Is astrology a science?Is astrology a science?

BehaviorismBehaviorismArose out of an attempt to make

psychology a science.Focuses on what is observable and

measurable -- namely, behavior.

Why do they act like that?Why do they act like that? Test anxiety Pencil tap Overly competitive Class clown Use pencil

sharpener Boys mean to girls

they like (visaversa) Shy/withdrawn Acting tough

Cough during silence Copy cat

behavior/group think Teacher’s pet Talk without raising

hand

Dealing with CC Dealing with OC

Go to same seat Cheating Excuse for leaving

class Can’t leave other

kids alone Class clown Sleeping

Answer every question/talk a lot

Refusal to participate Can’t stay still Trouble maker Doesn’t write down

anything. Get up and down all the

time. PDA

Bad behavior for student teacher

Reactive student Passing notes Teacher’s pet Talker Shy Inappropriate

behavior/PDA

Classical ConditioningClassical ConditioningA useful principle of learning for

understanding how reflexive (i.e., automatic, unreflective) learning occurs.

But not so useful for understanding intentional learning or complex learning.

Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (1) (1)

Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (2) (2)

Pavlov's ExperimentsPavlov's Experiments (3) (3)

UCS UCRMeat Salivate

CS CRBell Salivate

Examples of CC in education?Examples of CC in education?

Example of CCBud Light Commercial

Dealing with classically Dealing with classically conditioned behaviorsconditioned behaviorsHow could you understand test anxiety

in terms of classical conditioning?Are there behaviors on our list that can

be explained by classical conditioning?How could you change the conditioning

pattern?

Eliminating Classically Eliminating Classically Conditioned BehaviorsConditioned BehaviorsExtinctionCounterconditioning

Systematic desensitization.

Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningA useful principle of learning for

understanding observable, behavioral forms of learning.

But not so useful for understanding such things a complex, mental processes.

Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningOperant conditioning is basic common

sense: If a behavior is reinforced (i.e., rewarded in

some way), it is more likely to be repeated (its occurrence will increase).

If a behavior is punished in some way, it is less likely to be repeated (its occurrence will decrease).

The problem is, we always mess up by reinforcing behaviors we DON’T want and punishing behaviors we DO want.

Conditions needed for Conditions needed for Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning Individual must make a response.Reinforcer must follow the response.Reinforcer must be contingent on the

response.

Types of ConsequencesTypes of Consequences

Desirable Undesirable Add something

Positive Reinforcement (behavior increases)

Positive Punishment (behavior decreases)

Remove something

Negative Punishment (behavior decreases)

Negative Reinforcement (behavior increases)

Operant Conditioning at Work!Operant Conditioning at Work!

Are there behaviors on our list that could be explained in terms of operant conditioning?

Eliminating unwanted behaviorEliminating unwanted behaviorExtinction

Stop rewarding the behavior!Reinforce an incompatible behavior

Ex. To eliminate speaking out of turn, reinforce hand raising.

ShapingShapingReinforce a series of behaviors that

increasingly resemble the terminal (desired) behavior.

Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis Basic assumption of Applied Behavior

Analysis: All deviant behavior is the result of environmental

conditions - we are who are we are because we’ve been conditioned to be that way.

With enough effort, we can identify the cause of the deviant behavior and change the environment so that the deviant behavior is eliminated.

Applied Behavior AnalysisApplied Behavior Analysis Identify current and target behaviors in

observable, measurable form. Identify environmental causes for the problem. Develop and implement an intervention plan that:

Changes the problematic setting events. Eliminates reinforcement of problem behavior. Shapes and reinforces appropriate behavior.

Measure before, during, and after to monitor progress. Revise as necessary.

Fade out the intervention.

Direct Instruction (DI)Direct Instruction (DI)

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Direct Instruction (DI)Direct Instruction (DI)What are the defining qualities of DI?How does it relate to the principles of

CC and OC?What kind of learning does DI address?What is your opinion of DI?

Classical vs. Operant Cond.Classical vs. Operant Cond.

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Stimulus precedes response.Involuntary

Response precedes stimulus.Voluntary (sort of)

Both can be taking place at the same time.

Critique of Behaviorism Critique of Behaviorism What are the strengths/weaknesses of this

perspective? What happens when rewards stop? Is it problematic that other people and the

environment are seen as the cause of behavior?

Do humans operate according to natural laws in the same way that physical world operates according to natural laws (e.g., laws of physics)?