dc~j add cb {hj~j km~{mln{mj bja{zrj~$ a~ uczdk oj {rzj mlUmddma`~~ jxa`ydj$ czr nclnjrl aocz{ czr bz{zrj uczdk oj flcnfjk cbb

oadalnj, [ha{ uczdk àfj m{ harkjr {c kjnmkj uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~,

[hm~ qzj~{mcl m~ ja~mjr {c al~ujr ml na~j~ {ha{ mlcdj lc ~znh orjaf mly~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, Alk uhjl uj ncl~mkjr ~znh na~j~$ uj ~hczdk$ Mojdmjj$ z~j {hj Mlkmbbjrjlnj [j~{ uhjl uj nal, ^mlnj {hm~ {j~{ nc`yarj~{uc cz{nc`j~$ m{ m~ `crj km~nrm`mla{mle {hal {hj ~m`ydj qzj~{mcl uhj{hjr~c`j rjda{mcl uczdk ncl{aml uha{ à{{jr~, Zldmfj Zlejr~ YamlAcmkalnj [j~{$ {hm~ {j~{ jleaej~ add cb czr nclnjrl~ aocz{ czr bz{zrj,Alk$ ~mlnj {hm~ {j~{ nc`yarj~ cz{nc`j~ {ha{ arj jr} ~m`mdar$ m{ acmk~jleaemle al} c{hjr$ mrrjdjal{ nclnjrl~,

> ^yjnmad Nclnjrl

Czr qzj~{mcl m~ aocz{ czr rja~cl~ bcr ~yjnmad nclnjrl aocz{ czr bz{zrj,Hcu ~hczdk uj zlkjr~{alk ~znh nclnjrl3

O} ~yjnmad uj ~hczdk lc{ gz~{ `jal ~yjnmadd} ~{rcle, Uj à} haj c{hjrnclnjrl~ {ha{ arj gz~{ a~ ~{rcle, Uj `meh{ kjbmlj {hm~ nclnjrl a~ ~jdbml{jrj~{jk$ cr a~ {hj nclnjrl uj haj bcr czr cul bz{zrj, Oz{ {ha{kjbmlm{mcl uczdk àfj m{ {rmmadd} {rzj {ha{ ~znh nclnjrl nal oj cld} aocz{czr~jdj~$ alk {ha{ uczdk rjerj{{aod} rj~{rmn{ {hj ~ncyj cb czr km~nz~~mcl,M{ m~ ucr{h a~fmle uhj{hjr uj nczdk haj rja~cl bcr ~znh ~yjnmad nclnjrl

aocz{ yjcydj c{hjr {hal czr~jdj~, ^hczdk M haj ~znh nclnjrl$ bcrjxa`ydj$ aocz{ `} _jydmna cl @ar~$ cr aocz{ {hj {uc rj~zd{mle yjcydj ml@} Kmm~mcl3 Alk uj ual{ {hj~j {c oj ~zo~{al{mj qzj~{mcl~$ lc{ clj~uhc~j al~ujr m~ {rzj o} kjbmlm{mcl,

Dj{ z~ {hjrjbcrj kjbmlj {hm~ nclnjrl a~ {hj fmlk cb nclnjrl {ha{ uj hajaocz{ czr cul bz{zrj, Uhjl uj kjbmlj ~c`j a{{m{zkj a~ {hj fmlk {ha{ uj{}ymnadd} haj {cuark ~c`j cogjn{$ {ha{ kjbmlm{mcl addcu~ {ha{ {hm~ a{{m{zkj`meh{ haj c{hjr cogjn{~, [hz~$ mb uj kjbmlj yarjl{ad dcj a~ {hj fmlk cbdcj uj haj bcr czr cul nhmdkrjl$ m{ àfj~ ~jl~j {c ~zyyc~j {ha{ uj`meh{ haj ~znh dcj bcr ~c`j nhmdkrjl uhc arj lc{ czr~,

Gchl Yjrr} kj~nrmoj~ clj fmlk cb nclnjrl aocz{ czr cul bz{zrj, 11 [hm~ hjnadd~ kjrma{mj nclnjrl$ ~mlnj m{ kjrmj~ brc` czr yrj~jl{ kj~mrj~$ cryrcgjn{~, Yjrr} ycml{~ cz{ {ha{$ mb uj haj ~znh yrcgjn{~$ uj ~hadd yrcoaod}haj rja~cl {c ual{ {c rjàml admj alk ujdd, Uj arj dmfjd} {c oj {hj oj~{jxjnz{cr~ cb czr cul yrcgjn{~6 alk$ mb {ha{ m~ {rzj$ czr cul ~zrmad umdd


21/87

?1

mlnrja~j {hj nhalnj {ha{ czr yrcgjn{~ umdd oj bzdbmddjk,

[hm~ fmlk cb kjrma{mj nclnjrl m~ lc{ rj~{rmn{jk {c czr cul ujddojmle, A~

Yjrr} lc{j~$ mb uj ujrj aocz{ {c oj kj~{rc}jk alk rjydmna{jk$ uj czeh{ {chaj a~ znh kjrma{mj nclnjrl bcr czr _jydmna~ ujddojmle, [hm~_jydmna uczdk oj gz~{ a~ aodj$ alk a~ dmfjd}$ {c bzdbmd czr yrcgjn{~, ^c`j cbczr yrcgjn{~$ `crjcjr$ nczdk oj bzdbmddjk o} yjcydj uhc ujrj lc{ jjl~m`mdar {c z~,

A~ {hj~j rjàrf~ m`yd}$ Yjrr}~ kjrma{mj nclnjrl m~ jr} kmbbjrjl{ brc`czr crkmlar} nclnjrl aocz{ czr cul bz{zrj, [ha{ m~ ~hcul o} Yjrr}~ndam`~ aocz{ hm~ a{{m{zkj {c bz{zrj yaml, Mb hj flju {ha{ hm~ _jydmna uczdkoj ml erja{ yaml$ Yjrr} ndam`~ {ha{ hj uczdk haj lc rja~cl bcr ~yjnmadnclnjrl$ zldj~~ {ha{ yaml uczdk ml{jrbjrj um{h hm~ _jydmna~ bzdbmd`jl{ cbhm~ yrcgjn{~, Mb {ha{ yaml uczdk oj$ {hczeh ml{jl~j$ bamrd} ormjb$ {hjrj meh{

oj lc ~znh ml{jrbjrjlnj, Yjrr} nclndzkj~ {ha{$ mb hj flju {ha{ hj hm`~jdbuczdk da{jr haj {c jlkzrj ~znh yaml$ hj uczdk haj lc rja~cl lcu bcr~yjnmad nclnjrl, [ha{ m~ lc{ uha{ `c~{ cb z~ ojdmjj$ lcr hcu c~{ cb z~uczdk bjjd,

Yjrr} lc{j~ clj ua} ml uhmnh hm~ kjrma{mj nclnjrl `meh{ oj rj~{rmn{jk {cczr~jdj~$ alk nc`j ndc~jr {c uha{ `c~{ cb z~ bjjd, ^c`j cb czr kj~mrj~ cryrcgjn{~ à} j~~jl{madd} mlcdj czr~jdj~, Uj à} ual{$ lc{ `jrjd} {ha{~c`j yrcgjn{ oj anhmjjk$ oz{ {ha{ uj anhmjj m{, Alk uj à} haj uha{Yjrr} nadd~ {hj jec yrcgjn{7 uj à} ~m`yd} ual{ m{ {c oj {rzj {ha{ uj~zrmj$ alk jlgc} dmbj, Jjl cl Yjrr}~ annczl{$ uj uczdk {hjl hajrja~cl {c ual{ m{ {c oj z~ uhc uczdk ~zrmj, Uj arj {hj cld} yjcydjuhc nczdk bzdbmd {hm~ yrcgjn{, Oz{$ ml hamle {hm~ yrcgjn{$ uj arj kmrjn{d}nclnjrljk aocz{ czr cul bz{zrj, ^mlnj Yjrr}~ annczl{ cld} ncjr~kjrma{mj nclnjrlnclnjrl uhmnh kjrmj~ brc` czr kmrjn{ nclnjrl~hj~a}~ lc{hmle aocz{ uha{ ~znh kmrjn{ nclnjrl mlcdj~$ cr hcu m{ `meh{ ojgz~{mbmjk,

Anncrkmle {c ~c`j c{hjr urm{jr~$ czr nclnjrl aocz{ czr~jdj~ m~ `jrjd}clj ml~{alnj cb a umkjr yhjlc`jlcl, @c~{ cb z~ arj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljkaocz{ {hj ujddojmle cb njr{aml yjcydj$ ~znh a~ czr brmjlk~ cr rjda{mj~, Dj{z~ nadd {hm~ abbjn{mj ~yjnmad nclnjrl, Uh} nal uj lc{$ {hj~j urm{jr~$ ~a}$haj ~znh nclnjrl bcr czr~jdj~31?

Abbjn{mj nclnjrl ncjr~ crj {hal kjrma{mj nclnjrl, M{ m~ kmrjn{$ alk m{ncjr~ add a~yjn{~ cb ujddojmle, Oz{ m{ ~{mdd djaj~ ~c`j{hmle cz{,Yjrhay~ ~c`j yjcydj narj aocz{ {hj`~jdj~ cld} ml {hj fmlk cb ua} mluhmnh {hj} narj aocz{ njr{aml c{hjr yjcydj, Oz{$ uhjl uj {hmlf aocz{czr bz{zrj~$ `c~{ cb z~ haj alc{hjr a{{m{zkj$ uhmnh `meh{ oj naddjk


22/87

??

yrm`m{mj cr ml~{mln{mj nclnjrl, ^znh nclnjrl ha~$ ml @arf Gchl~{cl~ucrk~$ a ~yjnmad alk zrejl{ qzadm{}, 1> [hm~ nclnjrl à} lc{ oj ~{rclejr{hal czr nclnjrl bcr njr{aml c{hjr yjcydj$ ~znh a~ czr cul nhmdkrjl, Oz{ m{

~jj`~ km~{mln{mj,

[hm~ km~{mln{mjlj~~ ~jj`~ jòjkkjk ml ~c`j cb czr nclnjy{~, [hz~ m{ m~cld} czr cul jxyjrmjlnj~ {c uhmnh uj nal dccf bcruark, Alk uj nal bjarcr krjak cld} czr cul yaml, [hczeh M a} narj `crj aocz{ } nhmdk~yaml$ M nallc{$ m{ ~jj`~$ bjarbzdd} al{mnmya{j {ha{ yaml, Uj `meh{ nadd {hm~al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl,

Al{mnmya{mcl ~jj`~$ {hjl$ {c yrj~zyyc~j mkjl{m{}, Mb M nallc{ al{mnmya{j }nhmdk~ yaml$ {ha{ ~jj`~ {c oj ojnaz~j {hm~ umdd lc{ oj `} yaml, Mb {ha{ m~~c$ m{ à} ram~j a yrcodj` bcr uha{$ ml `} Nhay{jr 1;$ M naddjk {hj@ckjra{jRmju aocz{ uha{ à{{jr~, Cl {hm~ mju$ uj haj rja~cl bcr ~yjnmad

nclnjrl aocz{ al} bz{zrj yjr~cl oj{ujjl uhc`$ alk czr~jdj~ lcu$ {hjrjumdd oj y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, Alk uj haj rja~cl bcr ~znh nclnjrljjl mb {hm~ bz{zrj yjr~cl umdd lc{ oj z~, Oz{ mb ~znh nclnjrl mlndzkj~al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl$ alk uj nallc{ al{mnmya{j yaml~ {ha{ umdd lc{ oj czr~${hm~ yar{ cb {hj @ckjra{j Rmju uczdk oj zlkjr`mljk,

@ckjra{j~ `meh{ ndam` {ha{$ mb al{mnmya{mcl kcj~ yrj~zyyc~j mkjl{m{}$ {ha{m~ `jrjd} {rzj o} kjbmlm{mcl, [hj} `meh{ yrcyc~j a umkjr nclnjy{$ qza~m-al{mnmya{mcl$ uhmnh kcj~ lc{ yrj~zyyc~j mkjl{m{}, M~ {hm~ al annjy{aodjrjyd}3 M~ {hjrj a nchjrjl{ alk z~jbzd ~jl~j ml uhmnh uj nczdk oj ndam`jk{c qza~mal{mnmya{j ~c`jclj jd~j~ yaml3

[hm~ qzj~{mcl ~jj`~ {c j kmbbmnzd{, Uj nal bmr~{ rjnadd {hj ncrrj~yclkmleqzj~{mcl aocz{ `j`cr}, M a` mlndmljk {c ojdmjj$ um{h hcjàfjr$ {ha{uj nczdk ~jj` {c qza~mrj`jòjr ya~{ jxyjrmjlnj~$ brc` {hj ml~mkj$um{hcz{ {hjrjo} a~~z`mle {ha{ m{ ua~ uj uhc hak {hc~j jxyjrmjlnj~, Mlkjbjlkmle {hj nchjrjlnj cb ~znh qza~m`j`crmj~$ M ayyjadjk {c Umddma`~~ndam` {ha{ uj ~hczdk lc{ nclbz~j màemlmle ojmle ~c`jclj jd~j$ ~znh a~Laycdjcl$ um{h màemlmle czr~jdj~ ojmle Laycdjcl, Uhjl uj màemljojmle ~c`jclj jd~j$ czr cul mkjl{m{} ljjk lc{ jl{jr ml{c uha{ uj màemlj,[hm~ aladce} à} hjdy {c km~{mlezm~h qza~mrj`jòjrmle hamle aljxyjrmjlnj brc` qza~mrj`jòjrmle czr~jdj~ hamle m{, Oz{$ mb uj{ral~bjr {hm~ aladce} {c qza~mal{mnmya{mcl$ {hj rj~zd{mle nclnjy{ à} oj

{cc umkj, [hj aladce} ~zeej~{~ {ha{$ {c qza~mal{mnmya{j hamle bz{zrjjxyjrmjlnj~$ m{ m~ jlczeh {c màemlj {hj~j jxyjrmjlnj~ brc` {hj ml~mkj7 {cmàemlj uha{ {hj~j jxyjrmjlnj~ uczdk oj dmfj$ bcr uhcjjr hak {hj`, Ml{ha{ ~jl~j$ uj nczdk qza~mal{mnmya{j {hj yaml cb a nc`ydj{j ~{ralejr,

Uhjl M ~a} {ha{ {hm~ lc{mcl à} oj {cc umkj$ uha{ M haj ml `mlk m~ {hm~,


23/87

?>

Anncrkmle {c `} @ckjra{j~$ bcr `j {c haj rja~cl bcr qza~mal{mnmya{cr}nclnjrl aocz{ {hj yaml cb ~c`j bz{zrj yjr~cl$ {ha{ yjr~cl `z~{ ojy~}nhcdcemnadd} ncl{mlzcz~ um{h `j, @} rjda{mcl {c {ha{ bz{zrj yjr~cl m~$

cl {hj @ckjra{j~ mju$ ~yjnmad, Mb M nczdk qza~mal{mnmya{j al}clj~ yaml${hm~ mju uczdk aeaml oj zlkjr`mljk, @ckjra{j~ `meh{ rjyd} {ha{${hczeh M nczdk haj ~znh nclnjrl bcr al}clj$ M cld} haj rja~cl bcr ~znhnclnjrl ml {hj na~j cb a bz{zrj yjr~cl uhc umdd oj y~}nhcdcemnadd}ncl{mlzcz~ um{h `j, Oz{ {ha{ rjyd} à} lc{ ~jj` jlczeh$ ~mlnj m{ kcj~lc{ jxydaml uha{ m~ km~{mln{mj ml ~znh al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl,

Mb {ha{ rjyd} m~ lc{ jlczeh$ @ckjra{j~ `meh{ ndam` {ha{$ {c oj aodj {c qza~mal{mnmya{j ~c`j bz{zrj yjr~cl~ yaml$ uj `z~{ ojdmjj {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl umddoj y~}nhcdcemnadd} ncl{mlzcz~ um{h z~, [ha{ kcj~ lc{ ~jj` ydaz~modj$ a~al annczl{ cb czr an{zad al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl, Oz{ @ckjra{j~ `meh{ ndam`{ha{$ ml {hm~ rj~yjn{$ czr a{{m{zkj~ ~hczdk nhalej,

M kc lc{ flcu uhj{hjr @ckjra{j~ nczdk kjbjlk ~znh ndam`~, Yjrhay~al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl yrj~zyyc~j~ a ojdmjb ml mkjl{m{}$ alk ml `crj {hal a{rmmad alad}{mn ua}, Mb uj ojdmjj {ha{ czr _jydmna umdd lc{ oj z~$ {hjrjà} oj lc nchjrjl{ alk rjdjal{ ~jl~j ml uhmnh uj nczdk qza~mal{mnmya{jczr _jydmna~ yaml, Mb {ha{ m~ ~c$ {hm~ a} {hrja{jl {hj @ckjra{j~ ndam`{ha{ y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{} emj~ z~ rja~cl bcr al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl, Oz{m{ uczdk lc{ {hrja{jl uha{ M naddjk {hj Jx{rj`m~{Rmju$ ~mlnj Jx{rj`m~{~kjl} {ha{ uj jjr haj ~znh a rja~cl,

M haj kj~nrmojk {uc fmlk~ cb lclkjrma{mj ~yjnmad nclnjrl aocz{ czrcul bz{zrj, Uj nal lcu a~f7 Kc uj haj rja~cl~ bcr {hj~j fmlk~ cbnclnjrl3 Mb uj kc$ uha{ arj {hj~j rja~cl~$ alk hcu ~{rcle arj {hj}3 Mb~c`j bz{zrj yaml umdd oj czr~$ m~ {ha{ a rja~cl {c oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljkaocz{ m{3 Alk$ mb ~c$ uczdk ~znh nclnjrl jrjd} oj ra{mclad$ cr uczdk m{ad~c oj ra{mcladd} rjqzmrjk3 Uczdk m{ oj mrra{mclad lc{ {c haj ~znhnclnjrl3

Oj~mkj~ al ayyjad {c a yzrjd} ml~{rz`jl{ad kj~mrjoa~jk {hjcr} aocz{rja~cl~$ {hjrj arj {uc c{hjr ua}~ cb rjgjn{mle {hj~j qzj~{mcl~, M{ à} bmr~{oj ndam`jk {ha{$ ~mlnj uj arj oczlk {c oj ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{czr~jdj~$ {hjrj m~ lc ycml{ ml a~fmle uhj{hjr ~znh nclnjrl m~ ra{mclad$ crujdderczlkjk, Uh} qzj~{mcl$ cr {r} {c gz~{mb}$ uha{ m~ mljm{aodj3

Jjl ml {hj na~j cb a{{m{zkj~ {ha{ rjadd} arj mljm{aodj$ {hm~ ndam` ~jj`~ {c`j `m~{afjl, Mb uj nczdk lc{ nclnjmaod} danf ~c`j a{{m{zkj$ {hj qzj~{mclcb m{~ gz~{mbmna{mcl uczdk {afj a kmbbjrjl{ bcr`, [hm~ qzj~{mcl uczdk lc{ oj


24/87

?;

yran{mnad, Oz{ m{ meh{ ~{mdd oj ucr{h a~fmle, Alk uj meh{ kjnmkj {ha{$ mlhamle {hm~ a{{m{zkj$ uj arj$ jjl mb zlacmkaod}$ mrra{mclad, Yjrhay~$ bcrjxa`ydj$ uj nallc{ acmk ojmle oma~jk {cuark~ {hj bz{zrj, M{ m~ ~{mdd

ucr{h a~fmle uhj{hjr {hm~ oma~ m~ mrra{mclad,

[hjrj m~ a kmbbjrjl{ rjyd}, Jjl uhjl uj arj oczlk {c haj ~c`ja{{m{zkj$ cr nclnjrl$ m{~ ~{rjle{h à} ar}, Uhmdj m{ a} oj mlnclnjmaodj{ha{ uj nczdk danf add nclnjrl bcr czr cul bz{zrj$ {hm~ nclnjrl nal ojcz{ujmehjk o} c{hjr~$ ~znh a~ a nclnjrl bcr njr{aml c{hjr yjcydj, [ha{àfj~ m{ a yran{mnad qzj~{mcl hcu ~{rcle czr rja~cl~ arj bcr {hm~ nclnjrl,

M{ à} ljx{ oj ~amk {ha{$ ml a~fmle bcr czr rja~cl~ bcr ~znh nclnjrl$ ujljjk lc{ ncl~mkjr {hj j{ayh}~mn~ cb yjr~clad mkjl{m{}, [hj rjdjal{qzj~{mcl m~ cld} uhj{hjr hamle ~znh nclnjrl m~ ecck bcr z~, M{ `meh{{hjl oj ~amk {ha{$ ~mlnj {hj al~ujr {c {ha{ qzj~{mcl m~ ndjard} ]j~$ {ha{ m~ {hj

cld} gz~{mbmna{mcl {ha{ uj ljjk, 1;

[hj~j ndam`~ arj ad~c$ M ojdmjj$ `m~{afjl, Bmr~{$ m{ m~ lc{ ndjar {ha{ {hm~~yjnmad fmlk cb nclnjrl m~ ecck bcr z~, Czr dmj~ uczdk mlkjjk ec ucr~j mbuj hak lc nclnjrl bcr czr cul bz{zrj$ alk {hj} uczdk yrcoaod} ec ucr~jmb {hm~ nclnjrl ua~ lc{ `znh erja{jr {hal czr nclnjrl bcr al} ~mledj~{ralejr, Oz{ {hm~ nclnjrl ljjk lc{ oj al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl, M{ nczdk oja `mx{zrj cb kjrma{mj alk abbjn{mj nclnjrl, Mb uj hak {hj~j c{hjr fmlk~cb nclnjrl$ um{hcz{ al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl$ czr dmj~ `meh{ cl oadalnj ecoj{{jr,

^jnclk$ {hj rjdjal{ qzj~{mcl m~ lc{ cld} uha{ uczdk oj oj~{ bcr z~,Mlkjjk$ bcr {ha{ qzj~{mcl {c oj rjdjal{$ uj `z~{ haj a lclyraeà{mnrja~cl {c narj aocz{ czr cul ujddojmle, Yraeà{mn gz~{mbmna{mcl~ arjqzm{j kmbbjrjl{ brc`$ alk nallc{ rjydanj$ gz~{mbmna{mcl~ {ha{ ayyjad {c kmrjn{$lclyraeà{mn erczlk~ bcr nclnjrl, Mb M flju {ha{ M ~hadd ~ccl oj nrzjdd}{cr{zrjk$ m{ `meh{ oj oj{{jr bcr `j mb M kmk lc{ narj aocz{ `} bz{zrj, Oz{{ha{ kcj~ lc{ ~hcu {ha{ M uczdk haj lc rja~cl bcr nclnjrl,

Ml ncl~mkjrmle czr rja~cl~ bcr ~yjnmad nclnjrl$ uj nal melcrj kjrma{mjnclnjrl, Cb {hj {uc fmlk~ cb kmrjn{ nclnjrl$ uj nal ~{ar{ um{h abbjn{mjnclnjrl, Aka`~ ~zeej~{~ {ha{ ~znh nclnjrl ljjk lc{ oj gz~{mbmjk, Dcj$hj urm{j~$ ljjk lc{ oj oa~jk cl rja~cl~, Bju uczdk ~zyyc~j {ha{ czr~yjnmad nclnjrl bcr czr~jdj~ alk czr cul bz{zrj ljjk~ rja~cl~, 1:

M{ m~ ncl{rcjr~mad uhj{hjr dcj$ cr brmjlk~hmy$ ljjk~ rja~cl~, ^jjradurm{jr~ uczdk rjgjn{ Aka`~~ ndam , [hj} meh{ aerjj {ha{ uj kc lc{ baddml dcj$ cr haj brmjlk~$bcr njr{aml rja~cl~, Oz{$ cl {hjmr mju$ {hjrj haj


25/87

?:

{c oj bja{zrj~ cb czr brmjlk~$ cr {hc~j uj dcj$ uhmnh gz~{mb} {ha{ dcj, Ujnal nadd {hm~ {hj jadza{mj mju,

Czr nclnjrl bcr czr~jdj~ à}$ ml yar{$ oj gz~{mbmjk ml {hm~ jadza{mj ua},Uj à} narj aocz{ czr~jdj~ ojnaz~j uj dmfj cr ak`mrj {hj fmlk cb yjr~cl{ha{ uj arj, Oz{ {hm~ kcj~ lc{ ~jj` {rzj cb `znh ~jdbnclnjrl, Bcr clj{hmle$ uhmdj uj nal nhcc~j czr brmjlk~$ uj nallc{ nhcc~j czr~jdj~,Yar{d} bcr {ha{ rja~cl$ czr nclnjrl aocz{ czr~jdj~ à} haj dm{{dj {c kcum{h czr cul qzadm{mj~, Uhmdj ~c`j fmlk~ cb ~jdbdca{hmle à} kj~{rc}~jdbdcj$ {hjrj arj àl} yjcydj uhc~j nclnjrl aocz{ {hjmr cul ujddojmleml lc ua} kjyjlk~ cl {hjmr ak`mrmle cr dmfmle {hj`~jdj~,

Uj arj nclnjrljk aocz{ czr~jdj~$ lc{ nhmjbd} ojnaz~j cb czr qzadm{mj~$ oz{ojnaz~j uj arj czr~jdj~, Czr nclnjrl bcr c{hjr~ nallc{ {afj {hm~ bcr`,[hz~ M nallc{ dcj}cz ~m`yd} ojnaz~j }cz arj }cz, Jjr}{hmle m~

mkjl{mnad um{h m{~jdb, Alk {hm~ yrcyjr{} cb ~jdbmkjl{m{} nallc{ rjda{j }cz{c `j, M{ kcj~$ hcujjr$ rjda{j `j {c `j, Jjl mb M nallc{ dcj }cz$rjearkdj~~ cb }czr c{hjr yrcyjr{mj~$ gz~{ ojnaz~j }cz arj }cz$ M à} narjaocz{ `}~jdb ~m`yd} ojnaz~j M a` `j, [hczeh jjr}{hmle m~ mkjl{mnad um{hm{~jdb$ cld} M a` `j,

Lz`jrmnad ~jdbmkjl{m{}$ cr `} ojmle `j$ m~ lc{ a qzadm{a{mj à{{jr, Alk{hj jadza{mj mju bamd~ {c nay{zrj uha{ m~ km~{mln{mj cb al{mnmya{cr}nclnjrl, Ncl~mkjr ~c`j{hmle larrcujr7 czr nclnjrl aocz{ czr culyrj~jl{ bjjdmle~, M a` ~yjnmadd} nclnjrljk aocz{ `} yrj~jl{ yaml$ lc{ojnaz~j M dcj cr ak`mrj `}~jdb$ oz{ ojnaz~j {hm~ m~ uha{ M a` lcu bjjdmle,M nczdk haj ~znh ~yjnmad nclnjrl jjl mb$ uhmdj ~zbbjrmle brc` a`lj~ma$ Mflju lc{hmle aocz{ `}~jdb, Al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl ~jj`~ {c haj {hj~a`j yzrj qzadm{}, M{ m~ arcz~jk ~m`yd} o} {hj {hczeh{ {ha{ m{ umdd oj juhc m~ ml yaml, Uha{ M {afj }~jdb {c oj dmfj ~jj`~$ hjrj$ mrrjdjal{,

_j{zrl lcu {c Aka`~~ mju aocz{ abbjn{mj nclnjrl, Cl {hm~ mju$ dcjalk brmjlk~hmy ljjk lc rja~cl~, ^znh a mju a} ayyd} {c ~c`j cb {hj~ja{{m{zkj~, Oz{$ a~ ojbcrj$ m{ ~jj`~ lc{ {c ncjr crkmlar} ~jdbnclnjrl, Ujkc lc{ jrjd} hayyjl {c narj aocz{ czr~jdj~$ bcr lc rja~cl, Uj ojdmjjuj haj a rja~cl bcr ~znh nclnjrl$ alk uj la{zradd} {afj {hm~ rja~cl {c oj{hj ban{ {ha{ uj arj czr~jdj~,

Czr dcj bcr czr rjda{mj~ à} emj Aka`~ a oj{{jr aladce}, Bcr clj{hmle$ gz~{ a~ uj kc lc{ nhcc~j czr~jdj~$ uj kc lc{ nhcc~j czr ejlj{mnrjda{mj~, Alk czr dcj bcr ~c`j cb czr rjda{mj~$ j~yjnmadd}$ yjrhay~$ czrnhmdkrjl$ à} oj ndam`jk lc{ {c oj oa~jk cl rja~cl~, Oz{ ~znh a ndam`{afj~ rja~cl~ {c `jal kj~mraodj cr a{{ran{mj bja{zrj~, Yjrhay~ uj kclc{ dcj czr nhmdkrjl ojnaz~j cb uha{ {hj} arj dmfj, Oz{ uj à} dcj {hj`


26/87

?2

ojnaz~j {hj} arj czr nhmdkrjl$ cr ojnaz~j {hj} arj ~yjnmadd} kjyjlkjl{ clz~, ^c {hm~ aladce} nallc{ hjdy {c ~hcu {ha{ uj ljjk lc{ gz~{mb}$ cr kc lc{haj erczlk~ bcr$ ~jdbnclnjrl,

Czr nclnjrl aocz{ czr~jdj~ ~jj`~$ {hjl$ {c oj kmbbjrjl{ brc` czr nclnjrlbcr c{hjr yjcydj$ alk {c oj erczlkjk ml a kmbbjrjl{ ua}, M{ m{ m~ lc{ gz~{ aà{{jr cb czr dmfmle cr ak`mrmle czr~jdj~, Alk$ zldj~~ uj annjy{ ayzrjd} kj~mrjoa~jk cr ml~{rz`jl{ad {hjcr} aocz{ rja~cl~$ uj a~~z`j {ha{uj haj rja~cl bcr ~znh nclnjrl,

[ha{ rja~cl$ `c~{ cb z~ a~~z`j$ m~ yrcmkjk o} {hj ban{ cb yjr~cladmkjl{m{}, Uj narj ~yjnmadd} aocz{ czr bz{zrj ojnaz~j m{ umdd oj czr bz{zrj,M~ {ha{ a~~z`y{mcl$ M ~hadd oj a~fmle$ gz~{mbmjk3 M~ mkjl{m{} uha{yrzkjl{madd} a{{jr~3

[hm~ qzj~{mcl m~ ndc~jd} rjda{jk {c njr{aml c{hjr~, [hz~ m{ m~ cb{jl ndam`jk{ha{ {hj yrmlnmydj~ cb gz~{mnj arj erczlkjk ml {hj ~jyara{jlj~~$ cr lclmkjl{m{}$ cb kmbbjrjl{ yjr~cl~, Alk m{ m~ ndam`jk {ha{$ ml ayyd}mlekm~{rmoz{mj yrmlnmydj~$ uj ~hczdk {afj$ a~ {hj m`ycr{al{ zlm{~$ yjcydj~uhcdj dmj~, [hj~j ndam`~ à} a~~z`j {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ uha{ yrzkjl{madd}à{{jr~,

Clj nclljn{mcl nc`j~ {hrczeh {hj mkja cbnc`yjl~a{mcl, [c jxydaml {hjljjk bcr km~{rmoz{mj yrmlnmydj~$ ~jjrad urm{jr~ ndam` {ha{ clj yjr~cl~ozrkjl~ nallc{ oj nc`yjl~a{jk o} ojljbm{~ {c c{hjr yjcydj, [ha{ m~ uh}m{ m~ `cradd} m`ycr{al{ {c uhc` ojljbm{~ alk ozrkjl~ nc`j,

Mb uj narj aocz{ njr{aml c{hjr yjcydj$ ojljbm{~ {c {hj` à} emj z~ cljfmlk cb nc`yjl~a{mcl, Oz{ {ha{ uczdk oj `jrjd} uha{ M haj jd~juhjrjnaddjk qza~mnc`yjl~a{mcl, 12 Ml {hj ~a`j ua}$ mb M narj aocz{ `} culbz{zrj$ M nczdk oj qza~mnc`yjl~a{jk lcu o} {hj ban{ {ha{ ojljbm{~ umddda{jr nc`j {c `j, Oz{ uha{ m~ `cradd} `crj m`ycr{al{ m~ yzrjnc`yjl~a{mcl, Cl {hj mju {ha{ `c~{ cb z~ annjy{$ M nczdk ojnc`yjl~a{jk o} bz{zrj ojljbm{~ jjl mb M kc lc{ lcu narj aocz{ `} bz{zrj,Bcr `j {c rjnjmj ~znh yzrj nc`yjl~a{mcl$ m{ m~ jlczeh {ha{ {hj~j ojljbm{~umdd nc`j {c `j,

Cl {hm~ mju$ yzrj nc`yjl~a{mcl m~ àkj yc~~modj o} yjr~clad mkjl{m{},[ha{ m~ ndc~j {c {hj mju {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~$ alk {ha{mkjl{m{} m~ uha{ gz~{mbmj~ al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl, ^c$ mb uj kjnmkj {ha{mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{ à{{jr~$ {ha{ à} abbjn{ czr ojdmjb~ aocz{ {hj ~ncyj alk~melmbmnalnj cb nc`yjl~a{mcl, Uj à} oj djk {c qzadmb} {hj ndam` {ha{$ mlayyd}mle km~{rmoz{mj yrmlnmydj~$ uj ~hczdk {afj uhcdj dmj~ {c oj {hjrjdjal{ zlm{~, Uj meh{ nclndzkj {ha{ uj ~hczdk jx{jlk {hj~j yrmlnmydj~


27/87

?5

jjl um{hml dmj~, Cr ~zyyc~j uj kjnmkj {ha{ al{mnmya{cr} nclnjrl m~ljjr gz~{mbmjk, Uj `meh{ {hjl nclndzkj {ha{ {hjrj nallc{ oj yzrjnc`yjl~a{mcl cjr {m`j, [ha{ uczdk rakmnadd} abbjn{ czr km~{rmoz{mj

yrmlnmydj~,

Yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ `} occf arezjk$ m~ lc{ uha{ yrzkjl{madd} à{{jr~, Lcrkcj~ m{ haj `crad ~melmbmnalnj, [hj~j ndam`~ M ~c`j{m`j~ naddjk yar{ cb a_jkzn{mclm~{ mju, Oz{ {ha{ ua~ a `m~{afj, [hczeh {hj~j ndam`~ arj yar{cb `} mju$ {hj} arj rjgjn{jk o} àl} _jkzn{mclm~{~, Uj `meh{ ojdmjj{ha{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml yh}~mnad alk#cr y~}nhcdcemnadncl{mlzm{}$ oz{ ~{mdd ndam` {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ uha{ à{{jr~, @al} yjcydjhcdk {hm~ mju, 15

Ab{jr arezmle {ha{ mkjl{m{} m~ lc{ uha{ à{{jr~$ M ujl{ cl {c ndam` {ha{$ mbal} rjda{mcl à{{jr~ ml {hj~j ua}~$ {hm~ rjda{mcl m~ y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}alk nclljn{jklj~~$ um{h al} naz~j, Oz{ {ha{ m~ a ~jyara{j ndam $ uhmnhljjk~ a ~jyara{j kjbjlnj,

@} occf eaj {uc arez`jl{~ bcr {hj zlm`ycr{alnj cb mkjl{m{}, Cljayyjadjk {c a ejljrad ndam` aocz{ {hj m`ydmna{mcl~ cb _jkzn{mclm~`, [hjc{hjr ayyjadjk {c {hj ~yjnmad bja{zrj~ cb {hj màemljk na~j ml uhmnh Mkmmkj, M ~hadd ~{ar{ um{h {hj ejljrad ndam`$ uhmnh M yrj~jl{jk ml a qzm{jmlakjqza{j ua},


28/87

?8

Yar{ [uc

; _jkzn{mclm~` aocz{ M`ycr{alnj

M arezjk7

(1- Yjr~clad mkjl{m{} gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr ban{~,

(?- Mb clj ban{ gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr~$ m{ nal cld} oj {hj~j c{hjrban{~ uhmnh haj ra{mclad cr `crad m`ycr{alnj, Uj ~hczdk a~fuhj{hjr$ ml {hj`~jdj~$ {hj~j c{hjr ban{~ à{{jr,

[hjrjbcrj

(>- Yjr~clad mkjl{m{} nallc{ oj ra{mcladd} cr `cradd} m`ycr{al{,Uha{ à{{jr~ nal cld} oj clj cr `crj cb {hj c{hjr ban{~ ml uhmnhyjr~clad mkjl{m{} ncl~m~{~,

Yrj`m~j (1- m~ _jkzn{mclm~`6 (?- uj `meh{ nadd _jkzn{mclm~` aocz{M`ycr{alnj,

@arf Gchl~{cl rjgjn{~ {hm~ arez`jl{, 18 Hj nadd~ m{ al Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu$~mlnj m{ ndam`~ {ha{$ mb clj ban{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr~$ m{ nal cld} oj {hc~jc{hjr dcujr djjd ban{~ {ha{ arj ml {hj`~jdj~ m`ycr{al{, Gchl~{cl rjydmj~um{h uha{ hj nadd~ al Arez`jl{ brc` Aocj, Cl hm~ mju$ jjl mb {hj dcujrdjjd ban{~ kc lc{ ml {hj`~jdj~ à{{jr$ {hj hmehjr djjd ban{ a} à{{jr, Mbm{ kcj~$ {hj dcujr djjd ban{~ haj a kjrmjk ~melmbmnalnj, [hj} à{{jr$ lc{ml {hj`~jdj~$ oz{ ojnaz~j {hj} ncl~{m{z{j {hj hmehjr djjd ban{,

^hczdk uj annjy{ jm{hjr cb {hj~j arez`jl{~$ alk$ mb ~c$ uhmnh3 Mlncl~mkjrmle {hm~ qzj~{mcl$ m{ umdd oj ja~mjr {c ~{ar{ um{h ~zogjn{~ c{hjr {halyjr~clad mkjl{m{},

Ml ~c`j na~j~$ Gchl~{cl alk M uczdk lc{ kjjyd} km~aerjj, ^zyyc~j ujannjy{ {ha{ clj cb {uc ban{~ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj c{hjr$ alk {ha{ m{ adua}~ à{{jr~uhj{hjr {hj~j ban{~ co{aml, Cl `} mju$ {hj bmr~{ ban{ uczdk à{{jr cld}ojnaz~j m{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj ~jnclk, Gchl~{cl meh{ hcdk {hj cyyc~m{j mju$cl uhmnh {hj ~jnclk ban{ uczdk à{{jr cld} ojnaz~j m{ ncl~{m{z{j~ {hj bmr~{,Oz{$ {hczeh {hj~j mju~ nclbdmn{$ {hjrj uczdk oj dm{{dj ljjk {c nhcc~joj{ujjl {hj`,


29/87

?=

Ml c{hjr na~j~$ `crj m~ a{ ~{afj, ^zyyc~j {ha{$ mb

(a- ~c`jclj m~ admj$

{hm~ ban{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj ban{ {ha{

(o- {hm~ yjr~cl~ hjar{ m~ oja{mle$ alk {hm~ yjr~cl~ c{hjr m{ad creal~arj bzln{mclmle,

^mlnj m{ cb{jl à{{jr~ uhj{hjr (o- co{aml~$ alk (a- ncl~m~{~ ml (o-$ M uczdkaerjj {ha{$ ml clj ~jl~j$ m{ cb{jl a{{jr~ uhj{hjr (a- co{aml~, M{ cb{jlà{{jr~ uhj{hjr ~c`jclj m~ admj, Oz{ cl } mju$ gz~{ a~ (a- ncl~m~{~ ml(o-$ (a-~ m`ycr{alnj ncl~m~{~ ml$ alk kjrmj~ brc`$ (o-~ m`ycr{alnj, (o-$`crjcjr$ kcj~ lc{ à{{jr ml m{~jdb, (o- m~ m`ycr{al{ cld} uhjl$ alk cld}ojnaz~j$ m{ m~ a`cle {hj naz~j~ cb {hj ban{ {ha{

(n- {hm~ yjr~cl {hmlf~$ alk bjjd~$ alk an{~,

Cld} (n- a{{jr~ ml m{~jdb, Alk (o- ha~ lc m`ycr{alnj uhjl m{ m~ {rzj {ha{(o-~ co{amlmle nallc{ abbjn{ uhj{hjr (n- co{aml~, [ha{ m~ {rzj$ bcrjxa`ydj$ uhjl kaàej {c ~c`jclj~ oraml àfj~ {hm~ yjr~cl mrrjjr~mod}zlncl~nmcz~, Cl `} mju$ mb uj ujrj ml {ha{ ~{a{j$ m{ uczdk lc{ à{{jr{ha{ uj ujrj ~{mdd admj,

Ml kjbjlkmle {hm~ mju$ M uczdk ayyjad {c al Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu,^zyyc~j uj a~f ml akalnj hcu uj uczdk ual{ {c oj {rja{jk mb$ ab{jr ~c`jannmkjl{$ uj uczdk oj ml {hm~ ~{a{j, Mb uj uczdk da{jr ~{mdd oj admj$ {hm~

ban{ uczdk ncl~m~{ ml {hj ban{ {ha{ czr hjar{ ua~ ~{mdd oja{mle$ alk czr c{hjrcreal~ ujrj ~{mdd bzln{mclmle, Cl `} arez`jl{$ uj ~hczdk a~f uhj{hjr{hj~j c{hjr ban{~ uczdk à{{jr, Mb uj ujrj mrrjjr~mod} zlncl~nmcz~$uczdk m{ oj jm{hjr ecck bcr z~$ cr ecck bcr c{hjr~$ {ha{ czr hjar{~ alk c{hjrcreal~ uczdk ~{mdd oj bzln{mclmle3 Mb$ a~ M ojdmjj$ {hj al~ujr m~ Lc$ uj~hczdk nclndzkj {ha{ m{ uczdk lc{ à{{jr {ha{ uj ujrj ~{mdd admj,

Mb Gchl~{cl m~ rmeh{$ uj nczdk rjgjn{ {hm~ arez`jl{, Alk uj nczdk ayyjad{c al Arez`jl{ brc` Aocj, Uj `meh{ ~a}7

M{ à} lc{ oj ml m{~jdb ecck {ha{ czr hjar{ alk c{hjr creal~ uczdk~{mdd oj bzln{mclmle, Oz{ m{ m~ ecck {c oj admj, ^mlnj {ha{ m~ ~c$ m{ m~

ra{mclad {c hcyj {ha{$ jjl mb uj nczdk ljjr rjeaml ncl~nmcz~lj~~$czr hjar{ uczdk ec cl oja{mle bcr a~ dcle a~ yc~~modj, [ha{ uczdkoj ecck ojnaz~j m{ uczdk ncl~{m{z{j czr ~{a}mle admj,

M ojdmjj {ha{$ cb {hj~j arez`jl{~$ `mlj m~ `crj ydaz~modj,1=


30/87

>9

Ncl~mkjr ljx{ {hj crad qzj~{mcl {ha{ ~znh na~j~ ram~j, ^c`j yjcydj a~f{ha{$ mb oraml kaàej àfj~ {hj` mrrjjr~mod} zlncl~nmcz~$ {hjmr hjar{~~hczdk oj ~{cyyjk, M ojdmjj {ha{ uj ~hczdk kc uha{ {hj~j yjcydj a~f,

Oz{ àl} yjcydj {afj a kmbbjrjl{ mju, [hj~j yjcydj `meh{ ayyjad {c aGchl~{clmal Arez`jl{ brc` Aocj$ ~mlnj {hj} `meh{ ~a}7

Jjl mb ~znh yjcydj nal ljjr rjeaml ncl~nmcz~lj~~$ uhmdj {hjmrhjar{~ arj ~{mdd oja{mle$ {hj} nal oj {rzd} naddjk admj, ^mlnj {ha{ m~~c$ ~{cyymle {hjmr hjar{~ uczdk oj al an{ cb fmddmle, Alk$ jxnjy{ ml~jdbkjbjlnj$ m{ m~ adua}~ urcle {c fmdd,

Cl {hm~ mju$ uj ~hczdk djaj {hj~j yjcydj~ hjar{~ {c ec cl oja{mle$ bcr`cl{h~ cr jjl }jar~, A~ al al~ujr {c {hj `crad qzj~{mcl$ {hm~ ~jj`~ {c`j `m~ezmkjk, (M{ m~ a ~jyara{j qzj~{mcl uha{ {hj dau ~hczdk oj,- Oz{{hm~ arez`jl{ ha~$ M ak`m{$ ~c`j ydaz~momdm{}, [hj ucrk fmdd ha~ ~znh

bcrnj {ha{ m{ nal ~jj` `cradd} ~melmbmnal{ uhj{hjr m{ ayydmj~,

Ncl~mkjr ljx{ alc{hjr na~j mlcdj fmddmle, ^zyyc~j {ha{ Uhm{j {rmnf~ }czml{c krmlfmle ycm~cl, Ojbcrj {hm~ ycm~cl {afj~ jbbjn{$ Erj}$ flcumle {ha{}cz arj aocz{ {c kmj$ ml{jrjlj~ ml a ua} {ha{ fmdd~ }cz, Uj nal ~zyyc~j{ha{ Erj} an{~ bcr jm{hjr cb {uc rja~cl~, Erj} `meh{ fmdd }cz a~ {hjmljm{aodj ~mkj jbbjn{ cb ~amle ~c`jclj jd~j brc` ~jrmcz~ mlgzr}, CrErj}~ am` `meh{ cld} oj {c ~yarj }cz {hj aecl} {ha{ {hm~ ycm~cl naz~j~,Ml jm{hjr na~j$ Erj} flcu~ {ha{ hjr an{ umdd lc{ oj ucr~j bcr }cz,

Mb Uhm{j hakl{ ycm~cljk }cz$ }cz uczdkl{ haj kmjk, Cl ancl~jqzjl{madm~{ orcakjlmle cb {hj~j nclnjy{~$ {ha{ m~ jlczeh {c àfjUhm{j nczl{ a~ har`mle alk fmddmle }cz, Oz{ ~zyyc~j uj ayyjad {c {hjcrkmlar} z~j cb fmdd, Cl {ha{ z~j$ Uhm{j kcj~l{ fmdd }cz$ ojnaz~j Erj}ml{jrjlj~ alk fmdd~ }cz ml~{jak,

Mb uj arj a~~j~~mle Uhm{j~ ezmd{$ m~ m{ ~melmbmnal{ {ha{ Uhm{j kcj~l{ fmdd}cz3 Fal{mal~ uczdk al~ujr Lc$ ~mlnj {hj} ojdmjj {ha{ uha{ a{{jr~ m~{hj har` {ha{ yjcydj ml{jlk, Nc`yarj {uc yjcydj uhc oc{h a{{j`y{`zrkjr$ oz{ cld} clj cb uhc` ~znnjjk~$ ojnaz~j {hj c{hjr~ ~hc{ gz~{`m~~j~, Anncrkmle {c Fal{mal~$ ml a~~j~~mle oda`jucr{hmlj~~$ m{ m~mrrjdjal{ {ha{ {hm~ ~jnclk yjr~cl kcj~ lc har`$ ~mlnj a{{j`y{jk `zrkjr m~a~ oak a~ `zrkjr, Oz{$ {c a~~j~~ Gchl~{cl~ arez`jl{$ dj{ z~ ~zyyc~j {ha{uj rjgjn{ {hm~ mju, ^zyyc~j uj ojdmjj {ha{$ mb ~c`jclj fmdd~$ ~hj m~ ezmd{}cb ~c`j{hmle ucr~j {hal `jrjd} a{{j`y{mle zrkjr, Cl {hm~ mju$ ~znh ayjr~cl ~hczdk bjjd `crj rj`cr~j$ alk à} kj~jrj `crj yzlm~h`jl{,

Lc{j ljx{ {ha{$ ml } jxa`ydj$ Uhm{j kcj~ lc{ `jrjd} a{{j`y{ `zrkjr, M{m~ lc{ jrjd} {rzj {ha{ Uhm{j {rmjk {c fmdd }cz, Uhm{j an{jk ml a ua} {ha{


31/87

>1

ua~ ~zbbmnmjl{ bcr }czr kja{h$ alk {ha{$ ml {hj nmrnz`~{alnj~$ ua~ ad~cljnj~~ar}, Mb Uhm{j hakl{ ycm~cljk }cz$ Erj} uczdkl{ haj ml{jrjljk$alk }cz uczdkl{ haj kmjk, ^mlnj {ha{ m~ {rzj$ Uhm{j ml{jl{mcladd} alk

àdmnmcz~d} naz~jk }czr kja{h, Jjl mb uj rjgjn{ {hj Fal{mal mju$ ujà} ojdmjj {ha{$ bcr crad yzryc~j~$ {ha{ m~ uha{ à{{jr~, Uj à} {hmlfm{ `cradd} mrrjdjal{ {ha{$ cl czr crkmlar} z~j cb fmdd$ Uhm{j kmkl{ fmdd}cz,

Ml kjbjlkmle {hm~ mju$ uj `meh{ ayyjad {c al Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu,[hczeh Uhm{j kmkl{ fmdd }cz$ {hm~ ban{ ncl~m~{~ ml {hj ban{ {ha{ Erj}$flcumle {ha{ }cz ujrj aocz{ {c kmj brc` Uhm{j~ ycm~cl$ gz~{mbmaod}akalnjk }czr kja{h, Uj à} ndam` {ha{$ ncl~mkjrjk cl m{~ cul$ {hm~aolcràdm{} ml {hj naz~ad rcz{j ha~ lc `crad ~melmbmnalnj, M{ m~ ~{mdd {rzj{ha{ }cz kmjk ojnaz~j Uhm{j ycm~cljk }cz, Uj à} {hz~ nclndzkj {ha{Uhm{j ~hczdk oj nda~~jk$ `cradd}$ lc{ um{h a{{j`y{jk oz{ um{h an{zad

`zrkjrjr~,

Cl a Gchl~{clmal Arez`jl{ brc` Aocj$ {ha{ nclndz~mcl m~ zlgz~{mbmjk,Uj nczdk oj {cdk7 [hm~ kmbbjrjlnj ml {hj naz~ad nhaml à} lc{$ a~ ~znh$haj al} crad m`ycr{alnj, Oz{ ~mlnj m{ m~ `cradd} m`ycr{al{ uhj{hjr alan{ m~ a fmddmle$ alk {hm~ kmbbjrjlnj ml {hj naz~ad nhaml ncl~{m{z{j~ {hj ban{{ha{ Uhm{j kmkl{ fmdd }cz$ m{ ha~ kjrma{mj m`ycr{alnj, M{ `jal~ {ha{uha{ Uhm{j kmk ua~ lc{ a~ oak a~ `zrkjr,

A~ ojbcrj$ {hj Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu ~jj`~ {c `j `crj ydaz~modj,

[zrl lcu {c a kmbbjrjl{ ~zogjn{, ^zyyc~j {ha{$ ab{jr {r}mle {c kjnmkjuhj{hjr alk uhjl yjcydj haj brjj umdd$ uj ojnc`j nclmlnjk o} jm{hjrcb {uc nc`ya{momdm~{ mju~, Cl clj mju$ uj nadd nhcmnj~ zlbrjj mb {hj}arj naz~jk ml njr{aml ua}~$ alk uj nadd {hj` brjj mb {hj} arj naz~jk mlnjr{aml c{hjr ua}~, Cl {hj c{hjr mju$ uj nadd nhcmnj~ zlbrjj mb uj flcuhcu {hj} ujrj naz~jk$ alk uj nadd {hj` brjj mb uj haj lc{ }j{km~ncjrjk {hj~j naz~j~,

^zyyc~j ljx{ {ha{$ uhjl uj ncl~mkjr {hj~j {uc erczlk~ bcr kraumle {hm~km~{mln{mcl$ uj ojdmjj {ha{ ljm{hjr$ ml m{~jdb$ ha~ {hj fmlk cb ~melmbmnalnj{ha{ nczdk ~zyycr{ afmle cr kjl}mle ndam`~ aocz{ ezmd{$ cr kj~jr{, [hjrj~jj`~ {c z~ lc ~znh ~melmbmnalnj ml {hj kmbbjrjlnj oj{ujjl {hj~j fmlk~ cbnaz~ad kj{jr`mla{mcl6 alk uj ojdmjj {ha{ m{ nallc{ à{{jr uhj{hjr akjnm~mcl~ naz~j~ haj adrjak} ojjl km~ncjrjk, (Lc{j {ha{$ ml nc`yarmle{hj Arez`jl{~ brc` Aocj alk Ojdcu$ uj ljjk lc{ an{zadd} annjy{ {hj~jndam`~, Uj arj a~fmle uhj{hjr$ mbuj annjy{jk {hj rjdjal{ yrj`m~j~$ ujczeh{ {c oj yjr~zakjk o} {hj~j arez`jl{~,-


32/87

>?

Cl `} Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu$ mb {hj ban{ {ha{ ~c`jclj~ nhcmnj ua~ brjjgz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml clj cb {hc~j c{hjr ban{~$ alk uj ojdmjj {ha{ {hc~j c{hjrban{~ nallc{ ml {hj`~jdj~ oj `cradd} m`ycr{al{$ uj ~hczdk nclndzkj {ha{

m{ nallc{ oj m`ycr{al{ uhj{hjr {hm~ yjr~cl~ nhcmnj ua~ brjj, Jm{hjrnhcmnj~ {ha{ arj zlbrjj nal kj~jrj {c oj yzlm~hjk$ cr nhcmnj~ {ha{ arj brjjnallc{, Cl a Gchl~{clmal Arez`jl{ brc` Aocj$ jjl mb {hc~j c{hjr ban{~arj lc{ ml {hj`~jdj~ m`ycr{al{jjl mb$ ml {hj`~jdj~$ {hj} arj {rmmad{hj} nal haj a kjrmjk m`ycr{alnj mb alk ojnaz~j {hj} ncl~{m{z{j {hj ban{{ha{ ~c`j yjr~cl~ nhcmnj ua~ brjj, A~ ojbcrj$ {hj Arez`jl{ brc` Ojdcu~jj`~ {c `j `crj ydaz~modj,

Gchl~{cl `meh{ cogjn{ {ha{$ ml nhcc~mle {hj~j jxa`ydj~$ M a` acmkmlena~j~ uhjrj m{ uczdk oj hm~ arez`jl{ {ha{ ~jj`jk `crj ydaz~modj, [hjrjarj$ M nclnjkj$ ~znh na~j~, A~ M haj ~amk$ àl} yjcydj ojdmjj {ha{ m{`z~{ à{{jr uhj{hjr$ uhjl ~c`jclj m~ mrrjjr~mod} zlncl~nmcz~$ ~{cyymle

{hm~ yjr~cl~ hjar{ brc` oja{mle uczdk oj al an{ cb fmddmle, Alk$ uhjluj {zrl {c yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ `c~{ yjcydj~ ml{zm{mcl~ ~{rcled} baczrGchl~{cl~ mju,

^mlnj {hjrj arj nclbdmn{mle ml{zm{mcl~$ uj ~hczdk {zrl {c {hj zlkjrd}mleqzj~{mcl uhmnh {hm~ km~aerjj`jl{ ram~j~,

: _jadm~` aocz{ M`ycr{alnj

A~ M haj ndam`jk$ mb clj ban{ gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr~$ {hj bmr~{ ban{ m~

lc{ al mlkjyjlkjl{ cr ~jyara{jd} co{amlmle ban{, Alk$ ml {hj na~j~ um{huhmnh uj arj nclnjrljk$ ml rjda{mcl {c {hc~j c{hjr ban{~$ {hj bmr~{ ban{ m~`jrjd} nclnjy{zad, [hz~$ mb ~c`jclj m~ mrrjjr~mod} zlncl~nmcz~$ oz{ {hm~yjr~cl~ hjar{ m~ ~{mdd oja{mle$ m{ m~ a nclnjy{zad ban{ {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl m~ ~{mddadmj, Alk mb clj yjr~cl kjdmojra{jd} naz~j~ alc{hjr yjr~cl~ kja{h$ oz{ mla ua} {ha{ rzl~ {hrczeh {hj umdd cb a {hmrk yjr~cl$ m{ m~ a nclnjy{zad ban{{ha{ {hj bmr~{ yjr~cl kcj~l{ fmdd {hj ~jnclk,

A~ ojbcrj$ uhjl M nadd {hj~j ban{~ nclnjy{zad$ M kcl{ `jal {ha{ {hj} arjban{~ cld} aocz{ czr nclnjy{~, [ha{ ~c`j zlncl~nmcz~ yjr~cl m~ admj m~ aban{ aocz{ {hm~ yjr~cl, Oz{$ mb uj haj adrjak} ndam`jk {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl~hjar{ m~ ~{mdd oja{mle$ uhjl uj ndam` {ha{ ~hj m~ ~{mdd admj$ uj kc lc{ emjbzr{hjr mlbcrà{mcl aocz{ rjadm{}, Uj cld} emj bzr{hjr mlbcrà{mcl aocz{czr z~j cb {hj ucrk~ yjr~cl alk admj$ cr {hj nclnjy{~ {ha{ {hj~j ucrk~jxyrj~~,

Uhjl uj {zrl {c a~f uha{ à{{jr~$ {hj njl{rad qzj~{mcl m~ {hm~, ^zyyc~j


33/87

>>

uj ojdmjj {ha{ m{ kcj~ lc{ à{{jr$ ml m{~jdb$ {ha{ ~znh a yjr~cl~ hjar{ m~ ~{mddoja{mle, Nczdk uj ndam` {ha{$ ml alc{hjr ua}$ {hm~ ban{ kcj~ à{{jr$ojnaz~j m{ àfj~ m{ ncrrjn{ {c ~a} {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl m~ ~{mdd admj3 Cr

~zyyc~j uj ojdmjj {ha{$ uhjl clj yjr~cl naz~j~ alc{hjr~ kja{h$ m{ nallc{à{{jr ml m{~jdb uhj{hjr {hj naz~a{mcl {afj~ a njr{aml bcr`, Nczdk {hm~ ban{à{{jr mb$ alk ojnaz~j$ m{ àfj~ m{ ncrrjn{ {c ~a} {ha{ {hj bmr~{ yjr~cl kmk lc{fmdd {hj ~jnclk3 Cr ~zyyc~j uj ojdmjj {ha{ m{ nallc{ à{{jr$ ml m{~jdb$uhj{hjr ~c`jclj~ nhcmnj ua~ naz~jk ml clj cb {uc ua}~, Nczdk {hm~ ban{à{{jr mb$ alk ojnaz~j$ m{ àfj~ m{ ncrrjn{ {c ~a} {ha{ {hm~ yjr~cl~ nhcmnjua~ brjj3 Mb uj al~ujrjk ]j~ {c {hj~j qzj~{mcl~$ uj uczdk oj {rja{mledalezaej a~ `crj m`ycr{al{ {hal rjadm{}, Uj uczdk oj ndam`mle {ha{$jjl mb ~c`j ban{ kcj~ lc{ ml m{~jdb à{{jr$ m{ à} à{{jr mb alk ojnaz~j {hm~ban{~ co{amlmle addcu~ a njr{aml ucrk {c oj ayydmjk,

^znh a mju$ M ojdmjj$ m~ mrra{mclad, Uha{ à{{jr~ arj {hj ban{~ aocz{ {hj

ucrdk$ emjl uhmnh ~c`j nclnjy{ ayydmj~, Mb {hj ban{~ aocz{ {hj ucrdkhaj lc ra{mclad cr `crad ~melmbmnalnj$ alk {hj ban{ {ha{ ~c`j nclnjy{ayydmj~ m~ lc{ a bzr{hjr kmbbjrjlnj ml uha{ hayyjl~$ {hm~ nclnjy{zad ban{nallc{$ M ojdmjj$ oj ~melmbmnal{,

Cl Gchl~{clmal Arez`jl{~ brc` Aocj$ jjl ml ~znh na~j~$ nclnjy{zadban{~ rj{aml {hjmr ~melmbmnalnj, M{ adua}~ a{{jr~ uhj{hjr ~c`jclj nal ojncrrjn{d} naddjk admj$ uhj{hjr ~c`jclj~ an{ nal oj ncrrjn{d} naddjk afmddmle$ alk uhj{hjr ~c`jclj~ nhcmnj nal oj ncrrjn{d} naddjk brjj, M{ m~mrrjdjal{ mb {hj~j ban{~ gz~{ ncl~m~{ ml c{hjr ban{~ uhmnh arj ml {hj`~jdj~{rmmad, Uha{ à{{jr~ m~ {ha{ {hj~j ucrk~ ayyd}$ lc{ uh} {hj} ayyd},

[hm~ mju ~jj`~ {c `j {c ej{ {hmle~ {hj urcle ua} rczlk,

Nclnjy{zad ban{~$ M nclnjkj$ `meh{ haj mlkmrjn{ m`ycr{alnj, Mb M a`mrrjjr~mod} zlncl~nmcz~$ bcr jxa`ydj$ m{ `meh{ haj djead ncl~jqzjlnj~uhj{hjr M a` ~{mdd admj, Yjrhay~$ mb } hjar{ ecj~ cl oja{mle zl{md {hjjlk cb {hj {ax }jar$ {ha{ uczdk oj oj{{jr bcr `} hjmr~, Ban{~ aocz{yjr~clad mkjl{m{} haj àl} ncl~jqzjlnj~ cb {hm~ fmlk, ^zyyc~j {ha{$ mb Mua~ [jdj{ral~ycr{jk$ } _jydmna uczdk oj kjlmjk `} yrcyjr{}, [ha{uczdk oj clj rja~cl {c yrjbjr a ncljl{mclad ~yanj~hmy gczrlj}, Oz{$uhjl uj a~f uhj{hjr ~c`j ban{ ml m{~jdbà{{jr~$ uj ~hczdk melcrj ~znhjbbjn{~,

[hjrj arj c{hjr ua}~ ml uhmnh nclnjy{zad ban{~ a} mlkmrjn{d} a{{jr, Bcrjxa`ydj$ ~mlnj dau~ `z~{ oj bra`jk ml dalezaej$ uhj{hjr ~c`j an{ m~mddjead kjyjlk~ cl uhj{hjr ~c`j ucrk ayydmj~ {c ~c`j an{, Mb {hm~ ucrkkcj~ ayyd}$ {ha{ à} adua}~ emj z~ ~c`j `crad rja~cl lc{ {c an{ ml {hm~ua}, Ml ~znh na~j~$ m{ à} oj mrrjdjal{ uh} {hm~ ucrk ayydmj~, Oz{ {hj


34/87

>;

ban{ {ha{ {hm~ ucrk ayydmj~ kcj~ lc{ m{~jdbyrcmkj czr rja~cl lc{ {c an{ ml{hm~ ua}, [ha{ rja~cl nc`j~ brc` czr codmea{mcl lc{ {c orjaf {hj dau, ^c~znh na~j~ kc lc{ nczl{ aeaml~{ `} mju,

Nclnjy{zad ban{~$ M haj ndam`jk$ nallc{ ra{mcladd} oj {hczeh{ {c oj ml{hj`~jdj~ m`ycr{al{, [ha{ ndam` à} oj {cc ~{rcle, M{ à} ~c`j{m`j~lc{ oj mrra{mclad {c narj$ bcr m{~ cul ~afj$ uhj{hjr ~c`j nclnjy{zad ban{co{aml~, ^zyyc~j$ bcr jxa`ydj$ {ha{ M a` yda}mle nark~, Jjl uhjl lc`clj} m~ a{ ~{afj$ M `meh{ ual{ {c oj kjad{ ~c`j nark$ ~m`yd} ~c {ha{ M ~hadduml, [ha{ kj~mrj à} ~jj` mrra{mclad, Uh} ~hczdk M ual{ a ralkc`yrcnj~~ {c anhmjj a yar{mnzdar rj~zd{$ `jrjd} ojnaz~j m{ m~ ncljl{mcladd}kjj`jk {ha{$ ml {ha{ na~j$ M ~hadd haj ucl3 Oz{ {hm~$ ab{jr add$ m~ `jrjd} aea`j$ ml uhmnh ~znh erczlkdj~~ kj~mrj~ nal oj mlkzdejk, ^m`mdard}$ a~Zlejr ~a}~$ uj ~c`j{m`j~ narj uhj{hjr njr{aml ncljl{mcl~ haj ojjl~a{m~bmjk, ^zyyc~j M djarl {ha{$ ml uadfmle brc` A {c O$ M haj uadfjk

`crj {hal 199 `mdj~, Cr ~zyyc~j M djarl {ha{ {hj la`j Yarbm{ crmemladd}`jal{ yjrbjn{, [hczeh {hj~j arj nclnjy{zad ban{~$ {hj} `meh{ lc{mrra{mcladd} emj `j ~c`j ydja~zrj, Ml {hj ~a`j ua}$ mb M nhc~j {c oj[jdj{ral~ycr{jk$ M `meh{ rjerj{ {hj ban{ {ha{ {hjrj uczdk da{jr oj lc cljdmmle uhc nczdk oj ndam`jk {c oj `j, [ha{ nczdk oj dmfj rjerj{{mle {hjban{ {ha{$ ab{jr `} kja{h$ {hjrj umdd oj lc clj dmmle uhc umdd haj {hjla`j Yarbm{, Oz{ m{ nallc{ oj ra{mclad {c emj znh ujmeh{ {c ban{~ dmfj{hj~j,

Gchl~{cl ormle~ a ~jnclk nharej aeaml~{ _jkzn{mclm~` aocz{ M`ycr{alnj,Mb yh}~mnadm~` ujrj {rzj$ hj ndam`~$ add ban{~ uczdk gz~{ ncl~m~{ ml ban{~aocz{ bzlka`jl{ad yar{mndj~, Ncl~mkjrjk ml {hj`~jdj~$ {hj~j ban{~ aocz{yar{mndj~ uczdk haj lc ra{mclad cr `crad m`ycr{alnj, Mb uj ayyd}_jkzn{mclm~` aocz{ M`ycr{alnj$ uj `z~{ nclndzkj {ha{ lc{hmle ha~ al}m`ycr{alnj, [hm~ m~ lc{ a yrccb cb Lmhmdm~`$ Gchl~{cl urm{j~$ M{ m~ arjkzn{mc ak ao~zrkz`, ?9

[hm~ m~ al jxnjddjl{ cogjn{mcl$ uhmnh ~hcu~ {hj ljjk {c qzadmb} `} ndam`~,

M{ à} hjdy {c km~{mlezm~h bmr~{ oj{ujjl rjkzn{mclm~` aocz{ uha{ jxm~{~$alk rjkzn{mclm~` aocz{ ban{~, Mb uj arj yh}~mnadm~{~$ uj meh{ ndam` {ha{$dmfj jjr}{hmle jd~j {ha{ jxm~{~$ yjcydj gz~{ ncl~m~{ ml njr{aml arralej`jl{~cb bzlka`jl{ad yar{mndj~, M{ m~ a kmbbjrjl{ alk dj~~ ydaz~modj ndam` {ha{ addban{~ aocz{ yjcydj gz~{ ncl~m~{ mlban{~ aocz{ {hj~j yar{mndj~, Ml {hj ~jl~j cbgz~{ ncl~m~{ {ha{ M hak ml `mlk$ {ha{ ndam` à} lc{ oj {rzj$ jjl cl ayh}~mnadm~{ mju,


35/87

>:

Uj arj _jkzn{mclm~{~$ M ndam`jk$ mb uj ojdmjj {ha{ czr ncl{mlzjk jxm~{jlnjcjr {m j gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr ban{~, M `jal{ ban{~ aocz{ yh}~mnadalk#cr y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, Hjlnj `} ndam` {ha{$ {c kjbjlk a

_jkzn{mclm~{ mju$ uj `z~{ oj aodj {c kj~nrmoj {hj~j ncl{mlzm{mj~ ml a ua}{ha{ kcj~ lc{ yrj~zyyc~j yjr~clad mkjl{m{}, ^zyyc~j {ha{$ a~ ~c`j urm{jr~arezj$ lc ~znh kj~nrmy{mcl nal oj emjl, A _jkzn{mclm~{ meh{ rjyd}7[ha{ m~ lc cogjn{mcl, Jjr} ban{ gz~{ ncl~m~{~ ml ban{~ aocz{ `mnrcyar{mndj~, Oz{ {ha{ uczdk lc{ oj al akjqza{j rjyd}, [c kjbjlk_jkzn{mclm~` aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{}$ uj `z~{ oj aodj {c kj~nrmoj$ ml andjar alk mddz`mla{mle ua}$ {hj dcujr djjd ban{~ ml uhmnh$ uj ndam`$ ban{~aocz{ czr mkjl{m{} ncl~m~{, Alk {hm~ rjda{mcl cbncl~m~{mle ml `z~{ oj cb akmbbjrjl{$ alk ndc~jr fmlk,

Anncrkmle {c Alad}{mnad _jkzn{mclm~`$ {hm~ ndc~jr rjda{mcl m~ jl{amd`jl{,Cl {hm~ mju$ ~{a{j`jl{~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} `jal {hj ~a`j a~ njr{aml

~{a{j`jl{~ aocz{ yh}~mnad alk#cr y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}, [ha{ m~ lc{`} mju, M kczo{ uhj{hjr ~znh a ndam` m~ {rzj, Alk M ojdmjj {ha{_jkzn{mclm~{~ ~hczdk am`$ lc{ bcr nclnjy{zad alad}~m~$ oz{ bcr uha{ @anfmjnadd~ ban{zad alad}~m~, [hj} ~hczdk {r} {c kj~nrmoj {hj ban{~ emjl uhmnhuj nal `afj {rzj ndam`~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{},

[hczeh ~{a{j`jl{~ aocz{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} kc lc{$ cl `} mju$ `jal {hj~a`j a~ ~{a{j`jl{~ aocz{ yh}~mnad cr y~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}$ {hj~j~{a{j`jl{~ arj$ ml a kmbbjrjl{ alk dcc~jr ua}$ nclnjy{zadd} nclljn{jk,Hjlnj `} ndam` {ha{$ mb uj flju add {hj ban{~ aocz{ oc{h yh}~mnad alky~}nhcdcemnad ncl{mlzm{}$ uj uczdk haj add {hj j`ymrmnad mlyz{ {ha{ ujljjk, Mb uj flju aocz{ {hc~j c{hjr ban{~$ zlkjr~{cck {hj nclnjy{ cb ayjr~cl$ alk hak lc bad~j ojdmjb~ aocz{ {hj fmlk cb jl{m{} {ha{ yjr~cl~ arj$uj uczdk flcu$ cr ~hczdk oj aodj {c ucrf cz{$ al} ban{~ {ha{ {hjrj `meh{oj aocz{ {hj jxm~{jlnj alk mkjl{m{} cb yjr~cl~, Uj ~hczdk oj aodj {c ucrfcz{ ~znh ban{~ ojnaz~j {hj~j uczdk lc{ oj$ ml rjda{mcl {c {hc~j c{hjr ban{~$mlkjyjlkjl{ cr ~jyara{jd} co{amlmle, Ml djarlmle {ha{ ~znh ban{~ co{aml$uj nczdk lc{ djarl al} `crj aocz{ rjadm{}, Add uj nczdk djarl m~ hcu ujz~j {hj nclnjy{ cb a yjr~cl,

[hj~j ndam`~ kc lc{ ayyd} {c ban{~ aocz{ bzlka`jl{ad yar{mndj~, M{ m~ lc{{rzj bcr jxa`ydj {ha{$ mb uj flju hcu {hj yar{mndj~ `cjk ml ~c`jyjr~cl~ ock}$ alk zlkjr~{cck czr nclnjy{~$ uj uczdk {hjrjo} flcu$ cr

oj aodj {c ucrf cz{$ add cb {hj rjdjal{ ban{~ aocz{ {hm~ yjr~cl, [czlkjr~{alk {hj ucrdk arczlk z~$ uj ljjk `crj {hal yh}~mn~ alk aflcudjkej cb czr cul dalezaej, Uj ljjk nhj`m~{r}$ omcdce}$ljzrcyh}~mcdce}$ y~}nhcdce}$ alk `znh jd~j oj~mkj~,

M ~hadd lcu ~z``arm~j } rj~ycl~j {c Gchl~{cl~ nharej cb Lmhmdm~`, @}


36/87

>2

occf ndam`jk {ha{$ mb clj ban{ ncl~m~{~ ml njr{aml c{hjr~$ m{ nal cld} oj {hc~jc{hjr ban{~ uhmnh à{{jr, A~ Gchl~{cl~ cogjn{mcl ~hcu~$ {ha{ ndam` z~{oj qzadmbmjk, @} ndam` nallc{ z~j {hj ucrk ncl~m~{ ml m{~ orcakj~{ ~jl~j7

{hj ~jl~j ml uhmnh$ cl a yh}~mnadm~{ mju$ jjr}{hmle à} gz~{ ncl~m~{ mlbzlka`jl{ad yar{mndj~, M haj ml `mlk a rjda{mcl uhmnh$ {hczeh lc{jl{amd`jl{$ m~ nclnjy{zad, M a` nclnjrljk um{h na~j~ uhjrj$ rjda{mj {c{hj ban{~ a{ ~c`j dcujr djjd$ ~c`j ban{ a{ a hmehjr djjd m~$ ml {hj ~jl~j {ha{M haj ~fj{nhjk$ `jrjd} nclnjy{zad,

@} arez`jl{ kcj~ lc{ a~~z`j {ha{$ uhjljjr {hjrj arj ban{~ a{ kmbbjrjl{djjd~$ m{ z~{ oj {hj dcuj~{ djjd ban{~ uhmnh à{{jr, [ha{ m~ ndjard} bad~j,Lcr kcj~ `} arez`jl{ a~~z`j {ha{$ uhjl ~c`j jl{m{} ncl~m~{~ ml njr{amlc{hjr~$ m{ `z~{ oj {hj ncl~{m{zjl{~ uhmnh à{{jr$ lc{ {hj jl{m{} a~ a uhcdj,[ha{ m~ ad~c bad~j, Uha{ M a~~z`j m~ {ha{ `jrjd} nclnjy{zad ban{~ nallc{ ojra{mcladd} cr `cradd} m`ycr{al{, Uha{ à{{jr~ m~ rjadm{}$ lc{ hcu m~

kj~nrmojk, [hczeh {hm~ mju m~$ ml yar{$ _jkzn{mclm~{$ uj nal nadd m{_jadm~` aocz{ M`ycr{alnj,

2 [hj Ockmd} Nrm{jrmcl

_j{zrl lcu {c {hj qzj~{mcl cb uha{ emj~ z~ rja~cl {c oj ~yjnmadd}nclnjrljk aocz{ czr bz{zrj, @c~{ cb z~ ojdmjj {ha{ uj ~hczdk narjaocz{ czr bz{zrj ojnaz~j m{ umdd oj czr bz{zrj, M ojdmjj {ha{ uha{ à{{jr~m~ lc{ yjr~clad mkjl{m{} oz{ njr{aml c{hjr rjda{mcl~, [c hjdy z~ {c kjnmkjoj{ujjl {hj~j mju~$ uj ~hczdk ncl~mkjr na~j~ ml uhmnh mkjl{m{} alk {hj~jc{hjr rjda{mcl~ kc lc{ ncmlnmkj,

Uhmnh {hj~j na~j~ arj kjyjlk~ cl uhmnh nrm{jrmcl cb mkjl{m{} uj annjy{, M~hadd ~{ar{ um{h {hj ~m`ydj~{ bcr` cb {hj Yh}~mnad Nrm{jrmcl$ anncrkmle {cuhmnh a yjr~cl ncl{mlzj~ {c jxm~{ mb alk cld} mb {ha{ yjr~cl~ ock}ncl{mlzj~ {c jxm~{, [ha{ `z~{ oj {hj mju cb {hc~j uhc$ dmfj Umddma`~ alk[hc`~cl$ ojdmjj {ha{ yjr~cl~ gz~{ arj ockmj~, Alk m{ m~ {hj mju cb~jjrad cb {hj yjcydj uhc m

Documents

Is Personal Identity What Matters? - Parfit